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Michael Laitman<br />
The Future Generation<br />
Copyright ' 2006 by Laitman <strong>Kabbalah</strong> Publishers<br />
127 Ramblewood Lane<br />
Thornhill ONT. L4J 6R3, Canada<br />
All rights reserved<br />
www.kabbalah.info<br />
www.ashlag.info<br />
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FBKZCF \C[IP \RCFN GR\GB BKCK GDBF QGYK\N TKDFN WPBPF<br />
NB ,"BZCR"F \DZEN ZCTP NB \G[GRBF \B FNT\ GH FRCF .F\KRM\G<br />
FRK\R { GPXT TCJF \RGM\ \B K[GRBF QKPF DK[K LMC ."BZGC"F \DZE<br />
GNGM OGYKF CXP .ONGTF BZCR FP[N[ \KRG[BZF FCKSF KFGH .\JNIGP<br />
EIBF YGIN \GG\[FNG FRK\RF \RGM\ \B [GMZN OEBF \NGMKC KGN\<br />
.\GBKXPF \B BNPPF<br />
KRV NT \[ZVR ,GDBF GRKKF ,\G[GRBC[ \GRFKN QGXZF \GI\V\F<br />
OKKGNKPP \GRFKN QGXZF I\V\P QG[BZF CN[C .FNGM FKZGJSKFF<br />
QGXZF OKI\V\P QMP ZIBN .FIV[PG QKP ,QGHP GPM OKKPGKY=OKKRVGD<br />
[GPKP .\GNM[GPG TEKN QGXZF { UGSCNG ,FJKN[G EGCMN QGXZF ,Z[GTN<br />
QGXZ :[EI QGXZ GC ZZGT\P QMNG OEBF \B YVSP GRKB GNNF \GRGXZF NM<br />
.TGEK K\NC ZGYPP ,G\GB CCGSF NMP FGCD FP=ZCEP \GRFKN<br />
GKNB UIEF \GZZGT\F ,FHF DGRT\F ZGYP GFP OKTEGK GRB QKB[ QGGKM<br />
[K FNB \G[GI\P ZJVKFN KEM .[GBKKG QGBMKE ,\GRYKZ \[GI\ GRC \ZXGK<br />
\KRGXKY \GDFR\F \I\V\P OKZIBCG ,OKPSCG NGFGMNBC OK[P\[PF<br />
\GISGV QRKB FNB \G[GI\ .ZGZJ K[TPN Z\KF QKC FNKCGP BKFG ,FPKNB<br />
.\GCZ\FG LGRKIF \GMZTP NTG K\IV[PF B\F NT UB<br />
N[ KJSKBGDBF TCJF[ LMC FDZEFC ZKMFN \G[GRBF FNKI\P GRKPKC<br />
,OKDGNGKXGS .NCS NMN ZGYPF ,\GPEB KNT EKIKF TZF BGF OEBF<br />
OG[P KPNGT=NNMF ZC[PF \B OKYKIEP OKZIB OKZYGIG OKDGNGMKSV<br />
LB .OHKBGDBF \GZCD\F { KIMGRF CXPN OZGDF \B QY\N O\NGMK ZSGI<br />
NMC YRT KEPPN G\PXTFNG G\VZIFN BKC\ YZ ZC[PF QP \GPNT\F
9<br />
\KRZEGPF \GBKXPC FNCYF :ZCE I\V<br />
\G[GRBF N[ \KNNM FEIMF N[ ZCGDF OGKBF LM NT EKTP .OGKYF KPGI\<br />
[ZG[F KM ,FZKCSP FNCYF .\KRKTZD FPINP GB OKKDGNGYB \GRGSB KEK NT<br />
.TCJF IGM QKCN OEBF QKC ZCGDG LNGF QGHKB ZSGI BGF FH OGKBN<br />
OKET GRB ,OEBC[ GDBF QGYK\N FJK[C LZGXF NK[CF[P ,GRKPKC<br />
QMNG FNCYF \PMIN FYGYH ZCM \G[GRBF .FNCYF \PMI N[ F\IKZVN<br />
FPMIF \B OKNCGYPF GZK\SF QFC[ OKR[ KVNB ZIBN ,OGKM .FND\P BKF<br />
QKPGK=YK\T TEPN \ZCGDF \GTEGPF .OKCZC F\GB OKXKVP OF ,QGPFF QP<br />
QP ZGCT\ \G[GRBF .ZC[PF \GI\V\FC KGRK[ KEKN GBKCK GC ZYIPFG FH<br />
FH KGRK[ .NKTGPG KCGKI CK\R NB ,F\T \TSGV BKF GC[ ,KNKN[F CK\RF<br />
LKNF\F N[ GVGSCG ,OEBF N[ KJSKBGDBF GTCJ KGRK[ \GTXPBC TXC\K<br />
.FNGM \G[GRBF NT KGRK[F NI#eK<br />
NT KNCYF TEKF OGSZV BGF UKZIPF ZC[PF NT ZCD\FN KTXPBF<br />
KM FZKCSP FNCYF \PMI .G\ZJPG G\KRM\ ,G\GPN[ ,ONGTF TCJ \GEGB<br />
\GR[N LZGXC \G[GRBF ZKM\[ ET ZKPIFN UKSGK BGF ;KZYP GRKB ZC[PF<br />
G\ZJP .TCJF YGI KEK NT [BZP QRMG\P FH ZC[P .KJSKBGDBF FTCJ \B<br />
FDZE { TCJC JNG[F IGMF \DZEN G\GNTFNG OEBF QKPN QGYK\ BKCFN BKF<br />
.\GKIXRG \GPN[ N[<br />
\G[GRBF \B FNCYF BKC\ TCJF YGI N[ Z\SRF YNIF ZYI KEK NT<br />
FNZGDC JGN[N \NGMK FN YKRT\ ,\GTEGP N[ OKEY\ \GZSI \GPZN<br />
FNCYF \PMIN .GCXP \B GPXTC TGCYN OKTXPBC OEBF \B EKKX\G<br />
FNCYF N[ KJR\GBF TEKF \XVF .\G[GRBN KNSZCKRGBG KIXR ZSP<br />
KVMP OKRV ZKCSPNG KJRGGNZN ,[KDRN G\GB LVGF OKKRZEGP OKIRGPC<br />
.OTV=KB FKF[<br />
,F[EI \GCZ\ \KKRC KEKN BKCK FNCYF \PMI N[ ZSPF OG[KK<br />
NMG B\ NM OKNTGV GC[ EIB UGD NBM \G[GRBN GSIKK\K OK[RB G\GMHCG<br />
SSC\\[ \KPGBN=QKC FNKFY ESGGK\ L[PFC .GNGM UGDF \CGJN ZCKB<br />
ZCE N[ GVGSC UKYK KJSKBGZJNBF QGZYKTF .OKKJSKBGZJNB OKYGI NT<br />
.FGG[ OKKI \PZ OEBF KRC NMN FRYK#G GNGM ONGTF \B<br />
NTV\G OKKY\\ \KEK\TF \KJSKBGZJNBF FZCIF ,GNGM TCJM<br />
TCJ FR\[K[ ZIBN .\JNIGPF FRK\RF \RGM\P KGRCF ON[ OHKRDZGBM<br />
\GBKXPF \B [GIKG KNNMF TCJF YGI OT QGHKBC BXPKK BGF ,OEBF
FPN[F<br />
BNG<br />
YZ<br />
\B<br />
YNI G\GB<br />
QJY<br />
\GGTPG<br />
SV\RF<br />
\GTXPBC<br />
.OHKBGDBF<br />
LM<br />
FGGIR<br />
GRNGM<br />
OGKY<br />
ON[<br />
KIXRG<br />
[PPRG<br />
\B<br />
\ZJP<br />
.FBKZCF<br />
,GR\IP[N<br />
GRB<br />
OKET<br />
OGKF<br />
QKKRTN<br />
ZCGD<br />
LNGFG<br />
\PMIC<br />
.FNCYF<br />
LGRKI<br />
QGGMPF<br />
KGRK[N<br />
KPKRV<br />
O[N<br />
\D[F<br />
QGHKB<br />
OT<br />
IGMF<br />
JNG[F<br />
TCJC<br />
Z[VBK<br />
GRN<br />
WKBFN<br />
\B<br />
\VGY\<br />
ZCTPF<br />
\GNDNG<br />
\B<br />
\RGP\<br />
\GBKXPF<br />
.FPN[F<br />
KGNKD<br />
FH<br />
BKCK<br />
OGN[<br />
,ONGTC<br />
\GKIXR<br />
YGVKSG<br />
K\NC<br />
NCDGP<br />
NMN<br />
KRC<br />
QKPF<br />
.K[GRBF<br />
ZVS<br />
FH<br />
SSGCP<br />
N[ GK\GIK[ NT<br />
ZCIPF<br />
GP[Z[ KVM<br />
GECKTG<br />
.GKEKPN\<br />
ZGEF<br />
GZIBF<br />
Q 10
BGCP<br />
GH \GBKXP .OKDGRT\ \BNPG FPN[ ,\KIXR :\IB \GBKXPC OKKI GRB<br />
.GRKRKTP \Z\SR BKF LB ,OKTGCY \GPGYPC OKKGXP FKYNI NMG FTGCY<br />
\B OK[KDZP GRB FPGYPCG ,\PBC BKF[ KVM F\GB OKBGZ GRB QKB<br />
ONGTF \[GI\ QKCN \K\KPBF \GBKXPF \[GI\ QKC NECFF .FHF ONGTF<br />
KEM F\T OKECGTF ,GRN[ OK[GIF \[PIC TGCJF NGYNYP TCGR FHF<br />
.GPXT OEBN FBRFG YGVKS OGZDN<br />
OGZDN KEM GRIGP NMCG GRCKN NMC ,GRK[GI NMC [P\[FN JKNIR OB<br />
.FC FKIRG FPN[FG \K\KPBF \GBKXP F\GB \B [KDZR ,\NGHN FBRF<br />
[GIR GRBG ,GRK[GI \B UVGBF NGVZTF DDGV\K ,GPNTKK L[GIFG QGZGGKTF<br />
ZCEF ."QET QD"C ,"QGKNTF ONGT"C BXP@KR GPGYPCG FHF ONGTF HGDR EXKM<br />
\PKKBPFG FTZF ONGTF \RGP\ Z[BM ,\GEDBF KZGVKSC [IZ\PN FPGE<br />
.FZKBPG FCGJN \MVGFG FXYF NB FXYF QP T\VN FR\[P<br />
OF .FKNT GRN OKZVSP OFG GHF \GVNI\FF \B GZCT ZCM OKNCGYPF<br />
\GBKXPF \RGP\ \B LGVFN KEM \GR[N GRKNT[ YKGEPF ZCEF NT OKTKCXP<br />
GDBF ,OFKZCEN .FPN[FG \K\KPBF \GBKXPF \RGP\N FC OKBXPR GRB[<br />
\GBKXPF \RGP\ \B WGGMPF BGFG ,GPXTN NGMF LG[PN FXGZ OEBF N[<br />
FC BXPR OEBF[ \K\KPBF \GBKXPN Z[VBP GRKB GDBF .OEBF CKCS<br />
OEBF LVF GNKB .GPXT LG\N FPKRV F\GB L[GP GNKBMG ,FXGIF J[V\FN<br />
F\KKF { GPXTP FBKXKN ,NGMF KVNM FCFBN OHKBGDBP GTCJ \B<br />
ZGBC \BNP\P F\KKFG OKEPPF NMN FBNFG GRPP \CIZ\P \GBKXPF<br />
.\GPN[CG<br />
OKNNGI\P QMNG ,GRRPHC ZGCTN \G[GRBF \CKGIP FHF ZCTPF \B<br />
ZKMFN FNKI\P \G[GRBF EIBF LKNF\C .OKNKCYP OKMKNF\ KR[ OGKM<br />
11
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
12<br />
OK[RB EGTG EGT .GRN[ ONGTF \B \GR[N \GXKIRCG FCXP \ZPGIC<br />
BGF KR[F LKNF\F ."!KE" [GRBF GRCXPN ZPGN GRKNT KM OK[KDZP<br />
.FHF ZCTPF \B TXCN EXKM \G[GRBN FZKCSPF FNCYF \PMI \GND\F<br />
GRN FTKXP[ \GRPEHFFG GRPNGTC[ TZF \ZMF ,GNNF OKMKNF\F KR[<br />
.\GI\V\FN \GRPEHFM GRKRVN OKEPGTG OK[DVR ,FNCYF \PMI<br />
DN[B FEGFK CZF N[ GKC\MCG G\R[PC YSGT LKRVN[ ZVSF<br />
"ONGSF" [GZKV OG[ NT "ONGSF NTC" GKGRKMC TGEKF ,(1954{1884)<br />
.ZFGHF ZVSN C\M[<br />
ZKCSP ,ZVSF N[ QG[BZF GYNI YSGT GC[ ,"ONGTC OGN[F" ZPBPC<br />
FKZGJSKFF LNFPC G[TR[ \GXGVRF \GKGTJF QP FPM ONGSF NTC<br />
OKKI N[ OKNEGP FPXTC ZGXKN F\SKR \G[GRBF .ONGTC OKRG[ \GPGYPC<br />
NB BYGGE OEBF KRC \B OKPEYP TCJF KYGI[ LMP FPNT\F LB ,OKCGJ<br />
CXP GRPXTC ZGXKN OKMKZX GRRKB .OKKY ZCM[ KIXR CXP G\GB \[GI\<br />
GRNM[ KV NT \GRCN GRKKFE ,GRZGCTC QMGP ZCM[ CXPFP FRG[F CGJ<br />
N[ OFK\GBXPFC QEGSK[ OKSIK \GMZTPG KF[NM \K\GMBNP \GBKXP<br />
,GRN[ \GBKXPF \SKV\ \B QY\N BGF \G[TN GRKNT[ NM .OEB KRC<br />
.OKBXPR GRB GC[ OGYPC<br />
ZGEF" \ZCI OD FRGMPF "\KEK\TF FZCI"C QGER ZVSF L[PFC<br />
TKDFN \NE\[PF \K[GRB FZCI F\GB BKF \KEK\TF FZCIF ."QGZIBF<br />
SIKF KGRK[ KEK NT .\K\KPBF \GBKXPF \[DZF NB OKNCGYPF \MZEFC<br />
NGVZTF \B OEBF KRC GZKSK QY\PF QGKNTF IGMF \TV[FCG \NGHN<br />
GJKCK OFG QGZGGKTF UGNIK ,\GEDB Q\GBC GPM ,HBG .OFK[GI NT WCGZF<br />
KVGS=QKB ,KIXR ,ON[GP ONGT GBZKG \GIGYVG \GNGED OKKRKTC CKCS<br />
.ZGB BNPG<br />
ZVSN OKIVSRF<br />
CN[N GRZIC ,LM OG[P .ONGSF NTC N[ G\R[PC YSGT ZVSF ,ZGPBM<br />
GK\GR[C GC\MR[ "QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M" N[ QG[BZ OGSZV ZVSN OKIVSRC<br />
GKEK NT ZGBN BXGF[ ,"FPBAF" QG\KT \B QMG ONGSF NTC N[ \GRGZIBF<br />
IVSRC ONGSF NTC \GEGB NT \GZICR \GZKPB \GBCGP ,USGRC .1940=C<br />
."ZGEF KRKTC ONGSF NTC"
13<br />
BGCP<br />
OCGZ Z[B ,OKZCE \GPK[ZG OKZPBP OKNKMP "QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M"<br />
\B OKI\RPG OKK\ZCI OKRKKRTC OKRE OKC\MF .ZGB GBZ OZJ ONGMM<br />
Q\P LG\ ,\EPGT BKF OFKRVC[ FNB \BG \G[GRBF F\GGI[ OKZJ[PF<br />
N[ ORMG\G O\CK\M QPH .FKKVGBNG \KNBZ[KF FPGBF EKYV\N [DE<br />
G\R[P N[ K[TPF FPGMKS \B OFC \GBZN Q\KR KM OKZGP OKC\MF<br />
.ONGSF NTC N[ UYKFF=\CIZG \Y\ZPF<br />
N[ \KJYNBKEF F\GI\V\F \B OKZYGS "QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M"<br />
ONGSF NTC YSGT OKC\MF N[ OMZGB NMN .OKCZ OKJCKFP \G[GRBF<br />
\B \KRMVFPG \KEGIKK \KGGHP I\RPG OHKXBRF \TVG\C FCIZFC<br />
KTCJF \GI\V\FF YGI KM TKZ\P ONGSF NTC .F\GGF\FN OKPZGDF<br />
OKKXBR OKZJ[P ONGTF KCIZC GPGYK GC[ CXP NB GRBKCFN EPGT<br />
ONGT \GPINPC K[GRBF QKPF CGZ \EIMF KEKN GBKCKG ,OKKJSK[VG<br />
OKCZ KRKTC QVGEF \BXGKG FDKZIF FTVG\F KM ZKFHP BGF .\GVSGR<br />
.EGTG EGT I\V\FN FNGNT<br />
\B OKJZV KJZVC DKXPG ,JGNKP LZEG BXGP \G[GRBN TKXP ONGSF NTC<br />
\G[GRBNG { [KBG [KB NMN BKCFN G\TEN NMGK[ EKIKF K\ZCIF FRCPF<br />
.Z[GBG OGN[ ,FGGN[ ,QGIJKC ,YGVKS KBNP OKKI { EIBM FNGM
"QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M" ,ONGSF NTC
OGKYF<br />
\EKI<br />
KC\M"N FPEYFF NT SSGCP FH YZV<br />
ONGSF NTC \BP "QGZIBF ZGEF<br />
OFP EIB FRFG ,ZCEPC OKTG\F OKBPXG OKCTZ FZCIN N[P"<br />
,OKNNPGBF GKIBC ZMHR NKI\F ,CGJ NMC CG[K OGYP BXP<br />
FP .OBXPF OGYP TEK BN[ ET FCZF OFP Y\TR ZCM ORPB<br />
GTP[K KNGB ,ZVG[C TGY\NG NGED NGYC YGTXN NKI\F ,F[T<br />
OD GBGCKG GKNB GCZY\KG GNGY \B OKNNPGBFG OKCTZF GKZKCI<br />
.CGJ NMP BNPF BGFF CG[KN QM<br />
NM OT EIK BZGRF ZCEPC GRKT\ FRF ,GRKRVN[ ZCEF QM<br />
KZVSF GRKKFE CGJ NMP BNPF NGED ZXGB GRBXP F\TG \G[GRBF<br />
GR\GB BNPPG \GYYG[F GRK[VR OKTKC[P[ ,ZXGBC[ FNCY<br />
GZB[R[ GRN[ OKZKCIF QGZMH BNB ,GRZ\GFG GRTC[G \IRG Q[E<br />
QKBG GRKRKC CZ YIZPF ORPB ,\GXT KECGB BZGRF ZCEPC<br />
TGY\N FHF ZVG[F \B GRMZT LMKVNG ,GRK\GRKC OKTP[R OKZCEF<br />
OKZ[GBP GKFKG GRKNB GCZY\KG GRKIB GTP[K KNGB \GNGYC<br />
."GRK\GPM<br />
KFP .FPGKY \GTP[P ZIB FK[GVKIC \G[GRBF FTGJ OKR[ KVNB L[PC<br />
?GK\GBXG\ GKFK FPG \ZCGT \G[GRBF[ LKNF\F GFP ?OGKYF \CKS<br />
CK[FN KEM \GRG[G \GCZ \GRGPBG \G\E ,\GJK[ GI\GV LZEF LNFPC<br />
.OGKYF \ZJP ZCEC FNB[F NT<br />
GRB[ KEPN ZHGP .OEBC QGPJF KTCJ LZGXP \TCGR OGKYF \NB[<br />
LB ,OKKIC OKZIBF OKRKKRTF OT \ZIB GB GH LZEC EEGP\FN OKNDGSP<br />
15
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
16<br />
N[ G\NGMKC QKB { OKKY KRB FP O[N { \KZYKTF FNB[F NT BYGGE<br />
ZGEP \ZCGT \G[GRBFG ,Z\SR FH ZCE .FZGZC FCG[\ CK[FN OEBF<br />
TKDFN Q\KR BN \KTCJ LZEC KM ,TCGR QBMP .QGZ\V BGXPN BNC ZGEN<br />
.QGZ\VN<br />
F\KKF BKF ,\CHGM GNKVB ,\PKGSP FCG[\ \G[GRBF KEKC F\KKF GN<br />
OKCZ \GRGZ\VF :\GBGZF GRKRKT LB .FRGMRM F\GB CK[IFN FNGMK<br />
FFYP GRKB \GKVGSGNKVFG \GRGPBF ,\G\EF ,\GTEF KGCKZ .QKB# FCG[\G<br />
\B \GNDN OEBF N[ LZGXF ZCGD ZGEN ZGEP .OGKYF \NB[ N[ FEGI \B<br />
Z\GK \PTGHN GCZYC OGKYF \NB[ \B LVGF FCG[\F ZSGIG ,OKKIF \GFP<br />
.Z\GKG<br />
\EKI IGRTVN QVGE \BXGK FJK[ \G[GRBF KRVC OKDKXP OKNCGYPF<br />
OF QKBG ,OKVGSGNKVN FPGEC FCG[\F \B "OKTEGK" OF QKB .OGKYF<br />
,FBKZCF \ZJP \B GDK[F[ OF OKNCGYPF .\EF K[RBM FC "OKRKPBP"<br />
F\GB KFP FNGM \G[GRBN ZKCSFN O\NGMKCG ,F\GB OKKI ,FC OKBXPR<br />
.FKNB TKDFN Q\KR EXKMG FZJP<br />
\B [KDZK GC[ CXPN OEBF \B BKCFN BKF FBKZCF \ZJP ,OFKZCEN<br />
OF .CXT BNNG FNCDF NM BNN ,OKPN[G OKGGN[ ,OKKIXR OKKI KI GPXT<br />
OKNCGYPF .GKNB GRMKNGFN UBG FH CXPN TKDFN LKB GRN ZKCSFN OKNDGSP<br />
OEGTC ,NGMF TKDFN OKMKZX GKNB[ KVGSF \GI\V\FF CXPC OKBXPR<br />
OKBXPR GC[ CXPN \G[GRBF \B NKCGFN OFKNT .FHF ONGTC OKBXPR<br />
NT FP=ZCE \TEGK \G[GRBF ,O\GMHC .ZIB EPPC OKK\KNM\ OKKIN ,OF<br />
.FN KGVXF EK\TF<br />
.KVGSF GCXPP LGVFF CXPC OEBF \B TCJF CKXF FNKI\ FRGGMC<br />
\GNDN FPK[PF GKNT FNJGFG KVGSF CXPN \GYYG\[F GC \GND\FN \CKKI<br />
OKNCGYPF GV[I BNPNB .FH CXPN TKDFN Q\KR O\ZHTC[ OKTXPBF \B<br />
\ZJP KFP TEGK OEBF FKF BN ,\G[GRBF KRVC QYG\PF EK\TF \B<br />
F\D[FN OKTXPBF \B ,OGKYF \ZJP \B OEBN OKNDP OKNCGYPF .GPGKY<br />
GC[ TDZ G\GBP .OEBC YZ KGN\ [GPKPF[ FECGTF \BG ,F[GPKPNG<br />
.GPXTC F[PPN GKNT ,\BHF FTKEKF \B NCYP OEBF<br />
\GTKEKF BGF FZYT NM FNCYF \PMI KM ,GRKZ[C GRKIB GTE"<br />
F\BKC ET KPKP[F FFCD OGZPP ONGTF N[N\[R LKB
17<br />
OGKYF \EKI<br />
F[TP UGS’[ OG[P IZMGP FKF FHF \GBKXPFG .GRK\GNV[N<br />
LKZX GRKB KM UMK\ \NTGV ’\K G\C[IPG ’FNKI\ FC[IPC<br />
UGS=QKBC FNKI\P GRBXK LMKVNG ,GRK\GPM F[TP KNMN<br />
LMKVNG { FHF ONGTN ET O[PG \GPN[F NM OT BGF=LGZC<br />
\GPNGTF LG\P BCN OKEK\TF OKRGYK\F NM BGXPN EBP NY<br />
."GRN GPEY[ OKPN[F<br />
\B OKZB\P OF .FXYN FXYP FPN[F \GBKXPF \B GDK[F OKNCGYPF<br />
OKKY GRKB QPHF D[GP ,OFKZCEN .CKJKPG CGJM ,OEBF ZXGK ,QGKNTF IGMF<br />
BZGCF JKNIF Z[BM .LKNF\C QG\R BGF QKBG KGRK[ GC QKB :BZGCF KCDN<br />
BN .EKP G\C[IP F[PP\F ,OKBZCRF N[G \GBKXPF N[ OKGSP CXP NT<br />
FCKS N[ LZEC FBKZCF \GI\V\F N[ LKNF\C GB OKTXPBC LZGX FKF<br />
.CCGSPG<br />
NM OKBNP GRB :GC FXGZ BZGCF[ CXPC OKKGZ[ GRNGM ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN<br />
GRKB[ ,FZMF ZSI FNGIN NG[P GRCXP LB ."UGS=QKB" BZYR FH CXP .CGJ<br />
GCXP \B [KDZFN OEBF NMGK[ KEM .BXPR BGF GC[ CXPF \B [KDZP<br />
OEBF \B YKIZP BZGCF LM O[N .GPXTC GKNB YYG\[FN GKNT K\KPBF<br />
,ON[GPF CXPN KMVF FH CXP .Z\GKC TGZDF CXPN ET ON[GPF CXPF QP<br />
JB JB \GNDN NKI\FN OEBF NT FH CXP LG\P ."FHF ONGTF" BZYR BGFG<br />
KGXPF KGNKPF QP DGRT\ [KDZK GH FEKPCG ON[GPF CXPF NB \GYYG\[F<br />
\GYYG\[F LG\P KZGYP CXP G\GBN ZHGI OEBF[ ET L[PR FH LKNF\ .GC<br />
.G\PXGT BGNPC GNGM DGRT\F \B [KDZPG ,GKNB \KPXT<br />
FMGVF BKF FNKI\MNP[ UB { \EIGKP FZGXC FBKZCF \B BZC BZGCF<br />
BKF OEBF KRC N[ OPGKY \ZJP .GKNB \GPEKFN F\NGMKC BZGCF QP<br />
.FBKZCF \C[IP N[ F\GPN[ ,OFKVNM BZGCF \RGGM \GPN[ \B \GNDN<br />
OD ZZGT\\ QMNG O\GB CFGB BZGCF KM OEBF KRC GRKCK ,\BH GNDK Z[BM<br />
.GKNB FCFB OFC<br />
GPM BCFNG QBMP GRKMZE QY\N LKBF OKTEGK GRB FH LG\PG"<br />
ZPGNM ,’FJPN EZGK FPFCF IGZ’[ ,FPFCF NT OEBF \NTP<br />
\GBZN FRKCG NM[ FN QKBG FBNFG FRPP BNB \KBGZ GRKB[<br />
OEBF IGZ’[ OEBF FKNT USGR ,EK\TF QY\N KEM GKNT ZCTFP<br />
OEB GPM ZCTFC NM\SPG ,ZCTF#N ZPGNM ,’FNTPN FNGT
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
18<br />
FBGZ NM[F QM ,GKPDV \B QY\N FBGZG FBZPC NM\SPF<br />
."BCFNG QBMP NT GKMZE \B QY\PG GKNT ZCTFC<br />
KRVN EGT GRKNT OKZCGTF OKCXPF \ZES NM \B \ZB\P FNCYF \PMI<br />
CXPC BZCRF \B ZXK BZGCF .\KIMGRF \GBKXPF \[DZFC OKBXPR GRB[<br />
ZIC[ CXP G\GBC ZGICN \GZ[VB BZCRN \\N KEM .G\GBZN FXZ GC[<br />
BZCRF "NGYNYF"P FBXG\M .BZCRC[ F[DZFF \B "NYNY" BGF ,BZGCF<br />
\[DZFC GRKKFE ,BZGCF G\GB BZC GC[ CXPFP FMGVF F[DZFC BXPR<br />
."FHF ONGTF"<br />
OKJKCP GRB Z[BM .GRKKIP \ZMGP FPDGE \ZHTC ZCEF \B QKCFN Q\KR<br />
BGF KM GRN FPERG GC OKBRYP GRB NNM LZEC ,NGMF GN [K[ OEBC<br />
QKJGNIN FMGVF F[DZFC BXPR BGF[ EGBP QM\KK LB .ONGTC Z[GBPF<br />
QGYK\ BGF GCXP KGRK[N [ZER[ NM .G\G[ZC Z[B NMC OTJ BXGP GRKBG<br />
.BXPR BGF GC[ CXPF QP FRFKK BGF LMG ,F[DZFF<br />
.GMZE \GZCGTF \G[DZFF NM OGMS BKF OEBF BXPR FC[ \GBKXPF<br />
OKBXPR GRB GC[ "CXPF" ,GRZMHF[ FZMFF ZSGIP FNGIN FPGEC<br />
OEBF NB FRGV BZGCF .FHN FH OKGG[ BYGGE GBN G\GB GRN[ "F[DZFF"G<br />
CGJF CXPC BXPR F\B ,FBZG LKRKT \B IYV" ,GN ZPGB NGMKCMG YGIZP<br />
[ZVN ,OKKIN GSIK \B ,GN[ F[DZFF KNM \B QY\N OEBF NT ."Z\GKC<br />
,BZGCF \DFRFN OEBF N[ GSIK KGRK[ \GCYTC .[IZ\PF \B QGMR<br />
.FXYF NB FXYF QP ONGTF \RGP\ FR\[P<br />
OEBN OZGD BGF KIMGRF CXPF NB QKZYP ON[GPF CXPF Z[BM<br />
HB GB .GCXPN FCKSF NT NGB[N NKI\FNG ,OKKIF \XGZP NTP \GNT\FN<br />
KM ZPBR GKNTG ,(EK ,EK GFKT[K) "QfKN^T&N^ Fl&c#B&" QG[NP "OEB" BZYR BGF<br />
BZGCF[ KRVN ONGB .FBKZCF \ZJP ZCT NB ,"FNTPN FNGT OEBF IGZ"<br />
,"FPFC"F \DZEC OKKY\P OEBF ,OKKIF \GFP NT FNB[ GC ZZGTP<br />
.OFN ZCTP[ FZJPF NT NGB[N BNC OPXT OKKIF LG\C BXPR GRKKFE<br />
\GCYGT \GKPKRV \GI\V\F \GDZE K\[ QF FNB "OEB"G "FPFC" ,QM OB<br />
.K[GRB ZGXK N[<br />
G\GB NT OKEPGT QKKETG FPFCF QKPN \GI\V\F QKB LMKVNG"<br />
LKB FMG\P QKCFN FBZPF OFN QKB[ OG[P ,GBZCR[ OGYPF<br />
LNGF OEBFG .OEBF GPM JBN JBN I\V\FNG OKMZEF QY\N
19<br />
OGKYF \EKI<br />
