Pharmacological and Phytochemical Evidences for the Plants of ...

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2011; Vol. 1: Issue 1, Pg 07-12 

[AJPRes.] 

ISSN- 2231–5683 (Print) 

ISSN- 2231–5691 (Online) 

www.asianpharmaonline.org 

REVIEW ARTICLE 

Pharmacological and Phytochemical Evidences for the Plants of Wedelia 

Genus– A Review 

AK Meena 1 *, MM Rao 1 , RP Meena 2 P Panda 1 and Renu 

1 National Institute of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Research, Moti Bagh Road, Patiala – 147001. 

2 Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Royapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. 

*Corresponding Author E-mail: ajaysheera@yahoo.co.in 

ABSTRACT: 

The scientific basis for the statement that plants and their active constituents play an important role in the prevention 

diseases is continuously advancing. In fact the origin of many therapeutic substances from the genus Wedelia. It is an 

interesting source of potential bioactive molecules, as iridoids compounds, flavonoids, diterpenoids derivatives, 

phytosteroids, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, Hepatoprotective activity, analgesic and 

antihistamine ,Anti-implantation, antiasthmatic activities and anticancer activity. This work reviews the 

pharmacological evidence of extracts of plants from the genus Wedelia, giving an overview of the most studied 

biological effects and the known phytochemical composition. Although more studies are necessary, Wedelia exhibits 

proven potential to become of important pharmacological interest. 

KEYWORDS: Genus Wedelia, Pharmacological activity, phytochemistry, anti-inflammatory, Medicinal plants. 

INTRODUCTION: 

1. Wedelia chinensis Merrill 

Wedelia chinensis Merrill (Syn. Wedelia calendulaceae, 

Solidago chinensis) (Asteraceae, Sunflower family) is a 

small much branched annual herb, commonly known as 

“Pilabhamgara” or “Bhringraj’in Hindi, Wedelia in 

Chinese, Pitabhrnga, Pitabhrngarajah in Sanskrit 1 . Wedelia 

chinensis is a tender, spreading, and hairy herb, with the 

branches usually less than 50 cm long. The leaves are 

oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-4.5 cm in length, and 

narrowed at both ends. The margins are entire or obscurely 

toothed; and both surfaces are covered with sharp-pointed, 

appressed, straight, and stiff hairs. The heads are stalked, 

about 1 cm in diameter, and yellow. The involucral bracts 

are oblong-ovate. The ray flowers are 8-12, spreading, 

about equal to the bracts, and broad; the disk flowers 

number about 20, and are short, narrow, and pointed. The 

achenes are nearly cylindric, and hairy 2 . 

The herb contains wedelolactone and 

demethylwedelolactone (Coumestans derivatives) 

possessing potent anti-hepatotoxic effect and is 

incorporated as a major ingredient in a number of 

developed potent anti-hepatotoxic phytopharmaceuticals 

formulations. It is useful in the treatment of osteoporosis of 

knee and also possesses anti-inflammatory activity 4-6 . As it 

contains large amount of phenolic constituents and it is also 

effective in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, so its 

wound healing activity was studied in details. Extracts from 

the dried or fresh leaves of plants are applied as a paste on 

wounds in some rural communities. The fresh juice from 

the leaves of Wedelia chinensis has been used by Ayurvedic 

physicians in India for external use to treat skin problems, 

dermatitis, eczema and acne. Some work on the wound 

healing activity of the aqueous extract of the leaves of this 

plant on open wound and sutured wound models is already 

on record 7 

Wedelia chinensis is a reputed herbal medicine in both 

Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani system of medicine. It is a 

scabrous procumbent perennial soft herb with high camphor 

like odor and has a gorgeous growth 3 . 

Received on 03.02.2011 Accepted on 21.02.2011 

© Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved 

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 1(1): Jan.-Mar. 2011; Page 07-12 

7 

Wedelia Chinensis is a very useful herbal medicinal plant. 

