A global market review of automotive steering systems - Just-Auto.com

A global market review of 

automotive steering 

systems: trends, 

companies and forecasts to 

2010 - 2nd edition 

2004 edition

Page i 

A global market review of 

automotive steering systems: 

trends, companies and forecasts to 

2010 - 2nd edition - SAMPLE 

by Matthew Beecham 

July 2004 

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Page iii 

Table of contents 

Single-user licence edition............................................................................................................. ii 

Copyright statement.................................................................................................................. ii 

Table of contents ........................................................................................................................... iii 

List of tables .................................................................................................................................... v 

List of figures ................................................................................................................................. vi 

Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... vii 

just-auto.com’s research portfolio .............................................................................................viii 

Incredible ROI for your budget – single and multi-user licences.............................................viii 

just-auto.com membership ........................................................................................................... ix 

Glossary of terms............................................................................................................................ 1 

Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 2 

Heading in the right direction .................................................................................................... 2 

Report coverage........................................................................................................................ 3 

Chapter 2 The market ..................................................................................................................... 5 

Market trends ............................................................................................................................ 5 

Market players........................................................................................................................... 6 

Market shares ........................................................................................................................... 7 

Electric steering systems .......................................................................................................... 7 

Hydraulic steering systems .....................................................................................................10 

Market by product type............................................................................................................ 12 

Worldwide ............................................................................................................................... 13 

North America ......................................................................................................................... 13 

Europe..................................................................................................................................... 15 

Asia-Pacific ............................................................................................................................. 15 

Market forecast ....................................................................................................................... 16 

Electric power steering............................................................................................................ 16 

Electrically powered hydraulic steering................................................................................... 19 

Hydraulic powered steering .................................................................................................... 19 

Manual steering....................................................................................................................... 20 

Rack and Pinion...................................................................................................................... 20 

Recirculating ball system ........................................................................................................ 20 

Steering system market values............................................................................................... 21 

Chapter 3 Technical review.......................................................................................................... 23 

Four types of EPS................................................................................................................... 23 


Page iv 

Front steering innovations....................................................................................................... 24 

Rear steering innovations .......................................................................................................26 

Steering column innovations................................................................................................... 29 

Steer-by-wire........................................................................................................................... 30 

Chapter 4 Manufacturers.............................................................................................................. 33 

Delphi...................................................................................................................................... 33 

Koyo Seiko.............................................................................................................................. 35 

NSK......................................................................................................................................... 37 

ThyssenKrupp......................................................................................................................... 37 

Toyoda Machine Works .......................................................................................................... 39 

TRW ........................................................................................................................................ 40 

Visteon .................................................................................................................................... 43 

ZF Lenksysteme...................................................................................................................... 44 

Others - Aisin Seiki.................................................................................................................. 48 

CIE Automotive ....................................................................................................................... 48 

Dana........................................................................................................................................ 48 

Mitsubishi Electric ................................................................................................................... 49 

Online sources of information ..................................................................................................... 50 

Free email newsletters............................................................................................................ 50 

Other research reports............................................................................................................ 50 

Global news and feature articles............................................................................................. 50 

Search the web ....................................................................................................................... 50 

Your feedback ............................................................................................................................... 51 


Page v 

List of tables 

Table 1: Major steering system and column manufacturers’ business activities............................... 6 

Table 2: Steering system by type fitted to vehicles in Western Europe, divided by RD EPS, PD 

EPS and CD EPS, 2000 - 2010 (‘000 units).............................................................18 

Table 3: Steering system by type fitted to vehicles in North America, divided by RD EPS, PD EPS 

and CD EPS, 2000 - 2001 (‘000 units) .....................................................................18 

Table 4: Steering system by type fitted to vehicles in Asia-Pacific, divided by RD EPS, PD EPS 

and CD EPS, 2000 - 2001 (‘000 units) .....................................................................18 

Table 5: Total steering system by type fitted to vehicles in Western Europe, North America and 