NT EGT[ \[DZGPG \IJCGP G\NTP[ ET OGK OGK I\V\PG<br />
."CMZK OKRGKNTF \GJRNVF<br />
QKCG GPXT LG\C \GNGTV QF[ QKC ,GKKI L[PC TXCP OEB[ \GNGTVF NM<br />
."\fPK[]Z" KEK NT [BZP \GTCYR ,QGXKIF ONGTFG FZCIF OT \GNGTV QF[<br />
.GKKI LNFP \B \GC\RPFG OEBC \GPKKYF \GKPKRV \GRMF QF \GPK[ZF<br />
OB\FC TXC\P \GPK[ZF [GPKP .BN G\G Q[PPN BNB Z\GR BN OEBN<br />
OKKPKRVF OKBR\F N[ O\GZZGT\FNG ORGGKMN OB\FCG ,Q\TVGF ZESN<br />
.FBKZCF N[ \KNNMF \GI\V\FF \KRM\ KEK NT OKTCYRF ,OKKRGXKIFG<br />
\DZEC BXPR FBKZCF \ZJPN GPXT \B ZG[YN BNC NTGVF OEB<br />
.G\PHGKP FTKDK BNNG \K[VGI FZKIC BNN { "FPFC" \BZYRF \GI\V\F<br />
KXPBP YZ .O[PPN SGRB BGFG ,GK\GRGXZ ORKB GC OKZZGT\PF \GRGXZF<br />
.FPFC F\GB NTP[ FTKDKN OKC[IR FBKZCF \ZJP \B DK[FN OEBF<br />
LKNF\ BGF FBKZCF \ZJP \B [PPN ZIC[ KP KRVC EPGTF LKNF\F<br />
NT CXP NM OKRMP GRB \GKRIGZC .GTCJN EDGRPF LKNF\ GRKKFE ,KTCJ=NT<br />
OKYYG\[P LB FPFC \DZEC QKKET OKKGXPF OD LM OG[PG ,G\ZJP O[<br />
."OEB" O[C F\T ZCM GBZYKK ,OEB \GKFN<br />
\JKN[ \I\ :ECNC OKCXP KR[P EIBC BXPKFN OKNGMK GRB ,QM OB<br />
BZGCF TCJ \JKN[C GB ,("FPFC" \DZE) KJSKBGDBF KZGYPF GRTCJ<br />
\K[VGIF FZKICF FRG\R OEBF KEKC .("OEB" \DZE) KJSKBGZJNBF<br />
.BZGCN \GPEKFN<br />
BZYRF BZGCFP WGXKR GMG\C BXPR ,OPGZ\FN OEBN Z[VBN KEM<br />
[KDZP BGF ,OEBF LG\C ZKBFN FNKI\P GH FEGYR[M ."CNC[ FEGYRF"<br />
FZKICF \EGYR .OKKIF NTP BXPR[ FP NB TKDFN \GYYG\[FM \BH<br />
JCPC EXFP GPXT NT JKCFN NGMK OEBF FMG\P[ QGGKM ,FB@ZPN FNG[P<br />
,BZGCF TCJN SIKC TZ BGF KJSKBGDBF GTCJ KM TGCYNG ,KCKJYKKCGB<br />
\EGYRP FCXP \B \GBZN \NGMK QKB ,\BH \PGTN ,FPFCN * .FTV[FF TCJ<br />
.\KRGXKI JCP<br />
TCJF GRKKFE GRPP WGIP[ OKTCJF KMZEC ZGPB FH NMG"<br />
,OKRGXKIF KRKRKTG GRK\GRGHP GRKKFE ,GRK\CKCSC[ \GBKXPFC[<br />
.KTCJF NM[F ZGPD \GYV\SFC NKTGP FH NT[<br />
"TKV[FN<br />
QGXZ"G<br />
"FTV[F"<br />
OKIRGPC<br />
OK[P\[P OKNCGYPF :LZGTF \ZTF<br />
.\\N QGXZG FRK\R N[ \GTP[PC<br />
*
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
20<br />
\XYPN OKI\V\P GRB[ ODF ,GRKPXTG GRK\GKPKRVC QM OB[ FP<br />
GRKZGIBP \GVKIE \PIP OKIC\[PG OKI\V\P GRB NCB<br />
QKB[ OTJP BGFG .OKPE \GMKV[G QKZGSK K"T (BDZTJ=B=HKG)<br />
OEBF \GKPKRVC \GBZN FBZP DK[FN FNGCI\ OG[ GRN<br />
\G[VRF \GKPKRVC ZPGN LZGX QKBG ,GZCT[ \GZGEFC GKF[<br />
GKFK BN[ OGKFM BZGR QCZGIN GBCG GN[N\[R[ LKB \GPNGTFG<br />
\G\KPG ICJN OKEPGTG OKRMGP FKFRG ,GRKKIC \GIGJC GRN<br />
OG[ OFN QKB[ OKEGP NMF[ ET ,\GCGZYF OKR[C \GRG[P<br />
."FH TGRPN FXT<br />
.DGRT\G FBRF NCYN QGXZ GB \GRFKN QGXZ BZYRF ZPGIP WZGY OEBF<br />
NM BNNG \JNIGP FIGRPC KGXP BGFG OEBF [ZG[ BGF BZGCFG NKBGF<br />
LMP YKVP BGFG ,\JNIGP FIGRPC BXPKFN UBG[ \GRFKN QGXZF OD ,KGRK[<br />
ZSI[ F[GI\ LG\P { QGZSKI LG\P YZ FIGRPF CXPP OKBXGK GRB .DGRT\<br />
.GDK[FN GRRGXZCG ,FP=ZCE GRN<br />
LNGF[ NCYN QGXZF KGNKP NT \\\[GP \G[GRBF N[ F\GI\V\F<br />
FTKRP \GNM[GPG TEK ,FJKN[ ,EGCM ,Z[GT ZIB FVKEZF ORPB .OXT\PG<br />
\MNGF BKF KM FBZP \G[GRBF CXP \ZKYS ONGB ,FKZGJSKFF KNDND \B<br />
\GI\V\F \GMHC BYGGE ,GRKPKC .Z\GKG Z\GK OKTGZD OKCXP \BZYN<br />
\ZSI \GI\V\F KFGH KM ZKMFN OKNKI\P GRB ,OKTEPFG FKDGNGRMJF<br />
N[ G\KPBN .NNMG NNM Z\GK OKZ[GBPN GR\GB \MVGF BKF QKB QM[ ,\KNM\<br />
QMGF NGMF .OKKNVGZJSJY OKCXP ZCTN \CZY\PG \MNGF \G[GRBF ,ZCE<br />
ZG[KPC \GI\V\FF \B CGHTN GKNT[ FJNIFN TKDK[ KEM OEBF ZGCTC<br />
TCJ ,BZGCF TCJ ZCT NB \GNT\FN NKI\FNG GRN[ KJSKBGDBF ONGTF<br />
.FTV[FF<br />
KZGJSF ZVS FHKB GBXP\ OGKF OB ,N[PN OMPXTN GPE\G"<br />
\Z[T ZIB FKFK[ OKRGZIBF \GZGEF \B OMN ZKKXP FKF[<br />
N[ IYNF YKVSK IJC OK[KDZP O\BG GRB[ GPM KM ,FR[ OKVNB<br />
.OKCGJ OKZESC CJGPN O\GB ZKHIK[ \GJKI[FG OKZGSKF<br />
OFN OK[P[PF OKCGJ OKZES OFKRVN KZF ,GNB OK[RBG<br />
OFKKI \B IKJCFN \GIVF NMN \GRRB[FG FIJCF YKVSFN<br />
.FGN[G JY[FC \KPGKPGKF
21<br />
OGKYF \EKI<br />
FHF ZVSF \B GRN BKXPF[ OMI FHKB FKF OB ,YVS KNCG<br />
GBXPK GRN[ OKDKFRPF GKF HB ,EKIKF KMZEPG \GRKEPF \PMIP<br />
FIGX QKBG \BXGK QKB’G O\GPM OKKIF \B ZESN LKB FVGZ\F NM<br />
NMFG OKBZGRF QKZGSKFG \GJKI[F GKF OKNJC\PG ,’GRK\GCGIZC<br />
.OGN[C BGCK GPGYP NT<br />
CG\M GC[ ZVSF FH QGZBC NJGPG LGZT OMKRVN KZF ,K\GCZ F\T<br />
GKFK Z[B ZGCXFG EKIKF KZES NMG \GRKEPF \PMI NM [ZGVPG<br />
\GPNGTF OKZEGSP GC[ ,FNCY KZVSF GRKKFE OKPKF UGSC<br />
\GPKN[F BXGK ’\K ’FP[ N"RM ,\GPKN[F OT GBXK[ OKRYG\PF<br />
IRGPF \GPKN[N OKBCG O\GB OKRY\P GRB M"IB FRG[BZC<br />
UGS’ LZEC BGF=LGZC UGS=QKBP BXGKF QGKNTF ONGTC OKKYG<br />
UMK\ L[PR BN ON[FP[ OTJPG .’FNKI\ FC[IPC { F[TP<br />
QM NTG ,KRIGZC ZETF QKBG FDZEF LZEC BNB ON[ K\NC<br />
\GNNMC OPNXG OKKGPE NMC OKZKKGXPG OKPKKY ONGM OKZB[R<br />
.FNCYF \PMIC \GJZVG<br />
GND\K[ OKCGJF OKZES NM GBXP\G GNNF OKZVSF GI\V<br />
OKZCEF ZESN LKB CGJF IYNF GNCY\ OMG\PG ,OKPKF \KZIBC<br />
\B EGPNN Z[VB[ ,FHF ONGTF KRKRKTC OMKMZEM OGKF OD<br />
.FBCF FKZGJSF \B OKRY\P GRB FRPPG \ZCGTF FKZGJSF<br />
OMSGFG ,EGT YVB\FN NGMK KRRKB[ ET KCN NB K\P[ FH NMG |...~<br />
OFF OKZVSC CG\M K\BXP[ FPPG K\GNM\SFFP \GNDN KNXB<br />
ONGTF KRCN BZYBG BXBG ,GRN JNIGPF EK\TF QGYK\F KMZE KEM<br />
KRC NM \B WCYN YKVSK K\MZTFG K\TE KVN Z[B FHF ZVG[C<br />
OPXT \B GTKZMKG ,OKZVSFC \GDFNG EGPNN GNKI\K[ FNGDS<br />
."\GMH UMN ONGM ONGTF NM \BG<br />
,\KRGPF FEP[F { OKEPGT GRB OKBZGR OKCXP GNKB KRVC GRTEK GNKB<br />
EXKM OKC[GI GRKKF KBEGGC { TCJ \GRGSBG \GKDGNGYB \GMP ,\GVKDP<br />
N[ GPGMKSC .ETGP EGTCP OFKNT OKTKZ\PF ,OKNCGYPF \GXTN \KKXN<br />
.EPGT BGF FP KRVC TEGK BGF QKB QMNG FKKBZ \NGMK FZSI OEBN ,ZCE
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
N[ "ONGTC OGN[F" ZPBP NT SSGCP<br />
FIHFC GBGNPC BCGPF ONGSF NTC<br />
FNBP[
"QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M" ,ONGSF NTC
EGIKKF<br />
\NGTV<br />
\EPC BNB { OKKGSP TDZC FBZR BGF[ KVN BN LZTGP ZCE NM"<br />
:G\GI\V\F<br />
TZ Z\GKF GNKVBG ,TZ QFG CGJ QF ,\GBKXPC GR[K[ ZCE NM<br />
GZTCNG G\KI[FN ZGSBG ,OGKY \GMH GN [K { ONGTC[ YKHPG<br />
GBKCFNG ,GRY\N YZ GRKNT NJGP[ BNB { ONGTF QP NKNM<br />
."CJGPN<br />
\B YEXC JGV[N GB \GBKXPF \B KGBZM LKZTFN NGMK GRKB OEBF<br />
.\GPGDV GKRKT QM[ ,FC OK[IZ\PF OKZYPF \BG \GIGMF \B ,\GTVG\F<br />
\B OEBF QIGC GKNB SIKCG ,OEBC JNG[F BGF DGRT\G FBRF NCYN QGXZF<br />
KJSKBGDBF NCYN QGXZF LZE YZ OKTGZKBF \B LKZTP BGF .FNGM \GBKXPF<br />
\B NGY[N BNC G\GB JGV[NG [IZ\PF \B JGNYN G\GZ[VBC QKBG ,GN[<br />
.\K[KBF G\NTG\<br />
ZIB FP=ZCE[ GB FP=ZCEC LZGX GN QKB[ TGCYN OEBN NB LMKVN<br />
FZJPC ,G\CGJN BZCR NGMF[ FIRFF \B NCYN GKNT .GN YKHFN NGNT<br />
KEK NT K[KB QVGBC FIRGP OEBF KRCP EIB NM .QYG\PF GCXPN GBKCFN<br />
\GPEKF { \V\G[PF F\ZJP NB EIK FNGM \G[GRBF \NCGP LMG ,BZGCF<br />
FTVG\ NM QGICN OEBF NT .OHKBGZJNBN OHKBGDBF LGVKF GRKKFE ,BZGCN<br />
.GH FIRF ZGBN ONGTC \[IZ\PF<br />
GCXPN GBKCFN FZJPC OEBF \CGJN BZCR NGMF FKV NT[ ,FSKV\F QP<br />
KVN .BZGCN \GBKXPF EGIKK FZYKT[ FPN[G FCIZ FJK[ \ZHDR ,QYG\PF<br />
EKIKF ,EIBF IGMF \B ZCE NMC FBZK[ LMN TKDFN OEBF NT ,GH FJK[<br />
.CXP NMC FH IGMN ZCI\FN \GSRN GKNT LM O[N .EIGKPFG<br />
25
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
26<br />
NT GRNKM[FN ,FKE ,FBKZCF \MBNPC KF[NM \GRRGC\F KM"<br />
NKJFNP ZFHFN QKCFN GRKNT ,QMNG .FZXGKG FNTGV \GPKN[ NEGD<br />
.LZGX GC QKBG ,Z\GKP BGF[ ZPGNG ,FBKZCFP JZV OG[C KVGE<br />
."FNTGV NT TZ O[ \BXGF OG[P OGN[G SI [K FHC[<br />
OKZ\GKPG OK[Y OKTGZKBC F[GED FBKZCF[ OEBN FPER \GCZ OKPTV<br />
,DGZFN ,SGZFNP Z\GK NY QKB ORPB .GNNGI\F BNPNB IP[ FKF BGFG<br />
NMN[ QKCFN GKNT .LGVF SIK OEBF QP [ZER LB ,YGIPN GB EKP[FN<br />
,OKKNKN[F OKCXPN QKZ[KPC WY OK[N G\NGMKC QKB .FZJP [K OKTGZKBF<br />
.OKIPGX OF GRPP[ [ZG[F \B QY\N GKNTG<br />
,GN WGIP GB OEBF LG\C ,FTVG\ NM LKK[N { \IB BKF QGYK\F \GFP<br />
.OKKNKN[F OK[TPFG \GIGMF ,\GRGM\F NM OKKY\FN GNEIK LM YZ .BZGCN<br />
,OGK=OGKF KKIC OK[IZ\PF FNB QF { \GBKXPC OKZGYF OKZYPF NMN<br />
NBM SIKK\FN OEBF NT { OKKPNGT=NNMF OKMKNF\N OKZG[YF FNB QF<br />
FRG\R \G[GRBF .FNGM \G[GRBF NBG GKNB BZGCF N[ \K[KB FKKRV<br />
[IZ\PF NM NT \GNKTKCG QGMR CKDFN FRGXZC OBG ,BZGCF \ID[FN<br />
.LMN OB\FC DGFRN FKNT ,\GBKXPC<br />
,FBKZCF \B OKN[F BN ’\K BZGCF[ ,NMN TGEK FH ZCE ,ORPB"<br />
QF ,GRKRVN[ \GBKXPC FRKV NMC OKBGZ GRB QMG ,FBZC[ \TC<br />
\GI\V\F N[ OKYGI \I\ FRG\R BKF { JZVC QFG ,NNMC<br />
Z[BM ,GH FCKSPG .GNGEKD ZPD ET ,ZETFF CN[P NIF ,\K\DZEF<br />
GRNXB QGEKR ZCEF QKB ,GNGEKD \NKI\C KZVC ZP OTJ OKPTGJ GRB<br />
,FCKSF \B OKTEGK GRNGM[ OG[P .KZVC KVGEG OGP \BKXPM<br />
."G\GPN[C \GI\V\FF LKNF\ ZPD BN QKKET KZVF[ ,BKFG<br />
.G\GI\V\F UGSN TKDF OZJC G\GFP \KNM\ NT TKCXPF ZCE ONGTC QKB<br />
QKJGNIN \GRG[F \GZGX \GI\V\FF B[GP NCYP FNKEDF KCN[ LNFPC<br />
KCKSRJRKBG LGZB \GI\V\FF LKNF\[ NMM .FCGJF \KVGSF G\ZGXP<br />
\GI\V\FF KCN[ LM { Z\GK OKKRGXKY OKCXPF KKGRK[[ NMMG ,Z\GK<br />
.CGJF KVGSF CN[N OKEDGRPM OKBZRG OEBF \B Z\GK OKTJP<br />
N[ GHN ZG[F ENG N[ G\GI\V\F \BGG[FC LMN FPDGE \GBZN Q\KR<br />
,ZPGNM .(C"T FS BPY BCC) "ZG[ KGZY GPGK QC ZG[" CG\M .OEBF BXBX
27<br />
EGIKKF \NGTV<br />
QKB JTPM G\GI\V\F LKNF\C[ ZIBP "ZG[" EKP BZYR GPGK QC NDT<br />
KE { GN[ OKJYRKJSRKBFG NDTF N[ GK\GTKEK .\GK\GFP \GRGM\ GN \GVSGR<br />
NMN EGDKRC ,OEBF .GPGK QC YZ BGFG ,CJKF \GKIN NMGK[ KEM OFC<br />
NMGK OZJC ,OKR[=\MGZB \GI\V\F \VGY\N YGYH ,OKZIBF OKBGZCF<br />
.KBPXT QVGBC G\CKCS OTG TCJF OT EEGP\FN<br />
OB TGCYNG \GBKXPC [IZ\PF FZYP NT FTE \GGIN NGMK GRKB OEBF<br />
"NKTGP" GPM OKIRGPC [GPK[F ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN .YKHP GB NKTGP BGF<br />
GRKNT .\GI\V\F Z\KN BKCFN ETGR NGMF QM[ ,LZT ZSI BGF "YKHP"G<br />
OEYN BKF \GBKXPF N[ \IBF F\KNM\[ FRCF LG\P [IZ\PF \B ZYCN<br />
.CGJF GRCXP NB GR\GB<br />
GRN FBZR JZV FHKB Z[BM :\GBKXPF N[ OKJZVF Z\KC QMG"<br />
BGF[ ,JZVF G\GB N[ \KPXT \GET BNB FH QKB FRF ,YKHPG TZ<br />
QKB QMN .GN[ \GI\V\FF LKNF\C ,ZCTP CN[C KGZ[ QKKET<br />
FPMIP BN KM ,KVGE GC NKJFN QKBG ,BGF TZ KM JKNIFN GRN<br />
."BKF<br />
FTE FGGIPG \RYG\P BN FTVG\ OEBF FBGZ QYG\P=BNF GCXP LG\P<br />
JGV[N G\NGMKC QKB KZF :[I BGF[ NGCNCF \[GI\N FCKSF KFGH .FKVNM<br />
.OKKRKCF KCN[P EIBC ,\KRPHF F\ZGXC QKKET BKF OB \PKGSP FTVG\<br />
NT .QGMR OFKNT CKDK[ KEM YZ OKZGY OKZYPF NM[ ,QKCFN OEBF NT<br />
FZGY Z[B \B GRKKFE { F[TPF \B ,GPXT \B GKEIK ZCIN OEBF<br />
.\GBKXPF KYNI NM ZGCKI \B OKN[P BGF LMC .BZGCF \BG { GK[MT<br />
,GH FNGTVC LB ,FHP FH OKYGIZG OKZH ,OKRG[ GN OKBZR OF FNKI\C<br />
\EGCT NM KFGH ,F[TPN .O\GB EIKKP BGF ,"EGIKKF \NGTV" FRGMPF<br />
\ZJPN G\GB CZYP OEBF NT ZCGT[ FZYP NM FHM SIK \GTXPBC .OEBF<br />
.BZGCF NB ZGCKI { FBKZCF<br />
ONGT KRY\P N[ O\[NGI"<br />
GPY[ ONGT KRY\P N[ F[NGIF \RCFN I\VPF QBMPG<br />
\NTGV FRKB[ FRGMP \GPEC OEBF \B GBZ OF KM { OFK\GZGEC<br />
OKYNIF \B FRPP ZKSFN ,GRKKFE .QGYK\ FMKZXG ,KGBZM<br />
.OKRYG\P OKZIBC OVKNIFNG ,OKNYNGYPF
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
28<br />
YKHP NMG TZ NM ZTCN GNNF ONGT KRY\P N[ O\PDP NM QM KM<br />
,OEDRN EPT ’\K BZGCF BNGN[ ,BKF \PBG { OEBF QKPC[<br />
,FZCMCM OEBF \B \GVRN QPHP OKYKVSP ZCM GKF[ KBEG<br />
."ECNC NKTGPG CGJ YZ GC ZK\GFNG<br />
FBZR Z[B \B QY\N CKGIP OEBF ,TCJF \ZDSPC GRKKFE ,KP[DF ZG[KPC<br />
,KBGVZF ZYIPF \B I\VN ,FBGVZF \ZHTC GVGDC NVJN GKNT .NYNGYP GN<br />
ZG[KPC QGMRF SIKF ."BZGCF NT LGPSN"G OKKEK YGCKIC \C[N BNG<br />
OKYNI"F .(B"T S \GMZC) "\GBVZN BVGZN \G[Z FR\KR[" BGF KP[DF<br />
UKNIFN Q\KR OFC OD[ KBEGG ,KDGNGKCF UGDF KZCKB ORKB "OKNYNGYPF<br />
.QKY\C NYNGYPF \B<br />
.\GBKXPN GSIK \B QY\N OEBF NT ,KRIGZF ZG[KPN TDGRF NMC LB<br />
NBM \GKFN LKZX BKF Z[BC FTVG\ NMNG ,FZCIN ,TCJN QGMRF SIKF<br />
GPXT GMG\C GB FZCIC ,TCJC[ CG[IN OEBN NB .EIB [ZG[ N[ OKVRT<br />
TKDK OEBF[ BKF QGYK\F \GFP .\GRG[ \GZJP KNTC OKRG[ \GIGM OKNTGV<br />
ZGYP .ECNC \IB FC[IP \NTGV \GBKXPC[ OKTGZKBF NMC[ F[DZFN<br />
.BZGCC BGF OKCZ \GZJPG \GCKS ,\GIGM OKNTGV ONGTC KM OEBF \[DZF<br />
FCKSF NTM BZGCF NT TKCXFN OEBF NT ,OKNGCNCFG \GK[GYF NM LG\P<br />
.ONGTF KZYP NMN FEKIKF<br />
GN[ FBKZCC[ OKJZVF NM NT ZPG[ ’\K BZGCF[ LG\P ,BNB"<br />
ZCE OG[ \KI[FN GF[KPN F[ZP GRKBG ,FZ\K FEVYFC<br />
GRKZCEM ,ECNC CJGPN GMVFNG GZKHIFN YZ BNB { G\G[ZC[<br />
,WZBFP GP\K { ZGPBF QKPFP OKRY\PF NM :LMKVN { ,NKTN<br />
OKPKKY\P OFG .WZBFP GP\K BN { ONGTC[ \GTZF \GEPFG<br />
ZGCTN EGT OKCKGIPF \GI\V\F N[ \GDZEPF ZVSP \B OKRGPG<br />
.ONG[KC ZPDN GBGCK[ ET { OFKNT<br />
\GEPN \G[TRG ,\GMVF\P QPXTC \GTZF \GEPF O\GB ,HB Z[B<br />
FPGEC .[BZP ,’\K BZGCF OFKNT C[I[ GPM ,\GNKTGPG \GCGJ<br />
OK[EIFG OKPKF \B FRGPG FMIPG ,WTF KVRT NT C[GKF KZVN<br />
FND\K HB[ ,GNG[KC ZPDK[ ET ,GKNT ZGCTN EGT OKCKGIPF<br />
."OEB NMN G\GYK\PG GPTJ
29<br />
EGIKKF \NGTV<br />
.KVGSF FCXP NB FTDFC BNB FBKZCC CGJ OTJ OGTJN \GZ[VB QKB<br />
OEBF[ FNGTVG FNGTV NMC :ECNC EIB ZCEC FKGN\ LMC FINXFF<br />
\ZJP ,ZGPBM .\KVGSF FZJPF \B GKRKT EDRN CKXFN GKNT ONGTC TXCP<br />
\RGM\ \[KMZN GRKKFE ,BZGCF FCGDN OEBF \B BKCFN BKF FBKZCF<br />
OK[ZERF \GNGTVFG OKCXPF NM LM OG[P .NCYN QGXZF KRV NT FTV[FF<br />
.OKPKTR K\NCM KJSKBGDBF NCYN QGXZC G[DZGK FZJPF \D[FN<br />
OEY\FN \GIGM [GMZK BGF ,FZJPF \GCK[I \B OEBF LKZTK OB YZ<br />
\GYCEF \B Z\GK LKZTK OEBF[ NMM .YGVKS GC [KDZKG QGYK\F LKNF\C<br />
CXPM GKRKTC OKYG\P OKKRKCF KCN[ NM GKFK LM ,KVGSF CXPC[ BZGCC<br />
YG\PF GPTJ \B [BZP OGTJNG \GVXN OEBF N[ G\NGMKC .GPXT KVGSF<br />
.\GI\V\FF KCN[ LNFPC OD N[CF KZVF N[<br />
\PMIC [GPK[ BKF FZJPF \GCK[I \B LKZTFN FEKIKF LZEF<br />
[GPK[ .GRKPKC FNCYF FND\P I\V\FN \G[GRBN TKKSN KEMCG ,FNCYF<br />
NT QKPHFN OEBN Z[VBP OHKBGDBF QGYK\N KTXPBM FNCYF \PMIC QGMR<br />
."UKYPF ZGBF" \NGTV \B GPXT<br />
BGF .BZGCF \RGM\ ,FTV[FF \RGM\ NB FMK[P IGM BGF UKYPF ZGBF<br />
OEBF LG\C .FTV[FF \RGM\N GRKKFE ,QYG\PF GCXPN OEBF \B CZYP<br />
GCXP \RZYF .OFC [KDZP BGF QKB[ BNB ,OKKEK\TF GKCXP NM OKKGXP<br />
\RGM\ \B GC \ZZGTP KIMGRF KJSKBGDBF GCXP NB QYG\PF KJSKBGZJNBF<br />
QGYK\F ZPDC ."QGYK\F ZPD" FRGMP OEBF N[ QYG\PF GCXP .FTV[FF<br />
FBNP \GPEKFCG OKNCDGP K\NC OKDGRT\ NNGMF ZGBC OEBF \P[R FBNP<br />
BGF ,FTV[FF \RGM\ \B [GMZN OEBF \GYYG\[F \EKP KV NT .BZGCN<br />
ZGB"M KIMGRF GCXP NB ZKBFN QYG\PF GCXPC G\GB BNPPF ZGBN OZGD<br />
."UKYP<br />
\B KGNKPM [KDZK[ LM NCYN QGXZF \B QY\N NGMK UKYPF ZGBF YZ<br />
KJSKBGDBF DGRT\F \B BNG ,BZGCF \RGM\ \[KMZ { FZJPF \GCK[I<br />
."CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF" GB "QGYK\F ZGB" OD FRGMP UKYPF ZGBF .KTCJF<br />
Q\GRF=BZGCF \B [KDZFN NKI\P BGF ,OEBF NT NTGV UKYPF ZGBF Z[BM<br />
.GN \GPEKFN QKKRGTP BGFG ,\GBKXPF NMC JNG[G NGEDM<br />
\RGM\N TKDFN YYG\[P OEBF OB .FTV[FF IGM F[TPN BGF ZGBF<br />
QYG\PF GCXPC G\GB BNPPF FTV[FF IGM[ LMN OZGD BGF ,FTV[FF
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
30<br />
OEBF \B ZKHIP" UKYPF ZGBF[ BZYR ZCEFG ,KIMGRF GCXPN QKZYP<br />
.FTV[FF \RGM\N GBKCP GB "G\GB QY\P" ,"CJGPN<br />
.QGYK\N OEBF \[KZE KV NT YZG LB OEBF NT NTGV QGYK\F ZGB ONGB<br />
FMKP\ \ZHTC YZ BZGCFP QGYK\F ZGB N[ F[KZEN TKDFN NGMK OEBF<br />
F[DZF OEBN YVSN GH FCKCS NT .\KRIGZ \GI\V\FC \RKKRGTPF FCKCSP<br />
.G\GNEDG BZGCF \GCK[I \ZMF BGF GKKIC GN ZSI \PBC[ EKIKF ZCEF[<br />
\B GN Q\KKG G\GB QY\K[ BZGCF QP FTKC\N TKDFN NGMK OEBF LM LG\P<br />
.TKV[FN G\GZ[VBC FKFK[ KEM ,G\GNED \[DZF
\KRIGZ \GI\V\F<br />
F\KTC { GMH BN ,FR[KIB { GMH"<br />
NM NT LGV[F ,ZGPBF \GI\V\FF YGI[ ,\TEN [K ORPB<br />
BGF FRF ,NKTGPG CGJN { TZ NM ZKHIFN IKJCPF ,\GBKXPF<br />
,ZPGNM ,NTPP OKP[F \N[PP IMC GK\GNGTV NM \B NTGV<br />
NM[ ,FH \PGTN .WZBF KC[GK OEBF KRC N[ OFKV \NB[ KNCP<br />
\GI\V\FF YGI \B NCYN GF[ZFG ,OEBC ’\K ’F Q\R FN[PPG<br />
\B HZHNG ZFPN GEKCG ,GPXT G\N[PPG G\G[Z \I\ ,ZGPBF<br />
KZPDN KGN\ K\NCG ,K[VI QVGBC ,GXVI KVN \GI\V\FF LKNF\<br />
."QPHF KNCMC<br />
,GKBZCRN CKJKFN { BZGCF QGXZ :ECNC OKCKMZP KR[ \NNGM \GBKXPF<br />
G\GI\V\F LNFPC ZGCTN CKGIP NCYN QGXZF .NCYN QGXZF { BZCRF QGXZG<br />
UGS" ZPBR[ KVM ,FBKZCF \C[IPC [BZP OKCGYRF OKCN[F NM \B<br />
."FNKI\ FC[IPC F[TP<br />
KVGSF BN ,K\NI\FF BN :OKRG[F GKCXP \TKCYC U\\[P GRKB BZCRF<br />
OKNGNMG [BZP OKCGYR G\GI\V\F KCXP NM .OKKRKCF KCXPP EIB BN ODG<br />
KBR\ OD NNMR FBKZCF \C[IPC LB .GKBZCRN CKJKFN FBKZCF \C[IPC<br />
N[ FBNP FZMFC G\GI\V\F KCXPP EIB NM ZGCTN BZCRF NT :USGR<br />
CXPC ZKMFN ,G\GB NKCGP KP \TEN GKNT .BXPR BGF GC[ CXPF N[G GPXT<br />
.CXPN CXPP ZGCTN IZMGP BGF FP O[N QKCFNG TKVGFN CKGIPF BCF<br />
