Watermarks - Islamic manuscripts

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A Dutch paper mill at work. The windmill (in Holland) provides the power needed for the making of the pulp (central part). At the left side, moulds are filled with pulp. At the right side sheets of paper are drying. A windmill is used because there is hardly any running water in Holland. In mountainous areas mills obtain their power from water. Source: Voorn, Papiermolens Noord-Holland, plate 7.
Detail of a metal paper mould from a Dutch paper mill; chain and wire lines are of metal. The watermark (shield, crown, post horn) is attached to the structure of the mould. At that place the paper will contain less pulp and hence show the watermark. Source: Voorn, Papiermolens van Noord- Holland, plate 51
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Watermarks - Islamic manuscripts

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