Asia-Pacific, divided by RD EPS, PD EPS and CD EPS, 2000 - 2001 (‘000 units)..18 

Table 6: Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering system fitted to vehicles in Western Europe, 

North America, Asia Pacific and worldwide, 2000 - 2010 (‘000 units)......................19 

Table 7: Hydraulic Powered Steering systems fitted to vehicles in Western Europe, North America, 

Asia Pacific and worldwide, 2000 - 2001 (‘000 units)...............................................20 

Table 8: Manual rack and pinion steering systems fitted to vehicles in Europe, North America, Asia 

Pacific and worldwide, 2000 - 2001 (‘000 units).......................................................20 

Table 9: Recirculating ball steeing systems fitted to vehicles in Western Europe, North America, 

Asia Pacific and worldwide, 2000 - 2001 (‘000 units)...............................................20 

Table 10: Western Europe: Steering system market value by type fitted to vehicles, divided by RD 

EPS, PD EPS, CD EPS, EPHS, PR&P, MR&P and RCB, 2000 - 2010 (€ millions).21 

Table 11: North America: Steering system market value by type fitted to vehicles, divided by RD 

EPS, PD EPS, CD EPS, EPHS, PR&P, MR&P and RCB, 2000 - 2010 (€ millions).21 

Table 12: Asia-Pacific: Steering system market value by type fitted to vehicles, divided by RD EPS, 

PD EPS, CD EPS, EPHS, PR&P, MR&P and RCB, 2000 - 2010 (€ millions)..........22 


Page vi 

List of figures 

Figure 1: European market shares of the electrically powered steering systems, 2003 (% of 

volume)....................................................................................................................... 8 

Figure 2: European market shares of the hydraulic vehicle steering market, 2003 (% of volume). 11 

Figure 3: North American market shares of the hydraulic vehicle steering market, 2003 (% of 

volume)..................................................................................................................... 12 

Figure 4: Proportion of steering systems to passenger cars and light trucks worldwide, divided by 

RD EPS, PD EPS, CD EPS, EPHS, PR&P, MR&P and RCB, 2003 (% of volume). 13 

Figure 5: Proportion of steering systems to passenger cars and light trucks in North America, 

divided by RD EPS, PD EPS, CD EPS, EPHS, PR&P, MR&P and RCB, 2003 (% of 

volume)..................................................................................................................... 14 

Figure 6: Proportion of steering systems to passenger cars and light trucks in Europe, divided by 

RD EPS, PD EPS, CD EPS, EPHS, PR&P, MR&P and RCB, 2003 (% of volume). 15 

Figure 7: Proportion of steering systems to passenger cars and light trucks in Asia Pacific, divided 

by RD EPS, PD EPS, CD EPS, EPHS, PR&P, MR&P and RCB, 2003 (% of volume) 

.................................................................................................................................. 16 

Figure 8: Delphi’s Active Front Steering (1 of 2) ............................................................................. 25 

Figure 9: Delphi’s Active Front Steering (2 of 2) ............................................................................. 25 

Figure 10: Delphi’s Quadrasteer system.........................................................................................28 

Figure 11: Components and signal flow in ZF Lenksysteme’s Active Steering system .................. 32 

Figure 12: Delphi’s E*Steer system ................................................................................................ 34 

Figure 13: Visteon’s steering gear machinery, Wuelfrath Chassis facility, Wuelfrath, Germany .... 44 


Page vii 

Acknowledgements 

The publishers would like to especially thank the following for their assistance 

in compiling this report: 

○ 

○ 

○ 

Delphi; 

TRW; and 

Mitsubishi Electric. 


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Glossary of terms Page 1 

Glossary of terms 

○ 

○ 

○ 

○ 

○ 

○ 

○ 

RD EPS 

Rack Drive Electric Power Steering. 

PD EPS 

Pinion Drive Electric Power Steering. 

CD EPS 

Column Drive Electric Power Steering. 

EPHS 

Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering. 

PR&P 

Power Rack & Pinion. 