ZKMFN BZCRF NMGK FC[ FPZF \B \TCGY NCYN QGXZF \GI\V\F \EKP<br />
.LKNF\C G\GV\\[FC<br />
LB ,LKNF\C U\\[P BGF ORPB { GPKB QJCC ZCeTN FPGE BGF FNKI\<br />
ZCGT[ CXP NMC KM [KDZP BGF ,QMP ZIBN .G\GV\\[FC ZKMP BGF QKB<br />
31
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
32<br />
\GI\V\FF KCXPC .LKNF\F \B NKCGP GNKVBG U\\[P BGF GKNT<br />
G\GI\V\F KCN[ NM \B TCGYF BGF[ [KDZP OEBF ,Z\GK EGT OKPEY\PF<br />
ZGYP[ QKCPG DK[P BGF \BH OT LB ,GPXT \GIGMC QYG\PF CXPN TKDPG<br />
.BZGCC BGF \GI\V\FF<br />
LKNF\C [BZP FTCYR GRPP OKNGEDF \JKN[C QJYF \GBXPKF<br />
NMC .\GV\\[F GRPP \[ZER BNG ,\GBPXT ZSI QJYF .GPXT \GI\V\FF<br />
L[PCG ,ZCeT G\GKFP NIF :GKZGF NT \NJGP \GKZIBF G\NKED KCN[<br />
NDGSPFG FCKCSF \BG GPXT \B QKCPF "QJY OEB" KEMN G\GI\V\F<br />
\GI\V\FN [ZG[F BKF \KRIGZF \GI\V\FF .FRGC\C \GBKXPC U\\[FN<br />
FBXG\M .FHF ONGTF N[ ZPGIF NB FPXT \B FYK\TP BKF QMNG ,\KP[DF<br />
QKB ,\GKRIGZC OD LM \GKP[DN FPGEC .OKMKNF\F KR[ QKC FPB\F [K LMP<br />
OKZ[VBPF OKCKMZPG OKRG\R OFC GKFK OZJC I\V\FN \GRGXZN OKZ[VBP<br />
\B ,GPXT \B ZKMP ZCM[ QGXZ BGF \GBPXTN KGBZF NCYN QGXZ .\GBPXT<br />
.G\GFP \BG GZGYP \B ,GZCT<br />
FZGXF \GG\[F YGI<br />
FH SIK .OKBZCRN CKJKFN F\GFPG ,FTV[F BZYR OKBZCRN BZGCF SIK<br />
CXPN OBKCFN KEM OKBZCRC NTGV BGF[ KRVP ,"FBKZCF \C[IP" BZYR<br />
N[ GSIKP \GRFKN GNMGK OKBZCRF .OFKNB BZGCF SIKP \GRFKN GNMGK[<br />
GSIKK\K OB ZPGNM ,GPKT FZGXF \GG\[FN GTKDK OB YZ OFKNB BZGCF<br />
.OFKNB SIKK\P BGF[ KVM BZGCN<br />
BZCRF [KDZK ,\KEEFF FTV[FF \EKPC GRKKFE ,FZGXF \GG\[F \EKPC<br />
UKYPFG CCGSF ,NNGMF YGIF BGF FZGXF \GG\[F YGI .BZGCM GPXT \B<br />
\GPNGTF NMC[ OK[TPFG \GNGTVF ,OKYGIF NM .FNGM \GBKXPF \B<br />
.FHF YGIF N[ OKKYNI OKKGJKC BNB ORKB OKBZCRF NMCG<br />
,OPGEF { FHF ONGTC[ TCJF OD[ LMN OZGD FZGXF \GG\[F YGI<br />
OKTCGR GRPP .SKHJSGBKPGFN ,QGHKBN L[PKK { GC[ Za+E#P^FG KIF IPGXF<br />
OKBR\F ,OKXINF ,\GIGMF \BGG[F { OFKRKPN FBGG[FF KYGI NM<br />
ZCE N[ GVGSC GZCI\K TCJF KYNI NM[ LMN UIGE FH YGI .\GC[IPFG<br />
.OFKRKC FGG[PF ZG[KP QKTPC
33<br />
\KRIGZ \GI\V\F<br />
.FZGXF \GG\[F YGI KRVGB EGPKN BKF TCJF \B OEBF \NM[F NM<br />
OKKGRKMF \B GRN[ \GNM[FN \GYKRTP YGIF N[ \GRG[F KGJKCF \GPZ<br />
FNCYF \PMI .OFKDGS KV NT ,FPGEMG "IGZF KTEP" GB "TCJF KTEP"<br />
LM ,FHF ONGTF N[ ZPGIF QP \J[VGPF G\ZGXC FHF YGIF \B \ZBCP<br />
.\IBM \KP[DFG \KRIGZF ,\GBKXPF \GPZ NMC GC [P\[FN Q\KR[<br />
OD FNCYC FRGMP BGFG ,NCYN QGXZF BGF FBKZCF ZPGI NM ,ZGPBM<br />
BZYR BZGCN DGRT\ LMC OGZDN KEM NCYN NDGSPF NCYN QGXZ ."KNM" O[C<br />
BNPP ZGBF ."ZGB" BZYR QYG\PF KNMF \B BNPPF DGRT\F ."QYG\P KNM"<br />
.OFKR[C[ FTV[FF \GRGM\ \GG\[F \EKP KVN KNMF \B<br />
KEM .QGKNTF IGMF OT FZGX \GG\[F ZCT NB FTR FNGM \GBKXPF<br />
,\GG\[FN GKNT FP NB QKCFNG FBCF \GI\V\FF \DZE \B ZKMFN NMGK[<br />
SIKF \TKCY .G\GI\V\F N[ Z\GK OEY\PF CN[F \B [KDZFN OEBF NT<br />
\EPGT ,"QGKNTF" BZYRF ,KEK\TF GCXP QKCG OEBF N[ KIMGRF GCXP QKC<br />
FZGXF \GG\[F ZSGI \B EEGP OEBF .\KRIGZ FNGTV NM N[ FEGSKC<br />
QGKNTFP NCYP BGF LMP FBXG\M .GN \GPEKFN [YCPG QGKNTF KVNM GN[<br />
.\BH \G[TN GN Z[VBPF BGFG ,FTV[F IGM<br />
\KRIGZF \GI\V\FF KCN[<br />
GK\GKVKX \B GKRVC U[GI QGKNTF ,BZCRF N[ G\GI\V\F KCN[P CN[ NMC<br />
KV NT YZ I\V\PG EPGN OEBF GRPNGTC[ O[M .G\GI\V\F \DZE KV NT<br />
N[ \GBPDGEN YGYH OEBF .\GKRIGZC OD LM ,GRPP OKNGED N[ \GBPDGE<br />
,FRGKNTF FDZEF ,LM O[N .QFKNB \GPEKFN NMGK[ KEM \GKRIGZ \GNGTV<br />
.FTV[F N[ \GBPDGE GN \YVSP ,"BPKBG BCB" \GKRIGZC OD FRGMPF<br />
\GNT\FN EXKM FPDGE QG\I\N Q\GR ZPGNM ,QG\I\F \DZEN EZGK QGKNTF<br />
.GPXT NTP \IB FDZE<br />
QMNG ,BVGZ \GKFN N[ \K\KPBF \GTP[PF KFP SGV\N NDGSP GRKB ENK<br />
FP \PBC QKCFN KEM .GN[ FSKV\F \NGMKN OB\FC GN OKZKCSP GRB<br />
.\GVSGR OKR[ FPM L[PC I\V\FN ENKF NT ,BVGZ \GKFN ZCEF [GZKV<br />
FRGKNTF FDZEPF \B "[KCNP" QGKNTF :\GKRIGZC OD LM GRPNGTC GPM<br />
\B GKRVC U[GI BGF ZPGNM ,QG\I\F KVNM F\GB EKZGPG EIGKP [GCNC<br />
.GN[ FJKNYF \NGMKN FPKB\PF FZGXC FRMG\
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
34<br />
\GRGKNT ,\GDZEF NMG NKBGF ,\KTCJ FZGXC [IZ\P LKNF\F GRPNGTC<br />
KTCJF QGXZC GRKKFE { NCYN QGXZF \ZDSPC \GBXPR ,\GRG\I\ GB<br />
N[ \GTP[PF FP G\RCF KVN JGNYN OEBF N[ G\NGMKC QMNG { BZCR[<br />
ZCTP GF[P SGV\N NGMK GRKB OEBF \GKRIGZC ,\BH \PGTN ."NGED \GKFN"<br />
.Z\GK NGED CXP GPXTN ZB\N G\NGMKC QKB .NCYN QGXZF N[ GRGYK\ \EKPN<br />
.GKRVC I\GV QGKNTF[ FDZEN ZCTP GF[P ZKMFN NGMK BGF QKB<br />
NT ,GCXPP \XYPC FRGKNT FDZE GKRVC U[GI QGKNTF[ OTV NMC<br />
FP KM QKCFN GRKNT .FKNB \GPEKFN \GIGMG \GRGMR ZIB ZG\N QG\I\F<br />
[K[ GHP Z\GK \PEY\P FTV[F \EKP BGF QG\I\N FBZP QGKNTF[<br />
,FPKTR K\NC FZGXC QG\I\C \[DZGP FRGP\F LM OG[PG ,\TM QG\I\C<br />
F\GCK[IC FZMF GPXTN NDSN QG\I\F NT ,\BH OT LB .GTCJN \EDGRPM<br />
.FRGKNTF FDZEPF N[<br />
GTCJN \GEDR\F IGMMG "YNE ZPGI"M GN [P[\ \GCK[IF \[DZF<br />
OEBF Z[BM .FRK\R Z\KN ,Z\GK FRGKNT FDZEN \GNTN GN Z[VB\G ,KIMGRF<br />
BGF ,FRGKNTF FDZEF \D[F BGF GN ZSIF EKIKF ZCEF[ FJNIFN TKDP<br />
.F\GB [GMZN \GIGM NCYP<br />
*<br />
\GNKCYPF ,\GDZE [GN[ ZCGT OEBF \KRIGZF \GI\V\FF LNFPC<br />
\GBKXPC .NGEDG QJY ,ZCeT :GRPNGTC [GRBF KKIC[ OKCN[F \[GN[N<br />
OEBFG ,\GBKXPF \B \XYPC QKCP ENKF ,ZCE QKCP GRKB ZCeTF \KP[DF<br />
\KP[DF G\GI\V\F KCN[ NM L[PC KM ,ZGMHN [K .CJKF F\GB QKCP ZDGCF<br />
.\KRIGZ FRKICP NNM OKKY GRKB OEBF<br />
."KRIGZF ZGCKT"C NKI\P ,BZGCF OT Z[YF GRKKFE ,KRIGZF OGKYF<br />
N[ \KPXT FZMF CKKIP KRIGZF ZGCKTF LKNF\ ,KP[DF ZGCKTN EGDKRC<br />
GKNT .KJSKBGDBF GTCJ \B QY\NG FTV[FF \GIGM \B [GMZN GKNT .OEBF<br />
BZGCF N[ LGVFF GTCJ \B ZKMFN ,KGRC BGF GRPP[ ZPGIF \B ZKMFN<br />
[PPNG BZGCFP \GIGM NCYN OEBF NT .GN \GPEKFN QGXZ GPXTN NDSNG<br />
.GPXTC \GI\V\FF LKNF\ NM \B<br />
FRGMP LM ,"KP[DF UGDF" OKRGMP KP[DF UGDF KZCKB NM USGB[ O[M<br />
\DZEC BXPRF ,OEBF \GRGXZ ."KRIGZF UGDF" O[C OEBF \GRGXZ USGB<br />
QKC NECFF .\GRGXZ O\GB EKP\ OF ,"\GNED" GB "\GRJY" ,"ZGCKT"<br />
KEM FNB \GRGXZC [P\[P OEBF FC[ FPXGTC BGF \GKRIGZF \GDZEF
35<br />
\KRIGZ \GI\V\F<br />
OEBF ,GK\GRGXZ NGNMP \B G\GZMKF \EKPN OB\FC .BZGCN TKV[FN<br />
.BZGCF OT FZGXF \GG\[FN TKDFN CKGIP<br />
,KRIGZF GVGD KCKMZP QKC NKECFN NDGSP GRKB QKKET OEBF ZGCKTF \DZEC<br />
OKZFC\PG OKMNGF GK\GRGXZ[ NMM .EIB KNNM QGXZM GN OK[DZGP ONGMG<br />
OD ,QM OB .KRIGZF GVGD NEGD FHCG ,FTV[F Z\KN OFC [P\[P BGF ,GN<br />
TEGPG FZMFC BXPR OEBF { ZGCKTF { Z\GKC FRJYF \KRIGZF FDZEC<br />
.BZGCN SIKC G\GBKXPN<br />
WZBF \N[PPG OKP[F \N[PP<br />
\GI\V\FF KMZEC \GNTGVF \GN[PP ’C QBM [K[ ,ZBC\PF"<br />
FPXTN FIKJCPF ,’OKP[F \N[PP’ :BKF \IB :FZGPBF<br />
GMZEM .G\TC BC[ BNB .NKTGPG CGJN { YKHPG TZ NM ZKHIFN<br />
.WZBF \N[PP { [KG .QPHF \MKZBCG \GECMC<br />
NCGS[ BXPR ,[KDZPG KI NTC BGF ’I\V\PF ZCEF’ Z[BMG<br />
,\GI\V\FF [CMP \I\ BXPR[ QPHC ,OKBZGR OKZGSKG OKCBM<br />
.FCZ \GKZHMBC GMZE [CGMF ,[CMP<br />
KYGI \B GIYN[ OEB KRC OF[ ,’WZBF \N[PP’ ,FH \PGTNG<br />
FVK OIM[ ,OPXT O\N[PP \I\ FZGPBF \GI\V\FF<br />
\B EBP OKZFPP OKBXPRG ,QPHF KNCMP KZPDN ZZI\[FN<br />
WY BGF[ ,ZCEF N[ GRGYK\G GNG[KC ZPD \B ,ZPGNM ,WYF<br />
."GN[ \GI\V\FF<br />
QGGKM ,TZ#M ONGTF \B [KDZP BGF .NCYN QGXZF \JKN[C BXPR OEBF<br />
FNDK G\GI\V\F LKNF\ L[PFC .DGRT\=KGNKP GN YVSP GRKB ONGTF[<br />
QP ,KJSKBGDBF GTCJP OKTCGR KGNKPF ZSGIG NCSF ,\GRYKZF KM OEBF<br />
,BZGCM \GKFN BGF OKKYF EKIKF KGNKPF QVGB[ QKCK BGF .NCYN QGXZF<br />
.GN[ KGNKPF FKF\ FTV[FF GC[ CXPN TKDFN ZPGNM ,TKV[FN QGXZM<br />
[IZ\P FTV[FF \RGM\ \GNEDCG \GCK[IC FZMFN OEGYF LKNF\F<br />
OB OKNB[R ORKB OKBZCRFG [BZP FCGYR FBKZCF \ZJP .FKKVMC GNGM<br />
ZKEDFN NGMK GRKB OEBF EGT NM ,LM OG[P .GBN OB QGYK\C OF OKXGZ<br />
\GI\V\FF [CMP { BZGCF QP YG\KRF { GK\GZXN FCKSF \B FRGMR<br />
.GH FZMFN GBKCFN GKNT NTGV
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
36<br />
JGN[N \GZ[VBF GN \R\KR ,GK\GZXN ZGYPF \B QKCP ZCM OEBF OB<br />
FCKCS GPXTN \GRCN NGMK OEBF .NGCSN YKSVFNG ,\GI\V\FF YGIC<br />
FZGXC OEY\FNG OKNCGYPF \GXT KV NT \KRIGZF \GPEY\FN FPKB\PF<br />
G\GCK[IN NTP FTV[FF \GCK[I FNGT GH LZEC .FZKFPG FNKTGP<br />
ZGCTN UIEG QGXZ GC ZXGR[ ET ,OEBF KRKTC OHKBGDBF N[ \KTCJF<br />
\GZKZC K\[ ,QM OB .FTV[FN FNCYP ,KRIGZF TCJN KP[DF TCJFP<br />
LK[PFN GB OHKBGDBF QGYK\ LKNF\C NKI\FN { OEBF KRVC \GEPGT<br />
.NGCSN<br />
*<br />
\ZKYI .OFC WVI GRKB NCYN QGXZF[ OKCXP OF \GI\V\FF KCXP NM<br />
EXP OKCKGIP FNKEDF KCXP NM[ \EPNP F\GI\V\F LKNF\G FBKZCF<br />
N[ \KTCJF G\VKB[G ,I\V\FN QGXZ QKB FPXT FBKZCC .QGKNTF IGMF<br />
GCXP \B OEBF ZB\K OB YZ .\JNIGP FIGRPC BXPKFN BKF OEBF<br />
.\GPEY\FN \GIGM BXPK BGF ,Z\GK FNTRM KEK\TF<br />
\GR[ QF EGPNN G\GB FIKZMP GPKB QFC[ OKR[F ,ENK N[ GJCP \EGYRP<br />
NGMK FKF GNKB .GKEGPKN NT EGY[N BNG GKZCI OT YI[N FXGZ BGF .NCS<br />
GRPP \[ZERF FTY[FF KVN BNG KEK\TF KGNKPF KVN OKZCEF \B NGY[N<br />
NCSF KVN BNG EK\TC GN GRYK#OKEGPKNF[ FZMFFG TEKF KVN GRKKFE { F\T<br />
.\GI\V\FC FXGZ ENKF FKF { GN[ NCYN QGXZC F\T [DZGPF<br />
OEBF CKGIP GC[ ,KRIGZF LKNF\F \B FP=\EKPC FZKMHP GH FPDGE<br />
BGF KPN GIGZ KRKTC ZT[NG BZGCF \GCK[I \B GKRKT EDRN TDZ NMC EKPTFN<br />
ZGCTN \GIGM OEBF BXPK ,GN FKF\[ BZGCF \GCK[IN OB\FC .FGG\[P<br />
\GI\V\F KCXP .KJSKBGDBF GTCJN OKEDGRPF \GI\V\FF KCXP \B<br />
FKF BN GTCJP OEBFG ,NCYN QGXZN OKIGR K\NC OKCXP OF FRGMR \KRIGZ<br />
[VIN \KRIGZF LZEC TGSVN QKKRGTPF NT ,QMNG .O\GB ZGCTN QKKRGTP<br />
.\KRGXKI FMKP\ GPXTN<br />
\KRIGZ \GI\V\FN KTXPBM FCKCSF<br />
FTV[FN \M[PRF FCKCS BGXPN OEBF NT ,BZGCF \BZYN OEY\FN KEM<br />
\B ,BZGCF \GCK[I \B OEBN YVSN FCKCSF NT .\KRIGZ \GNT\FNG<br />
NJCN OEBF NMGK OB .FTV[FN KJSKBGDBF TCJF QP ZGCTN \GKBEMF
37<br />
\KRIGZ \GI\V\F<br />
\GCK[IP G\GP[Z\FG FKMZT \B DGVSK ,GHM FCKCS KVNM GPXT \B<br />
NCYNG BZGCN \GRVN QGXZ GC ENGGKK LMP FBXG\M .YHI\\ \GKRIGZF<br />
\ZJP \B OEBF [PPK LMC .TKV[PN NCYPP GPXT \B \GR[N IGM GRPP<br />
.BZGCF EPTPC[ \GKIXRNG \GPN[N FMHKG FBKZCF<br />
\GCK[I ,\GKRIGZF \GCK[I \D[FC OKCN[ OF \GKRIGZF \GDZEPF NM<br />
.FDZEPN FDZEPP ZGCTN KEM GN YGYH OEBF[ EKIKF QG\RF FH .BZGCF<br />
\B GN YVSN FNGMKF ,FCKCS OEBN [K G\ZGP\ LB ,Z\SR GPXT BZGCF<br />
OKPTJP GKNB L[PR OEBF FKF ,FNGDP BZGCF FKF GNKB .BZGCF \GCK[I<br />
N[PPNG IGMN L[PRF [KBM GB ,NGEDC YGCEN FXGZF QJYM { OKKJSKBGDB<br />
GDBN OKKGNKP YVSN FRKB BZGCF \ZJP GNKBG .NCYN QGXZN KGNKP OKYVSPF<br />
.FTV[FF \RGM\ N[ F\GCK[I \B ZKMFN GN Z[VBN BNB ,OEBF N[<br />
,OKRG[ OKZYP LZE ZCGT KRIGZF [GVKIC BXPRF OEB NNM LZEC<br />
\GPEY\FC \YSGTF (FXGCY ,FCKCS) FRJY FZCI NB TNYR BGF OVGSCG<br />
.GKXPBP KEK NT FMG\C I\V\PG GH FZCIC NNMR BGF .GN FPKB\PF LZEC<br />
\G[GRBF FKGZ[ FC[ \NNGMF FZ\SFF \VGY\ GZGCTC FPKK\SF LMC<br />
.KGNKDF \BZYN \K[KBF \GPEY\FF \VGY\ FNKI\FG ,FNGM<br />
FNGTV .GN[ "KRB"F NT Z\GGNG GH FZCI KRVC NJC\FN CKKI OEBF<br />
\GCK[I \B FZCIF K[RBP DGVSN OEBN \Z[VBP FZCIF KVNM GHM[<br />
,TKV[FN QGXZ OEBF [MGZ FZCIC FRGMR FEGCT LZE .OFC [K[ BZGCF<br />
\[DZGP BZGCF \GPN[ .G\GCK[I \BG BZGCF \B DK[P BGF G\GTXPBCG<br />
[PPP BGF LMC .OKPN[G OKKIXR OKKI N[ F[GI\C G\GB \BNPPG OEBC<br />
.GKBZCRN CKJKFN BZGCF \C[IP \B<br />
,K\KPB OHKBGZJNBN QGXZ ,TKV[FN QGXZ [GMZN OKEYP OEBF QKB OB<br />
ECMP OEBF GTCJP .TEKG FJKN[ ,FPXGT N[ ZGYPM GKRKTC C[IR BZGCF<br />
FZCIF LZE \GI\V\FC .FTV[FF QP \GMGVFF ,GNNF \GRGM\F \B<br />
GN SIKKNG FRGMR LZEC BZGCF \B IRTVN NKI\P BGF ,GRGYK\N OB\FCG<br />
SV\R BZGCF FC[ ,NCYN QGXZF \RGP\P YIZ\P OEBF .\GRGMR \GRGM\<br />
D[GPF N[ FMGVFFG \K\KPBF \GTP[PF \B EPGN BGF .JNG[MG NGEDM<br />
GK\GRGXZ \B BNPNG ONGMN \\N GTP[P BZGCN \GPEKFN[ QKCPG ,"BZGC"<br />
.\NGHF N[<br />
KVN .OEBN FNGDP FCKCSF \GCK[I LB ,\Z\SR BZGCF \GCK[I ORPB<br />
FRGM\F KFP FRCF NCYP OEBF ,\KRIGZF FCKCSC G\TY[F \EKP
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
38<br />
FND\F GNKB .JSKBGDBF OEBC GHM[ FRCF \GRCN \ZIB LZE QKB .\KRIGZF<br />
BZGCF LM OG[P .GRPP K[VGI \GKFN NGMK OEBF FKF BN ONGTN ,BZGCF<br />
\B NDZ\N OEBF NGMK GC[ ,"FEGCT OGYP" QKTP ,UKNI\ GPXTN ZXK<br />
.\KRIGZF G\EGCT<br />
QGXZF ZPGNM ,\KRIGZ FDZEC NCYN QGXZF \B BZGCF BZC FNKI\MNP<br />
FRKICPG ,BZGCN FBRF LMC OZD BGF[ KRVP YZ OKDGRT\F \B NCKY NCYN<br />
FJKN[C BZCRF BXPR GH FDZEC LB .Q\GRF=BZGCN FPGE FKF BGF GH<br />
BZCR" QKKET BZYKFN NGMK GRKB QMNG KBPXT BGF QKB ;BZGCF N[ \JNIGP<br />
."GPXT \G[ZC EPGTF<br />
\GKFN TKDFN \NGMKG FZKIC [VGI ,\KPXT F[DZF BZCRN \\N KEM<br />
NYNYN GRKKFE ,KR[F FXYN BZCRF \B YKIZFN BZGCF NT ,GPXTC BZGCM<br />
BZCRF NMGK KEDRF CXPF LG\P .BZGCF QP LGVF G\G[TNG GN[ TCJF \B<br />
QGXZF \NTP QKCN GPXTN \GRFKN QGXZF \GHCR QKC NECFF \B EGEPN<br />
.LMN TKDFN UBG ,BZGCF GPM TKV[P \GKFN \GXZN ;G\NGHN \GRF#N<br />
\GKIXR ,\GKRIGZ GPXTC [MGZG BZGCM GPXT \B BZCRF FRGC LMC<br />
CKJKFN FBKZCF \C[IP [GPKP BKF BKF FH EPTP \D[F .\GPN[G<br />
CXP ."FNKI\ FC[IPC F[TP UGS"M FNKI\MNP FCGYRF BKFG ,GKBZCRN<br />
FEKPC FBKZCF \C[IP \B TXCN \GBKXPF KYNI NM \B CKKIP FH KVGS<br />
.OFKNT \GZCGTF \GNGTVF NM OD \GZHDR GRPPG ,Z\GKC FNKTKF<br />
BNB F[TPC FRRKB FTV[F \NGTV TXCN NCYN QGXZF NGMK FC[ LZEF<br />
FXVI BKFG ,G\GB \CFGB GPKB FPM ET QKCPF ENKN ZCEF FPGE .FRGGMC<br />
\B NGMBN GRKKFE { FRPP NCYN G\NGMKC .GZGCTC FRKMF Z[B \B NMBK[<br />
C[I\P GRKB QG\I\F KTCJ QVGBC LB .\IR FN OGZDN KEM { FRKMF Z[B<br />
"LSP" \BZYR BKFG ,BZCRF TCJN \EDGRP QGKNTN TKV[FN FRGGMF .QGKNTC<br />
."ZHGI ZGBG LSP" GB<br />
.TKV[FN FRGGM NTC ,"LSP" NTC NCYN QGXZF FKF FNKI\P ,ZGPBM<br />
\BZYR \GPN[F QP LGVFF CXPN BZCRF \B BZGCF BKCP FC[ FNGTVF<br />
KEK NT .NCYN QGXZF NT FKF[ LSPF ZC[R GH FNGTVC ."FZKC["F \NGTV<br />
FRGGM OGYPC ,GPXTN FNCYP \GRFKN FRGGM GMG\C BZCRF FNDP FZKC[F<br />
NM[ LMN FPZD BKF QGKNTN \GRF#N FRGGMF FZC[R[ KRVN .QGKNTN \GRF#N<br />
Z[BM LB .QGKNTF KVNM GZCI\FG EIB QGGKMC EIK GNTV BZCRF \GRGXZ
39<br />
\KRIGZ \GI\V\F<br />
NKI\F ,GPXTC \GRFKN FRGGMC FVNIGF EKIKF QGKNTF NB TKV[FN FRGGMF<br />
.OKZIBF \GRGXZC C[I\FN BNC GPXTN DGBEN QGXZG QGXZ NM<br />
FPGEP FJKN[<br />
.GRPP LGVFF NCYN QGXZM OEBF \B BZC BGFG ,ZGBF BGF FTV[FF IGM<br />
JGN[N FXGZ OEBF OB .OEBC JNG[ BGF ,G\GB BZC ZGBF[ QGGKMP<br />
,TGNCN ,\GRFKN QGXZF .ZGBF \GRGM\ \B [GMZN GKNT ,GKKIC [IZ\PC<br />
GRKKF ,\K\KPBF FRGP\F GRKRKTN F\NDR GN .JNG[ GRKB ONGTN { \GRYN<br />
.OHKBGDBC [GPK[C [K \GNEG \GNNPGB FPM OKBGZ<br />
TCJF NT NNM \GTKV[P QRKB NCYN QGXZF \ZDSPC \GNGTVF NM<br />
NTCN C[IR BGF QKB ,LSP [MGZ GRKB OEBF EGT NM .FBKZCF NT ,K\KPBF<br />
OGKYF \PZN \NCDGP FGGBDG FJKN[ KEK NT \TRGPF \GNKTVF NM .FNGTV<br />
N[ OKYI[P ZEIN LMC FPGE GRPNGT ."GRN[ ONGTF" \BZYRF FPGEPF<br />
LB .FGGBDG FZZ[ KTGXTXC T[T\[FN OEBF KRC OKNGMK GC[ ,OKENK<br />
OB .\NIG\ \ZSI BKF GH \GNKTV ,FHF OKYI[PF ZEIN WGIP[ ONGTC<br />
EKKJXFN GKNT ,NGEDF ONGTN OKYI[PF ZEIP \BXN QGXZ OEBC ZZGT\P<br />
.FTV[FF \GIGM OF FNB .O[ NGTVN GN GZ[VBK[ \GIGMC<br />
[ZGEFG ,JNG[ GDBF { "NCYPF IGM" KVN OKKY\P GRPNGT QKT \KBZPN<br />
NTGV GH \KZY[ FVKJT LG\C .BGF LM BN[ BKF \PBF LB .IKGGZPF BGF<br />
ZY[F ,TZF \ZMFN OEBF \B BKCP BGF .BZGCF N[ "TKV[PF IGM" G\GB<br />
FTV[FF N[ K\KPBF KPKRVF KGNKPF \B FXZK[ KEM ,NCYN QGXZC[ YHRFG<br />
.\KZY[F \KRGXKIF FVKJTF OGYPC<br />
OEBF KRC NM FCG ,FRG[ ONGT \RGP\ OKNDP FTV[FF \RGM\ K[MGZ<br />
.LMN OKTEGP ORKB OPXT OK[RBF[ BNB .FHN FH FRK\RC YZ OKYSGT<br />
OGN[ LGZC CZF ,KZGP .OKKJSKBGDB OKKGNKP ZIB OKXZ OF KM OFN FPER<br />
.FETSP NTC NT FPDGE \ZHTC \BH OKDEFN DFR ,(["CZF) DN[B<br />
ZYGCP NPT BGF .OKMZXP \GRYN YG[N BXGKG OGY OKM[P FETSPF NTC<br />
FXGZ BGF KM GN FPER .OK[RBN O\GB [KDPG OKPTJP QKMP ,CZT ET<br />
JKCR OB LB .G\ETSP \B ZV[N GN[ FKXCKJGPF \TCGR QBMP KMG Z[T\FN<br />
.OKZIBN FBRF OZGD BGF LMC KM FBZR ,\ZIB \KGGHP LMC
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
40<br />
N[ OKK\KPBF OFK[TP QKC ZTVF QP TCGR ONGTC [DZGPF NCSF NM<br />
,GK\GRGGMG OEBF K[TP GG\[K GC[ TDZC .OFN FPER[ FP QKCN \GKZCF<br />
\GEGB NT N[P \ZHTC \BH ZB\P ONGSF NTC .\GKIXRG \GPN[ [KDZK BGF<br />
:"KR\ZX OEYG ZGIB" GZPBPC ,GCMGZG SGS<br />
\PBC KM ,’\K ’F N[ OKRV Z\SFG KGNKDC G[GZKV ,’KR\ZX OEYG ZGIB’"<br />
QKB~ ’FKRKP KGRV Z\B \KN’ KM ,G[ZG[N CG[K NMFG ’FN[P NMC G\GMNP’<br />
’C ZCIN FMGHF KM .’FKFK’G ’FGF’C ,BGF NECFF BNB ,|GRPP KGRV OGYP<br />
[GCN BGF F[TRF NM[ ,BGF LGZC G[GCNP ’FGF’C FNDP BGF ,\GPNGTF<br />
\GMNP [GCNC BXGK F\T OD ,GRKKFE ,’FGF’ \RKIC FHG .FRKM[ KGNKDN<br />
