Classical and augmentative biological control against ... - IOBC-WPRS

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Chapter 4 Registered Biocontrol Products and their use in Europe Ulf Heilig 1 , Philippe Delval 2 and Bernard Blum 1 1 International Biocontrol Manufacturers Association, Blauenstrasse 57, CH-4054 Basel, Switzerland 2 ACTA, 1 avenue Claude Bourgelat, F-69680 Marcy l'Etoile, France Collection of information A small team formed by ACTA and IBMA conducted a survey on biological active substances approved in the European Union and on Biological Control Products (BC products) authorised in five European countries. The investigation focused on crops covered by ENDURE RA1case studies. The frame of the present survey was defined in a meeting on 9 th January 2009 in Basle, and the work was performed during the period from April to September 2009. To compile a list of registered biocontrol products, the online EU Pesticides Database was consulted on 21 st April 2009. Data were retrieved and the list was reorganised and the information about use categories complemented with the help of the inclusion directives where necessary. Substances deemed suitable for biocontrol were identified and it was decided to distinguish four major groups: micro-organisms, semiochemicals (attractants), botanicals and "other plant protection substances of natural origin". This study was complemented by an analysis of specific uses of products commercialized in four countries of the EU (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom). A fifth country, Switzerland was included in the study for comparison, because it has not been restricted by the implementation of Directive 91/414/EEC (superceded in June 2011 by EC regulation No 1107/2011) until recently. For each country, official national online databases on authorised plant protection products (Table 10) were screened for authorised biocontrol active substances: Table 10: Consulted sources of information on authorized biocontrol plant protection products in five European countries: Country Official source / website Reference date France e-phy database of the Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries http://e-phy.agriculture.gouv.fr 31/8/2009 Germany Online-Datenbank Pflanzenschutzmittel of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL) http://www.bvl.bund.de/DE/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_Aufgaben/02_Zulassung 12 /8/2009 PSM/01_ZugelPSM/01_OnlineDatenbank/psm_onlineDB_node.html Spain Registro de productos Fitosanitarios of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino http://www.mapa.es/es/agricultura/pags/fitos/registro/menu.asp Switzerland Plant protection index ("Pflanzenschutzmittelverzeichnis") of the Federal Office for Agriculture (BWL, Fachbereich Pflanzenschutzmittel) 31/7/2009 http://www.psa.blw.admin.ch/index_de_5_2_A.htm Pesticides Register of UK approved products under the responsibility of the United Chemicals Regulation Directorate Pesticides Kingdom https://secure.pesticides.gov.uk/pestreg/ProdSearch.asp 4/2009 34
Chapter 4 The survey was limited to uses concerning seven crops or cropping groups which are subject to ENDURE case studies: pomefruit (apples and pears), grapevine, cereals, rape, maize, potatoes and tomatoes (greenhouse and field), the latter being extended to other vegetables where deemed of interest. Country lists of representative products (generally up to two) were created and sorted according to uses in crops, target pests and pathogens were identified by English and scientific names wherever possible. Biocontrol substances registered on Annex 1 of the EU (Pesticides Database) The complete list compiled from data retrieved in April 2009 in the EU Pesticides Database is presented in Appendix 10. Excerpts concerning the four categories of substances compatible with biological control are presented in Table 11. Botanicals Botanicals are plant-substances resulting from simple processing e.g. pressing or from extraction. By extension the definition applies to a small numbers of compounds or even single ones extracted from plants and purified e.g. laminarine. Fourteen botanicals have been identified (Table 11) including two borderline cases for which single molecules identical to naturally occurring substances have been synthesised. - Four botanicals are authorised as repellents only: Extract from the tea tree, garlic extract, clove oil (plant oils) and pepper. - Six botanicals enter into the category of plant growth regulators. - The phytohormones gibberellic acid and gibberelline are botanicals produced in fermenters acting on plant growth. Spearmint oil and sea-alga extract are listed for their effect on plant growth as well. - The phytohormone ethylene is naturally present in plants and in soil and can be included here although it is typically produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. - Carvone is a terpene produced by aromatic plants in particular by the mint. It can also be classified among the botanicals. To obtain a pure grade it is generally synthesised. In plant protection it is used as a growth regulator. - Laminarin is extracted from sea weed and is classified as elicitor. Rape seed oil enters into the category of insecticides/acaroids. Citronella oil is the only BCA approved as herbicide. - Pyrethrins are extracted from Pyrethrum flowers, from cultivars of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. By their origin they are botanicals but their structures are analogous and their properties are similar to those of synthetic pyrethroids. Due to their mode of action which is analogous to conventional insecticides and their toxicity for aquatic and other non target organisms, they are not typical biological substances although they are accepted in organic farming. 35
Page 1 and 2: IOBC OILB WPRS SROP In te rn atio n
Page 3 and 4: Preface One of the Research Activit
Page 5 and 6: LORITO Matteo UNINA, Dip. Arboricol
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables (continued) Table 17
Page 9 and 10: Contents Chapter 1 Potential of bio
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Potential of biological c
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 To allow for the analysis
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Table 4: Microbial specie
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) T. lo
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) Cupri
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 other was aiming at ident
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Table 5: References extra
