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Ll- ACKNOWLEDGEHEiTS# The material which I present in this thesis was obtained by field-work carried out between 1953 and 1958- I wish to acknowledge my debt to the Israel Ministry of Social Welfare which financed the studies of Shaarayim and Rosh fa'Ayin, to the Henrietta Szold Foundation for their invitation to participate in the study of Shaarayim, and to the Department of Sociology of the Hebrew University for supervision of the research in Shaarayim. I am indebted to Professor S. D. Goitein, previously Dean of the Institute of Oriental Studies, Hebrew University, who gave me invaluable assistance in the study of Yemeni Jewish culture, and 'rho advised me constantly during the period of my research in Moshav Zellafon.
TABLE Opi CONTENTS Chapter I. Introduction p. 6 Chapter II Social Structure of the Community of Shaarayim p. 19 Chapter III Leadership Roles and Personalities in Shaarayim p. 98 Chapter IV Leadership at Work in Chaarayim p. 127 Chapter V The Nature of Political Allegiance in Shaarayim P. 151 Chapter VI The History of Shaarayin P"187 Chapter VII Leadership and Politico in Shaarayin - Summary p. 220 Chapter VIII Leadership, Authority and Allegiance Amongst the Jews of Yemen p. 223 Chapter IX Leadership and Politics in v Yemeni rloehav P'266 Chapter X Leadership and Politics in a Yemeni Township p. 310
Page 1 and 2: i . ... ... LEADERSHIPANDP0LIT10S A
Page 3: 3 is discussed in order to throw li
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. The Proble
Page 9 and 10: Yemeni immigration into Palestine s
Page 11 and 12: 9 the earlier and later circumstanc
Page 13 and 14: ii The first community with which I
Page 15 and 16: 13 the roles which they perform. In
Page 17 and 18: . 1r Leach (1954) and Mills (1956).
Page 19 and 20: 17 are seldom purely symbolic; whil
Page 21 and 22: 19 Formerly, 3haarayim was an ethni
Page 23 and 24: 21 The arrival of tenants in 6haara
Page 25 and 26: 23 .. ,_s their fellows, and were f
Page 27 and 28: 25 The sex-ratio is very slightly i
Page 29 and 30: 27 H 0 C-+ (T U\ 0 N CO 'r' 0 p CU
Page 31 and 32: 29 landlords; there are those who r
Page 33 and 34: 31 or widowers, living with or with
Page 35 and 36: 33 1 Means of Livelihood and Occupa
Page 37 and 38: 35 principal breadwinner(s) through
Page 39 and 40: 37 The type of occupation* to be fo
Page 41 and 42: 39 completely unskilled work, and a
Page 43 and 44: 41 drivers are amongst the most pro
Page 45 and 46: 43 TA131 VIXI (a) SOCIAL AND ECONOM
Page 47 and 48: 4-ý The category known as the ' 'I
Page 49 and 50: ýý The category of the elite incl
Page 51 and 52: 49 patrilocal residence, but not al
Page 53 and 54: 51 Dau ehtors manage to attaiu a co
Page 55 and 56:
53 earnings may be a considerable p
Page 57 and 58:
55 TABLE IX `i'YPLZ OF FAMILY STRUC
Page 59 and 60:
57 into a single co=unity. There wa
Page 61 and 62:
v;., 9 Prayer-meetings are, for som
Page 63 and 64:
1 -" 61 necessary to consider some
Page 65 and 66:
63 primary schools are completely c
Page 67 and 68:
65 oriented education. The communit
Page 69 and 70:
67 attempt to solve the problem, th
Page 71 and 72:
- 69 to applicants for assistance,
Page 73 and 74:
71 this purpoao. The taxes levied b
Page 75 and 76:
I, 73 has a local branch-headquarte
Page 77 and 78:
'fir) have a local party headquarte
Page 79 and 80:
7 The administration of recognized
Page 81 and 82:
79 for the whole of Rohovoth, as th
Page 83 and 84:
81 but few of theuc applj to 1eree
Page 85 and 86:
TABLE XI (b) 83 DI8TfIDUTION OF YE2
Page 87 and 88:
.,,. gin. g; 'ý tiierasolvct znd u
Page 89 and 90:
87 The relationship between Yemeni
Page 91 and 92:
ý: .89 The bank has a cosnnittee o
Page 93 and 94:
