Autonomous Vehicles - KPIT

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I. Introduction In this era of computers, we are engulfed by digital cameras, smart phones, tablets and gaming gadgets. Today, almost each one of us is living with a processor and bunch of software in our hands. We are connected regardless of the geography and getting jobs done with a few clicks on our smart devices. In last 20 years, there has been a significant change in people's routine. People are able to multitask; they can spawn multiple threads and can track those very easily. The technology has taken a giant leap and is successful in bringing the world closer and making life simpler. Importantly, the technology has been able to separate out the tasks that just need our authentication and the tasks that need our personal presence. We are able to save a lot of our time and efforts; rather, we are able to utilize our time and efforts in a better way. Hence, there is a great acceptance to the new lifestyle by all of us. The advancement in technology is helping us organize better and reduce human errors and delays. We all want to stay connected almost all the time. No matter whether we are in office, at home, away from home, in a public transport or even while driving our own car, we don't want to stay away from the network. Today even our cars are equipped to support connectivity along with the infotainment devices. Whether emails, texts, calls or navigation; we can have all those, with user friendly interfaces (UIs), while we drive our smart car. Now the question is whether we still want to drive our own car or we just leave it to an automatic pilot to take the control and drive us to the destination? Yes, the technology available today is ready to realize a driverless car and there are multiple successful attempts to prove its concept. Looking at the spread and speed of the technology, one cannot deny the fact that we are going to witness another revolutionary change; this time in an automotive industry. A driverless car, where no one will be in a driver's seat! II. Importance of ADAS ADAS (Advanced Driver Assist System) has played a significant role in realizing birth of an autonomous vehicle. ADAS is meant for alerting and assisting the driver during hazardous situations. In recent years, ADAS has grown rapidly, bringing in multiple sensors such as camera, FIR, NIR, LIDAR, RADAR, Ultrasonic etc. and combination of these sensors for continuously monitoring the motion of the vehicle as well as the movement of the surrounding objects. ADAS provides important information about the surroundings and alerts the driver to make the right decisions. The safety systems that were the part of premium segment cars are now becoming a part of regular passenger cars. There is a strong push from the NCAPs (New Car Assessment Programs) all over the world to bring safety features on the cars. They are playing an important role in encouraging significant safety improvements to new car design. On one hand, they are educating safety awareness to the consumers and on the other hand, they are organizing crashtests and issuing safety ratings to the vehicle. The safety ratings are easily understood by the consumers. They can choose a car based on level of safety that it can provide. The safety awareness in consumers mind has brought OEMs' focus in this area. OEMs have to provide safer vehicles in order to get consumers attention. Thus car manufacturing does not only involve traditional automotive part makers but this has opened the auto world to many silicon makers, sensor manufacturers and technology providers. Everyone has sensed big opportunity and large market whether it's an emerging country or developed country, sooner or later, safety will be required by all and that too at a cheaper price. Google BMW GM MERCEDES AUDI VOLKSWAGEN Figure 1: Companies towards development of Autonomous vehicles Figure 2: Safety Performance Assessment Programs by different countries ADAS started to emulate driver's behaviorwhat driver can see as danger, during day time and night time, on turnings and slopes, on high speeds and low speeds, while changing the lanes and parking the car. Imagining all possible conditions wherever driver possibly 28 TechTalk@KPIT, Volume 6, Issue 4, 2013
Radar needs an attention, there exists an ADAS feature to assist the driver. There are many such systems available as the aftermarket solution or in the new cars. Lidar/ Laser NIR/FIR Optical Figure 3: Commonly used Sensors in ADAS Adaptive Front Light System Automatic high Beam High Beam Assist Night vision Enhancement Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keep Assist Automatic Parking 3-D surround view Ultrasonic Blind spot Monitoring Driver Status Monitoring System Forward Collision Warning Pedestrian Detection System Intersection Collision Warning Lane Departure Warning Reversing Collision Avoidance Traffic sign Recognition Figure 4: Advanced Driver Assist Systems Existing ADAS uses different sensors and each one has its pros and cons. Out of these, cameras are perceived as being more popular and reasonably reliable sensors to build ADAS features. The reason being cameras can see and recognize