Its leaves can be used in treatment of dermatological 

disorders, cough, headache, hair loss, lice, strengthening the 

nervous system, lack of blood, digestive system disorders. 

The leaves are used in dyeing grey hair and in promoting 

the growth of hair. They are considered tonic, alternative, 

and useful in coughs, cephalalgia, skin diseases, and 

alopecia. The juice of the leaves is much used as a snuff in 

cephalalgia. The seeds and flowers, as well as the leaves, 

are used in decoction, in the quantity of half of teacupful


twice daily, as a deobstruent. In decoction, the plant is used 

in uterine haemorrhage and menorrhagia. Wedelia chinensis 

using home remedy Osteochondritis Dissecans, Multiple 

Sclerosis, Juvenile Arthritis, Gouty arthritis, Rheumatic 

fever, etc. Wedelia chinensis leaves extracts are a natural 

alternative to commonly used anti-inflammatory drugs like 

Dolonex (Piroxicam), Brufen (Ibuprofen) and Voveran etc. 

Wedelia chinensis leaves extract can be used with 

confidence for treating Rheumatic fever 8 . 

The plant is reported to contain six new acylated 

eudesmanoids, germacrene, a-humulene, caryophyllene, 

squalene, phellandrene, p-cymene, sitosterol and wedeliaseco-kaurenolide 

[9] ; leaves contain isoflavonoids and 

wedelolactone. This plant is considered to have different 

pharmacological properties such as antihepatotoxicity 10-12 ; 

leaves are used in cough, cephalagia, alopecia and skin 

diseases ; dyeing hair and for promoting hair growth; roots 

yield a black dye, ethanolic extract of the herb has been 

shown to inhibit the growth of Ehrlich ascities carcinoma 13 ; 

decoction of the plant is used as deobstruent and given in 

uterine hemorrhage and menorrhagia. The compounds of 

this herb have been reported to have synergistically 

suppression activity on androgen and growth in prostate 

cancer cells 14 . This herb can be propagated by seeds and 

vegetative stem cuttings. Due to cross-pollination the 

germinated seedlings are not true to type and propagation 

through this way is not reliable due to low span of viability. 

Habitat destruction and use in large quantities has 

endangered this species. Although, in vitro propagation of 

W. chinensis has been published previously 15,16 . 

The hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of 

Wedelia calendulacea L. was studied against CCl 4 induced, 

acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective activity of the 

ethanolic-leaf extract of W.calendulacea (EEWC) was 

studied by estimating serum enzyme activities of aspartate 

aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 

alkaline phosphatase (ALP), protein and bilirubin. The 

treatment with EEWC showed a dose-dependent reduction 

of CCl 4 induced elevated serum levels of enzyme activities 

with parallel increase in total protein and bilirubin, 

indicating the extract could preserve the normal functional 

status of the liver. The weight of the organs such as liver, 

heart, lung, spleen and kidney in CCl 4 induced 

experimental animals administered with EEWC showed an 

increase over CCl 4 control group 17,18 . Investigating the antiinflammatory 

and analgesic activity of leaves of wedelia 

chinensis. The ethanolic extract of Wedelia chinensis was 

evaluated by hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing 

methods to assess its analgesic activity. The results indicate 

the potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and 

therapeutic efficacy of Wedelia chinensis extract on animal 

models which are comparable with those of standard drugs 

such as Aspirin, Morphine and Indomethacin respectively 19 . 

Compounds from Wedelia chinensis synergistically 

suppress androgen activity and growth in prostate cancer 

cells. Four anti-proliferative phytocompounds in Wedelia 

chinensis, an oriental herbal medicine, identified through 

[AJPRes.] 