91 The politico. ., arty 'L ; ina.
Page 95 and 96:
93 meet as a local committee, to di
Page 97 and 98:
_ 95 importance in mobilising this
Page 99 and 100:
97 CHAPTER III. LEADERSHIP ROLES AN
Page 101 and 102:
.99 two sectors of the society are
Page 103 and 104:
101 of the rabbinate etc., Members
Page 105 and 106:
1041 and to propose improved means
Page 107 and 108:
10r- and a few other men who are at
Page 109 and 110:
107 this, there is little significa
Page 111 and 112:
109 committee; member of the unoffi
Page 113 and 114:
1T 1.! 1 loyalty for his own politi
Page 115 and 116:
113 he is also opposed to the polit
Page 117 and 118:
11 r :i sharing his religious ortho
Page 119 and 120:
L. Lf local workers' committee. He
Page 121 and 122:
1.1.9 But, by withdrawing from part
Page 123 and 124:
1'21 He has participated in communa
Page 125 and 126:
123 deceased - wab the Aster of Pin
Page 127 and 128:
125 strengthen the very sentiments
Page 129 and 130:
127 each ycar. Dis supply of labour
Page 131 and 132:
i29 express the resentment of ßhaa
Page 133 and 134:
131 application on your behalf, the
Page 135 and 136:
133 meribcrs; and conooquent1; , th
Page 137 and 138:
13 ;'ý parties in local elections,
Page 139 and 140:
13'1 and politics aszlthis is contr
Page 141 and 142:
139 every four years. These are con
Page 143 and 144:
L who was also vice-Mayor of lehovo
Page 145 and 146:
143 use the 'floriah Cchool' for th
Page 147 and 148:
__ 14 5 the school if he so wished.
Page 149 and 150:
1 147 and the leaders of 'Pool IIa!
Page 151 and 152:
149 by Cohen, but opposed the extre
Page 153 and 154:
151 party in Chuarayiz in the 1955
Page 155 and 156:
TABLE 153 1955 Elections 1955 Elect
Page 157 and 158:
- i)r I turn now to an ana1' of u o
Page 159 and 160:
157 t1e udari w' and the 'l'-Ieýud
Page 161 and 162:
159 ý 1 % 0 . ze ie O Ni rý ýý
Page 163 and 164:
1 1 H O w'4 M r r to r1 Ö c . -' .
Page 165 and 166:
163 parties, or the ri. _ ht-wing p
Page 167 and 168:
_ 165 wage-earners than amongst the
Page 169 and 170:
16( degree of prosperity without th
Page 171 and 172:
169 independent evidence for the ex
Page 173 and 174:
' ... .... JL- I -L l= wic: or coci
Page 175 and 176:
173 (iv) 0, up orter s of z, elicio
Page 178 and 179:
176 than supporters of national lef
Page 180 and 181:
ý, .. 178 in ritual or administrat
Page 182 and 183:
180 .1 Rav .! ei. r Ni zrnht, the o
Page 184 and 185:
--k- 182 in the case of Yisrael Ova
Page 186 and 187:
lOa types of work. His authority is
Page 188 and 189:
186 CHAPTER VI THE HISTORY OF BHAAR
Page 190 and 191:
188 result of the increased demand
Page 192 and 193:
190 becane even morc varied; there
Page 194 and 195:
192 expressed themselves on festiva
Page 196 and 197:
194 The problem of an adequate wate
Page 198 and 199:
196 into the situation. Concequentl
Page 200 and 201:
198 fairly statics excepting for th
Page 202 and 203:
200 beinE; only in the early years
Page 204 and 205:
_. 202 and alignment in the communi
Page 206 and 207:
204 which went with it. There were
Page 208 and 209:
206 of Rehovoth had attempted to in
Page 210 and 211:
208 After 194-0 this cleavage in th
Page 212 and 213:
210 policy of the "conservative" le
Page 214:
1N were not slow to exploit the pos
Page 217 and 218:
- 215 cooliticn broke down, rollo i
Page 219 and 220:
217 Yemenis in general and those of
Page 221 and 222:
219 from other spheres of authority
Page 223 and 224:
221 formation of Duch opinions. The
Page 225 and 226:
NN 1-01 6KA: 'A"Fn VIII. LEADEaS1I1
Page 227 and 228:
225 3' connistod of a number of vil
Page 229 and 230:
227 The 'Umar' doftho tha ctatua of
Page 231 and 232:
229 foundations. . very good . ueli
Page 233 and 234:
' /ý J1 the craftsmen as inferior
Page 235 and 236:
-Vý :.... ,. 233 i, iztribution of
Page 237 and 238:
235 or their fear of forcible conve
Page 239 and 240:
237 Not all vill¬. gcQ,, areas and
Page 241 and 242:
239 Participation in a 'payer--grou
Page 243 and 244:
241 linked with the possieznsion of