MR&P 

Manual Rack & Pinion. 

RCB 

Recirculating Ball Systems. 


Chapter 1 Introduction Page 2 

Chapter 1 Introduction 

Heading in the right direction 

During the last 15 years, there has been a slow evolution in power steering but 

recent engine-independent electro-hydraulic power steering (EHPS) and 

electric power steering systems (EPS) have marked a major change in the 

technology. For many years, power steering technology was focused on 

hydraulic systems but demand is now favouring electric power steering mainly 

due to reduced fuel consumption and logistical benefits. 

Although estimates of future penetration levels by region and worldwide vary, 

there is complete agreement that the trend is upwards. The only 

disagreements concern the slope of the trend and at what level it might 

plateau. Delphi anticipates that worldwide adoption rates of EPS will reach 

xx% of the light vehicle market by 2007. European penetration during that 

timeframe could reach as high as xx%, says Delphi. Koyo Seiko also anticipate 

exponential growth for EPS; predicting that it will be fitted to more than xx% of 

new cars built worldwide in 2005, equivalent to xx million vehicles. Looking 

further ahead, TRW forecast that by 2010, xx% of cars produced worldwide 

will incorporate some form of electrical assistance integrated into the steering 

system. 

The main reasons for strong growth in electric steering, as opposed to 

hydraulic, is that electric systems are more economical to run, lighter, 

recyclable and easier to package and install. Electric and electro-hydraulic 

power steering systems are typically lighter and more compact than 

conventional hydraulic systems. TRW’s electrically assisted steering (EAS), for 

example, is a power-assist system that eliminates the connection between the 

engine and steering system. Its migratory product, EPHS (Electrically Powered 

Hydraulic Steering) replaces the customary belts and pulleys with a brushless 

motor that drives a hydraulic power steering pump in a conventional rack and 

pinion steering system. EPS takes EAS technology a step further, eliminating 

hydraulic fluid and the accompanying hardware completely. An EPS module 

includes the motor, torque sensor, electronic control unit (ECU) and 

control/diagnostic software. Although EPHS was initially considered a 



‘transitionary’ technology - preceding the arrival of full EPS systems - 

manufacturers now predict a strong growth path. 

While EPS and EPHS have made significant inroads in Europe and Japan, US 

vehicle makers have been reluctant to replace their proven hydraulic systems 

with the more costly electric ones because they claim the benefits are largely 

unnoticeable and the added cost unjustifiable to customers. The key benefit of 

EPS is in the increased fuel efficiency obtained by freeing the engine from 

powering the steering compressor, and demand would probably be far higher if 

fuel prices in the US and Japan were as high as they are in the UK and 

Germany, for example, where the fuel savings of EPS have sufficient impact to 

offset the added cost of the system. As environmental concerns have gained in 

importance over recent years, energy-efficient electric power steering 

mechanisms have become more popular. So far, the systems have been 

limited to use on mini-vehicles, but further development could mean they will 

soon be found on larger vehicles. 

Despite its promise, EPS is really the stepping stone to tomorrow’s full steerby-wire 

(SBW) directional control. The theoretical benefits of SBW are 

compelling. SBW will dispense with all mechanical linkages between the wheel 

and the steering, freeing-up even more space in the engine compartment. 

Although all the major steering system manufacturers have been developing 

SBW systems for use in cars, some report on scaling back their development 

activities until 42-volt emerges. “There is still a lot of work to be done in terms 

of getting acceptance from the OE,” said an auto executive. “I’m sure the 

market will come but with some sort of back-up system rather than full bywire.” 

The recent recall of 680,000 Mercedes-Benz and Maybach models fitted 

with electro-hydraulic brakes has raised alarm bells over SBW across the auto 

industry. 

Report coverage 

In this second edition reviewing the key market drivers for passenger car and 

light vehicle steering systems, we broaden the analysis, providing forecasts of 

the six types of steering system: 

○ 

○ 

Rack Drive Electric Power Steering; 

Pinion Drive Electric Power Steering; 



○ 

○ 

○ 

○ 

Column Drive Electric Power Steering; 

Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering; 

Power Rack & Pinion Steering; and 

Recirculating Ball Systems. 