their ability to modulate the androgen receptor (AR) 

activation of transcription from prostate-specific antigen 

promoter in PCa cells. The 50% inhibition concentration 

values of indole-3-carboxylaldehyde, wedelolactone, 

luteolin and apigenin, were 34.9, 0.2, 2.4 and 9.8 mM, 

respectively. Study had identified synergistic effects of 

active compounds in W. chinensis and demonstrated their 

potential in prostate cancer prevention and therapy 20 . The 

ethanolic extract was found to possess significant wound 

healing activity, which was evidenced by decrease in the 

period of epithelialization, increase in the rate of wound 

contraction, skin breaking strength, granulation tissue dry 

weight, and its breaking strength 21 . Ethanolic extract of the 

Wedelia chinensis was studied on cold immobilization 

induced lipid peroxidation in albino rats. The results of the 

study suggest the potential use of the plant for decreasing 

anxiety and stress in many emotional and physical 

disorders. Study shows that Wedelia chinensis extract 

exhibit significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity 

against early phase (acute paw edema), late phase (cotton 

pellet granuloma) of inflammation models. This plant 

which contains natural products such as flavonoids, 

terpenoids and steroids etc. have received considerable 

attention in recent years due to its diverse pharmacological 

properties including antioxidant activity. We propose that 

the additive and synergistic antioxidant activity of 

phytochemicals such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, 

etc, present in Wedelia chinensis are responsible for the 

analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity 22 . 

The subject invention relates to extracts of tissues of certain 

plant species from the genera Wedelia. Eclipta and AsDilia 

which are effective as gastrointestinal mucosal- protective 

agents. Various species from the genera Wedelia. Eclipta 

and Asoilia have been disclosed to have a variety of 

different biological or pharmacological activities. Two 

frequently studied species of these genera are Wedelia 

caiendulaceae and Eclipta alba. The most common 

medicinal use of extracts from these plants is for treatment 

of liver ailments. For this use, the active compounds found 

in these species are beleved to be coumestans, especially 

wedelolactone and related compounds. Extracts from these 

plants have also been used to mm treat a number of other 

ailments such as catarrh, skin diseases, elephantiasis, 

toothaches and headaches, as well as being used as emetic 

and purgative materials, and as external antiseptics. Shoot 

extracts have been shown to have antibiotic activity against 

certain species 23 . 

Wedelia calendulacea Less., containing isoflavanoids, is 

used in liver disorders, uterine hemorrhage and 

menorrhagia. Osteoporosis in women occurs mainly due to 

estrogen deficiency following menopause. Studies indicate 

that isoflavones are estrogenic enough to promote bone 

formation. Study was aimed to investigate the 

antiosteoporotic effect of the ethanol extract of W. 

calendulacea in the ovariectomized rat model of 

osteoporosis, at two different dose levels of 500 and 750 

mg/kg/body wt. day. The findings, assessed on the basis of 

8


biomechanical and biochemical parameters, showed that the 

ethanol extract of the plant had a definite protective effect. 

Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of 

isoflavones and wedelolactone, which are known to act as 

phytoestrogens and may be responsible for the 

antiosteoporotic activity 24 . The neuropharmacological 

activities of the methanolic and aqueous extract of Wedelia 

calendulacea stem were screened in rats and mice. The 

extracts effect on pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, 

pentylenetetrazole- and styrychnine-induced seizure, 

spontaneous motor activity, exploratory behaviour, and 

rota-rod performance (motor coordination) were evaluated. 

These results suggest that the extract contained an agent 

with neuropharmacological activity that may be sedative in 

nature 25 . The cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of 

petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of 

Wedelia calendulacea were assayed by brine shrimp 

lethality bioassay and standardized disk diffusion method 

against 19 bacterial strains. Among the crude extracts and 

pure compounds tested, (-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid isolated 

from the chloroform extract showed the highest inhibitory 

activity against most of the bacterial strains with mean zone 

of inhibition of 10-21 mm at 200 microg/disc 26 . 

Hepatoprotective effect of coumestans isolated from the 

leaves of W. calendulacea was evaluated in paracetamol 

induced liver damage. The increased serum enzyme levels 

(lactate dehydrogenase, alanine and aspartate transaminase 

and alkaline phophatase) by paracetamol induction were 

significantly lowered due to coumestans treatment. Results 

of study revealed that coumestans of W. calendulacea 

afforded a significant protective action in the alleviation of 

paracetamol induced hepatocellular injury 27 . 