UB BNB ,OGN[G SI ’SGSN NVJ CMGZF QKB’[ ,NM QKTN NKNTC FBZPG<br />
SGSF QKB[ ,BKF \PBF NCB ,GCMZ \B NKCGP SGSF[ FBZR QKT \KBZPN[<br />
BZYR FH .GCMGZ N[ QSZG D\P [DZFN \NGH ,FTGR\ OG[C NNM ZZGT\P<br />
.’OKRVC OKRV’ \RKIC BZYR FHG .’GMG ,FRKM[F \PGY QKRC<br />
QKBG ,GECN ’FN K\NC GK\GTGR\ NM [KEYFN QKKET FMH BN[ OEBF NCB<br />
... NGMKCM LVKFC BNB ,GCMGZ N[ QSZG D\PN GK\GTGR\C FG\[P SGSF<br />
NB[ ,[GZKV .’ZGIB’ \RKIC BZYR FH ,’GMG F\ZKCD NT FIV[F JKN[PG<br />
OMIGZ NT FNGTF’ KM ,SIG FNKNI F[GEYFP YIZ\P F\B[ L\TEC FPE\<br />
,IER GRPP IEK BN KM .’GMG ’FYHI EKC BN OB’ :’F ZPB FM ,’FKF\ BN GKF<br />
FBZR[ KV NT UB QM OBG .G[ZG[N F[GEYF NB BCN NDND\P NDNDF NMG<br />
BNB ,QM GRKB \PBF NCB ,NGMKCM FHCRF GXVIM CMGZF \B NKCGP SGSF[<br />
’FKFK’C \NGH ,’FGF’C F\T FND\P GRKB LB .GXVIN SGSF \B NKCGP CMGZF<br />
\BH ,’ZGIBC ZGIB’ BNB ,ZGCKI QM OD BGF GH FRKICC KM ,BXPR .QCFG<br />
.QCFG [KCNPF QGXZC BN[G [CGNF QGXZC BN[ \ZPGB<br />
OKZCGIP ,’FGF’C \GMNP K[GCN OPXTC OKNDPF ,GRKKFE ,GRGXZ OK[GTFG<br />
[KCNPF N[ CGJ QGXZCG [CGNF N[ CGJ QGXZC ,’OKRVC OKRV’ \RKICC<br />
."GRGXZ BKF GH FRKIC BYGE KM ,QCFG<br />
\GKNKN[ \GRGM\<br />
ZPD NT (:IX QKZEFRS) :N"H GRKPMI GZPB FNBF OKZCEM"<br />
’F KRB’ :CG\MF GZBKC LMG .NBZ[K N[ ORGYK\ ZPDG O\NGBD<br />
KGNKD
41<br />
\KRIGZ \GI\V\F<br />
,ZPGN ORGXZ .’F\TC { GMH BN ,FR[KIB { GMH .FR[KIB F\TC<br />
NT ZGCTN LKZXF \GI\V\FF YGI \B GIYKG ,NBZ[K GMHK OB[<br />
\I\ G\GB GBKCK { \GCGJN GMVF\K[ ET \GTZF OFK\GEP<br />
\B OPXTC QY\N O\TEG OCN GPK[K[ ,GRKKFE .OPXT \N[PP<br />
:HB ,\GCGJ \GEPN O\GB LGVFNG ,OFC[ \GTZF \GEPF NM<br />
,QPHF KNCMP KZPDN OKZZIG[P OKBXPR[ ,ZPGNM ,’FR[KIB’<br />
CGZ KVN YZ ,GRKKFE ,OPXT OXVIC F\TP KGN\ FHF WYFG<br />
."WYF \B ’OK[KIP’ OKBXPRG .CNF \PG[\G F[TPF<br />
KXPBP NT \SSGCPF \GPEY\F QKCN \KTCJ \GPEY\F QKC NECFF ZYKT<br />
TCJF LZEC .\GKNKN[F GK\GRGM\ \B \GNDN OEBF \GRGMRC QGPJ OEBF<br />
ONT\FN OKJGR GRB .\GTZF GK\GRGM\ NB JCP ZK[KFN QKKRGTP GRKB [KB<br />
OEBF OB .KNKN[FP WP[ OD GNG GRC FND\P Z[BM GRPXT NT QDFN UBG<br />
[GZEF QPHF \B ZXYP BGF ,FBKZCF \ZJP N[ F\GCK[I \B OPGZP<br />
.GRGYK\NG OHKBGDBC[ FNKN[F KGNKDN<br />
NGMK BGF QKBG ,GN[ \KTCJF \MZTPF \ZDSPC NTGV OEBF ,F[TPN<br />
EIB YGIN \KKXPF ,NCYN QGXZF \JKN[C BXPR BGF .FN WGIP NB \BXN<br />
QTPN TDKK\FN QMGP BGFG ,"FTKDK OGPKRKPC FBRF OGPKSYP" :ECNC<br />
OKMKNF\F \B NFRN OEBF NMGK EXKM .\GRFKN { ECNC \IB FZJP<br />
?G\JKN[ \I\ BXPR BGF EGT NM NCYN QGXZF LG\C OKKPKRVF<br />
QGXZF N[ OKMZTF ONGS \B \GR[N OEBF NMGK FCKCSF \GTXPBC<br />
OEBF \RM\K OB .\GIV FPG Z\GK GN CG[I FP [EIP ZKEDFNG NCYN<br />
[BZC GKFK \KRIGZF \GPEY\FG BZGCC \GYCE[ LM NCYN QGXZF \B<br />
\ZJP[ UB .GC[ KNKN[F KGNKD \B NGCSN NMGK BGF ,GKMZT ONGS<br />
KEM OEBFP \[ZERF FCZF FTKDKF UZIG ,NCYN QGXZN \EDGRP FBKZCF<br />
QGYK\F N[ G\GCK[I EGPT\ OB KZF ,GRY\NG GC[ KNKN[F NM \B \GNDN<br />
LKNF\C NCYN QGXZF LGP\K ,OEBF N[ OKZIBF GK\GRGXZ NMN NTP<br />
.QGYK\F<br />
\GKNKN[F GK\GRGM\ \B \GNDN OEBN \Z[VBP LMC \MPG\F FCKCS<br />
,NCYN QGXZF N[ KTCJF GEGYV\ \B \GR[N \NDGSP FCKCSF .QRY\NG<br />
.OEBF QP QZK\SFN OGYPC \GKNKN[F \GRGM\F \B QY\N TKKSK BGF[ LM<br />
GPXT NCYN QGXZF [VIK ,FNTR FZJPM QGYK\F \B FMKZTP FCKCSF OB
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
42<br />
\B \GR[N FEKIKF LZEF .F\D[F \B \GTRGPF ,\GKNKN[ \GRGM\ ZIB<br />
.FCKCSF \ZHTC BKF NCYN QGXZF N[ OKMZTF ONGS<br />
FZCIC FXGVR FTVG\ BGF OKMZTF ONGS KGRK[ KEK NT QGXZF CGXKT<br />
O\NGTV \B FZKYGP FCKCSF OB O[VR \B QMSN OKRMGP OK[RB .\K[GRBF<br />
NT ZGP[NP FNEI \KTCJF \MZTPF ,FNBM[ OKBR\C .O\ZJP \B GB<br />
FCKCSF[ J[VGP QGKTZ QTPN GKKI \B QMSN OEBN FZK\PG FPXT<br />
\B BNPN OGYPC .QGXZC OKKGRK[C FKGN\ \KRIGZF "FD[F"F .FCK[IP<br />
\B BNPN FXGZ BGFG ,FBCF FDZEPN YYG\[P OEBF ,KP[D DGRT\C GPXT<br />
.OKMZTF KGRK[C KGN\ NGMF .FTV[FC ,\KRIGZ FD[FC GPXT<br />
*<br />
KGRK[ QKCN OEBC ZZGT\PF KPKRV UIE QKC NECFF FP ,FNB[F \NB[R<br />
[PPP OKZYPF KR[C KZF[ ,FZCIF KEK NT OKMZTF ONGS N[ KRGXKI<br />
JGN[N \NGMKF FR\KR OEBN ,QMCG ?FJKN[ BNN GK\GRGXZ \B OEBF<br />
BZCR OEBF .GPXT NT JGN[N NGMK BGF ,QKVKYTC ,LM .FCKCSF \ZKICC<br />
\B NCYP BGF ,LM OG[P .GKNT FTKV[P FCKCSF \TE .K\ZCI ZGXKM<br />
FEKIKF G\ZKIC ,QM OB .GN[ GKMZT OGYPC KJPGJGB QVGBC FZCIF KMZT<br />
\DZEP N[ F\GCK[I \B FNTPF FZCI \BKXPC FRGPJ OEBF N[<br />
.FBCF \GI\V\FF<br />
FK\GZJP[ FZCI ,\GKRIGZF \B FMKZTPF FCKCSC ZIGC OEBF OB<br />
NTP \GKFNG BZGCF \B [KDZFN ,\KPXTF FCFBFP \BXN ,TKV[FN QF<br />
FTV[FF \RGM\ \GCK[I \B FEKPTPF FZCIC ZIGC OEBF OB ;ZPGIF<br />
FR[P FZCIF .GKNT OKNTGV FZCIF N[ FKMZT KZF ,FNCYF \RGM\ NTP<br />
UKNIKG ZFPK OEBF[ NMM .KZPDN \ZIB LZEC G\GB \\RM\PG G\TE \B<br />
ONGSC KGRK[ NM OT ,GKMZT \B FR[\[ FCKCSC \KIMGRF FCKCSF \B<br />
BGFG ,OK[EIF OKMZTF \B DK[FNG ZFPN UIE GC ZZGT\K OKMZTF<br />
.\ZCGDG \MNGF \GZKFPC GRGYK\ \B OKN[K<br />
\GNTFNG LK[PFN FRPP [YCN GKNT ,\BHM FZCIC BXPR ZCM OEBF OB<br />
BGF ,OEBN FCG[I \GKRIGZF FKF\ EGT NM .GKRKTC \GKRIGZF \GCK[I \B<br />
\D[FN WZPG \GIGM BNP\K BGF .F\GB DK[FN KEM K[GY NM BNN EGCTK<br />
BGF QKBG \GI\V\FF YGIC OEBF JNG[ FRGMR FZCI \KKRCC .FZJPF<br />
\GI\V\FF \B OKGGNPF QPHF \GMKZB \BG NCSF \B \GGIN [ZER
43<br />
\KRIGZ \GI\V\F<br />
NT .FKMZT \B BNB FPXT FZCIF \B \GR[N [ZER GRKB OEBF .\KTCJF<br />
KMZT KGRK[C .Z\GK OKFGCD OKKRIGZ OKMZT UZF BNN OEBN YVSN FZCIF<br />
\GRCN OEBF NT QMNG ,\KRIGZ \GPEY\FC FINXFF NM FRGPJ FZCIF<br />
.KGBZM G\GB \RM\\[ FCKCS<br />
KPKRVF QGXZF \GZZGT\F<br />
FEKPTP ,\GKRIGZN QGXZF ,FRGZIBF G\DZE NB NCYN QGXZF \GI\V\F<br />
GKKIC ZCT[ NMCG OKPEGYF GKNGDND NMC .GRKPC EIGKP CXPC OEBF \B<br />
OKKRVGD \GRGXZP NIF :GN[ KP[DF QGXZF \B OEBF I\KV ,FM ET FNB<br />
ETG FJKN[G EGCMN ,Z[GTN QGXZ LZE ,(FIV[PNG QKPN ,QGHPN) OKKPGKY<br />
NKI\P ,GCKNC[ KPKRVF QGXZF ZZGT\P[M LB .\GNM[GPG TEKN QGXZN<br />
ZCEF .G\CKCSC BXPR GRKB[ TGEK K\NC FP=ZCE NB YYG\[FN OEBF<br />
BGF[ FJKN[F ZSGIG FRCFF ZSGI N[C QGBMKEG NGCNC KEKN G\GB BKCP<br />
\B QKCFN G\NGMKC FKF FM ET .FH CXPP WNIKFN EXKM TEGK BGF QKBG ,[I<br />
.TGEK K\NC IGM \JKN[N QG\R BGF F\T LB ,GC JGN[NG ZCT Z[B NM<br />
GNKBG ,OEBF "CN" FNCYF \V[C OKBZYR OEBF N[ GK\GRGXZ NM<br />
,BZGCFP BC KPKRVF QGXZF ."CNC[ FEGYRF" BZYR OFC[ KPKRVF QGXZF<br />
FNTPN[ GF[PN QGZSKI \[DZF GC ZXGK BGF OEBC ZZGT\P BGF[MG<br />
,\KRIGZ \GI\V\FN OEBF L[PR ,LMP FBXG\M .FHF ONGTF KDGRT\P<br />
\GZ[VBF GN \R\KR ,\TM .FRGMRF FCKCSF \B BXGP BGF GH FMK[P KVNG<br />
.BZGCF \BZYN \K[KB \GPEY\FN ,\K[VGIF FZKICF \B NKTVFN<br />
\GRGXZF NM \B BMEN OK[ZER \KRIGZF LZEC OKMNGFF[ CG[IN DGFR<br />
GK\GRGXZ EDR EGCTN LKZX GRKB OEBF .FXGVR \GTJ KFGH LB ,OVGDC[<br />
EDR EGCTN Q\KR BN .BZGCN DGRT\ OFKEK NT TKV[FN FRGGM [GMZN BNB<br />
,FNCYF \GFP \B FR[P GH FRGGM .FTV[F \RGGM DK[FN OB KM ,QGXZF<br />
NMGBF \B GNCYC GPKBN DGRT\ OZGDF ENKF \PDGEM ,FTV[FN FNCYP<br />
.GZGCTC FRKMF[<br />
OKZGSKKF<br />
\I\ \GTZF OFK\GEP \GI\V\F NCYN GMH BN OB NCB"<br />
OD FRF { OKP[F \N[PP \I\ GFGCHTK BNB ,OPXT \N[PP<br />
LZE
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
44<br />
QGIJC [K KM ,ORGYK\ ZPDCG ,O\NGBD ZPDC OF OKIJCGP HB<br />
\GI\V\FF YGI KV NT \NTGVF ,OKP[F \N[PPC BNP<br />
CGJN YKHPG TZ NM \MVFP[ ET ,FDZEP ZIB FDZEP \K\DZEFF<br />
,F\TC BNB ,KZPDN IGJC WYFG ,WTF NT KZVF GPM ,NKTGPNG<br />
.QPHF \EPC KZPDN Z[GYPG KGN\ ZCM ZCEF[ ,ZPGNM<br />
WYN G\BKC ET ,N"RF \K\DZEFF \GI\V\FF YGI KV NT KM<br />
BCN OMZE[ ,\GCGZPG \GRG[ \GDZEP GKNT ZGCTN IZMGP<br />
CZ QPH \M[PRF ,Z\GKC FMGZBG FNGED \GKJKBC ,\GECMC<br />
OKKI KNTC OF ’I\V\PF ZCE’ GRKRVN[ QGEKRC[ LG\PG .EBP<br />
GNNF \GI\V\FF KCXPC NCYN OFKNT OD QM NT OK[KDZPG<br />
BXPRF UIGEF IMF NM KM ,Z\GKC OKBZGRG OKNGED OKZGSK<br />
FDZEPN FMGPR FDZEPP OEBF \B \GNTFN KEM GNNF \GDZEPC<br />
,OKCGBMPG OKZGSK N[ FVKIE IM BNB GRKB ,FRPP FRGKNT<br />
FH CYTG ,ONCGSN Z[VB KB[G { FMGPRF FDZEPC GXCY\F[<br />
FRGKNT FDZEPN \GNTNG FDZEPF \B CGHTN OKIZMGP<br />
QFN EKPTP F"CYF BNB’ :N"HI GZPB[ LZE NT { ,FRPP<br />
QZKHIPG FCG[\ QK[GT NBZ[KG ,QPFM \G[Y GK\GZKHD[ LNP<br />
."’CJGPN<br />
,I\V\F ,FND\F[ NCYN QGXZ G\GBC YZ \[DZGP \GKFN FNGMK \GKRIGZF<br />
OKCXPF KGCKZN FCKSF KFGH .FTV[FN ,CGJN QY#\^R]G GC[ TZF \B ZKMF<br />
KRVC \EPGT FZKZCF .QGYK\F LKNF\C OEBF N[ NCYN QGXZC OK[IZ\PF<br />
FCKCS \ZHTC \GZKFPC F\GB ZGCTN GB OKZGSKKC LZEF \B ZGCTN :OEBF<br />
.OKRGMR OKMZT GN FYKRTPF \KRGXKI<br />
OKZGSKKF LZEC KGXPF OEB .NNM LZE FRRKB OKZGSKKF LZE ,F[TPN<br />
USGG\PG LNGF NCSF .OKZCJXP OKZGSKKF EGTC ,FMIPG GPGYP NT EPGT<br />
.\KIMGRF G\DZEC NCYN QGXZF KYNI NMC OKZGSKK OKND\P FC[ FPZN ET<br />
GC[ TDZC .NCYN QGXZC NNM [P\[FN G\GZ[VBC QKB[ HB [KDZP OEBF<br />
.OKZGSKK OK[DZGP EKP ,NCYN QGXZFP QJRJY ZKZC[ OD GNG ZZGT\P<br />
.G\GB "\KPP" BGFG GN[ NCYN QGXZC [GPK[ EGT QKB OEBN ,FHM CXPC<br />
FXZK BN OB FKFK CGJ ZPGNM ,(I ,E FRGK) "KKIP K\GP CGJ" KM QKCP BGF<br />
.ZCE
45<br />
\KRIGZ \GI\V\F<br />
NMC .NCYN QGXZF \NKN[ LG\P TKV[FN QGXZF \B LKZTFN EGBP F[Y<br />
KCGJ .TCJF LZEC \BH DK[F[ KP FKF BN K[GRBF QKPF N[ FKZGJSKFF<br />
\BG TCJF \B O\ZKYIC \GDSVN GTKDF ORPB K[GRBF QKPF N[ \GIGPF<br />
TCJF N[ FD[F GH QKB .OFC FKF[ KP[DF QGXZC \BH GDK[F OF LB ,OEBF<br />
.FI\VN BN UBG \KRIGZ \GI\V\FN FJK[ BGXPN OEKC FNT BN .KRIGZF<br />
GK[TP NM[ { EIBF TCJF LG\C BXPRF OEB N[ GNM[CG GIGMC QKB<br />
Z[B \B I\VN GB BKXPFN ,QKKPEN { KP[DF TCJF LG\C GK\GC[IPG<br />
\GPEY\FN FJK[ OKZYGI O\GB N[ OFKEKC F\KKF BN .GC BXPR BN<br />
BNN .OKZGSKKF LG\P BN[ \GPEY\FN FJK[ BN KBEGGCG ,OKZGSKK LG\P<br />
BN ,OEBF NT "CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGB"F \NGTVN \PZGDF FPKB\P FCKCS<br />
.G[PPNG \GKRIGZN QGXZF \B QKCFN Q\KR<br />
\GI\V\FF YGI KV NT NBZ[KN BCN IJCGPF WYF FRF"<br />
\G\GCTC ZG[YF ,ZPGNM ,’dv@T]a^’ FRGMP ,ZMHRF \K\DZEFF<br />
\GI\V\F \B GIYK[ KEK NT ,NBZ[KN IGJCF WYFG .QPHF<br />
K\NC ZPGNM ,’FR[KIB’ FRGMP .OFKEK \N[PP \I\ OFK\GEP<br />
."QPHC KZPDN KGN\<br />
\GPEY\F KFGH LB ,"dv@T]a^" ,QPHN OB\FC \I\V\P \G[GRBF OKR[ KVNB<br />
\GI\V\FC \G[GRBF N[ F[VR FXY@ OB .ECNC K[GRB=KP[DF ZG[KPC<br />
ET KRIGZF \GDZEPF ONGS LZE FHF ONGTFP \GNTN FRGXZCG ZG[KPC<br />
FKNT .\GI\V\FN KZPDN FRG[ F[KD WPBN FKNT ,"UGS=QKBF ONGT"N<br />
:"FR[KIB" LZE N[ \GPEY\FN "F\TC" LZE N[ \GPEY\FP ZGCTN<br />
KFGH .OKKRIGZ \GIGMCG OKRVGBC ,OGYPF NTP ,QPHF NTP \GI\V\F KFGH<br />
QPHF NTP \GI\V\F .CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBC [GPK[ KEK NT \GI\V\F<br />
BXPRF EKIKF KTXPBF .OEBF N[ \K\ZMF \GV\\[F KEK NT YZ QM\K\<br />
NCYN QGXZF N[ OKMZTF ONGS KGRK[ BGF GKKI LNFP KGRK[N OEBF \G[ZC<br />
.\BH \G[TN EXKM GR\GB \EPNP FNCYF \PMI .FCKCSF \GTXPBC<br />
FYKRKG ZGCKT<br />
.QGYK\N F[YCC BZGCN FKKRV OKEYFN KIZMF \KRIGZ FD[F NMC[ TGEK<br />
OEBF OB KZF ?FZCIF OT FEGCTC GH F[YC N[ FPGYP QMKF ,LM OB
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
46<br />
KZF ,LMN OB\FC GKMZT \B FR[P FZCIFG ,F\GB FR[P ,FZCIN FRGV<br />
FNBM OB .OK[EI OKMZT KVN NTGV BGF ZCMG G\EGCT \B OKN[F OEBF<br />
?LKNF\C BZGCF N[ GPGYP QMKF ,OKZCEF KRV OF<br />
FKKJRF .BZGCFP QGYK\N F[YCF N[ F\GFP \B ZKEDR FNKI\<br />
,IGM NCYN G\KKVKXC ,G\GGY\C ,G\[YCC { BZGCN OEBF N[ \KPKRVF<br />
KEM BZGCN FRGV OEBF ."FNKV\" \BZYR { BZGCN FTV[F TXCNG QKCFN<br />
NDGSP \GKFNG FTV[F KFP QKCFN :"TKV[PF" \GKFN NM[G IGM NCYN<br />
\GPEKFN GN ZGHTK[ F[YCC ,NGEDF NB QJYF QP FKKRV KFGH .F\GB TXCN<br />
.NGEDN GN ZGHTK[ ,GN<br />
FDZEPC .BZGCC \GYCE N[ FEKP BKF DK[P OEBF[ \KRIGZ FDZEP NM<br />
.BZGCN GPXT \B ZSGP OEBF ,"ZGCKT" \BZYRF Z\GKC FRJYF \KRIGZF<br />
.KZPDN GPXT \B NJCPG F[KZE GB QGXZ OG[ BNN GKNB YCER BGF<br />
YNIM ,"GPKB"N GNGM ZGSP KRIGZF ZCeTF OD ,GPKB QJCC ZCeTN FPGEC<br />
GC NVJN OBF \NDGSP FKVNM ZCeTF NGJKC NNDC .FRPP EZVR K\NC<br />
OEBF UGD KM TGEK .\NGSV \BXGFG QGHP \JKNYN FN[ FK\GMZTP \ZHTC<br />
"ZHF OXTF"[ QGGKM LB ,GMG\C ZH OXT N[ \GIMGR NGCSN NGMK GRKB<br />
UBG G\GIMGRN OKMSP FVGD ,FKVNM GPXT \B NJCP OBF OIZ LG\C[<br />
.\GKRIGZC FRG[BZF FDZEF BKF \BHM .GZGCTC ECGTG GC NVJP<br />
\B NJCP BGF GC[ CXPN TKDFN OEBF NT KRIGZF ONGTN SRMKFN KEM<br />
\BH \G[TN GKNT .OKKY GRKB ,BXPR GRKB FZGBMN BGF[ LM KEM ET GPXT<br />
GC FND\K[ FHG FGGFC FNGDP[ FH ,GN[ KZHMBFG KJSKBGDBF QGXZF NMC<br />
\B ZGSPN LM NM FXGZ OEBF ZGCKTF CXPC .ZCeTF \DZEN GTKDF# ET<br />
.GEKXP FNGTV NMN QMGP BGF KM ET ,QGKNTF IGMF \JKN[N GPXT<br />
\B LB ,FZCIF QP NCYP OEBF ZGCKTF \DZE N[ OKMZTF \GCK[I \B<br />
.FPXT FRGKNTF FDZEF QP NCYN BGF CKKI GPXT NT O\GB O[KKN IGMF<br />
QG\I\N Z[VBP FRGKNTF FDZEF OT UG\K[C F[TR TGXKCF KM FECGTF<br />
.FKVNM NJC\FN<br />
FXGZ ORPB BGF ,OEBF N[ OKMZTF ONGS \B FR[P FCKCSF Z[BM<br />
,OKSMR KGCKZ BCF CXPF FKF GNKB .\GIGM GN QKB LB ,FNGTVF \B TXCN<br />
FZYPC .\BH DK[FN \GIGM OEBF N[ NCYN QGXZC GKF ,FPGEMG FNKF\<br />
QGXZF \CKHT OF OK[EIF OKMZTF OB LB .BZGCC LZGX OEBN FKF BN ,FH
47<br />
\KRIGZ \GI\V\F<br />
UB ,LMN \GRMFG \GIGM OEBC GBXPKK BN ,GNGJKCN \GIGM \ZKDBG NCYN<br />
.KIMGRF GCXPP Z\GK FGCDM FH CXP LKZTP BGF OB<br />
GPM ,"KRB FXGZ" ZPGNG ,Z\GK FRGKNTF FDZEPF NB \GRVN OEBF NT<br />
QKB[M .(B"T G FR[F [BZ) "KRB FXGZ ZPBK[ ET ,G\GB QKVGM" CG\M[<br />
.FNGTVF \B GKNT TXCPG ,\GIGM QGKNTF GN Q\GR ,OEBF N[ GRGXZC YVS<br />
OEBF ."NNV\FN" ECNP ,GPXT \GIGMC ZCE \G[TN NGMK GRRKB ZCeTF<br />
\GIGM [ZGE BNB ,GPXTC FP=ZCE TXCNG \GNTN KEM IGM [YCP GRKB<br />
NGTVN QGKNTN Z[VBN LMCG ,ZCeT \GKFN ,"KNM" \GKFN GPXT \B ZK[MFN<br />
NTGV QGKNTF ,QMGP BGFG OEBC GNNF OKRG\RF NM OKZCJXP Z[BM .GKNT<br />
.G\GB I\VPG GKNT<br />
FBNPF G\JKN[C FC OKKY\PG \KRIGZF \GBKXPN SRMR OEBF[ ZIBN<br />
.FYKRKN ZGCKTP ,\VSGR \GI\V\FN \GZ[VB GEKXP \PKKY ,QGKNTF N[<br />
\B GKRVC SZGV BGF .QGKNTFP FZHT [YCP QG\I\F ,"FYKRK"F CN[C<br />
QGKNTF LMP FBXG\M .KRIGZF QGHPC GRGXZ \BG GKNB \GNTN G\GRMGP<br />
,KRIGZF YGRK\F ,"ENGG"F .G\GB QKH]P+G ,GN[ "FHI"N QG\I\F \B FNTP<br />
.QGKNTF GN Q\GR[ ZCE NMN OKMSP BNB ,NMGBF \B GPXTC ZIGC GRKB<br />
,\GIGM OK[GZE \BH \GRMGPN .ZCeT \GKFNP Z\GK EGT NGED NGJKC GFH<br />
."FNKV\"F \GTXPBC OKNCYP O\GBG<br />
.\GYCEF IGMN QG\I\F EXP F[YCC FNKI\P \KRIGZ FDZEP \D[F NM<br />
GNKBM NCYN QGXZF \B NZJRN Z[VBPF IGMN F[YC KFGH ZCeTF CXPC<br />
F[YC KFGH FYKRKF CXPC .FRCF NM BNN QGKNTC YGCENG ,OKKY FKF BN<br />
TKDPF QGHPF QP DGRT\F UB NT QGKNTF KVNM NJC\FN Z[VBPF IGMN<br />
DGRT\ OGZDN FRGGMC ,QGHPF \B NCYN \GIGM [YCP QG\I\F .GRPP<br />
.QGKNTN<br />
.FRGKNTF FDZEPF \B NCYN G\GB FZK[MP \GYCEN QG\I\F \GRMGP<br />
\KIXRFG FPN[F OGKYF \PZN ETG "FHF ONGTF" \BZYRF OGKYF \PZ QKC<br />
\IB NM .KRIGZF ONGSF \GDZEP 125 \GKGXP ,"UGS=QKBF ONGT" \BZYRF<br />
OEBN FBZR BZGCF OTV NMC .BZGCC BZCRF \GYCE N[ FDZEP BKF QFP<br />
\D[FC .GC YGCEN KEM GPXTP YNI NT Z\GGP OEBFG Z\GK QGKNTM<br />
.KZPDN NJC\P NCYN QGXZFG ,\GYCEF \PN[R UGS=QKBF<br />
QKC[ OKZTVF \[DZF NT \\\[GP BKFG OKCZ OKCKMZP \NNGM FNKV\F<br />
\NGMKG IGM ,FRCF ,QGXZ GN OKZSI KM FNDP QG\I\F .QGKNTF QKCN QG\I\F
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
48<br />
QKCFNG FRGKNTF FDZEF \B LKZTFN ,GN[ GK\GIGMP [BKK\FN GKNT .TGXKC<br />
.GN ZGHTN \NDGSP BKF[<br />
QG\I\F N[ QGIJKCC FEGSK ,OKZTV \[DZF NT \KRCR FNKV\F[ UB<br />
NDGSP QG\I\F FKF BN FHF QGIJKCF BNN .GKNB QGKNTF N[ G\CFBC<br />
BGF .GPXT LZE QGKNTF \CFB [GPKPN BKF FKKRVF[ QGGKM ,QGKNTN \GRVN<br />
CJKF QCGP ZCEF .GKNB FCFB FNDP FH[ KVM QGKNTF \B CGFBN FXGZ<br />
F\CFBC IGJC ENKF FKF BNPNB .GRPNGTC GPKBG ENKF \PDGEC<br />
Z[B NM \B FRPP [GZEN G\NGMKC FKF BN ,GKNB GPKB N[ F\GZKSPCG<br />
.GN TKDP[ C[GI BGF<br />
*<br />
NM \B NKTVP BGF .KNPKRKPF KRIGZF QGXZC BXPR "GPKB QJCC ZCeT"<br />
Z\KC GK\GRGXZ \B NKTVK OB .BZGCN TKV[FN G\RGGMN OB\FC GK\GRGXZ<br />
\GRFKN NKI\K BGFG FTV[FF \RGGM OT OKRHGBP GKFK BN OF ,FPXGT<br />
[K Z[B NM \B [KDZP ZCeTF .QGKNTN GN[ Z[YFP \KJSKBGDB LZEC<br />
QGKNTF KVNM O\GB NKTVP BGF[ BNB ,EGBP OKNGED GNM[G GKNM ;QGKNTC<br />
QGKNTF LG\C BXPKFN NGMK BGF LM OG[P .ECNC \KNPKRKP FPXGTC<br />
.GC BXPR Z[B NMP \GRFKNG<br />
QGKNTF \B OEBF [KDZP ZGCKTF CN[C .GMGVKFG ZCE QBM [K ,F[TPN<br />
OB\FC ,GN WGIP NGMKCM \BXPRF \GBKXPF NM \B [KDZP BGF :GBGNPC<br />
ZCeTF NEGD FYKRKF CN[C .KJSKBGDBF GRGXZ \B NJCP BGF FC[ FEKPN<br />
\DZEP N[ OKNGEDF \GZGBF \B EGT DK[P GRKB BGF .QGKNTF \G[ZP BXGKG<br />
QGKNTF[ QGGKM ,JTP YZ [KDZPG FBGZ QG\I\F FYKRKF CN[C .ZGCKTF<br />
.FXGIF GMG\P G\GB BKXGF<br />