objects. There are some specific tasks that only camera can do such as detection of lanes, reading traffic signs, classifying a vehicle and a pedestrian. Whether it's a vehicle, pedestrian, traffic sign, lanes, etc. camera can detect and classify them. Other sensors can detect some of these objects, rather more precisely in terms of distance and consistency, but can't recognize them as a particular type. Thus, with the fusion of camera with other sensors most of the driving scenarios can be sensed and relevant information can be provided to the driver. So far what we have talked about in ADAS was about 'sensing' and now the second important thing in driving is the 'control'. Based on the alerts received from the sensors, the driver controls longitudinal and latitudinal movement of the car. He performs different operations like, decelerates the engine speed, applies brakes, controls steering, etc. However, the control depends entirely on his personal judgment about how much of a deceleration is required, the amount of brakes to be applied and how much a steering wheel to be turned. This, however, does not save the driver from accidents every time, as the decision made by the driver to control the vehicle is based on his experience, reflexes, mental state and the type of vehicle, brakes and engine. The reaction from the driver may not be appropriate and it varies time to time and from driver to driver. Sensor Signal Processing Sensing Detection Control Decision Control Figure 5:Typical flow of operation for ADAS Send Control Signal ADAS extends its support in controlling the vehicle by reducing human intervention in case of an emergency. Systems like AEB (Autonomous Emergency Braking), ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control), and LKA (Lane Keep Assist) are safety critical systems that take the control of the vehicle. This extension of ADAS, to certain extent, has been successful in reducing fatalities. Control is crucial and is designed to avoid collisions or reduce the impact in case of inevitable collisions. III. Towards an Autonomous Vehicle ADAS with the coordination of sensors and the control mechanism has contributed to providing eyes and brain to the car; an aid that can sense the situation and react by controlling brakes, powertrain, chassis and infotainment. This amazing coordination has paved the ways to realize a car without a driver and give a strong belief that not only in case of hazardous situations but also under normal circumstances a car can be operated automatically and does not need a driver. However, there are more challenges to make a fully autonomous vehicle than providing assistance to the driver. Nissan has recently announced the plan to launch their autonomous vehicle by 2020. Steve Yaeger, a Nissan spokesman, also iterated “providing assistance when a driver fails to react is a technical challenge, but developing a foolproof artificial intelligence system that can make all driving decisions is far more complex” [1]. It clearly indicates that the transition, from ADAS to an autonomous car, is not going to be an easy one. However, ADAS has provided a technology to an automotive world that is leading us to an autonomous vehicle. A report from Navigant Research has predicted “the first autonomous car sales to take place in 2020 and growing to over 95 million vehicles some fifteen years later, representing around three quarters of all light vehicle sales in 2035” [2]. An autonomous vehicle uses information coming out of cameras, Infrared, LIDAR, RADAR, other vehicle sensors and global positioning sensors to maneuver the vehicle TechTalk@KPIT, Volume 6, Issue 4, 2013 529
Page 1 and 2: TechTalk@KPIT a quarterly journal o
Page 3 and 4: Contents Editorial Guest Editorial
Page 5 and 6: Dr. Vinay G. Vaidya CTO KPIT Techno
Page 7 and 8: Journey Without Driver About the Au
Page 9 and 10: A. Stanford Cart - The First Smart
Page 11 and 12: autonomous vehicles in 2004. The Gr
Page 13 and 14: obtained by laser range finder. The
Page 15 and 16: To Be or Not To Be... A Driver Abou
Page 17 and 18: When the autonomous vehicle complet
Page 19 and 20: ultrasonic sensors, etc. provide vi
Page 21 and 22: Scientist Profile Sebastian Thrun S
Page 23 and 24: Seeing Through Sensors About the Au
Page 25 and 26: Figure 1: A robotic Volkswagen Pass
Page 27 and 28: Figure 4: Infrared image of a stree
Page 29: Bringing Vision to Life About the A
Page 33 and 34: Sr. No. Table 1: List of patents fi
Page 35 and 36: Drive-By-Wire : A KPIT Case Study A
Page 37 and 38: the operational accuracy, it is har
Page 39 and 40: DRIVERS BRAKE HYDRAULIC MOTOR Manua
Page 41 and 42: Wired Through Wireless About the Au
Page 43 and 44: FORWARD OBSTACLE DETECTION AND AVOI
Page 45 and 46: Microcontroller Abstraction Layer (
Page 47 and 48: Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles Aut
Page 49 and 50: Inside Connected Vehicle About the
Page 51 and 52: D. Communications security (COMSEC)
Page 53 and 54: security built-in from the very beg
Page 55 and 56: Gazing Through a Crystal Ball About
Page 57 and 58: Thus, from a passenger acceptance a
Page 59 and 60: About KPIT Technologies Limited KPI

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