There is some confusion between the Sanskrit and 

vernacular names of Wedelia calendulacea, and Eclipta 

prostrata. Both these plants are called kesarj or kesuria in 

Bengali, and the two Sanskrit names of bhringaraja and 

kesaraja are used as synonyms. The Hindustani term 

bhangra, derived from the Sanskrit bhrin-gardja is however 

generally applied to Wedelia calendulacea, and this is the 

plant used in medicine at present. The leaves, which have a 

slight camphoraceous taste, are considered tonic, alterative, 

and useful in cough, cephalalgia, skin diseases and alopecia. 

The juice of the leaves is much used as a snuff in 

cephalalgia, and in soaking various sorts of powders for the 

preparation of pills.1 "In tattooing the natives after 

puncturing the skin, rub the juicy green leaves of Eclipta 

prostrata over the part; which gives the desired indelible 

colour, namely a deep bluish black." The leaves of both 

these plants are used in various ways for the purpose of 

dyeing grey hair and for promoting the growth of hair. 

2. Wedelia trilobata Linn: 

Wedelia trilobata is a very attractive plant because of its 

nearly constant and prolific blooming. It is fairly salt 

resistant and grows well at the seashore. Wedelia trilobata 

is a soil creeper and forms a thick carpet. It is especially 

good for soil retention and erosion control. The plant can 

[AJPRes.] 

also be used in hanging baskets. It may be best used as a 

container plant where it will cascade over the side forming a 

weeping mound of yellow flowers. Wedelia trilobata now 

known officially by the scientific name, Sphagneticola 

trilobata (L.) Pruski, but still widely known by its 

previously accepted name, Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitch.), is 

a member of the family Asteraceae (formerly Compositae), 

the sunflower or daisy family. The most widely used 

common name in the Pacific is “Wedelia” (after its former 

genus), although in Australia it is known as “Singapore 

daisy”, in spite of its tropical American origin. Other 

common names include trailing or creeping daisy, water 

zinnia, rabbit’s paw and creeping. Wedelia has a vine-like 

habit and will grow up into shrubs and trees planted in the 

bed. When used as a groundcover in and among shrubs, this 

will make it a high maintenance plant. It looks best planted 

in a mass over large areas. Like ivy and other creepers, it 

will require regular trimming along the edge of the 

groundcover bed to control its spread. It may be best used 

as a container plant where it will cascade over the side 

forming a weeping mound of yellow flowers. It has escaped 

cultivation in certain regions of south Florida where it 

proliferates, especially in wet areas. Propagation is easily 

accomplished by setting enrooted tip cuttings in the 

landscape soil where new plants are wanted, or by layering, 

the stems rooting quickly 28 . 

Low-growing mat about 10" with deeply lobed leaves. 

Blooms profusely with 1" yellow-orange flowers 

resembling marigolds or zinnias, which are borne singly on 

the end of each stem. Plant creeps and roots at nodes, 

making a dense ground cover. West Indies, Hawaii, south 

Florida, Central America, West Africa, especially at low 

elevations. Excellent ground cover in warm climates. 

Especially good for soil retention and erosion control. Very 

attractive because of nearly constant and prolific blooming. 

It may be mowed to keep low and manicured. The plant has 

use in traditional medicine: crushed leaves are used as a 

poultice; tea is given to alleviate symptoms of colds and flu; 

and it is used to treat hepatitis, infections and to clear the 

placent after birth. Abortion, fever, sores, colds Used for 

reproductive problems, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea. In 

South America, used to treat symptoms of colds and flu; for 

fevers and inflammations 29 . 