\GKF ?ENGGF GB ZCeTF { Z\GK FFGCD \KRIGZ FDZEP DK[P KP ,QM OB<br />
[GPKPG Z[YF \EKP { \GYCEF ZGTK[ BKF FD[FF FCGDN FEKPF \PB[<br />
.ZCeTFP Z\GK FNGED FD[F NTC BGF ENGGF[ KBEG { \GYGNBN \GPEKFF<br />
ZCE TXCP GRKB ZCeTF LB ,BZGCF GPM \PKGSP FEKPC NGTVN QMGP ENGGF<br />
LB NGMF [K ZCeTN .BZGCF LG\C NGMKCM BXPR BGF LM OG[P BYGGEG<br />
FZJPF ONGB ,G\EKN OT G\DZEP \B ECBP BGF ORPB .\KCKSV FZGXC<br />
EIBM EGCTN QGPZBFP BXGKF LNPF QC .FNGTVF NTC \GKFNG NGEDN BKF<br />
GPKKY\FC G\GBPXTC GZ[GB \B BXGP ,G\NGMKN OB\FC SRZV\FNG OEBF<br />
.GKVM NPTP
49<br />
\KRIGZ \GI\V\F<br />
FDZEPF[ QGGKM ,EKP\ GH \B GH GZ\SK \GCYGT \GKRIGZ \GDZEP K\[<br />
ZCTP NT .NCS Z\KM \PEGYF FDZEPN SIKC \MZTGP FBCF \KRIGZF<br />
\NFY) "CGBMP UKSGK \TE UKSGK" ZPBR FDZEPN FDZEPP NCYN QGXZF<br />
EGTC .\GI\V\FF \GCK[I \MZTFC KGN\ NGMF ZCE N[ GVGSC .(IK ,B<br />
\GKRIGZC KZF ,\KJPGJGB BKF \GI\V\FN FMZTF KJSKBGDBF GRPNGTC[<br />
\GCK[I \B [GMZN KEM WPB\FN OEBF NT .\ZIB OKNFR\P OKZCEF<br />
.\KRIGZF \GI\V\FF<br />
NGEDF .BVGZ NXB ZGYKCN OKBCF FKRC KR[G OBN OKZCEF \B FPER<br />
,HKZH QJYF GNKBG ,GPKB N[ FKNDZN EGPX BGFG IGR GKVGB ,JSKJGB OFC[<br />
GPKBN OMI\FN OKMZE [VIPG UZF BNN ZEIC WXGZ\P BGF :IYKVG KRZT<br />
;NGEDF FRC N[ \GI\V\FC ZGDKVF NT QRGN\FN FBC OB+F .NGEDF GKIBNG<br />
EGPNN Q\KR .IGRF GKVGB NT Z\GGN IP[\G ZKTXF GPM FKFK[ FXGZ BKF<br />
.KRIGZF ONGTC \GI\V\FF QKCN GRPNGTC \GI\V\FF QKC QGKPEFP \GCZ<br />
ON[N OKRMGP GRB QMNG ,LMC LGZMF NCSF NT FNGT \GI\V\FF \GCK[I<br />
.I\V\FN KEM [GZEF ZKIPF \B
FZCIFG<br />
JZVF<br />
KSIK<br />
FZCIF KVNM JZVF \NGTVC[ SIKC OKMZTR TZG CGJ"<br />
QKPC[ TZF QGYK\ QKRTC QRGC\FN OKSRMR GRB[ OZJC<br />
\GP[F O\GB N[ OMZT \B OEGY TGCYN OKMKZX { K[GRBF<br />
ZBG\C ,FEP GB F[TP GRZKEDFC ,ZPGNM .TZG CGJ :OKJ[VGPF<br />
CGJ BGF F[TP GB FEP F\GB KP KVNM ,ZKFCFN [K ,TZ GB CGJ<br />
.TZ GB<br />
JZVF QKC[ KSIKF LZTF \B CJKF TEKN OKMKZX ,FH \B QKCFNG<br />
,GMG\P KI EKIKF[ ,GN[ ZGCKXF NB EKIKF QKC ,GRKKFE ,NNMFG<br />
.IGZC QFG ,ZPGIC QF ,GMG\P QGHKRG<br />
FKF GNKB ,EKIKN OGKY \GMH NNM QKB[ ,GRN FZGP \GBKXPF<br />
GFGZHTKG ,GFG\Z[K[ ,YKVSP UYKFC ZGCKX KNC ,GPXTN EEGCP<br />
KKI \GKIN FNKI\MNP BZCR OEBF[ ,QBMPG .GKMZX YGVKSC<br />
EMGNPF ,EIB NDND GPM BGF ,FZCIC[ EKIKG EKIK NMG ,FZCI<br />
EKIKF NDNDF[ { ,\IB FRGMPC OKR\GPF ,ZVSP OKNDNDC<br />
L[PR BNB ,GPXT KVN G\EKIK LZTC FTGR\ N[ \GZI GN QKB<br />
FRGMPF \B ZK[MFN ,TGEK QGGMC ,OKNDNDF NNM \TGR\ OT<br />
.KNNMF FEKYV\N<br />
KVNM QICRG LZTR NGYNYF QKB { NDNDC NGYNY FHKB TZBK OBG<br />
G\GZK[G GEKYV\ KVN LZTR[ BNB ,GPXT NDNDF N[ G\GEKIK<br />
."FRGMPF \GNNM KVNM<br />
OEB" GB "\KNNMF FP[RF" FRGMPF ,BZCR[ KNNMF KNMF N[ \MZTPF<br />
\GRGM\ QKC CGNK[ OKKY GH \MZTPC .IK[Y FRCPC \RKKVGBP ,"QG[BZF<br />
51
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
52<br />
,FNCY \GRGM\ QF \GK\KPBF BZCRF \GRGM\ .BZCRF \GRGM\ QKCG BZGCF<br />
QP KGRC BZCRF ,QM OB .FTV[F \GRGM\ QF \GK\KPBF BZGCF \GRGM\G<br />
NGMK BGF QKBG ,BZCRF \GRGM\ QKCG BZGCF \GRGM\ QKC QGMRF CGNK[F<br />
GC[ QVGBN ,GPXTN GSIKC YZ GRM\KK OKKGRK[ .ENGR[ ZIBN \GR\[FN<br />
,FKNT TKV[FN NGMK BGF FC[ LZENG F\GB NKTVP[ KPN ,\MZTPF FKGRC<br />
.NNM FR\[P FRKB FPXT \MZTPF LB<br />
.EIB UGD N[ OKZCKBM ,GHN GH \GZG[Y \GP[RF NM GKF GH \MZTPC<br />
GECKB ,FHF ONGTF \DZEN \KRIGZF F\DZEP \KNNMF FP[RF \NKVR ZIBN<br />
\B ,"\GKJZVF \GP[RF" GRKKFE ,\MZTP F\GB N[ OKKJZVF OKZCKBF<br />
OEB KRC N[ OKVGDC G[CN\FG ,BZGCN QFN[ Z[YF \BG QFKRKC Z[YF<br />
NXRN OKRMGPG FHP FH OKEZVR OF[ OK[KDZP OEBF KRC QMN .FHF ONGTC[<br />
OEKC FKF ,FHN FH GCKJKF GNKB .FHN FH FCGJ OGZDN OGYPC GFTZ \B [KB<br />
G[KDZF[ KVM ,OKPN[G OKKIXR ,OKKRIGZ OKKIC \GMHNG BZGCN \GPEKFN<br />
.FHF ONGTN FNKVRF KRVN<br />
FRGZIBN \G[GRBF FNDP ,FCXPC[ TZF \ZMF LG\PG FZKZC ZSGIP<br />
.G\NGH NT [KB OKTKV[PG FHN FH OKZG[Y ONGTF KRC NM[ QM\KK KM<br />
[IZ\PF GF[NM KNKN[ TZGBP[ ,FZMFF KEKN GR\GB BKCP ZPF QGKSKRF<br />
.ZCE N[ GVGSC GRNGMC GK\G\GB \B Q\GR OKGSP OGYPC<br />
QGMR G[P\[K OEBF KRC OB .KE OFC QKB LB ,OKRGMR FNB OKKGNKD<br />
NM \GNGNMG \GZG[Y FPM ET \GNDN OFN TKKS\ BKF ,FNCYF \PMIC<br />
\PMI .ON[ EIB QGRDRP KYNIM ,"QG[BZF OEB" \MZTPC EIK \GP[RF<br />
Z[YF KGNKD \EKP .OEBF KRC QKC K\KPBF Z[YF KGNKDN FJK[ BKF FNCYF<br />
SIKN FPGE F[TR BGF[ ET FHN FH OEBF KRC N[ OSIK \B FR[P OFKRKC<br />
FC[ \K\KPBF \MZTPF KGNKD .LMP FNTPN UBG ,FIV[P KRC QKC DFGRF<br />
\MZTPC OEBF N[ FRGMR FNTVFN KIZMF KBR\ BGF \G[GRBF \BXPR<br />
.\KNNMF \K\ZCIF<br />
ZGCKXF LG\C EKIKG EKIK NM N[ GCGJ \EP ,GRKRKRTC QM GPMG"<br />
\B G\GZK[ \EP KVN BNB ,GPXT \CGJ KVN BN \MZTR ,GN[<br />
N[ TZF \EP \B OKMKZTP GRB QKB ,LVKFN QMG .GNNMC ZGCKXF<br />
,NNMC ZGCKXF \B YKHP[ YHRF \EP KVN BNB { EKIKG EKIK NM<br />
."KJZVF GPXT GMZT KVN BNG
53<br />
FZCIFG JZVF KSIK<br />
LZEC FZIC[ FZCIC LB ,GK\GRGM\G GKVGB KVN OEBF \B JGV[N DGFR<br />
OKZCIF QP EIB NM JGV[N [K GHM FZCIC .FKGD[ FEKP \PB KFGH QGYK\F<br />
\B LKZTFN DGFR[ O[M ,FZCIN BKCP BGF[ YHRF GB \NTG\F \EKP KVN<br />
CSP BGF[ YHRF GB \NTG\F \EKP KV NT FN[PPF [BZ N[ GEGYV\<br />
QGYK\CG FPXT QGYK\C \YSGTF FZCIN TKDF[ OEB NM .FNGM FRKEPN<br />
GB G\NGED \B LKZTFN FZCIF NT .QGKNTF IGMF KEK NT FKNB NCGF ONGTF<br />
BGF[ TZF GB CGJF \VSG\N SIKC FKZCIP EIB NM N[ G\GN[Z\F \B<br />
.ONGTN BKCFN NGMK<br />
NGEDM ZCIG ZCI NM CK[IFN LZGXF NT \GCZ C\MR ["CZF KZPBPC<br />
\GV\\[F GRPP [GZEN IZMFF NT QMG ,FHMM TKV[PG NTGV BGF OB ZGEF<br />
KRC NB LM SIKK\P BZGCF OD ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN .ONGTFG FZCIF QGYK\C<br />
OB\FC GKNB SIKK\PG GN ETGKPF EKYV\N OEBF \B NKCGP BGF .OEBF<br />
.GEGYV\N<br />
,OFC[ \PBF EXP QF .OKZFXC [P[M OKZGZC GNNF OKZCEF"<br />
\CGJG ,JZVC[ FP BNB NNMC QKB KM ,OFC[ CGJF EXP QFG<br />
GYNI NJGR NNMN YKHPF .EKIKG EKIK NM \CGJ BKF NNMF<br />
YNI OF OKEKIKF KM .FCJFC GYNI NJGR NNMN CKJPFG .YHRC<br />
OGMSP Z\GK KF[NM FVSGFG GF[NM LZT NNMN QKBG .NNMFP<br />
."GC[ OKEKIKF<br />
BN Z[B \B .\NGHF KVNM EIB NM ,\KEEF FZGXC \NTGV \KNNMF \MZTPF<br />
.ONGMC OKKGN\ ONGM GRKKFE ,UKSGFN ZIBF NMGK BN EIBF UKSGF<br />
EKIKN B\GTKZ NM QKBG ,LF GRKKF EKIKFG ZGCKXF[ ZBC\PF"<br />
,EKIKF \GZKIG ZGCKXF \GZKI OD KM ,ZGCKXF NB GEGCT[ \PIP<br />
OKYNIP QM ,CGJF \B OFKRKC OKYNIP[ GPMG .BGF EIB ZCE<br />
.\GZKIF \B OFKRKC<br />
,OKTZ OK[TPG OKCGJ OK[TP ,\GTZ \GEPG \GCGJ \GEP[ KZF<br />
.ZGCKXF \CGJ KVNM YZ OKMZTR<br />
OEKYV\ \B OKBNPP OKEKIKF NM OB OKZGPB OKZCEF[ QCGPM<br />
OKIYGN BNG ,OFN TKDPFP Z\GK BN OKNCYPG .\GPKN[C ZGCKXN<br />
,ZGPBM OKDFR\P ORKB ZGCKXFP YNI OB NCB .OZCI YNIP
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
54<br />
BNB ZGCKXN OKYKHP[ ECNC GH BN[ ,FHP BXGK NTGVF KZF<br />
.OKYGHKR OD[<br />
GRKB FM ET ZGPBFG ,OSZGVPG TGEK[ ZCEC Z\GK LKZBFN QKB<br />
\B TCG\F OGYPF ,ZPGNM ,FVZG\F \EGYR \B \GBZFN BNB<br />
BGF EIB ZGCKXF \CGJG G\CGJ[ QKCK EKIK NM[ BGFG .GRGYK\<br />
."BNPF GRGYK\ NT ONGTF BGCK FHCG<br />
GKNT FP ,GEKYV\ FP OEBN \GZGFN FMKZX QGYK\C \RKKRGTPF FZCI<br />
\GKGVXF \GBXG\F QFP GTKEGFN FKNT QMG ,TRPKFN GKNT FPPG \G[TN<br />
\GCKSF \B ,\GZXGKF NM \B FBGZG TEGK OEBF OB .GK[TPP<br />
BN OB G[KRTFNG QGMR NGTVN GRPP [GZEN Q\KR ,GK[TP N[ \GBXG\FG<br />
.LM DFRK<br />
BNB ,FPXT FNGTVN Z[Y ZSIF [RGT ,DGFRF QCGPC [RGTN FRGGMF QKB<br />
\B TXCK BCFN[ LM OEBF \B QY\N FZCIF NT .QGYK\M [P[PF [RGTN<br />
,CN \PG[\ OEBN FZSI F\KKF GC[ OGYPC .FRGMRF LZEC FNGTV F\GB<br />
.QGYK\M [RGTF TKDP ,FRGMRF FNGTVF \GCK[IC [KDZF BN GC[ OGYPC<br />
GK[TPN CN \PG[\ GC GZZGTK[ \GIGM OEBC NKTVFN Q\KR G\GTXPBC<br />
.L[PFC QGMR NGTVN GN GTKKSKG<br />
GC[ OGYPC FVSGG\F[ \G[KDZF \EKP BNB ZYKTF BGF [RGTF BN<br />
,FKZCI NT WGINN \KB[Z QGYK\F LZEC \MNGFF FZCI .FZSI F\KKF<br />
KEM ,OFN FZSIF \G[KDZF \EKPN OB\FC YZ { O[KRTFN GB O\GB ZZGTN<br />
ZZGTN FZCIF NT .ONGTFG FZCIF KVNM Z\GK QGMR NGTVN OFN Z[VBN<br />
UKSGFN NGMK BGF FPM TEK GNKB KZF[ ,\GRGMRF \GNGTVF \B OEBC<br />
.UKSGP FKF[ KBEG ,OKRGMRF GK[TP KEK NT ONGTNG FZCIN<br />
\GEKPF<br />
FZCIFG JZVF KB[GRC OGN[G YEX ,\PB ,ESI :\GEPF TCZB"<br />
GPNXM FGGYPF CGJF \EP \B CJKF OKTEGK GRB[ ZIBN<br />
GR\G[ZN OKEPGTF OKTXPBFG OKZCEC QRGC\FN GRKNT ,G\GPEG<br />
.Z[GBFG CGJF \B [KIFN KEM<br />
TCZB
55<br />
FZCIFG JZVF KSIK<br />
YEX ,\PB ,ESI :QFG GH FZJPN OKBXPR \GEP TCZB<br />
.FM ET ONGTF KRY\P NM G[P\[F GNB \GEPC .OGN[G<br />
\GI\V\FF FM ET F\[T GNB \GEP TCZBC[ ,Z\GK QGMR<br />
FBKCF[ ET \K\DZEFF FMZE \B ,OKP[F \N[PP { \K[GRBF<br />
."KGG[MTF CXPF NB \G[GRBF \B<br />
\GKGXP QNGM .OGN[G YEX ,\PB ,ESI :OEBC \GBXPR \GEKP TCZB<br />
KEK NT OEBC JNG[ BZGCF .GN[ KNNMF NCYN QGXZC \GJNG[G G\GKPKRVC<br />
JGN[N WVI OEBF OB .EIK Q\TCZBCG \GEKPFP \IB NMC KSIK [GPK[<br />
GKNT ,BZGCN FZGXF \GG\[FN TKDFN FZJPC GPXT \B NFRNG GKKIC<br />
OEBF NMGK Q\ZHTC[ \GM[GPF QF FNB .GNNF \GEKPF TCZBC [P\[FN<br />
.BZGCN G\GPEKF LKNF\ \B NKCGFN<br />
\I\ \GI\V\FF YGI \B IYR[ CJGP KM NKTN C\MR ZCM"<br />
OKZGSKF ZPGI NMP GRKPXT ZGJVR HB KM ,GR\N[PPG GRKEK<br />
.BCFNG QBMP GRKETC \P[GZ \K\GI\V\FF FKZGJSKFF[<br />
FP CJKF \TEN KEM .GNB \GEP TCZBC QGERG QKKTR LMKVN<br />
OFP TGKSN \GGYN GRN [K[ FP TER OMG\PG FM ET GRN GR\R[<br />
."BCFN<br />
.BZGCN FZGXF \GG\[F { FBKZCF \ZJP ZCTN ZKE\ \PEY\P \G[GRBF<br />
LZE"C ,FTZ LZEC I\V\FN GB FCGJ LZEC I\V\FN ZGICN F\NGMKC<br />
OEBF Z[BM \[IZ\P FZG\ LZEC \GI\V\F ."OKZGSKK LZE"C GB "FZG\<br />
.BZGCN FZGX \BGG[FN TKDFN GKNT KM \TCGY FBKZCF \C[IP[ FNDP<br />
ZGBF" \NGTV \B QKPHFN KTXPBCM FNCYF \PMIC [P\[P BGF<br />
FGG\[K[ LM G\GB QY\PG G\P[R [ZG[P TKDPF IGM { "CJGPN ZKHIPF<br />
.BZGCN<br />
.GIZGM NTCG G\TEP BN[ BNB ,BGF UB I\V\P QM DFGR GRKB[ OEB<br />
.FBKZCF \ZJP ZCTN G\GB OEYPG GKNT WIGN KTCJF \GI\V\FF IGM<br />
OKZGSKKF .OKZGSKK LZE FRGMP BKF QMNG NCSC FMGZMF \GI\V\F KFGH<br />
\GI\V\FN ZGCTN KBEM UBG KIZMF KM OEBF FNDP OKKJTCG OKZCJXP<br />
LZEC { G\TEP OB ,I\V\P BXPR OEBF ,LM QKCG LM QKC .FZG\ LZEC<br />
.OKZGSKK LZEC { G\TEP BN[ OB ,FZG\
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
56<br />
\PBF \TKCYC<br />
OKK[TPF OKK[YF<br />
’\PBF’ \TKCYC OKK[TPF OKK[YF"<br />
FEP GRN QKB[ KBEG ’FMNFN’ ,\GCGJ \GEPC OKRE GRB Z[BM<br />
,NKTN GRZED[ CGJF NM KZF[ .’\PBF’ \EPP FCGJ Z\GK<br />
BNPPG ,Q\GR JZVF Z[BM ,BGF ZGCKXFG EKIKF QKC[ FYKHC<br />
YEXC NNMFP GYNI NJGR ODG { NNMF KVNM GKEKYV\ \GPN[C<br />
KM ,BGF QGZSIF BNB ’\PB’ ZCE BNB GRKB FH NM = = = Z[GKCG<br />
K[GYF FRFG .ZGCKXF NT NNM \NCY\P GH FEP QKB ’F[TPN’<br />
FHKB QBM [K[ ,GMG\P IMGP ZGPBF \PBC GR[K[ F[TPN<br />
GFP :QRGC\FN OKMKZXG .ZGCKXF NT NCY\K BN[ ,OZGDG ODV<br />
."ODVF G\GB<br />
FH .\KCZP FTV[FC GNGM NMG "OKCGJNG OKTZN CKJKPG CGJ" QGKNTF ZGBF<br />
\GG[FN \G[GRBF NT .FNGM \GBKXPF \B UKYPF KNNMF YGIF N[ GTCJ<br />
.FH YGI N[ G\ZGXN F\ZGX \B FDZEFC<br />
KEM NCYK Z[B NM QMNG ,FP[RC YZ BNG KP[D UGDC OKKY\P OEBF<br />
KBR\C \BH LB ,FTV[FF ZEDP G\GB BKXGK BN OKKIZMFF GKMZX \B BNPN<br />
NECF QKB ,OEBF N[ NCYN QGXZF \RKICP .\NGHN TKV[K Z\KF NM \B[<br />
KJSKBGDBF QGXZFP WGI[ KRVP ,BZGCN FRK\R QKCN \NGHN FRK\R QKC<br />
.ZCE [KDZFN NDGSP GRKB BGF GN[ KJZVF<br />
FNCY G\GFPG ,"\PBF \EKP" GB "\PBF YGI" OD FRGMP KNNMF YGIF<br />
G\GB OEYPG GC JNG[ ,OEBF NT WIGN BGF .\KNPKSYP FRK\RG \KNPKRKP<br />
NCYN QGXZF .GRGXZN NGB[N BNC OD ,GPKT \fG\[FN FDZEFCG ZKE\<br />
\GKMVF OEBC \[DZGP G\GI\V\F \EKP KVNG ,UZF BNN I\V\P OEBC[<br />
OKZGSKKF LB ,\PBF YGIP YIZ\PG LNGF OEBF .\PBF YGIP Z\GK FNGED<br />
.GPKT FZGX \GG[FN G\GB GCKKIK<br />
[KDZP[ NCSF \B \G[KDZP QRKB ,KIG IPGX ,OPGE \GDZEP ,\GKZCF Z\K<br />
NCYN QGXZF .\K[VGI FZKIC QKB QFN[ \GI\V\FF \GDZEC .OEBF<br />
\B F[KDZPF FEKIKF FKKZCF BGF LM OG[PG ,OEBC YZ OKKY KJSKBGDBF<br />
\EKP KV NT OEBN SIKK\P BZGCF KM ZPGN OKDFGR GRB .YGIF N[ GXIN<br />
GKNT G\TV[FG OEBN BZGCF N[ GSIK[ LMN FRGGMF QKB LB ,G\GI\V\F<br />
OEBF N[ NCYN QGXZF[ QGGKM .GPXT OEBF [KDZP LM[ BNB ,FR\[P
57<br />
FZCIFG JZVF KSIK<br />
QBM QKB BZGCF N[ GEKXP LB ,BZGCF QP Z\GK NGED WIN [KDZP BGF ,NE+D<br />
.KGRK[ NM<br />
GFBXP\ ,K[TPF GRGZ[MC ,ZGPBF \PBFC CJKF [V[V\[MG"<br />
QKTN NNM Z[VB KBG ,EBP LCGSPG NVZGTP BGF[ IZMFC<br />
.GKNT EGPTN \K[GRBF<br />
,ZGCKXC[ OKEKIKF NM \GG[FN GR\GB \CKKIP \PBF KZF[<br />
GFHG ,Z\GK BNG \GIV BN ,O\TKDK \EP KVN OYNI GNCYK[<br />
,BGF KBEG KZF[ ,GKZIB ZFZFN QKB[ ,K\KPBF ,KEKIKF SKSCF<br />
\TEF EDRM OF GK[TP ,GZCI N[ G\TKDKP \GRFN FXGZF NM[<br />
.ZGPBF ZGZCF \PBFG<br />
QVGB[ ,GHF \PBF \B ZZCN NMGR[ ,GRN ZKKGXK EXKM NCB<br />
FEGCTF KVN ZCEC QGER OB ,N[PN .ZGCKXF CN NT NCY\\[<br />
EIBG EIB NM \B CKKIRG ,\GT[F ZVSP KVN ,ZPGNM ,FKGNDF<br />
\EP NNM GRN FND\\ BN QKKET { FGG[ \GT[ ZVSP EGCTN<br />
."\PBF<br />
GPGKYN KIZMFF \B YZ NCYNG ,G\NGMKC[ NM \\N OEB NM NT :ZGZC YGIF<br />
?FH YGI O[KKN NMGR EXKM LB .G\IV[P OGKYNG KJZVF<br />
OG[P BGF ’BF :OKZCE ’C OG[P ,KGND ZY[ QBM [K { FCZEBG"<br />
.ECGTF N[ K[VRF EXF OG[P ,’CFG ,KHKVF EXF<br />
[KG { ,EIBG EIB NM NXB FG[ FEGCTN IMF QKB ,TCJF EXP KM<br />
,G\[NGI KRVP ,G\EGCTC TDK\P BGF[ FZCIFP EIB LN<br />
,\GT[ K\[ ECGTF GZCIP Z\GK FCZF { \IB FEGCT FT[C<br />
.Z\GK GB<br />
TDK\P ,GTCJP EBP NXTF KM .KDGNGMKSV QKRT GRKRVN [K QMG<br />
KVNG .Z\GK GB \GT[ K\[C GZCIP Z\GK { \IB FT[C M"D<br />
,FZCIFP EIB YNI CKKIN GRN QKB ,ZGZCF ,\PBF \EP \VY[F<br />
.OFKKI KMZX YGVSN ,ZIBF YNIFP Z\GK ,TDK\FN<br />
OKRFR ,FZCIC[ OKKTCJF OKHKZHFG OKZGCDF OKBXPR ,F[TPNG<br />
\EPN EGDRC ,OCN QGEHC O\GB OKNXRPG ,OKZIB N[ O\TKDKP<br />
OKNXTFG OK[NIF \PGTN ,EBP JTP OKTDKK\P OF KM ,\PBF<br />
."FZCIC[
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
58<br />
OEB NMG ,\GENGPF OFK\GRGM\C JGN[N \NGMK BNC GBZCR OEBF KRC<br />
OB\FCG { [VKJ ZIBF ,OMI EIB ;[NI ZIBF ,YHI EIB .GZCIP FRG[<br />
N[ ORGN[KMN OD OGZDN KG[T NHP ZSGI .\GIV GB Z\GK OKIKNXP OF LMN<br />
GKKI \B OKCK\MPF [BZP OKRMGP OKRG\R [K OEB NMN .OKHKZHFG OKPMIF<br />
QFKVGXZV QKBG FHN FH FPGE O\TE QKB"[ ZPBR[ KVM ,O\GR[N Q\KR BNG<br />
.GK\GRGM\G [KB [KB ;(B"T IR \GMZC) "FHN FH OKPGE<br />
,OEBF \GRGM\ .OEBF \GKPKRV N[ \YKGEP FRGP\ ZKKXN KZ[VB K\NC<br />
FRGP\ OKCKMZP OKVSGR OKRG\RG GIGZ CXP ,GC[ \GKPKRVF \GRMFF<br />
FRKB OEBF \GKPKRV N[ \NVZGTPF F\ZGX .FRCFN F[YG \CMZGP<br />
F\GB \B O\EGCTC OKTKY[P OK[RB KR[ OB \KRGXKI LKZTFN \Z[VBP<br />
QNXTF GNKBG NKDZFP Z\GK ZFP \PKGSP FEGCT TXCK HKZHF .FTKDK \EKP<br />
.OEB KRC QKC KTCJF KRG[F OT FPKN[P FRKB \K[GRBF FZCIF .CMT\K<br />
LB ,FEKP F\GB KVN ,FTJPG KZY[ FEKP FRY KVN NGMF \B \JVG[ BKF<br />
.OEBF N[ KPKRVF WPBPF \B GB FTKDKF \B YGECN Q\KR BN F[TPN<br />
OKCZ KZIB’ N[ KTCJF YGIF \B QGC[IC EGT IYR OBG"<br />
\GT[ ZVSP \B SKSCM NCY\[ ,GHM \PB QKP ,KZF ,’\GJFN<br />
,OKNXTFG OK[NIF KM ,NNM BPKKY \C FRKB { ,FKGNDF FEGCTF<br />
JGTKPN GZ[VBK BN FPFG ,FZCIF LG\C ZMKRF CGZF EKP\ FPF<br />
.O\TKDKG OIM \B NXRN OKZGCDFG OKHKZHF<br />
N[ KBR\C ,JZVF N[ FTKDK BGF[ ,ZGPBF SKSCF[ ,LN KZF<br />
KM ,NNM K[TP GRKB { ,FZCIC[ CGZF GEKXNG ,FZGZCF \PBF<br />
,\PBF \EP[ BXPR .ZYKT NM FMZTFNG FYKECN Q\KR GRKB<br />
KMZEG ,EKIKF KMZE GKV NT ZESN ,F[TPN QGZ[M OG[ FN QKB<br />
,JNIFC ,\TEF \B IKRK[ ,ZPGNM ,JNIGP QVGBC ,ZGCKXF<br />
OKKIF KZESN FPKB\PF FZGPDF FYVSF F\GB NNM FC QKBG<br />
."ONGTF N[ QGYK\F ZPDC[<br />
FPDGEM FKSGZ<br />
FKZGJSKFF .\KNPKSYP FRK\RG \KNPKRKP FNCY F[GZKV "\PBF \EKP"<br />
\B DKFRFN OEBF KRC N[ O\NGMK ZSGI NT \GEPNPF \GBPDGE \YVSP
59<br />
FZCIFG JZVF KSIK<br />
F[IZ\F Z\GKC \RKKRTPF FPDGEFG ,OKKI OF FC[ FZCIC \PBF \EKP<br />
\ZGM[PF N[ FZGTK[ FKF \KJSKRGPGYF FMVFPF N[ F\K[BZC .FKSGZC<br />
,\TEN \GRGJN[F GIMGR QPHF UGNIC .FGG[ OKNTGVF NMN FPNG[[<br />
,OK[NIF OKNTGVF N[ O\YGV\C \TDGV FRKB ORPB \GZGM[PF \GEKIB[<br />
OFP NJKR QM[ ,Z\GK OKHKZHF OKNTGVF N[ O\YGV\C \TDGV BKF ONGB<br />
.\XPGBP FEGCTN TKRPF<br />
OGN[\ N[ \GKRKEP[ FRYSPN FMVFPF \DFRF FTKDF LMP FBXG\M<br />
ZGCTN JNIGF LM OG[P .KNMNM DG[D[ \TRGP ZGTK[ G\GBC \GZGM[P<br />
:EKP GR\[F OKNTGVF N[ O\EGCT KSGVE .FYGV\ KVN \GZGM[P OGN[\N<br />
GZ\GR OKN[GMF OKNTGVF GNKBG ,GYHI\FG GZ[T\F OKNKTKF OKNTGVF<br />
,OKZ[TF FBPF N[ OKT[\F \GR[C ,FYKGZJSZVF \VGY\C .ZGIBP<br />
,FKIZHBPG FRKEPFP GCRD OF .FRKEPF N[ FRGF \B FPXGTF KNTC GY[T<br />
OEB NM NT KM TCGYF ,KJSKNBKXGSF QGZYKTF .CTZ KEKN GTKDF OK[NIFG<br />
N[ ORGKSKR ONGB .QGMR QGZYKT BGF ,GKMZX KVN NCYNG G\NGMK KVN \\N<br />
[GZEN GRKKFE ,"\PBF \EKP"N FRKEPF KYGI \B \GPEN OKRMVFPF<br />