Although power rack and pinion steering systems look set to dominate the 

global vehicle market for some years to come - currently accounting for xx% of 

the global market - demand is gradually switching to electric power steering 

mainly due to fuel consumption and logistical benefits. Consequently, the main 

focus of this forward-looking report is on the current market and outlook for 

electrically-assisted steering systems. 

Chapter two sets out our forecast for product trends, fitment levels and market 

wholesale values for all six types of steering in Western Europe, North 

America, Asia-Pacific and worldwide through 2008. It also identifies some 

market shares for both electrically assisted steering and conventional hydraulic 

steering systems in Europe and North America. All in all, this report provides 

no less than 50 market volume and value forecasts by region and technology 

through 2008. 

Chapter three sets out some recent innovations and the forces driving those 

technical advances. 

The likelihood of a future dominated by electric steering systems is prompting 

some market participants to strengthen their presence in the market, investing 

in new plant and equipment and forming new joint ventures. For example, 

ThyssenKrupp recently acquired a xx% stake in the Mercedes-Benz 

Lenkungen steering system subsidiary from DaimlerChrysler, adding €xxx 

million a year in sales to its growing Presta steering system business. In 20xx, 

Toyota and three of its partners have formed a new joint-venture, called 

Favess, to develop, manufacture and sell drive-by-wire electric power steering 

systems. 

Chapter four provides profiles of the major steering system manufacturers, 

including Delphi, NSK, ThyssenKrupp, Toyoda Machine Works, TRW, Visteon, 

and ZF Lenksysteme. 


Chapter 2 The market Page 5 

Chapter 2 The market 

Market trends 

During the last decade or so there has been a slow evolution in power steering 

but recent engine-independent EHPS and EPS have marked a major change 

in the technology. While EPS and EHPS have made inroads in Europe and 

Japan, American vehicle makers have been reluctant to replace their proven 

hydraulic systems with the more costly electric ones because they claim the 

benefits are largely unnoticeable and the added cost unjustifiable to 

customers. EPS systems began to appear in the late 1980s, initially in mini 

cars. The key benefit of EPS is in the increased fuel efficiency obtained by 

freeing the engine from powering the steering compressor, and demand would 

probably be far higher if fuel prices in the US and Japan were as high as they 

are in the UK and Germany, for example, where the fuel savings of EPS have 

sufficient impact to offset the added cost of the system. 

With regard to power steering, there has been a transition from hydraulic to 

more environmentally-friendly electronic control systems, (hydraulic power 

steering involves excess pumping, whereas electric power steering uses less 

energy and is also lighter and more compact). The diffusion of electric power 

steering is led by Europe, with its strict environmental regulations, as well as 

by Japan, where small cars are common. 

Electrically power-assisted steering systems are headed for the mass-market 

worldwide, helped by their potential to save manufacturers money, reduce 

customers’ fuel bills, save designers valuable space, and possibly save lives 

as well. TRW believes switching to electric can save vehicle makers $5-10 per 

car, because the units are quicker to install, eliminate complex set-up 

engineering and have fewer moving parts. TRW’s EPHS module is fully filled 

with hydraulic fluid and takes GM about 30 seconds to install and connect the 

module to the vehicle’s electrical system. Delphi estimates its own system cuts 

four minutes off the assembly time of a vehicle and reduces component parts 

stocked from 15 to only two. Delphi also believes that its system can deliver 

fuel savings of 0.21 to 0.41 kilometres per 100km, because it draws less power 

from the engine. Electric steering could also be safer, as it still works if the 

engine stalls, unlike hydraulic systems. 



Market players 

The main manufacturers of steering systems are Delphi, Koyo Seiko, NSK, 

ThyssenKrupp, Toyoda Machine Works, TRW Automotive, Visteon and ZF 

Lenksysteme. Table 1 summarises the major players’ business activities. 