Main bioactive sesquiterpene lactones, trilobolid-6-Oisobutyrates 

A and B. From the flower, the structure of 

trilobolide-6-O-isobytyrate shows a eudesmanolide 

sesquiterpene skeleton 30 . Leaves and stems contains the 

diterpene (kaurenoic acid), eudesmanolide lactones and 

luteolin. The structure of trilobolide-6-O-isobutyrate, 

C 23 H 32 O 9 , isolated from the flower of Wedelia trilobata, 

shows an eudesmanolide sesquiterpene skeleton constructed 

from the fusion of two cyclohexane rings and a lactone ring 

[31] . Two new sesquiterpene lactones, wedelolides A and B, 

were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation from the 

leaves of Wedelia trilobata, together with known 

trilobolides 6-O-isobutyrate and 6-O-methacrylate. 

9


An investigation of four herbal drugs, including 

Sphagneticola trilobata, on the anti-inflammatory activity of 

Central American plants used in traditional medicine, 

showed all the extracts reduced croton oil-induced ear 

dermatitis. Results suggest the lipophilic extracts to be 

potential sources of antiinflammatory activity. A study of 

the n-hexane extract of Wedelia trilobata showed 

antibacterial activity against Bacilus subtilis, 

Mycobacterium smegmatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 

Salmonella group C, S paratyphi and Shigella sonnei. Study 

in mice on the analgesic activity of the ethanol extracts of 

W trilobata, W bilofra and E alba showed dose-dependent 

blocking of writhing response. 32-34 . Wedelia trilobata has 

been historically used for amenorrhea in Trinidad 35 . 

Kaurenoic acid and luteolin in Wedelia paludosa showed 

antinociceptive action more potent than the standard 

analgesic drugs (acetyl salicylic acid, acetaminophen, 

dipyrone and indomethacin). Wedelia paludosa and 

Wedelia trilobata contain the diterpene (kaurenoic acid), 

eudesmanolide lactones and luteolin (in leaves and stems). 

Kaurenoic acid has antibacterial, larvicidal and tripanocidal 

activity; it is also a potent stimulator of uterine contractions. 

Luteolin exerts antitumoural, mutagenic and antioxidant 

effects, has depressant action on smooth muscles and a 

stimulant action on isolated guinea pig heart 36 . 

A biological screening of activity against Gram-positive 

and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and fungi of crude 

extracts from Wedelia trilobata is reported. The n-hexane 

extract showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus 

subtilis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Staphylococcus aureus, 

and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram-positive bacteria); 

along with Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 

Salmonella group C, Salmonella paratyphi, and Shigella 

sonnei (Gram-negative bacteria). The ethyl acetate extract 

was active only against Salmonella group C; and the 

aqueous extract was inactive against the tested bacteria. 

None of the tested extracts showed biological activity 

against the yeasts (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, 

Rhodotorula rubra) or the fungi (Aspergillus flavus, 

Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp., Trichophyton rubrum) 37 . 

The liver plays an astonishing array of vital functions in the 

maintenance, performance and regulating homeostasis of 

the body. It is involved with almost all the biochemical 

pathways to growth, fight against disease, nutrient supply, 

energy provision and reproduction 38 . Some of these major 

functions include carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, 

detoxification and secretion of bile. Therefore, the 

maintenance of a healthy liver is vital to overall health and 

well being. Unfortunately, the liver is often abused by 

environmental toxins, poor eating habits, alcohol and 

prescription and over-the-counter drug use, which can 

damage and weaken the liver and eventually lead to 

hepatitis, cirrhosis and alcoholic liver disease 

[39] . 

Conventional medicine is now pursuing the use of natural 

products such as herbs to provide the support that the liver 

needs on a daily basis 40 . Many Ayurvedic herbs, such as 

Wedelia calendulacea have a long history of traditional use 

[AJPRes.] 

in revitalizing the liver and treating liver dysfunction and 

disease 41 . 

Wedelia trilobata contain the diterpene (kaurenoic acid), 

eudesmanolide lactones and luteolin with a variety of 

biological activities 

3. Wedelia biflora: 

This plant is a climbing, somewhat rough, herbaceous vine. 