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Table 6: Biocontrol agent
Page 27 and 28: Table 7 (continued) Chapter 2 Hemip
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Bacillus thuringiensis: 2
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 - financial; since the de
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 Pathogens and Nematodes a
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 [Remark: Estimating the s
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 100% 80% 60% P = Phytopha
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 0,25 4 0,20 % dedicated t
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 43: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4 Table 11 (continued) Othe
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 4 SCLPs are included in ann
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 4 laminarin is available on
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 5 (EC) No 1109/2009. Tests
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 6 Identified difficulties a
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 6 Table 12: Evidence for, a
Page 59 and 60: Table 13: Trichoderma-based prepara
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6 Many preparations have be
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 6 Persistence, physiologica
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 6 Harman, G. E. (2006) Over
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 6 Sharon, E., Bar-Eyal, M.,
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 7 purification, formulation
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7 Business profitability Co
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 8 A survey was carried out
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 8 80 70 60 %of supply %of a
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 8 efficacy and the price of
Page 79 and 80: Conclusions and perspectives reduct
Page 81 and 82: Appendices For Chapter 1 Appendix 1
Page 83 and 84: Appendix 1 B O Milsana + Brevibacil
Page 85 and 86: Appendix 1 Strawberry (target patho
Page 87 and 88: Appendix 1 Fruits - postharvest (ap
Page 89 and 90: Appendix 1 Legumes (Fabaceae) (targ
Page 91 and 92: Appendix 1 Miscellaneous crops (tar
Page 93 and 94: Appendix 1 Lecanicillium muscarium
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Appendix 1 Bedini, S., Bagnoli, G.,
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Appendix 1 Dik, A., and Wubben, J.
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Appendix 1 Gerlagh, M., Amsing, J.
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Appendix 1 Jing, W., Tu, K., Shao,
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Appendix 1 Li, G. Q., Huang, H. C.,
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Appendix 1 Morandi, M. A. B., Maffi
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Appendix 1 Rabea, E. I., Badawy, M.
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Appendix 1 Sutton, J. C., Liu, W.,
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Appendix 1 Zahavi, T., Cohen, L., W
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Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on grapes
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Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on cucurb
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Appendix 2 Askary, H. (1998). Patho
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Appendix 2 Malathrakis, N. E. (2002
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Appendix 3. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 3 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Grapes (target pathogen
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Appendix 4 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Robak, J., and Ostrowska
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Appendix 5 Cherry (target pathogens
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Appendix 5 Successful inhibition in
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Appendix 5 Smilanick, J. L., Denis-
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Appendix 6 showed protein content o
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Appendix 6 El-Khallal, S. M. (2007)
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Appendix 6 Liu, Q., J. C. Yu, et al
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Appendix 6 of tomato wilt pathogen
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Appendix 6 incognita, respectively.
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Appendix 7. Number of references re
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Appendix 8. Collection of data on a
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Appendix 8 Camporese & Duso, 1996 T
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Appendix 8 8.5 Fungi [5 species] Re
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Appendix 8 Berner & Schnetter, 2002
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Appendix 8 Morandi-Filho et al., 20
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Appendix 8 Marshall D.B. & Lester P
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Appendix 9 9.2. Details on the use
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Appendix 9 References 1. Abd-Rabou
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Appendix 9 50. Gariepy TD, Kuhlmann
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Appendix 9 97. Langewald J, Neuensc
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Appendix 9 146. Roltsch WJ, Meyerdi
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Appendix 10. Substances included in
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Appendix 10 Chemical Dimoxystrobin
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Appendix 10 Chemical Prosulfocarb '
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Appendix 10 Natural other Abamectin
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Appendix 11. Invertebrate beneficia
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Appendix 11 11.2. Invertebrate bioc
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Appendix 11 Coccinella septempuncta
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Appendix 11 Trichogramma brassicae
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Page 191 and 192:
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Appendix 11 Diglyphus isaea Digline
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