Table 1: Major steering system and column manufacturers’ business activities 

Manufacturer 

Business summary 

Delphi 

Koyo Seiko 

NSK 

ThyssenKrupp 

Toyoda Machine Works 

TRW Automotive 

Visteon 

ZF Lenksysteme 

Source: just-auto.com 

Market shares 

Electric steering systems 

On the world stage, TRW is the world’s largest supplier of electrically assisted 

steering systems, closely followed by Koyo Seiko, NSK and Delphi. Koyo 

Seiko expects to produce about 10 million EPS units in 20xx, up from xx 

million in 20xx. NSK sold xx million EPS units in 20xx, xx million units in 2002 

and expect to sell some xx million units in 2006 and 6 million in 20xx, of which 

around xx% will be produced outside Japan. In 2001, NSK spun off its EPS 

business into a separate company, NSK Steering Systems Co Ltd, in a bid to 

accelerate development and production. 

In Europe, the main EPS competitors are TRW, Koyo Seiko, Delphi and NSK. 

TRW also leads the electro-hydraulic steering systems market in Europe. ZF 

Lenksysteme claims to lead the European steering systems market for 

commercial vehicles (over 6-tonnes) with a xx% share. The German supplier 

claims a xx% share of the total European steering market. Koyo Seiko entered 

the European EPS market in 19xx, supplying under a joint venture with 

Renault. In 20xx, the company further strengthened its presence in Europe, 

setting up the joint venture, Electric Power Steering Components Europe sro, 



with Mitsubishi Electric in Czech Republic to produce electronic control units 

for EPS units in 20xx. 

Figure 1: European market shares of the electrically powered steering systems, 2003 (% of 

volume) 

% 

TRW 

Koyo 

NSK 

Delphi 

ZF Lenksysteme 

Others 

Sources: just-auto.com; industry estimates. 

Delphi, TRW and Koyo are the leading suppliers of electric power steering 

systems in the North American market. 

In Japan, Koyo Seiko leads the market with a xx% share supplying steering 

systems to all the vehicle makers. NSK is in second place with a xx% share 

followed by Toyoda Machine Works, Showa and Kayaba Industry. Then there 

are vehicle makers’ in-house manufacturing businesses and various joint 

ventures that also manufacture their own EPS units. Koyo Seiko has been 

manufacturing EPS in Japan since 19xx. 

TRW recently expanded its market position in the electrically-assisted steering 

system market, unveiling its Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering (EPHS) to 

support vehicle makers applying such systems to larger vehicles. The 

company has won contracts for the new generation system with two major 



European vehicle makers, starting production in 20xx. “TRW has developed a 

product that delivers improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions and greater 

power output compared to standard EPHS, while retaining the cost benefits of 

an hydraulic system,” said Dr Dieter Fehlings, engineering director of EPHS 

steering for TRW Automotive. “In tests, the new generation of EPHS system 

delivers an xx% improvement in fuel economy compared to standard hydraulic 

steering systems. This reduction in fuel consumption leads to a respective xx% 

improvement in CO2 emissions.” 

TRW Automotive claims it is the dominant supplier in the European EPS 

arena, with more than a third of an estimated $xx billion market. The 

company’s column drive EPS systems are in production on Renault, Nissan 

and Fiat models, with a number of launches planned for 2004 model year. “We 

are in discussions with a number of customers regarding our rack drive 

technology that will deliver EPS for D segment vehicles and we are also 

working to develop enhanced power output for our column drive EPS system 

for upper C segment models,” said Ken Lowe, steering product manager for 

TRW. 

In total, in Europe, TRW Automotive has EPS contracts with three vehicle 

makers for xx platforms. In Asia Pacific, the company has EPS contracts with 

two vehicle makers for three platforms. In 20xx, TRW doubled its sales for 

these products over the year. The company’s EPHS is fitted to vehicles in 

Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific and South America. 


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