The leaves are opposite, ovate, and 6 to 8 centimeters long, 

with pointed tip and rounded base, rather coarsely toothed 

margins, and stalks 2 to 6 centimeters long. The heads are 3 

centimeters in diameter or less, and number 1 to 3, 

sometimes more, in the upper axils, with stalks 7 to 10 

centimeters long. The involucral bracts are narrowly 

oblong, somewhat recurved, hairy, and equalling or 

exceeding the disk. The ray flowers are 6 to 15, the ligule 

being oblong, yellow, 3-toothed, and 6 to 12 millimeters 

long. The disk flowers are numerous, yellow, or yellowishbrown. 

According to Ridley the leaves are used for dressing ulcers; 

the juice of the leaves is given internally with cow’s milk, 

after childbirth, as a tonic. Dalgado, states that the leaves, 

with ginger, are prescribed for flatulence. Burkill says that 

the same preparation is used for venereal diseases in 

Singapore. A decoction of the leaves is recommended as an 

antiperiodic in malaria and in haematuria. The flowers are 

said to be a violent purgative. Burkill quotes Rumpf, who 

says that the roots are used to check vaginal discharges. He 

also inform us, on the authority of Sir Arthur Keith, that the 

plant is used in Lower Thailand for headache and fever. 

Decoction of roots is slightly purgative, Used with Blumea 

balsamifera for baths. Leaves in decoction are antiscabious, 

Decoction of roots and leaves for stomach aches and fevers. 

Leaves used for cleaning and dressing ulcers, Juice of 

leaves, with cow's milk, taken as tonic after childbirth. 

Decoction of leaves with ginger for flatulence, Flowers are 

known to be a violent , purgative. 

Four compounds, veratrylidenehydrazide, 3,3-di-Omethylquercetin, 

2,7-dihydroxy-3(3t'-methoxy-4hydroxy)-5-methoxyisoflavone 

and 3,7-di-Omethylquercetin 

were isolated from the methylene chloride 

extract of dried leaves of Wedelia biflora. The structures 

were elucidated from spectroscopic evidence. The third 

compound possessed antifungal and boll weevil antifeedant 

activity while the fourth showed antifungal activity. 

Cotton boll weevil antifeedant activity and antifungal 

activity (Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum) of 

extracts of the stems of Wedelia biflora: Extracts showed 

antifeedant activity which led to an investigation of 

antifungal properties. Comparative study on analgesic 

activity of ethanol extracts of Wedelia biflora, W trilobata 

and E alba showed significant antinociceptive activity in a 

dose-dependent manner in mice comparable with standard 

drugs such as aspirin. Phytochemical screening yielded 

alkaloids, steroids, sugars, tannins, terpenes, proteins, 

10


carbohydrates, coumarins, anthraquinone, glucosides and 

cardiac glycosides. 

Helminthic parasites infesting man belongs to varied 

zoological species. In man they may be located in intestinal 

tract or other tissues. There are three categories of worm. 

The worms are responsible for malnutrition, anaemia, and 

ill health of the host 42,43 

The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of roots of Wedelia 

biflora (Linn) D.C were screened for anthelmintic and 

antimicrobial activities. The anthelmintic activity was 

investigated against adult Indian earthworm, Pheretima 

posthuma, using Piperazine citrate as a reference standard. 

Both the extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity 

at higher concentration of 100mg/ml and moreover the 

ethanolic extract was found to be more potent than the 

reference control piperazine citrate. 

The results of Antimicrobial activity revealed that the 

ethanolic extract exhibited maximum activity against the 

tested organisms when compared to aqueous extract. 

Comparative study on analgesic activity was carried using 

ethanol extracts in animal models. Wedelia trilobata 

(EEWT), Wedelia biflora (EEWB) and Eclipta alba (EEEA) 

was evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing method and 

hot plate assay to assess analgesic activity in mice. It was 

found that the extract caused an inhibition on the writhing 

response induced by acetic acid in a dose dependent 

manner. Dose of 500 mg/kg EEWT, EEWB, EEEA and 

Aspirin could block the writhing response by 49.17 %, 

49.45, %, 55.23 % and 68.68 %( p


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