QGEKR ,FGG[ ZM[ OFN YKRTFNG \K[KBF \NGMKF KV NT WPBP OKNTGVFP<br />
.FZGP\ BNN EGCTN OEBN Z[VBK BN ONGTN NCYN QGXZF .QGN[KMN<br />
OGKN OKNY[ FBP BGF ECGT N[ GZM[ GC[ CXP ZB\R F[IPF O[N<br />
FEGCT OGKN OKNY[ UNB ZM\[FN KG[T FKF WGZIG HKZH NTGV .FEGCT<br />
,WPB\FN FKXCKJGP FKF\ BN FHM NTGVN .G\NGMK KV NT NPDG\ GNKB<br />
GRPP TRPK NCYN QGXZF .OKNY[ FBP N[ ZM[ NCYK FZYP NMC KZF[<br />
OF ,FGG[ ZM[ OKNTGVF NMN IJCGP BNKPP OB .USGR WPBP TKY[FN<br />
.O\YGV\ \B ZKCDFN GXPB\K BN<br />
\ZGX KEKN OKTKDP GRKKF ,\GBKXPC \PBF \EKP \B O[KKN FKF Q\KR GN<br />
NCYPG G\NGMK KVM Q\GR EIB NM GC[ CXP ."QGYK\F ZPD" N[ OGKY<br />
FRKICP QYG\P CXP FZGBMN BGF OKZIBF N[ OZM[N FGG[F ZM[<br />
\GTXPBC BZGCC YGCEN \KPKRVF FRGGMF GC FZSI KM UB ,\KRGXKI<br />
.FNB OK[TP<br />
OB .KIMGRF GCXPC GRPNGTC OKKY\FN FNGMK FRRKB \PBF \EKP ONGB<br />
FZGP\G \KNPKSYP FEGCT N[ QGZYKTF \B LKZTP GRRKB G\GNNMC ZGCKXF<br />
\GRGZYT \B LGVFN [K ,FH QGZYKT JKN[FN KEM .NKTGK BN ZCE ,\KNPKRKP<br />
KP[DF NCYN QGXZF .\BH \G[TN Q\KR BN LB ,QGKNT LZTN OHKNBKXGSF
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
60<br />
FZCIF[ GVGS ,\PBF \EKP KVN DFGRF OEB .ZCEF \B Z[VBP GRKB<br />
KRCP EIB NMC[ NCYN QGXZF CKDK FC[ \KTCJF LZEF KFGH .GC NHNH\<br />
.GHM[ \GDFR\F KVNM OEBF<br />
\BG \GZVSF \B ,TGRNGYF \B QKKRTN O\Z KJSKRGPGYF QGJN[F<br />
OHKRGPGYF LB ,FVKG ON[GP NGMF FKF FKZGB\C .FNGM \KSGZF \GCZ\F<br />
KJSKRGPGYF WPBPF .N[MKFN GRKE FHM YCBPG ,NCYN QGXZC YCBR<br />
K[BZ .\NTG\ ZSIG K\GMBNP FKF FZCIC \PBF LZT \B [KZ[FN<br />
FRKEPC { OGYP NMC FGG[ OKCB[P \YGNIN \NNGM \KRM\ GDF FMVFPF<br />
QGXZF[ QGGKM LZT NM LMN FKF BN LB ,FKK[T\FG FZCIF KDNV NMCG FNGM<br />
.LMN QMGP FKF BN NCYN<br />
BZGCF KGNKD :ZM[F<br />
ZPGI" BGXPN FKNT .\PBF \EKPN TKDFN BNB FZKZC \G[GRBN QKB<br />
.KJSKNBKXGSF QGZYKTF KV NT DGFRN FXZK OEBF[ LM ,NCYN QGXZN "YNE<br />
QP Z\SRF KPKRVF WPBPF NT OEBF \B \GXVN BGF IZMFF QP ,LM O[N<br />
,GZM[ NEDK LM Z\GK WPB\K[ NMM[ OEBN IKJC\[ LZE BGXPN [K .QKTF<br />
QGXZF \B YVSN Q\KR EXKM ,QM OB .LMC QKIC\ BN FZH QKT[ KV NT UB<br />
?\KPKRVF G\TKDKN OB\FC ZM[ NCYK OEBF[ LMN TKDFNG NCYN<br />
BGF OEBN ZSI[ NM .ZM[ \\N NGMK BZGCF YZ \KPKRV FTKDK NT<br />
NMM[ QKCPG ,BZGCF OT ZG[Y BGF[ TEGK OEBF Z[BM .BZGCF OT Z[Y<br />
BGF[ { BZGCF QP ZM[ NCYK BGF FZCIN \\N G\GKPKRVC Z\GK WPB\K[<br />
OKZIB[ LMC QKKRT GN QKB KZF { GKXPBP \EKP \B YGKEC TEGKF EKIKF<br />
BGNPC EGCTN NGMK BGF LMG ,GZM[ \B ON[P BZGCF .G\TKDKC GZKMK<br />
.GIGM<br />
FEDR\F BKF .\KJSKNBKXGSF FTGR\F FIRH FHF QGZYKTF \B BYGGE<br />
\KJSKRGPGYF FJK[F .FN[MR LM OG[PG BZGCF OT OEBF N[ Z[YN<br />
KNPZGR" OGKYN \KSGZF FPGBF CG[\[ ET CZ QPH [ZEKKG ,\\GGTP F\KKF<br />
.\G[GRBF Z\KM ,"NYNGYP<br />
Q\GR OT ,BZGCF OT ZGZC Z[Y BGXPN OEBF NT :JG[V QGZ\VF ,QM OB<br />
.QGMRF "KGNKP"M GMKZTFNG GECMN ,ZGYPN ZCGIP \GKFN OEBF NT .ZM[F<br />
GRPP NCYP BGF[ "KGNKP"FG BZGCF OT GN[ Z[YF QKC FYKH ZGXKN GKNT
61<br />
FZCIFG JZVF KSIK<br />
,FH LKNF\ N[ GPGKY \B Z[VBN KEM .TKV[FNG \\N ,Z\GGN G\NGMK QKCN<br />
.FZCIFG OEBF ,BZGCF :[NG[P BZGCF ZXK<br />
\GBKXPF N[ KNNMF YGIF<br />
,BZGCFP BXK[ ZGBF GFH .\GBKXPF N[ KNNMF YGIF BKF \PBF \EKP<br />
\GRGXZF NMC JNG[G FNGM \GBKXPF \B BZGC ZGBF .NTGVF IGMF<br />
OGPKSYPG FNCY OGPKRKP" N[ QGZYKTF NT FKGRCF ,GN[ G\KRC\N OB\FC<br />
."FRK\R<br />
OKZGSKK .Z\GK OKCZ OKZGSKK [KDZP BGF LM ,ZGBN EDGRP QGXZF[ NMM<br />
OD F[TKK ZCEF .ZGBF \ZGX \B ZCE N[ GVGSC NCYN G\GB GCKKIK FNB<br />
GKNT ,KZ[VB K\NCM GKRKTC FPER ZCEF OB UB QMNG .OEBF QGXZN EGDKRC<br />
.FZGXF \GG\[F YGI OGKYN TKDFN GEKC GTKKSK[ OKTXPB [VIN<br />
\GR[N OKNGMK GRRKB .FMK[PF IGM GRKNT NTGV GC[ QVGBN FPGE ZCEF<br />
TGCY FMK[PF IGM .GC OKC[I\P GRB QMNG ,G\JKN[P JNPKFN GB ZCE GC<br />
,Z\K=\GECM [I GNY[PN UKSGF[ OEB .QVGB G\GBC ONGM NT NTGV BGFG<br />
.GKVNM GSIK \B FRK[ FMK[PF IGM[ LMN GH F[GI\ SIKKP BGF QKB LB<br />
NT NTGV \GBKXPF N[ KNNMF YGIF OD .GPXT GC NI KGRK[F KM QKCP BGF<br />
.GH LZEC OEBF<br />
OEBC NE+D NCYN QGXZF LB ,FTGCY LZEC TKV[P GPXT YGIF ORPB<br />
QGZ\VFG ,\ZCJXP \GECMF ,\GZXF \GCZ\P LMP FBXG\M .QG\R TDZ NMC<br />
.BXPKFN CKKI<br />
\PBF \EKP OG[KK \GZ[VB<br />
NCYN QGXZF FNT ,K"ZBF N[ G\TVGFNG OKKRKCF KPK N[ OXYN NKCYPC<br />
LMP FBXG\M .Z\GK FFGCD FDZEPN \G[GRBF NNM N[G NBZ[K OT N[<br />
\GZIB \GZGX [VIN GNIFG \GYGNBF \RCFN OEGYF SIKC OEBF KRC GSBP<br />
OGYPC ,\GKR\NM[ ,\GZIB \GMZTP ZIB GZ\ OF .BZGCF NB Z[Y N[<br />
TEPF N[ G\GI\V\F FXBGF FVGY\ F\GBC .\KTCJF FPKP\F FRGPBF<br />
.\G[EI \GKVGSGNKV \GKZGB\ TP[KFN GNIFG
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
62<br />
QGXZF IRGP GSKSCC .OKYGNBF ZIB [GVKI BGF TEPF OD ,\EF GPM<br />
.NKCYPC OKPEY\P \EFG TEPF .\GBKXPF N[ KNNMF YGIF \B \GNDN<br />
\\N \G[YCPF ,OEBF N[ \GK\GMBNP \GZKXK K\[ QF FNB ,F[TPN<br />
KM ZKTR FH QKKRTN .OEBN { TCJF N[ GB { OKYGNBF N[ GSIK NT FCG[\<br />
FKKZJPKDFG ,LF GRKKF OF "OKF=NB"G "TCJF"[ OKZPGB OKNCGYPF<br />
NT NTGV QGKNTF IGMF[ LM NT TKCXFN BC ZCEF .(86) G"V { FGG[ OFN[<br />
.TCJF LZE OKBZCRF<br />
\GZ[VBFG NCYN QGXZF FC NED ,\PEY\P \K[GRBF FZCIF[ NMM<br />
NCYNG NGMF \\N" N[ QGZYKTF .\\IGVG \MNGF \PBF \EKP \B [PPN<br />
IKRR OB UB .ZGEN ZGEP \GIVG \GIV K\GBKXP LVGF "LZGXF KVN<br />
QKB[ BXPR ,"\PBF \EKP" \B ONGTC DKFRFN FXGZ F\KKF \G[GRBF[<br />
,FNGM \G[GRBF LMN FPKMSF GNKB OD KZF[ .\BH \G[TN OKNM FKEKC<br />
FNGMK FRKB KBEGGCG ,G\NGMK KVN Q\GR EIB NM OB YGECN F\GZ[VBC QKB<br />
.OEBF \GKPKRV \B QGICN<br />
F\KKF BN ,OEBF \GKPKRV \B QGICN GRNGMK OB UB ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN<br />
LG\P ,\K\ZMF=\KBPXT FZGXC BGCN LKZX QGYK\ .FC CZT\FN \G[Z GRN<br />
NTGV BGF QGYK\ .KIZMF ZCEF[ G\[DZFN OB\FC YZG ,OEBF N[ GRGXZ<br />
.\PBF \EKP KV NT YZ OKKY\FN ONGTF NT KM OEBF \RCFP BXGK<br />
GPMI\KG Q\TE FCZ\[ ET" QK\PFN [K KM O"CPZF ZPB BGG[N BN<br />
,FCG[\ \GMNF ,FYHIF EK) "JTP JTP FH HZ OFN OKNDP FZK\K FPMI<br />
QGJN[F .G\GRMGP \EKP KVN ,FDZEFC OEBF KRVC U[IR \PBF YGI .(F ,K<br />
\GNGY OKTP[R GRKPKCG ,SRGBC ,IGMC \BH \G[TN FXZ KJSKRGPGYF<br />
GKF OKJSKRGPGYF KDKFRP N[ OFK[TP .LM \G[TN USGR QGKSKRC OKMPG\F<br />
.FZPGIC G[RTR OF LM OG[PG ,KRIGZ SRGB<br />
\GKPKRVF \B OD GPM \NGHF \GKPKRV \B ZKMFN OKNGMK GRRKB[ FECGTF<br />
JNG[F EKIKF BGFG BZGCN \MKK[ \KPKRVF \MZTPF .\KZYP FRKB GRN[<br />
GSIKG ,BZGCN LKK[ FKF GNKBM KPKRVF GRGRDRPN SIKK\FN OEBF NT .FC<br />
.BZGCN GSIK BGF FH QGRDRPN OEBF N[<br />
OHKBGDBP KPKRVF GRGRDRP \B LGVFK BZGCF[ \GGYN OEBF NT<br />
ZIB YNE ZPGI[ LMN ,G\GKPKRV QGYK\N YYG\[FN GKNT .OHKBGZJNBN<br />
\B CK[IFN GKNT { OEBF EXP FRMF [ZGE QGYK\F .WKZP\M GN [P[K
63<br />
FZCIFG JZVF KSIK<br />
LZEF KFGH .OKKP[DF OKKGNKPF NM N[ FHP CZ LZT NTCM KRIGZF ZM[F<br />
.\PBF \EKP \B DKFRFN FEKIKF<br />
KETNCF KBR\F BKF \K[GRBF OKSIKF \MZTPN QGKNTF IGMF \SRMF<br />
NGMK GRKB OEBF ."LGPM LTZN \CFBG" NT \ESGKPF ,FRKY\ FZCI OGKYN<br />
.GRPP Z\SR KGRK[F QGRDRPG G\GFP NT FJKN[ GN QKB .GPXT \B \GR[N<br />
ZIB "KGNKP" GN QKB ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ NNMF KVN DFGRF OEB<br />
.FZJP QFG YNE ZPGI QF FGGFPF ,BZGCF ECNP<br />
FNB NM NT { G\GCK[IG G\GKEGIKK ,GKNB \GCZY\FF ,BZGCF KGNKD<br />
\RKKRGTP \G[GRBF OB .GK\GZJP NMP OKNTRM OEBF KRKTC C[IKFN<br />
TGCRN OKCKKI FZJPFG KGXKVF ,YNEF ZPGI KHB ,NCYN QGXZF \B DKFRFN<br />
.GPXT QGKNTF IGMFP YZ<br />
NXRKFN FGGY\F \B QGKNTF IGMF KGNKDC FBGZ FZCIF GC[ CXPC<br />
CXPC .J[VGP D[GP EGT GRKB BZGCF ,\GPN[N TKDFN LZEF \BG OKZGSKKP<br />
FTV[FF \GRGM\ .FNTPNP FBZ[F FDZEFC \NCYP FNGM FZCIF FHM<br />
Q\KR BN ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN .Q\GB ECMN OEBF KRC GNIK QMNG ,BZGCN \GMKK[<br />
OZJC ,FRK\RNG QGKNTF IGMN OKZG[YF ,FNB OKMKNF\ OEBN ZKCSFN<br />
.\PBF YGI QGJN[C BNB \EF QGJN[C ZCGEP QKB .GPXTC FH LVFP ZGCTK<br />
LMC FXZK[ QKC ,\PBF YGI N[ G\GZP \B NCYN OEBF \B CKKIK TCJF<br />
.BN[ QKCG<br />
BNPNB .NCSC LM NT ON[P ONGTF KYGIC ZKMFN FXGZ GRKB[ OEB<br />
KBNP GRKKI GKF ,OFKPGEG FYKRMPF ,NP[IF ,FMK[PF KYGIC GRC[I\F<br />
NGVKK FMK[PF IGMP ONT\FC Z\GKP EIB ETX ETXK[ OEB ,N[PN .ZTX<br />
NGY[N NDGSP BGF QKB QMNG ,OEBFP Z\SR \PBF N[ KNNMF YGIF LB .EKP<br />
.GK\GTGR\P \IB BN UB FRGMR<br />
KVN NCYNG \NGMKF KVN EGCTN" NNMF N[ G\GTP[P \B QKCP GRKB OEBF<br />
BKF CXPG CXP NMC "\PBF \EKP" \B ZKMFN FEKIKF LZEF ."LZGXF<br />
\PDGE \B OEBN ZKBP CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF .QGKNTF QP FPDGE NGJKN<br />
OKKYP BGF QKB FPM ET QKCP GRKKFE ,GC[ TZC OEBF ZKMP FH ZGBC .QGKNTF<br />
.\\N FPMG NCYN GKNT FPM \TEN NGMKG ,ZGPBF NNMF \B F\T<br />
LZGX BGF Z[B NM \B FNCYM \GBZN QKB ,FTV[FC YSGT OEBF OB<br />
BGFG ,KRIGZF ONGTN ZH D[GP BGF "OGPKRKP NCYN" .FTV[FF ZGCTC<br />
\PKGSP \GPMN YYHR OEB GRN[ KP[DF ONGTC .\KP[DF \GBKXPFP CGB[
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
64<br />
KC\M"C ."FMKZX" OG[P LMC \GBZN QKB LB ,OKKY\FN KEM OGKC QGHP N[<br />
FZCIF NT[ QGC[IFG SIKF \B ONGSF NTC ZBCP "QGZIBF ZGEF<br />
,ZCE N[ G\KPBN .FKZCIP EIB NM N[ OKMZXN ZG[YF NMC \G[TN<br />
.FNCY BNG ,FTV[F BKF FNB OKCG[KI N[ O\GFP<br />
YI[PF<br />
FZCI NMG\ GKV NT[ FEKP FRY GFP ,QM OB .\Z\SR OEBF \GKPKRV ,ZGPBM<br />
?\GV\\[F FKZCIP [GZEN \GKRIGZN \VBG[F<br />
FZGXC "YI[N" GKNT .\KRGXKI FRKICP U\\[FN OEBFP [ZER ,QMCG<br />
.G\GKPKRVC \PBF \EKPC DFRGP FKF GNKBM OKZCIF Z\K KVNM \KRGXKI<br />
KVNM OKZCIF QP EIB NM N[ \KEEF \GCKKI\F BGF "YI[PF" QGZYT<br />
\ZGX ,\PBF \EKP KVN \DFR\P G\CKCS[ FBGZ OEBF[M .FNGM FZCIF<br />
DFR\FN NKI\P OEBF .GKNT \RZYGP FCKCSF N[ \KRGXKIF \GDFR\FF<br />
.KTCJ JYRKJSRKB LG\P ,G\GKRGXKIC FGPM<br />
FND\PG ,\KBEM \PBF \EKP KM QKCFN NKI\P BGF YI[PFP FBXG\M<br />
\Z[T \ZCGD FH LKNF\ N[ G\PXGT .G\GKPKRVC F\GB [PPN QGXZ GC<br />
UBG[G \GBKXPF N[ KNNMF YGIF \B EPGNF OEBC ZCGEP Z[BM OKRGP<br />
\BG BZGCF \GCK[I \ZMF \B FDZEFC OEBC ZZGTP YI[PF .G[PPN<br />
LM .\PBF \EKPC FJKN[F NTCM ,TKV[PM BZGCF \B ZKMFN QGXZF<br />
\PBF \EKP \B G\GKPKRVC ZGXKK[ ,BZGCF NB \K\KPB FYTX OEBC \ZXGR<br />
.GKZCIG BGF \GKRGXKIC F\T OKYI[P FC[<br />
\B [KDZP BGFG ,TZF \ZMF OEBC \ZZGT\P FZCIC YI[PN \GEGF<br />
.\PBF \EKPC[ CGJF \ZMF GC FGGF\P ,KR[ EXP .\PBF \EKPP GYGIKZ<br />
FRGZSIC ZKMFNG FTV[FF \RGM\ \B ECMN KEM OK[GZEF OKRG\RF NM<br />
\Z[VBP BZCRF TCJ QKCN BZGCF TCJ QKC NECFF \[DZF .GC OKPKKY\P<br />
.QGYK\ BZGCF QP NCYP BGF FK\GCYTCG ,FYTX OEBN<br />
YI[N GKZCIP [GZEN CKKI QGYK\F LZEC \MNGFF FZCIC ZCI NM<br />
NCY\F OZJ[ ZCE OKKYN \KEEFF \GCKKI\FF .QGYK\F ZPDC GKF GNKBM<br />
KC\M"C LM NT C\GM ONGSF NTC ."YI[P" \BZYR OEBF N[ GCKN NT<br />
:"QGZIBF ZGEF
65<br />
FZCIFG JZVF KSIK<br />
CKGIP KJSKBGZJNBF OHKRGPGYF \ZDSPN ,ZGCX GB EKIK ,SRMRF NM"<br />
OKRV NM NT GB .QM FGGX ’F[ OTJP FH NM OKKYK[ ,OKRGPB \TGC[ TC[FN<br />
[K ,FBKEKBF GN YKVSP[ ZPGB[ KPG .QM FGGX ’F[ ,GKRCN ZGSPN CKKI\K<br />
OKRV NM NTG .GNCYN Z[VB ,\PB BGF OBG .BGF \PB OB ,G\GSRNG GNCYN<br />
LGRIN O\GB ZGSPK BNB ,GN[ FZKVMF LZEP GKRCN ZGSPK BN[ IKJCK<br />
\B NYNYK KM .NNM GNCYN QKB ,FH BNG FH BN FXGZ GRKB OBG .FRKEPF<br />
.(BK TJY ,\GVSG\ ,B YNI) "GESVFC GZM[ BXKG GKZCI<br />
FKSGZC \G[TN OKJSKRGPGYF GSKR[ KVM ,\GK\GMBNP BN ODG ZY[ LMC QKB<br />
OKNCYP ONGSF NTC N[ GMZE \B \XPBPF FZCIF K[RB .FMVFPF ZIBN<br />
OKRKCP OF .FKKVM GB SRGB ,WIN BNC ,FPMSF LG\P YI[PF \B OFKNT<br />
.GKNB OPXT \B OKB\FN OKXVI OFG ,NTGVG OKKY KNNMF YGIF KM<br />
QGXZF \PXGT<br />
FC[ ,"UGS=QKB ONGT" \BZYRF FNGED FZKV+S LG\C \BXPR \G[GRBF<br />
F[KDZP BKF QKB LB ,FTV[FF YGI ,\PBF YGI { KNNMF YGIF NTGV<br />
\BZYRF \K\KPBF \GBKXPF QP EGBP FRJY FZKV+S YZ OK[I GRB .\BH<br />
ZPGI OKKY\P "GRN[ ONGTF" \BZYRF OGKYF \PZC ."GRN[ ONGTF"<br />
BGF GRN[ ONGTCG ,OEBF QGXZ BGF ZPGIF :\PBF YGIN \EDGRPF FZGXC<br />
.KJSKBGDB QGXZ<br />
KNNMF YGIN EGDKRC OKKY\FN ZPGIF NGMK FC[ \EIGKP OGKY \PZ GH<br />
.BN G\G ,GRN[ ONGTF \ZDSPN NCDGP FHM[ OGKY ,\BH OT .\GBKXPF N[<br />
.\PBF YGIN FPB\F BNC GRN[ ONGTF \PZN ZCTP NB \GNTN Q\KR BN<br />
GPXT \GIGMC NKVTFN OEBN \GZ[VBF \B BZGCF ZXK FC[ LZEF KFGH<br />
.BZGCF \DZEPN<br />
\GRGXZP NIF { GRN[ ONGTF \DZEC KGXP OEBC[ NCYN QGXZF EGT NM<br />
TEKN QGXZN ETG FJKN[G EGCMN ,Z[GTN \GRGXZ LZE ,OKKPGKY=OKKRVGD<br />
LGZM ZCEF ORPB .\PBF YGIN EGDKRC OKKY\FN NGMK BGF { \GNM[GPG<br />
.GRKRKTP \Z\SR LMC FZMFF LB ,EKP\P ZSGIC<br />
NT \K[GRBF FZCIF \ZCD\P ,OGN[G YEX ,ESI \GEKPF \GTXPBC<br />
OKKY\FN FN \GZ[VBP QF ,F[TPN .\PBF YGI \B OKKYN F\NGMK ZSGI
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
66<br />
YGIN FZGPD \GKMVF .QGYK\C LZGXF FC ZZGT\K[ ET KRPH QVGBC<br />
N[ KPXT SZFN FNKI\MNP FBKCP F\KKF { FTV[FF YGI { \PBF<br />
.FNGM \G[GRBF<br />
\KRIGZF FDZEF \B \PBG\F FEKPN I\V\P NCYN QGXZF Z[BM<br />
CXPC .\PBF YGIN EDGRP BGF FPM ET F[DZF OEBC \ZZGT\P ,FRG[BZF<br />
\PMIN L[PR BGFG ,YGIF \B OKKYN NKI\FN GKNT { FZKZC OEBN QKB FHM<br />
.FNCYF<br />
\GXXG \GNGT FZKZC ZSGI \[DZFN TKDFG I\V\F[ NCYN QGXZC<br />
FNB \GNB[ ,F[TPN .GCXP QGZ\VN FJK[ [VIP BGFG ,\GKPGKY \GNB[<br />
QVGBC .\GBKXPF N[ KNNMF YGIF ,\PBF YGI OT QGHKB ZSGIP \GTCGR<br />
.\GG\[FN OEBF [YCP GKNB ,TEGP K\NC<br />
OKMZT KGRK[<br />
KVN NCYNG \NGMKF KVN \\N" YGIF \B FZCIF \ZDSPC [PPN WPBP<br />
,GHM F[YC OEBC ZZGT\\[ KEM .BZGCN F[YC OEBC ZZGTK BN "LZGXF<br />
KFP \T NMC GPXT \B NGB[N OEBF NT .FZJPM BZGCF \B CKXFN GKNT<br />
OKKIF \PZ ZGVK[ { FZCIC \ZDSPC GKXPBP KZGIBP \EPGTF FZJPF<br />
.FTV[FN FNCYP ZCTP GB ,FZCIF N[<br />
OKZGSKKP JNPKFN QGXZF BGF FNCY EGPKNN OEBF N[ KRG[BZF UIEF<br />
.OEBF N[ GKMZT FDZEFC OKR\[P EGPKNF LKNF\ KEM LG\ .ZTX KKIPG<br />
BKF[ OG[P { \PB BKF[ OG[P YZ \PBF NB YYG\[FN NKI\P BGF<br />
FZGXC FZCIN FRGV OEBF ,FZJPF BGF BZGCF OB .QGKNTN ,BZGCN \MKK[<br />
OKVSGR OKRVGBG OKZIB OKTXPB GPXTCG FZCIC [VIP BGF .\ZIB<br />
[KB .\GR\[P \GZJPFG ,\GMVF\P \GCKSF .BZGCN TKDFN GN GZ[VBK[<br />
YZ OB KM ,BZGCF OT Z[YN LZGX LG\P EGPKNN TKDF BN FNCYF KEPGNP<br />
GC FZZGT\F[ ,"GRKKIC OTJF FP" FNB[N FCG[\ BGXPN \GXKIRFP<br />
.F\GZKZP NMC<br />
\KJSKRGPGYF FMVFPF \ZJP .\KSGZF FPGBF OD LM ,FNCYF KEPGN GPM<br />
LZGXF \B OKJSKRGPGYF KDKFRP GRKCF YZ GNKB .OKKIF \PZ ZGVK[ F\KKF<br />
,QGKNTF IGMF QP FNKI\MNP GY\R\F BNPNB .OKIKNXP GKF OF ,BZGCC<br />
OKKIN FJK[ [GVKI :FNCYF EPGN ZCGT[ FHN NKCYP LKNF\ OKZCGT GKF
67<br />
FZCIFG JZVF KSIK<br />
,OPXTN CKJKFN KEM BZGCN \GZ[Y\F ,BZGCC KGN\ ZCEF[ KGNKD ,OKCGJ<br />
LG\PG { OKPKB\PF FNCYF KC\MC QGMR [GPK[ ,\K\ZCI \MZTP \KKRC<br />
FNGT BZGCF \GCK[I[M .TKV[PF=BZGCF \GCK[IC \K\DZEF FZMF LM<br />
BZGCF \D[F \MVGF ,FHF ONGTC OKKP[DF OKCGJF OKKIF \GCK[I NT<br />
.QGKNTF LZTN<br />
LZE NMC GY\R\F LB ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" \B [PPN GXZ OKJSKRGPGYF<br />
GY\KR OF .FNXFN JGI N[ FXY OEKC ZB[R BNG BZGCF \D[FP \KZ[VB<br />
FSRPF FZCI ."FZCI ,OEB ,BZGC" [NG[PF QGZYKTF QP BZGCF \B<br />
\JNIGP \GPNT\F LG\P "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ NNMF \B [PPN<br />
IGM N[ GPGKYP ONT\PG OGF\F \V[ NT EPGTF OEBN FNG[P BZGCFP<br />
.FMK[PF<br />
*<br />
\GI\V\FF \PZC FKGN\ FZGZC FV[C FNCYF \PMI \B TKCFN \NGMKF<br />
TEKF NM ,\YVSPF FEKPN NED \G[GRBC NCYN QGXZF[ KRVN .ZGEF N[<br />
\NGMK BNC ,DK[PF NCGYPF N[ KPKRVF [D+Z^F&F LG\C SGPM ZB[R<br />
ZPGIF NT TKCJFN \Z[VBP NCYN QGXZF \NKED YZ .ZGCKXN GZKCSFN<br />
FNCYF \ZG\" GZPBPC .GEGSKC TEK@,FPDGEN ,K"ZBF[ YGI G\GB \B GN[<br />
\CKSP BGF FPMIF KGNKD LZEC K\KKMH NM" :ONGSF NTC EKTP "F\GFPG<br />
\B YK\TFN Q\KR FC[ FEKPN NCYN QGXZF I\V\F GRZGEC ."KN[ ZGEF<br />
YGI \B DKXFN GR\NGMKC .GFP QGICNG NCYN QGXZF NB FTV[FF YGI<br />
.GKNT QGENG ZGCKXF KRVC FTV[FF
EKIK<br />
JKN[<br />
LN QKB KM .ZGPBFP Z\GK OKNGED OKK[Y [K[ BNB ,EGT BNG"<br />
NM[ ,BGF KTCJ FRFG .GPXT TCJF LZEP ,Z\GK FZGZC \PB<br />
JKN[ GPM F"CYF N[ GPNGTC GPXT \B [KDZP OEBG OEB<br />
ET ,GKKI \B ZV[NG NYFN BNB ,BZCR BN G\NGH NM Z[B ,EKIK<br />
."FZGP\ GHKB GEKXP \\N ,KF[NM FCGI [KDZFN KNCP<br />
\GIV FCKCSN LKK[ GPXT \B [KDZP BGF QM I\V\PG LNGF OEB[ NMM<br />
OEB .ONGM NTP ,EIGKP ,EKIK ,EEGC ,ECN BGF KM [KDZP BGF .\GIVG<br />
BGF QKB KM ET FCKCSF QP Y\GRP FM BGF \GKRIGZN QGXZF GC ZZGT\P[<br />
\GKZCF Z\K N[ OPGKYC [KDZP BGF QKB .GRPP \[ZGE BKF FP NNM QKCP<br />
NM GC NED KJSKBGDBF NCYN QGXZF .FP=ZCE OFN CKKI BGF KM [I GRKBG<br />
.GRPP FNJKR \NGHF \[DZFG ,LM<br />
KP N[ FCKCSN OSIKP FRG[ FHM QGXZC BXPRF OEB N[ FCKCSN SIKF<br />