Page 245 and 246:
243 to the attainient of orrice: )
Page 247 and 248:
245 an official or regular high cou
Page 249 and 250:
247 were often loath to accept the
Page 251 and 252:
other Jews of San. 'a and even nota
Page 253 and 254:
251 The court was not responsible f
Page 255 and 256:
253 to accept the judgment of the l
Page 257 and 258:
25r qualifict: tic n, h^ referred c
Page 259 and 260:
257 on tho whole co=Unity, than the
Page 261 and 262:
259 (prayer-loader) to perform hie
Page 263 and 264:
2 61 approach then with requosta to
Page 265 and 266:
263 «in- it 'tccted ziot nly the e
Page 267 and 268:
26 between the community ar the 'pr
Page 269 and 270:
267 its activities ar©. affected b
Page 271 and 272:
In this type of community every hou
Page 273 and 274:
- 271 a woman, live most of the wee
Page 275 and 276:
273 settlement agency; the army or
Page 277 and 278:
27 Internal Structure of the Commun
Page 279 and 280:
2 71 erstwhile connexions. However,
Page 281 and 282:
279 homes, which means that they at
Page 283 and 284:
281 The 'Maskeer Hutz' has a far mo
Page 285 and 286:
2,83 He performs marriages and circ
Page 287 and 288:
'2 $ tý Yehudah Kgaisi; Moshe Mena
Page 289 and 290:
2St the two roles were temporarily
Page 291 and 292:
- When the community was first esta
Page 293 and 294:
2i some concrete situations. I shal
Page 295 and 296:
293 them to Israel out of bondage"
Page 297 and 298:
67 I'll leave the raoshav, " the ma
Page 299 and 300:
I V7 accustomed to simply taking th
Page 301 and 302:
299 and his friends had embezzled c
Page 303 and 304:
_. ýL ý .ý Basically, the core o
Page 305 and 306:
aý VV out of these groups. Once a
Page 307 and 308:
305 and other custous on a lower le
Page 309 and 310:
307 and can not be generalized to c
Page 311 and 312:
309 This traditional conception of
Page 313 and 314:
311 Others remained because they ha
Page 315 and 316:
to remain in large barracks. 313 Th
Page 317 and 318:
3[ the hands of the various agencie
Page 319 and 320:
317 the department in placing child
Page 321 and 322:
319 number of male pupils attend th
Page 323 and 324:
0 3 21 members of the parent-organi
Page 325 and 326:
1' 323 Adults over the age of 40 2,
Page 327 and 328:
325 Danilys Kinship & _Cub-ethnic R
Page 329 and 330:
The 'minyanim' serve to forge links
Page 331 and 332:
329 based on such accidental condit
Page 333 and 334:
331 is looked upon, both by its inh
Page 335 and 336:
ý. ----333 This resentment is larg
Page 337 and 338:
_ý 33J head office prohibits coali
Page 339 and 340:
337 to the requests of the welfare
Page 341 and 342:
.. 339 The party representativas at
Page 343 and 344:
341 in Yemen, he is not recor, zod
Page 345 and 346:
343 ritual objects; otherwise they
Page 347 and 348:
345 1951 and 1952 the committee che
Page 349 and 350:
247 were often loath . -to accept t
Page 351 and 352:
349 After tho election there was a
Page 353 and 354:
,ý 351 becoming -increasingly. awa
Page 355 and 356:
353 occurred. This time there were
Page 357 and 358:
ýýý Yizhari feared that a. stron
Page 359 and 360:
: 35 strong emotional appeal as; a,
Page 361 and 362:
_- _ : ý- ý , ý.. ,..... _. p, .
Page 363 and 364:
361 succe nifu1 have little or noth
Page 365 and 366:
_ 36`3 Allegiance to leaders is, as
Page 367 and 368:
2G5 CUAPT f X1 _ö _C_ü_ICING. 11
Page 369 and 370:
- 367 that the degree und quality o
Page 371 and 372:
369 situations this co=unity has be
Page 373 and 374:
1-71 the parties themselves obtrude
Page 375 and 376:
Huch ditferencoa are loss narked, a
Page 377 and 378:
core respects ciiiilar to those whi
Page 379 and 380:
377 communal goals, and those which
Page 381 and 382:
379 ogainat a conception of communi
Page 383 and 384:
381 in the full knowledge that it c
Page 385 and 386:
383 APP FdUDIX EVENT O IN S lAARAYI
Page 387 and 388:
4785 The third set of events concer
Page 389 and 390:
5'd/ Glucian, l1. : "The Frailty in
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