ZIB FVKEZC { QGXZF N[ Z\GK OKPEYGP \GI\V\F KCN[C OKKGXP[<br />
OKNGJR ORKB FNB OK[RB .\GNM[GP GB FJKN[ ,EGCM ,Z[GT ,\GGB\<br />
GNXRN OKIKNXPG CJKF \NGHF \B OK[KDZP OF :LVFN BNB ,\NGHF \[DZF<br />
OKBYKJKNGVF N[ O\NGMK NGMN FTGEK ,FPDGEN .OFK\GVKB[ KGNKP O[N<br />
.F\GB QZP\NG FCKCSF \B [KDZFN<br />
\[DZF \B ECBP \GKRIGZN Z\GK FCGZY G\GI\V\F \DZE[ OEB<br />
OT EGCTN NGMK BGF QKB \GPEGY \GI\V\F \GDZEC DFGRN EGDKRCG ,\NGHF<br />
.NNM BXPR GRKB[ GF[P NBM BGF GN WGIP KGXPNG \NGHN GSIK .OKZIBF<br />
.F\GB [KDZP BGF QKB[ QGGKMP FCKCSC C[I\FN NGMK BGF QKB<br />
NB ,NCYN QGXZF \GI\V\F N[ QGZIBF CN[F NB TKDP OEBF[ OZJ<br />
OT YCI\P BGF .FCKCSF \B [KDZP BGF ,Z\GKC KZHMBFG NGEDF QGXZF<br />
69
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
70<br />
;FYEX Q\GR ,OKNGI K\CC ZGHTN JGFN ,\NGHN DBGE ,O\KB KI ,OKZIBF<br />
KP .GC G\GN\ \B QKCPG G\GB [KDZP ,\NGHF \B FBGZ BGF ."CN GN [K"<br />
Z\GK OKKCCN OKBZR GDBF N[ FRGZIBF \GI\V\FF \DZEN GTKDF OZJ[<br />
.FNCYF \PMIN OKRMGP ZCMG FRGZIBF \GI\V\FF \DZEN GTKDF[ KPP<br />
.GMGVKFG ZCE [K QGZIBF \GI\V\FF CN[ NB ZCTPC ,QM OB<br />
KZSIM OZKEDFN Z\GK QGMR .Z\GKC OKKZHMBF OKTKDP FNCYF \PMIN<br />
F\KKF GNKB .FKDGNGYBN OKDBGE ORKB FNCYF KEPGN .\NGHF [D+Z^F&<br />
OD .OKDGNGYBN KBEGGC OKZCGI GKF OF ,OFKRKKTP [BZC FKDGNGYBF<br />
.OKNGIF K\C NB OKHVIR GKF QM BNPNB ,OKDBGE OF QKB OKYYHRNG OKNGIN<br />
ZSGI \B BKCP FNCYF EGPKNN TKDPF OEB N[ EGBP I\GVPF GDBF<br />
\NGHF \B [KDZP BGF QKB KM ET ,\GFGCD FM \GDZEN \NGHF KVNM G\G[KDZ<br />
\B FZGBMN OKCHGT FPMIF EGPKNN OKZ[MGPF .GNXRN EXKM TEGK GRKBG<br />
ZCI\FN OKNGMK OF QKB .GPKT Z[Y BNC OPXT \B OK[KDZPG FHF ONGTF<br />
BGNPC OKEEGC OPXT \B OK[KDZP OFG ,OEBF KRC N[ \fZC@IzF Z\K OT<br />
.FNKPF QCGP<br />
*<br />
Z\GKC QJYF GCXPC .\GI\V\FF LKNF\ NM N[ GMZGBN FDZEFC NE+D GDBF<br />
FP \B YZ FXGZ BGF .NNM \NGHF \B [KDZP GRKB[ YGRK\N BGF FPGE<br />
FPDGE OF OKIEKR OKZVM KC[G\ .Z\KF NMC C[I\P GRKBG GKNB CGZY[<br />
OF QKB .OKKYC OKYV\SP OFG QJY OFN[ NCYN QGXZF :LMN \JNGC<br />
EG[G IXZ KZYP N[ JTGP ZVSPC BJC\P ZCEFG ,\NGHF \B OK[KDZP<br />
.FNBM[ \GPGYPC<br />
FBXG\M .OKVSGR OKKGNKP OEBFP [ZGE BGF NE+D NCYN QGXZF Z[BM<br />
KEM ,FCKCSF \BG FZCIF \B ,\NGHF \B Z\GK [KDZFN NKI\P OEBF LMP<br />
NT ,OKZIB OK[RB OT ZMPPG IYPC USM IKGGZP BGF .G\BRFN ONXRN<br />
EGCM \GPEC [EI KGNKPN Z[GTP KGNKPF \B ZKPP BGF Z[BM .ORGC[I<br />
FZCIFP NCYP BGF .\NGHF NGXKR KEK NT [MGZ BGF G\GB OD ,FJKN[G<br />
KZIB OKBYKJKNGV N[ O\VKEZ .FKNB Z\GK FFGCD \G[KDZ I\VPG FMZTF<br />
FJKN[N OKYYG\[PF N[ LZGXF \B [KIPFN FCKJKP NFY \TE KZYS<br />
.G\[DZFCG \NGHF \TKEKC EGCMG<br />
GRKB ZCM OEBF FH CN[C .\GNM[GPN QGXZ BGF BCF \GI\V\FF CN[<br />
WVI BGF .BKF[ \GPM F\GKFN \GCKSF \B BNB ,FZCIF \B [KDZFN FXGZ
71<br />
EKIK JKN[<br />
CN[C .LM NFR\FNG DFR\FN FZCIN \GPZGDF \GKRGXKIF \GCKSF \B \TEN<br />
CN[N SIKK\FN \GTJ GH FKF\ .TCJF \B DK[FN OEBF FXGZ \GNM[GPF<br />
YIZ\PG TCJF \ZKYIC QKKRT\P OEBF GC[ ,FDZE=\eIo^ CN[ NBM FH<br />
OKYGIF \BG \GIGMF \B \GNDN OEBF [YCP TCJF \ZKYIC .OEBF KRCP<br />
CN[ :Z\GK NGED NCYN QGXZ GFH .FCKCSF \BG FZCIF \B OKNFRPF<br />
.FK\GCKS NB YYG\[PG FZCIFP NGMKCM YIZ\P OEBF GC[ K\GI\V\F<br />
\GI\V\F FNI \GCKSFG \GIGMF ,OKYGIF \RCFN \GYYG\[FF KZIB<br />
QKJGNIN ECBP BGF .\GRYKZ N[ F[DZF OEBC \ZZGT\P FH CN[C .\VSGR<br />
FCKCSN \G[KDZF \B ECKB BGF .FPGKYC [KDZP GRKBG FCKCSN [DZ NM<br />
.FNCYF \PMI NB TKDP BGF LMP FBXG\M .FC ZE\SFN F[Y\P BGFG<br />
\GKEKIKF<br />
NM KKI NXRN ,OEBG OEB NM TCJ[ ,ZPBR \GJG[V \GNPCG"<br />
Q\GR GRKB { G\NGHN Q\GR[ NMG { GPXT \CGJN ONGTC[ \GKZCF<br />
BNB ,G\NGH NGXKR OG[P FHC [K HB ODG ,IZMF \PIP BNB<br />
,FHC [KDZK BN GZCI[ ,QVGBC FCZ FPZTC F[TR ZCEF[<br />
.G\TEP GN Z\GGKG<br />
LG\PG .G[Z[N CGZY GTCJ ,URT NM[ EXP ,BGF ZCEF OTJ<br />
NMFG ,EKIKG EIB BGF[ ,\"K[FP L[PR OEBF N[ G[VR[<br />
\GKZC NM[ ,[KDZP ,GRPP L[PRF OEBF QM GPM FRF { GN[<br />
.\KJZVF G\NTG\ O[NG ,G\N[PP \I\ BXPFN OKMKZX ONGTF<br />
.ZGCTK BNG YGI GFHG<br />
ZIC EIBF[ .OK[RBF N[ O\ZKIC LZEC YZ BGF NECFF NMG<br />
KEK NT KR[FG ,\GMGPR \GGB\ \D[F KEK NT \GKZCF \B NXRN<br />
BNB ,EGT BNG .EGCM \D[F KEK NT K[KN[FG ,FN[PP \D[F<br />
\B NXRN OKMSP FKF ,FCGZP IZGJ KNC ZCEF FNT GNKB[<br />
ODG ,FN[PPC ODG Z[GTC OD :EIK GNB NMC ONGTF<br />
.G\NMKG G\GZ[VB KVN ZGICN WNBR[ BNB = = = EGCMC<br />
NM QKBG .OEBF CNC[ ’\GKEKIKF YGI’ G\GRMN Z[VB FHF YGIG<br />
NGEDF ,(FH YGIC GYNI NJGR EIB NM[ BNB) ,GRPP JNPR OEB<br />
."GRJY KVN QJYFG ,GNED KVN<br />
YGI
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
72<br />
FBKZCF \B NXRN FXGZ EIB NMG ,\GKEKIKF \[DZF \BXPR OEB NMC<br />
LMC OK[I OF FC[ FEKPC KGJKC KEKN BC OK[RBF QKC NECFF .G\BRFN<br />
.\GKEKIKF YGI OFC NTGV FC[ FPXGTCG<br />
BNG FRGDK BN ,OEB NM TCJC[ ,ZGPBF \GKEKIKF YGI ,FRFG"<br />
KJZV NM GPM ,OGKY \GMH GN [KG ,\KTCJ \GBKXP BGF KM .ICG[K<br />
[J[JN GNKVB GB ,ONGTF QP GZTCN FGY\ OG[ QKBG ,\GBKXPF<br />
.WZBFP OEBF QKP NM \B ZTCN FGY\ QKB[ GPM ,\XYPC G\ZGX<br />
\PBF’ :BGF[ ,FHF YGIF NT ZPBR OB ,NNM ZY[R BN LMKVNG<br />
."’JNIGPF<br />
LZGX QKB .\GENGPF \GRGM\F \BG GPXT NCYN QGXZF \B NJCN Z[VB KB<br />
FRGGMC { QFC [P\[P OEBF GC[ QVGBF .QFC C[I\FN GB QEDR EGCTN<br />
FH FKFK OB TCGYF BGF { \NGHN \GRF#N FRGGMC GB GPXTN \GRFKN<br />
GH FRGM\ .\GKEKIKF YGI KCDN OD BGF QM .QYG\P GB NYNGYP [GPK[<br />
NMM .EKIKM GPXT \B [KDZFN GR\KBP EIB NMN \PZGDG GRC \[Z[GP<br />
GRKB UBG NGMK OEBF QKB \GKEKIKF \[DZF \B OD ,\GZIBF \GRGM\F<br />
\RGM\C QGMR [GPK[ .FRGMRF LZEC FC [P\[FN GKNT BNB ,\GR[N LKZX<br />
.F\GI\V\F \DSVN \G[GRBF \B BKCFN NGMK \GKEKIKF<br />
IKRFN GNKVB \GSRN NNM NMGR LKB ,YVS KNC BGF QM[ ZIBPG"<br />
EIK FGG[F FEPC ,G\GG[FN GN IKJCR[ FHC ,EKIKF N[ \TEF<br />
Z\GK K[GRBF TCJFP YGIZ ZCE LN QKB[ { ZGCKXF KRC NM OT<br />
NM NTP ,FNTPN FKCDFN BGF EKIKF \PDP NM[ FT[C .FHP<br />
.GNGM ZGCKXF KRC<br />
OKZ[GBP OKZES BKCFN NNM \GBKXP QKB[ ,CJKF GRZBC FRFG<br />
,QVGBC ,\PBF \EP KV NT ,ZGCKXF KKING EKIKF KKIN OKCGJG<br />
G\PMSF \B QFKNT Q\K[ ,EKIKG EKIK NM N[ \TEF \B GIKRK[<br />
."QGYK\F ZPDC \GKFN LKZX[ GPM ,\JNIGPF<br />
OEBF LB ,"\NGHF \CFB" YGIP OEBF \GKEKIKN Z\GK EDGRP ZCE QKB<br />
\CFB YGI BGF \GBKXPC NTGVF KNNMF YGIF .BYGGE G\GB DK[FN CKGIP<br />
TKDFN OEBF NT .FNGM \GBKXPF NB BZGCF N[ GSIK \ZGX KFGH ;\NGHF<br />
BZGCF BZC LM O[N .BN[ QKCG LMC FXZK[ QKC BZGCN FZGXF \GG\[FN
73<br />
EKIK JKN[<br />
,\GTZFG \GCGJF FK\GRGM\ NN[ NT \K[GRBF FZCIF \B OEBN CKCSP<br />
.\GKEKIKF \[DZF QFCG ,GK\GRGM\ QGGDP \B OEBC N\[G<br />
LZE YZG LB OKTXC\P FBKZCF \ZJP \D[FG QGYK\F LKNF\ [GPKP<br />
[PPPG F\KB EIK OEY\P OEBF .GPXTN ZIGC OEBF[ FRJYF FZCIF<br />
QGGKMN \GKEKIKF \[DZF \B CCGSN NMGR EXKM LB .GZGCTC QeVXF NM \B<br />
\BRFN ONGTF NM \B NXRN \GXZN GRN \PZGD BKF FTCJP ?LGVFF<br />
LMC EIGKPG EKIK BGF KM [KDZFN OEBF NMGK FC[ LZE [K OBF .GRPXT<br />
\GG\[F QTPNG \NGHF \CFB \CGJN GPXT \BG ONGTF NM \B NXRK[<br />
.IXRN OKKY\\ \GKEKIKF \RGM\ ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN ?BZGCC \GYCEG FZGXF<br />
.QGMRF QGGKMN F\GRVFN NMGK FC[ LZEF \B Z\BN OEBF NT<br />
QGYK\F [GPKP<br />
FNGTVC BNB GPXT NT KRIGZF QGYK\F \B [l+P#N \KRC\ QKB OEBN<br />
ZKCSFN Q\KR BN .BZGCN \GCZY\F O[N \NGHN \GSIKK\F N[ \K\ZCI<br />
FCKCS OT OEBF \EGCT NT ZCSF BNC FNCYF \PMI [GPKPN LZEF \B<br />
BGF \GBKXPF N[ KNNMF YGIF ."OKZCI \XGCY" { FHN FPKB\PF<br />
,FTV[FN TKDFNG "KPXT"F \GNGCDP \BXN GRKKFE ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG"<br />
.OKZCI \XGCYC YZG LB [PPN Q\KR \BH \B .KRIGZF IGMN<br />
\MVGF BKF[ UBG ,OKZIB OKTEPC \NCGYP FRKB FZCIC FEGCTF[ UB<br />
EPGNF NT ,\GZIBF \GPMIC YGSKTP FR&G[N FNCYF \PMIC YGSKTF \B<br />
.FPKB\P FCKCSC YZ [IZ\FN NGMK OEBF QGYK\ OG[KK KM QKCFN NKI\PF<br />
\C[IP \B OK[PPPF OK[RBP \CMZGPF ,OKZCI \XGCYC ZCIF OEB<br />
FZCIF \BG OPXT \B OKPKZP OF GKEIK .FECTP LG\CM NTGV ,FBKZCF<br />
\GNT\FN NEGP QKTP FGGFP GHM[ FXGCY .\KRIGZF FPZF NB F\GNNMC<br />
.\GKRIGZN QGXZF NB GH TKD\ Z[BM ,FNGM \G[GRBF N[ \KEK\TF<br />
GPXT \B QKMP OEBF GC[ CN[C ,OKZCI \XGCYN G\GVZJXF ZIBN<br />
FTV[FN TKDFN QGXZC KGJKC KEKN FBC G\GKEKIK ,KRIGZF ONGTN FSKRMN<br />
OEBF ,G\BRFN FBKZCF NM \B NXRN QGXZF QP ZGPD LGVKFC .\NGHN<br />
GPXT \B ZSGP BGF .FTV[FN TKDFN KEM F\GB NXRN F\T FXGZ<br />
\CGJN GNGM { ZIB QGGKMN NTGV GC[ \GKEKIKF YGI LMG ,FZCIN G\RK\RC<br />
.\NGHF
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
74<br />
[ZGE OEBF .NGXKR OF OKZCIF \XGCY \ZDSPC FCKCSF OT OKSIKF OD<br />
,\GKRIGZF \GCK[I \BG BZGCF \GNED \B GZGCTC OSZVN FZCIF K[RBP<br />
OKKJSKBGDB OKKI[ FECGTF \BG OHKBGDBF \GKSVB \B GKRVC UG[IN<br />
KM FTKEKC GIGP \B "UGJ[N" O\GB WNBP BGF .OG[F \VKNYM OKGG[<br />
.\GKRIGZN TKDFN KEKIKF KTXPBF BKF FZCIF<br />
FRMFF QPHC ."FRMFF QPH" BZYR \GKRIGZF \D[FN OEGY[ CN[F<br />
\GC[IP GC SKRMFN FNGMK FZCIF YZ KM QKCP OEBF \GKRIGZN FSKRMN<br />
KVMP Z\GK EGT \GR[ZEC FKNB SIKK\PG FZCIF \B NXRP BGF .GN \GZHF<br />
QKCP FH CN[C YZ .OKPEGYF \GI\V\FF KCN[C G\CKCSN SIKK\F[<br />
.BXPR BGF FC[ FCKCSC JZVF N[ G\GN\ FNGED FPM \PBC OEBF
OGN[G<br />
YEX<br />
,ESI<br />
\GEPF \B \K\[FN GSKR \PBF \EP DKFRFN \NGMK ZETFC"<br />
:\GKPGZ\F<br />
.OGN[G ,YEX ,ESI :QF[ ,\GZB[RF \GEPF ’D QKRTN { F\TG<br />
,QKMGPKS OFP \IYN BNB ,O\NKI\P GBZCR BN ,FZGBMN[<br />
FNKI\F QBMPG ,GRPNGTC EBP [NIF \PBF \B OFC LKPSFN<br />
\GN[IRFG \GKJKBF FK\GDZE NT SVJN \K\GI\V\FF FKZGJSKFF<br />
."ZGCKXF KKI ZGEKSN F\GPEY\FC Z\GKC<br />
,FZGFJF FTV[FF YGI GRKKFE ,\PBF YGI BGF \GBKXPC NTGVF YGIF<br />
GKNB OB\FCG G\TV[F \I\ OKBXPR OEBF KRC .GECNP ZIB YGI QKBG<br />
.OFKKIG OPGKY \B OK[KDZP<br />
,GRN[ ONGTC GR\GBXPKF BGF FTV[FF YGIN Z\GKC KMVFF CXPF<br />
OKKY\FN NDGSP GRKB ZPGIF ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN .ECNC OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZC<br />
\GPNGTF" \MZTP \GRCKFN \CKKI QMNG ,FTV[FF IGM NGP ,ZGBF NGP<br />
G\RPC TKDFN NMGK[ KEM FDZEFC ZGBF JTP\P GH \MZTPC ."OKRGKNTF<br />
.\KP[DF GRK\GKI \B OKKYNG GRPNGT NB \KZTHPF<br />
GRPXT \B QY\N IKNXR FC[ FEKPN OB\FC NED\ GRKNT ZGBF \TV[F<br />
\GPNGTF \GDZEPC FKKNT" BZYR FH LKNF\ .FTV[FF \RGM\ \B [GMZNG<br />
FBNP FBGG[FN TKDRG QKJGNIN GRPXT \B QY\R Z[BM ."ZGBF \BZYN<br />
.UGS=QKBF ONGT NB TKDR ,ZGBF NB<br />
NMC .UGS=QKB \EKPN ETG \KNPKRKP FEGYR N[ CXPP NEGD OEBF QGXZ<br />
Z\KC \PBF YGI \B OKKYN OEBF [ZER NCYN QGXZF N[ F[EI FDZE<br />
F[KDZP BKF ,FHF YGIF \B \PKKYP FRKB \G[GRBF[ ZIBP .FEVYF<br />
.OKZCGDG OKMNGF NCSG \GIGR KB F\GI\V\F LNFPC<br />
75
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
76<br />
FCZYP \G[GRBF FBKXGF[ \GKGD[F \GK\ZCIF \GZDSPF ZGVS=QKB<br />
N[ FKZMGTC GKFK FKRVGB NM NT \KJSKBGDBF \K[GRBF \GI\V\FFG<br />
QKKET NCSF QKCN \PBF YGIN \GKX KB QKC K\CKSF Z[YF ORPB .\G[GRBF<br />
.OKZCEF KRV OF FNB LB ,QKTN FNDR BN<br />
BNB GRPXT QGYK\ KEK NT BN[ TCJF \GZXGBP YGRKN GRKSKR[ TV[F NM<br />
KEKN GR\GB BKCK BN ,\GRG[ \GJK[G \GKDGNGRMJ ,\GKGPMI\F \ZHTC<br />
\GR[ KVNB L[PC BXGP BNN LZEC GRTSV[ FNDR ZCE N[ GVGSC .YGVKS<br />
GRKKF KM BGF KBEG .GRN[ KJSKBGDBF QGXZF \B QY\N BNC ,\GI\V\F<br />
KEM OKCZ OKXPBP TKY[FN GRKNT FKF .FHF CN[F \B ZGCTN OKCKKI<br />
KRVC \G[GRBF \EPGT OGKM .TZ BGF OHKBGDBF KM QKCFN NMGR OVGSC[<br />
.FM ET FTSV QFC[ OKMZEF NM \B NGY[\ GC[ [VR QGC[I<br />
ZIBN .OKKIF ZGBP Z\GK NCYN NMGR GRN[ KPKRVF QGYK\F \EKP KVN YZ<br />
NKI\R ,FTV[FF YGIC [GPK[N FRGMRF FISGRF \B QKCRG LMC ZKMR[<br />
\PZC GR\GKFC .UGS=QKBF ONGT ETG GRPNGTP[ QGYK\F \GDZEPC TGSVN<br />
WGXKR .KVGS=QKBF OKKIF ZGBP ECNC QJY WGXKR OKNCYP GRB GRN[ ONGTF<br />
KHKVF OGKYM GRC [DZGPG GR\GB FKKIP ,"YKYE ZR" FNCYC FRGMPF ,FH<br />
ZGB \B NCYN NMGR QGYK\F \GDZEPC NKVTR Z[BM ,\BH \PGTN .GRN[<br />
\GRGZSIG OKKGYKN BNN \GKIXRG \GPN[ \[GI\ GRC ZGXKK BGFG ,UGS=QKBF<br />
.OF[NM<br />
FZCIF<br />
,UYG\ NMC OFKNT GNCYG ,FZCIF KRC NM GPKMSF ,FMNFN KM"<br />
OPXT OF GDFR F[TPN NCB { GF[P UB \PBFP \GJR K\NCN<br />
\PBF N[ GNZGD NVR ,HBPG .OMSGPM ,\PBFP ZGPD LVKFC<br />
NXB ONGTN KGXP GRKBG ,Z\GKC OKRZY[F N[ OYNIC \GKFN<br />
BN ,\PBF \EPC TKK\SFN GNKVB GNMGK[ ,OKYKEXFG OK[NIF<br />
."FK\XYP BNG FKRKP<br />
NGXKR<br />
OKBXGKF FD[FF KNTC YZ .\PBF \EKP KVN DFR\FN Z[MGP GRKB [KB<br />
\BH OK[GT OF .\PBF \EKP \B OK[MGZ KRIGZF ONGTN FHF ONGTFP<br />
OK[RB O\GB .QGYK\F ZPDC FBNPF \PBF \EKP \B ODK[F ET FDZEFC
77<br />
OGN[G YEX ,ESI<br />
OT CGZC OKTKEGPF FZZ[F KNTCG ,FZCIN O\DBE NT \GXGIC OKHKZMPF<br />
FZCIF \B CGZ KV NT OKNXRP ,NNMF OT CKJKFN OKXGZ "\PBC" OF[<br />
CZP \B GPXTN DK[F[ FH BGF Z\GKC INXGPF KBYKJKNGVF .ONGMP Z\GK<br />
N[ GVGSC ,LM .GC ZGICN KBEM[ TRM\[F ZGCKXFG ,GDBF NT OK[GCNF<br />
.\GBK[RN ZICR Z\GKC INXGPF QZY[F ,ZCE<br />
GRB { LVFN .\PBF \EKPC KGBZM OK[P\[P GC[ OGYP ONGTC QKB<br />
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ZGCKXN IKMGFN KEM FPN[F FTV[FF YGI \B OK\GGTP[ KP .FKZCIP<br />
QGECBN FZCIF \B OKNKCGP Z\GKC \INXGPF FZGXC G\GB OKPKKYP OF[<br />
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OB OD GRKKIC OKIGJC \GKFN NMGR F\GMHC .GRNGMN OKCGJ OKKING ONGTC<br />
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WY OK[N OKRKKRGTPF OKBYKJKNGVF QMG ,OGEKYC OKRKKRGTPF BCXF<br />
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GKFK[ FGGYP BGF .FN[PP K[BZ GB OKNGED OKRIKNXP O\GBZN [YCP<br />
OKCGJ OKKI GKIK[ ,DD \ZGY OFN FKF\[G EGCMC GSRZV\K[ ,OKBKZC<br />
EKIKF QGIJKCF BKF ONGT KBC NM QKC \KEEF FCFB .ZGSIP BNC ,OKJY[G<br />
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85<br />
OGN[F \GGY\<br />
\RGM\ \[KMZ QTPN GRKKFE ,BZGCC \GYCE QTPN BN[ { \PBG OGN[ ,ESI<br />
."JNIGPF CGJF" CXPN \G[GRBF TKD\ LMC YZ[ QGGKM ,FTV[FF<br />
\GZPN .QGN[KMN OKRGEKR OGN[F K[RB N[ OFKXPBP NM ,QM OB<br />
\B JKY[FN OFKXPBP UZIG ,Z\GK FCGJ FZCI ZGXKN O\GNE\[F<br />
\ZJPN \EDGRP O\ZJP[ QGGKM ,OEKC SZI CG[G CG[ OKNTP OF ,OKYYHRF<br />
QKCN OEBF \IGGZ# QKC Z[YF \B OEBF KRC GRKCK BN EGT NM .FBKZCF<br />
OEKC FNTK BN ,FBKZCF \ZJP [GPKP GRKKFE ,QGKNTF IGMF OT OGN[<br />
.\Z[GBPG FCGJ FZCI \GRCN<br />
OK[RBF QKC[ KRG[N ZGYPF<br />
OEB BJI" FRGMP FBKZCF LKNF\C \KJSKBGDBF FRGGMF \GGF\F<br />
OEB \P[R FYNI\F "BJI"FP FBXG\M ."FZKC["F GB "QG[BZF<br />
\DZEN \KRIGZF FDZEFP \GEZGK FNB \GP[R .OEB KRC \GP[RN QG[BZF<br />
.OKCZ OKNGDND L[PC ,ZGE ZIB ZGE GRKVGDC \G[CN\PG FHF ONGTF<br />
OEB" FRGMPF \IBF \MZTPC \GZCGIP \GKJZVF \GP[RF GKF Z[BM<br />
\P[RC[ \KNNMF \GPN[F .ZCE NMN \GG[M FC GEYV\ QF ,"QG[BZF<br />
WGIRF YNIF" N[ \GPN[F \B \KJZV FP[R NMN FYKRTF QG[BZF OEB<br />
."\KNNMF \GPN[N<br />
GPM UGDF \GPN[N WGIR ,Z\GKC QJYF GNKVBG ,ON[F UGDC YNI NM<br />
LGVF LZT [K ,QM NT Z\K .ON[ UGDP YNI BGF[ KRVP ,Z\GKC NGEDF YNIF<br />
\GNTC \GRJYF \GP[RF QKCN NGEDF EKYV\F \GNTC \GNGEDF \GP[RF QKC<br />
FIV[PF CN \B OKGGFP OKENKF :FIV[PN FPGE ZCEF .QJYF EKYV\F<br />
Z[BM .OKYHIFG OKNGEDF OFKZGFN SIKC IGM KZSIG OKRJY OF[ UB<br />
,GEKYV\PG GPGYPP ,FC YNI NM ,\IB \MZTPM \EYV\P FIV[PF<br />
OKZTV OKND\P ,FIV[PC ZC[P NNGI\P OB LB .Z\KF NM \B OKN[P<br />
.ECNC GN[ GIGM KV NT LZTGP YNI NMG ,OKYNIF QKC \GPN[ ZSGIG<br />
QP \TCGR OK[NI OK[RBG OKYHI OK[RB [K GRPNGTC KM FECGTF ,QM OB<br />
;\IB \MZTPC OKZCGIP KNMF KYNI NM GKF FZKC[F KRVN ."FZKC["F<br />
OEBF KRC[ LMN FPZD FZKC[F .FH KEK NT FH GMP\RG FHN FH GDBE OF<br />
GMK[PK OEB KRC .FH \B FH OKPKN[P ORKBG \GRG[ \GRGM\C OKKGXP<br />
BN EGT NM OPXT \B OKN[FN GNMGK BNG KIMGRF OCXPC OKKY\FN
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
86<br />
EZVRF ZCKBN NG[P KIMGRF GRCXP .\GZIBF \GP[RF NB FZHIC GZCI\K<br />
ZSI UGDNG ,GN YVSN ZGPB UGDF FKF Z[B \B ZSI FH ZCKB ;UGDF QP<br />
.ZCKBF N[ GEGYV\<br />
\GP[RF NM GKF FZKC[F KRVN .OKYNIF QKC[ Z[YC BKF FZKC[F<br />
\CFBG" QGZYKTF KV NT ,"EIB CNC EIB [KBM" \GZCGIP \GKJZVF<br />
SIKC LGVKF BKF FZKC[F \GFP .\PBF \EKP OGKYG "LGPM LTZN<br />
"QCZGI"F \CKS KM ZPBR LM NTG ,\NGHF \BR[N \NGHF \CFBP { \NGHN<br />
.ORKI \BR[ F\KKF<br />
N[ \GBXG\ OF FNB NM { KNGI GB \GNXT ,FZ@\+K^ F[NGI ,\G[VKJ<br />
KRCN Z[VBP GRKB BZGCF ."QGYK\F ZPD"N ET L[PKK FH CXP .FZKC[F<br />
OK[RBF .\K\GMBNP ,\KRGXKI FZGXC GNNF OKNGYNYF \B QY\N OEBF<br />
\B BKZCFN ,FZCIC YEX \G[TN O\ZJP[ ,K\GMBNP QGYK\C OKXGZF<br />
Z[BM YZ .O\PK[PC ONGTN GIKNXK BN { \G[GRBF OT CKJKFNG OKNGIF<br />
FP[RF \MZTPN GZHIKG EIB UGDN GH \B GH GPKN[K ,\GP[RF NM GZCI\K<br />
.\G[GRBN IGGZK ,\KNNMF<br />
BGF OGN[G YEX ,ESI \GEKPF \ZHTC .OKGGN[ OKKIN YYG\[P OEBF<br />
OKPDVF \B QY\N FZJPC ,FKDGNGRMJF \BG TEPF \B ,FZCIF \B I\VP<br />
OKSRP GRB .\GMGVF \GBXG\ \GCKRP GK\GNGCI\ NM ONGB .G\ZCICG GC[<br />
\GKTCG OKPSC [GPK[F .FH \B FH OKDZGF OK[RB LB ,OGN[ \G[TN<br />
OEBF KRC ,\PEY\P FBGVZF[ NMM .ZZISP CXYC OKZCGD QGBMKEF<br />
.Z\GK OKNGI OK[TR<br />
GRB[ QGYK\F[ QGGKM ,NYNGYPF \B QY\N CGJ QGXZP \GTCGR \GZXF NM<br />
\ZHTC QGYK\N TKDFN \GNE\[FF .\GGTP QMNG KRGXKI QGYK\ BGF OKTKXP<br />
ZSGIC FZMFN UGSCN GR\GB BKC\ ,YEXG ESI ,OGN[ N[ \GKRGXKI \GNGTV<br />
.Q\ZHTC GF[NM ZCE QY\N GR\NGMK<br />
\KKRCC OKJSKRGPGYF N[ ORGN[KMN FCKSF KM TCGY ONGSF NTC<br />
QYG\PF SIKF ORPB .QGKNTF IGMF QP O\GPNT\F BKF FCGJG FVK FZCI<br />
ZGXKN GEGTKK NCB ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG"G "EIB CNC EIB [KBM" BGF<br />
ZGHTN NMGK BN ,FZJPM CXGP BZGCF QKB OB .BZGCF ZGB QGM[K GC[ KNM<br />
.K[GRB QGYK\ OG[<br />
\GG\[F { FBKZCF \ZJP EGPTN FIZMGP FNGTV NM N[ F\K[BZC<br />
"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ EIB KNMC ZCI\FN Q\KR BN .BZGCN OEBF
87<br />
OGN[F \GGY\<br />
\GKVKXFG OKXPBPF NM ORPB .BZGCF ZGBC BNP\PF KNMM GZB\N BNC<br />
FCGJ FZCI \KKRCN G[EYGF FKZGJSKFF LNFPC \GMVFPC GTY[GF[<br />
Z[GBPG ON[ OGKYN FBCFC FPM\SF Q\ZJP LB ,EIB KNM \ZKXKNG<br />
LTZN \CFBG" N[ QGZYKTC GMP\ OKRMVFPF CGZ .BN G\G EIBF KNM G\GBN<br />
FNGMK FRKB FIP[G \PN[GP \GBKXP[ OG[P INX BN G[GPKP LB ,"LGPM<br />
,LPG\[ KP QKB ,YNE ZPGI QKB BZGCF ZGB KGNKP BNN .KGNKP BNN OKKY\FN<br />
.QGC[IC \BH GBKCF BN OKRMVFP O\GB .BNPP[ KP QKBG QY\P[ KP QKB<br />
QGYK\F \GRGZYT KR[<br />
\GIGMC FZCIF \B QY\N FK\GRGKSKR NM \B \G[GRBF IRH\ ZCE N[ GVGSC<br />
\ZMF ."TZF \ZMF" \BZYR GNNF "QGYK\"F \GRGKSKR NT FJZIF .FPXT<br />
\B ZZGTN \ZIB LZE [K LB .\GRGKSKRF NM KGXKPP BXGK NTGV BKF TZF<br />
FN QKB KM [BZP QKCFN \G[GRBF NMG\ FNCYF \PMI \ZHTC .TZF \ZMF<br />
LGSIN NMG\ BKF ,FNCYF LZEC \G[GRBF LN\ OB .IKNXFN \GZ[VB NM<br />
.NCS N[ \GMGZB OKR[ FPXTP<br />
FZ\GR ,FKZGJSKFF LNFPC OEBF KXPBP NM UB NT KM \GBGZF GRKRKT<br />
ORKBG OGE OKPNBR \GIGPF KCGJ .\GCG[\ BNN GRRPH=\C \G[GRBF<br />
QBMP FRGC\C FKMZE \B NMNMN EXKM \G[GRBF KRVC WKNPFN OKNDGSP<br />
FPG \KEK\TF FZCIF N[ F\ZGX \GKFN FZGPB FP TEGK [KB QKB .LNKBG<br />
QKB[ ,\TEN FIMGRG \GKGZ[VBF NM \B FYEC \G[GRBF .\GR[N GRN KBEM<br />
BN \GK\ZCIF \GZGXF NM KMG ,QPH LZGBN FPXT \B FIKMGF[ FZGX<br />
.\KCGKI LZE \XKZVN GNKCGF<br />
FEKC KM HKZMFNG GRKPKC \GND\FN FNGMK FNCYF \PMI LM OG[P<br />
\B FR\P FNCYF .KJZVG K\ZCI Z[GBN ,FRGMR FZCI QGRKMN QGZ\VF<br />
.FBKZCF N[ \KPKRVF \KRM\N \GKXC QGZ\VF<br />
KR[ JGYRN \G[GRBF \B \CKKIP FNCYF \PMI N[ QGYK\F \KRM\<br />
:\GRGZYT<br />
."LGPM LTZN \CFBG" NNMF KVN FZCIF ZGEKS .B<br />
NT OKZCEP NGMF .\KNNM FPMSF QKTP \ZZG[ LM NT KM ,ZPGN Q\KR<br />
,EIBG EIB NMN FBKCP BKF[ QGIJKCF NT ,\KEEF FCFBC[ KVGKF
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
88<br />
\B BKCFN IZMF[ FRCF [K .ZCE OKKY\FN NMGK BN FKETNC[ OKRKCPG<br />
.\NGHF \CFBN OEBF<br />
’F \B \CFBG" \D[FN ECNC KTXPBM "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" OGKY .C<br />
."LKYGNB<br />
CKKIP "LKYGNB ’F \B \CFBG" KGJKCC FRCFF ZSIG [GERF [GPK[F<br />
OG[ BNN FZGFJ FTV[F BKF BZGCF \RGM\ .GRMG\ NT CJKF EGPTN GR\GB<br />
FP NM GPXTN NCYN { OEBF \RGM\N \EDGRP BKFG ,KPXT IGGZ \RGGM<br />
TCJC OEBF KGXP FNKI\MNP .OKZIBC C[I\FN BNC GKRKTC CGJ[<br />
\B BGR[NG GN FPGEF \B CGFBN OEBF N[ GTCJ .BZGCF TCJP LGVFF<br />
OEBF FKF ,GN FNGDP BZGCF FKF GNKB ,LMKVN .GN \GMGVFF \GRGM\F<br />
NKI\P BZGCF .GRPP Z\SR BZGCF QMNG ,GKNB \JNIGP FBR[ [KDZP<br />
,TZM GN[ KJSKBGDBF TCJC ZKMP OEBF[ FEKPC YZ OEBN \GND\FN<br />
BKF OEBN BZGCF \GND\F .GRGYK\C NKI\PG G\GB OXPXP ,GRY\N QMGP<br />
OEBF TCJ QKC \GG\[FN OB\FC ,BZGCN FCFB \GDZEPN OEBF \KKNT<br />
GCXP NT TKCXP "LKYGNB ’F \B \CFBG" KGJKCF ,QM OB .BZGCF TCJN<br />
.OEBF N[ FNTRFG QYG\PF ,KVGSF<br />
’F \B \CFBG" N[ QGZYKTF \B BKCFN GRKRVC \GEPGT OKMZE K\[<br />
"QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M"C .FZG\ LZEG OKZGSKK LZE :ZGZKC KEKN "LKYGNB<br />
OKZGSKKCG CZ NCSC FMGZMF LZEM OKZGSKKF LZE \B ONGSF NTC ZB\P<br />
,\KTKCZG \K[KN[ ONGT \GPINPN TNYKFN OKNGNT GRB ,GKZCEN .OGRKFKDC<br />
.OK[RB WPGY KEMN ONGTF \KKSGNMGB QJY\ QFCG<br />
GRKCK ,OKPGKB OKZGSKK GGIK[M .\K\KPBF TZF \ZMFN GTKDK FNB OKJTP<br />
OF .QG[BZN USGRC KR[F QGZYKTF OGKYC \GXKIRF \B JTP K\+P^ O\GB<br />
’F \B \CFBG" NB "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" LZE TKDFN OFKNT KM GSV\K<br />
"LKYGNB ’F \B \CFBG" YZ .QG[BZC LPG\ KR[F QGZYKTF KMG ,"LKYGNB<br />
.\K[GRBF FCFBF OGKYN CZT \GKFNG "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" \B OKKYN NGMK<br />
\CFB ,\NGHF \CFB \B LM O[N OKNKTVPG BZGCN OKYYG\[P Z[BM<br />
FKFK BN { QM BN OBG ,BZGCN ZCI\FN FZJPF IGMP \PKKY\P \NGHF<br />
.BZGCF QP TKDP ZGBF=IGMF KZF[ ,IGM CGB[N QKBP \NGHF \CFBN<br />
NCYN \GXKIRC FZMFF NT FZG\F LZE \SSC\P ,OKZGSKKF LZE \PGTN<br />
ZCEF NMGK FC[ FEKIKF LZEF .’F \CFBN TKDFN { FBKZCF \C[IP \B
89<br />
OGN[F \GGY\<br />
KNCGYP .GKNB FNCYF \PMI \GND\FC BKF OEBG OEB NMN FZJPN \GKFN<br />
QGZYKTF YZ KM OEBF KRC NM \B TEKKN GRKNT .LM NT GC\M \GZGEF NM<br />
,FZCIF OGN[ N[ QGZYKTF OGKY \B Z[VBK "LKYGNB ’F \B \CFBG" N[<br />
CGJF OEK\T TGEP QCGP QBMP .GN OEGY BGF KMG ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG"<br />
\GJ[V\FF \INXFC YZG LB KGN\ FNGM \G[GRBF N[G NBZ[K OT N[<br />
.ONGTF KCIZC FNCYF \PMI N[ FZKFPF<br />
*<br />
OKJSKRGPGYF N[G OKJSKNBKXGSF N[ O\KKJR \B QKCFN Q\KR F\T<br />
"LKYGNB ’F \B \CFBG" N[ QGZYKTF KM CG[IN OKTGJ OF .OHKB\BN<br />
.O\SKV\N EDGRP BGF KMG ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" \B UKNIFN ETGKP<br />
UGDF \ISGR BGF "L\NGMK KVN Q\G LMZGX KVN NCY" N[ QGZYKTF<br />
\MZTP \PKKY\P FKV NT[ FISGRF KFGH .EIBM KRIGZFG KP[DF ,BKZCF<br />
OGKY Z[VBPF "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ QGYK\F \D[F ONGB .FPN[<br />
TKDFN Q\KR BN .QGKNTF ZGBF \B ,BZGCF IGM \B FMKZXP GH FISGR<br />
QGYK\F \RGGM OB "LGPM LTZN \CFBG"C GNGM FKFK[ LM OEBF QGYK\N<br />
,OEBF TCJ \B QY\N NGMK QGKNTF ZGBF YZ ."LKYGNB ’F \B \CFBG" FRKB<br />
,OKZIBN FTV[FC GKNTP OKKY\KG GN[ KJSKBGDBF QGXZFP WNIKK[ LM<br />
.KNNMF UGDN FTV[FC<br />
FCKSF BGF \KJSKNBKXGSF FR[PC \GRGZYTF KR[ QKC Z[YF ZETKF<br />
GEDR\F \KXGCKYF FTGR\F K[RBG OKJSKNBKXGSF BYGGE .FRGN[KMN<br />
\G[GRBF TKD\ BN EGT NM .QGKNTF IGMF \JKN[ N[ FBEKBN UYG\C<br />
NMG\ BN ,"LKYGNB ’F \B \CFBG" OT "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ CGNK[N<br />
.QY\KFN<br />
QKCP CNF<br />
"LKYGNB ’F \B \CFBG" QKCN "LTZN \CFBG" QKC QGMR CGNK[N \GTEGPF<br />
,CNC FRCFG NM[C FRCF ,FRCF KCXP KR[ [K .CNF \GZZGT\FC FKGN\<br />
\B GNM[C QKCFN NGMK ,FPDGEN ,Q[TP OEB .Z\GK FYGPT CNF \RCF LB<br />
QGXZF NT ZCD\FN IKNXP BGF QKB NCB ,QG[KTC \GMGZMF \GRMSF<br />
.\BH \G[TN GCKNC[
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
90<br />
.FR@Ka]F ,"QKCP"F QKCN ,QGXZF ,"CN"F QKC ZGCKI ZXGR ,QKCP CNF[M<br />
.G\RCF \B FBNP FZMFC TXCN OEBF \B BKCP FRCFG QGXZ N[ UGZKX<br />
OB .OKCZ OKZP \GRGKSKR ZIBN YZ \KRCR BKF .\KEKKP FRRKB CNF \RCF LB<br />
L[PKFN NCSF NGNT ,OKZCEF \B QKCFN NMGKG ONGTF OKMIK[ ET QK\PR<br />
\B ZKCSFNG ONGTN \BXN GRKNT OKNCGYPF KGGKX KV NT .OKR[ KVNB<br />
\GKXF=KB N[ \GZGPIF \GMN[FF \B NGMN ZKFCFNG ,\KNNMF FISGRF<br />
OKZCEF \B ZKCSFNG WPB\FN [K ,QGPFF KRHGB \B ZCSN KEM .GH FISGRN<br />
.Z[VBF NMM FJG[V LZEC<br />
BGF .\RMGSP FZGXC WGVYN BN[ GENK \B ZKFHPF CBN ZCEF FPGE<br />
OGYPP WGVYK OBG ,TXVKK OKGSP FCGDC OGYPP WGVYK OB[ GN ZKCSP<br />
\C[IPF FISGR GKRVC DKXP CBF .Z\GK CBGMG ZGPI GTXV FKFK Z\GK FGCD<br />
,NCIRG WVGY ENKF Z[BM .WGVYNP G\GB FZKFHP F[TPNG ,OKZCEF \B<br />
OT OKMSFN FXGZ BGF QKBG ,FRJY FMPF LB .FISGRF \B GN FZKMHP FMPF<br />
NCIRG Z\GK FGCD OGYPP \KR[C WVGY BGF[ ZIBN .G\ISGR OTG GKCB<br />
BGF ORPB .YEGX GKCB[ QM\KK KM FC[IP G[BZC \VNGI ,Z\GK ZGPI QVGBC<br />
\B [PPN FXGZ BGF KZF[ ,GKRVC DKXF[ FZPF FISGRF QKDC G\GB BRG[<br />
JKNIP ,ZPF GRGKSKR \GZPN .YEGX BGF[ QM\KK \BH NMC LB ,WGVYN GRGXZ<br />
\TM .Z\GK \CBGM FMPFG ,Z\GK UB FGCD OGYPP \VSGR OTV WGVYN ENKF<br />
.GKCB KZCEC YEX [K KM \K\KPB FRCF GC ZZGT\FN FNKI\P<br />
NKCGFN [K .BCG CZY\PF TZF NT GN ZVSN GRKNT ,OEBF WGVYK OZJC<br />
CGNK[F { \GBKXPF N[ \KNNMF FISGRF N[ FZGZC FRCFN \G[GRBF \B<br />
\PMSF ."LKYGNB ’F \B \CFBG" QKCN "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" QKC QGMRF<br />
ZCJXP NCSF[M .FCG[I FRKB F\KKIE GB FISGRF N[ FPGKYN \G[GRBF<br />
G\NGMKC QKB[G TCJF YGIC ZCGEP KM QKCFN NKI\PG FISGRC OEBF ZMHR<br />
.GKNT JGN[N<br />
FISGRF \B \G[GRBF KRVC \GNDN BKF FNCYF \PMI \XVFC FZJPF<br />
QKC Z[Y \BKXP BGF "KGNKD" N[ G[GZKV .F\NGTV \B IKMGFNG \KNNMF<br />
KGNKDC FXP\P QKKRTF NMG OKCZ OKJZV \NNGM \GBKXPF .CCGSPN FCKS<br />
.OFKRKC[ OKZ[YF<br />
OKTEPF KEK NT TCJCG ONGTC OKJZVF QKC Z[YFG \GBISGRF KGNKD<br />
OKZE \GBKXPF KYNI NM[ ,FRCFN FDZEFC OEBF \B NKCGP OKRG[F<br />
\IBF FISGRF KFGH .\KNNM \IB FISGR KV NT OKNTGVG \IB FVKVMC
91<br />
OGN[F \GGY\<br />
FND\\ GH FISGR .\G[GRBN FZSI FM[ FISGRF ,\GNDN QKKJ[RKKB [YKC[<br />
BKZC YNIM GEGYV\ ZSGI QKCN OEBF KZGSKK QKC Z[YF NT TKCX\G F\T<br />
.NNMF QTPN GNGM=NM \B OZG\F ,FPN[ \MZTPC<br />
LMN OGZDN FNCYF \PMI KGNKDC KE KM GRPXT \B \GN[FN GRN NB<br />
QKC[ BNB .OHKBGDBC [P\[FN CG[R BN ONGTNG GRTCJ \B EKP QY\R[<br />
\GMP GH LZEC .\TXGPP LZE [K ,OKZGSKKF LZEG FZG\F LZE ,OKMZEF K\[<br />
\B NKTVFNP TRPR OEBF LMG ,GN[ TZC ZKMFN OEBF \B \GBKCP \GRJY<br />
QP EPGN OEBF .\GNGEDF \GMPF \B GPXTP LSGIG \B[ Z\KC GN[ GDBF<br />
TKDP BGF LMG ,GPXT \CGJN GDBC [GPK[F QP ZHR\FN \GRJYF \GMPF<br />
QF CGJ NMNG KGNKPN FMGHG ,BZGCN FBGG[FC OGKYN GRKKFE ,FZG\F LZEN<br />
.QGKNTF IGMFP QFG FCKCSFP<br />
FEKPZKVF<br />
,FYEXFG ESIF K[RB OF[ ,FZCIC[ QKRCF KNTC QM QKB[ FP"<br />
ORKB OF { ZGCKXF KKI OFN ZYK ODG ,OPXT KKI OFN ZYK[<br />
,FRMSC OEKPTFN ,ZGCKXF \B BNG ,OPXT \B ZKYVFN OKRMGP<br />
EKP\ FPF ,QM[ QGKMPG .O\TEN OKMSFN ZGCKXF NT \GVMN KEM<br />
.OKREIVFG CNF KDGP OKRGMPF ,FZCIC[ [NIF EXF<br />
,FRGKNTF NT CNF KXKPB OKZYVGPF KEK EKP\[ ,GKNBP QCGPG<br />
’QCZGIF KNTC’P { OGN[F K[GT NM[ ,ZCEF ,BGF KTCJ QM NT<br />
.’QKRCF KNTCP’ BNG ,OKBC<br />
GRZGE KRC NM[ ,OGN[F \GGY\[ LKB ,OKBGZ GRB ZGPBFPG<br />
’B[GRF’ EXP QF LZT ZSGIP BGF ,OKKRKT QGKNMC ,GKNB OKNIKP<br />
.’BG[RF’ EXP QFG<br />
,ZGEG ZGE NMCG ,GRZGEC[ OGN[F K[GT OF[ ,OKB[GRF KM<br />
FPF KZF { ONGTC OGN[ \G[TN OFKEKC IMF[ O\GB ,ZPGNM<br />
KNTC’ :O\GB OKRMP GRB[ K[GRBF ZPGIF G\GBP OKXGZY ONGTN<br />
NT ONGTF \K\[FN ,GRKKFE ,\PBF K[YCP O\GKFN ,’QCZGIF<br />
."’LN[ LN[G KN[ KN[’ \EP<br />
OKZIBF NT KTCJF ORGZ\K \BVP[ ,OKINXGPF KM \GBZN QKKRTP<br />
BYGGE ,"LN[ { LN[ ,KN[ { KN[" QGZYKTF OGKYC FNKI\MNP OKRKKRGTP
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
92<br />
YEXF=KB \B QY\NG ORGFC YNI\FN OKRMGP OF .OGN[C LM ZIB OKXGZ OF<br />
LB .OFKIGGZ OGKYN FDBE LG\P \BHG ,\GENGPF \GRGM\C KRG[FP TCGRF<br />
OEBF KRC QKC OKNECFF \B QY\N KZ[VB K\NC { OEKC FNTK BN ZCEF<br />
\B BZGCF ZEKS FNKI\ FRGGMC .ONGTF QP OZKCTFNG K\GMBNP QVGBC<br />
.GFTZN FGG[F OEB QKB[ QVGBC \GBKXPF<br />
OKCZ \GPGYP GETGR \K[GRBF FEKPZKVF FRCPC KM KZYP FH QKB<br />
BKF QGKGG[F ZSGIC FRGGMF .OKIKNXPN OKJTP \GPGYPG OKN[IRN<br />
IGMF \NVMP N[ QGKGG[ GRKKFE ,OKEEXF KR[ N[ ONY[P \B \GG[FN<br />
N[ QG\I\F [KN[C .FDZEP NMC OK[RBF ZVSPC FDZEP NMC[ KNGDSF<br />
LB ,OKJTP \GHKZHG IGM ,NM[ { EGBP QJY KNGDS IGM OKKY FEKPZKVF<br />
ZVSP { LGVF CXPF FEKPZKVF \DSVC .EGBP NGED GC OK[RBF ZVSP<br />
,QGXZG IGM ,\GHKZH ,FPXGT NTC OFP EIB NM LB ,EGBP QJY OK[RBF<br />
.FNGED G\GRKKJXF \EKPG<br />
OT QKCN GRKC OKNECFF[ KZF ,KRKSF OTF N[ GMZTP \KIVFN BNC<br />
GNKBG ,\GPMC BKF KRKSF OTF \PGZ\ .LMN FCGJ FPDGE OF NBZ[K<br />
BGF KRKSF OTF KM ,QKKXR ZDSGP ZPBPC .\GMKBC BKF NBZ[K OT \PGZ\<br />
BN JTPM[ ,K\ZCIFG KNMNMF ,KRKEPF GRGDZBC Z\GKC YK\TF OTF<br />
N[ \GCZ\FG FKVGSGNKVF \GEGB NT OKZYIP .OKR[ KVNB L[PC FR\[F<br />
.FRGKCX NT FZKP[ BKF \RKKVBPF F\RGM\ KM OKBZP GH FYK\T FPGB<br />
OKZ[Y KRVP GT\ZRG OPXT LG\C OKZDGSP OKRKSF GKF FKZGJSKFF LZGBN<br />
NMC \KRKSF FPGBF \GI\V\FC FXKZVN OKET GRB OGKM .OKZIB OKPT OT<br />
FTKDF ,FVGS ETG F[BZP ,\K[GRBF FEKPZKVF[ EKTP ZCEFG ,OKZG[KPF<br />
.OKRGZIBF \GI\V\FF KCN[N<br />
OKZ[Y OGKYN LZEFG ,FEKPZKVF FRCP \B FNKI\MNP ESK[ BGF BZGCF<br />
OKYNIF ZGCKIG QGKGG[F ZSGI QGYK\ .ECNC GMZE BKF FMG\C OKRGMR<br />
ZGCKI .OEBG OEB NMN ZM[ FGGFK BZGCF KGNKD Z[BM YZ G[IZ\K OKRG[F<br />
.BZGCF KGNKDN BKCFN G\ZJP OB YZ IKNXFN NMGK OK[RB QKC<br />
\B IKGGZF BGF ORPB .OFKRVP EIVP ,OKYYHR KRGKNKP UYGPF ,ZK[T<br />
LB ,OKKRTF OT G\GB YGNIK[ FCKS NM QKB Z[KF NM[F KVNG ,Z[GKC GRGF<br />
QPPN OKIZMGP OKINXGPF .FRMSC QG\R GEK\TG FGGN[G JY[ KZSI GKKI<br />
KNMNM QGIJKC OFN YVSNG OFKENK LGRKI \BG OKN[IRF \GBKZC \B<br />
.FEGCT IGM SKKDN GNMGK OFP[ \GZGYP OFN GKFK BN { BNG@,KRKEPG
93<br />
OGN[F \GGY\<br />
YNI\F OGXT ZXGB .\ZIB LZEC FKSGZC OKZCEF GNFR\F FRGZIBN ET<br />
YKHIF OFP EIB NM .ZCE OKZIBN GR\R BN OFG ,OKZK[T \GBP FPM QKC<br />
EGT OKKRTN OKZIBF \B LGVFN NE\[FG GKNT ZP[[ GN[P QJY BCX<br />
OKKY\FN Q\KR BN KM \GNDN GNIF O[ OD LB .GEPTP \B YHIN LMG ,Z\GK<br />
OK\GZK[N DGBEN OFKNT KM GRKCF OF .\GR\[FN GNIF OKZCEFG ,LM<br />
BN ,K\GCZ\ OT LCKCS FKFK BN OB .OKNGI K\CNG OKNTVPN ,OKRG[<br />
LN[ LKKI \B GMVFK[ \GIGM CGB[N NMG\ GRPP[ ZGYP L\G[ZN EGPTK<br />
.Z\GK OKZ[GBPN<br />
KRVN .FPGE \GI\V\F NT EPNP \KRYKZPBF FKZGJSKFF NT JCP<br />
GNKVBG "KN[ { KN[" QGZYKTF KV NT OKRYKZPBF GKI YGIF QGJN[ \VGY\<br />
."LN[ { LN[ ,KN[ { KN[" N[ CXP KEKN BKCF YGIF QGJN[ ."KN[ { LN["<br />
GN KBEM ,OKZIBN [K[P Z\GK FCZF OEBN [K OB[ ZZC\F QMP ZIBN<br />
TKDZFN ON\[P LB ,LMN OKBMH OF QKB ORPB .GN[P JTP OFN \\N<br />
.FIJCC OKKY\FN LK[PFNG O\GB<br />
ET ,UYG\C O\TE NT OKEPGT OK[RBF O\GB[ ,ZCEF KTCJ"<br />
\R\GRF BKFG .GNGM ZGCKXF KKIG ,OFKKI \B FRMSC EKPTFN KEM<br />
OF[ ,K[GRBF ZPGIF G\GB NT ZCD\FN IMF \B EKP\ OFN<br />
,OFN[P Z\GGN OKRMGPF ,FYEXFG ESIF K[YCP ,QKRCF KNTC<br />
,OKREIVF FPF KM ,ONGTF QKRC \B NKXFN KEM ,OKZIBF \CGJN<br />
.CNF KDGP<br />
[GYKCG ,LF GRKKF { ONGTF QCZGIG \PBF [GYKC[ :ZBC\PF<br />
KNTCP NNM \GGYN QKB QMNG .LF GRKKF { ONGTF QKRCG ESIF<br />
.OEK NT OGN[F FRCK[ ,QCZGIF<br />
EXP ,ZPGNM ,BG[RF EXP OGN[F \GGY\ LZT \ZSGIP QMG<br />
OKBR\F O\GB GBZCR BN QKKET KM .GPXT OGN[F N[ OKBR\F<br />
N[ FEKPF \PB KV NT ,ZGCKXF KKING EKIKF KKIN OKZ[GBPF<br />
OKBXPR[ BGF IZMFG .FC OKXVI GNNF OGN[F K[GT[ ,\PBF<br />
OKBR\FP OKXGZP K\NC ,FZCIC CG[I JGTKP EKP\ GBXPKG<br />
FPFG .\PBF \[NGI \B NKTN GRIMGF[ GPM ,OFN OKTXGPF<br />
OGN[F K[GTNG ,OK[EIF FJJYF KNTCN QMGP ZPGI EKP\ GKFK<br />
."WY QKBN QM GNDND\K[ OK[EIF
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
94<br />
,\Z[GBP FZCI OGKYN FRGMRF FISGRF \B BGXPN BNB FZKZC GRN QKB<br />
ONGTF LNGF GR\GI\V\FN NKCYPC .\K[GRBF FKTCF NM \PM\SP LMCG<br />
OZGYP .FHN FH OKZG[Y GRNGM[ FRCFF \ZZGT\PG ,QJY ZVMM ZKKJXPG<br />
\B GRKPKC \GRKKVBPF \GKTCF Z\K NMG QGBMKEF ,OKPSF ,ZGZJF N[<br />
ZETKFG ,\Z[GBP FZCIN FRGMRF FISGRF ZIB [GVKIF BGF ,WZBF ZGEM<br />
.FCG[\F<br />
\PMIN \G[GRBF \B CZYP GRKB QKKET GRRPHN KRKKVGBF [GBKKF<br />
OKCZ .OKKR[F QKC Z[YF \B F[KDZP FRKB \G[GRBF[ QGGKMP ,FNCYF<br />
OKJGI ,OK[GEY OKP :FYKJSKPCG FYKZJGHKBC \YSGT FNCYF KM OKZGCS<br />
KM OKC[GIF [K .OFC BXGKMG \GP[ ,\GNHP ,\GBGVZ ,\GTPY ,OKPGEB<br />
G\TE NT FNTP GRKB [KB .O\CGJN OKKIF \B CCGSN KTXPB BKF FNCYF<br />
GRB QKB QKKET QMNG ,FZCIFG OEBF QGYK\N LZEC \YSGT FNCYF \PMI KM<br />
UG[IN GR\CGIP .\K[GRBF FZCIF \GNIPN FVGZ\F \B FC OK[VIP<br />
.\G[GRBF KRVC \BHF \PBF \B
OKGSP ZGCKX OGN[<br />
GNGM ONGTF OGN[G<br />
GNGM ONGTF OGN[G ,OKKGSP ZGCKX OGN["<br />
,EIB ZGCKX N[ GPGN[ \B EIK CCZTP KRB[ FP ,FP\\ NBG<br />
,GHM FDZEP KEKN GRBC ZCM \PBC KM ,GNGM ONGTF OGN[ OT<br />
,ZPGNM ,\IB FZCING ,EIB ZGCKXN YZ OKC[IR ONGTF NM[<br />
KRC NMP G\YVSFG GKKI E[N YRGK[ LG\P ,ONGTC EKIK NM[<br />
\CGJN DGBENG \Z[N ,ECTG[P FHC F[TR { GNGM ONGTF<br />
."GNGM ONGTF<br />
\V[IRG \MNGF GNGM ONGTF NT TKV[FN BGF Z[BC OEB NM N[ G\NGMK<br />
QKKET ONGT=OEB \GN\C OGNDF CGJF NBKXRJGVF ORPB .\G[GRBF KRKTN<br />
FRICP .GRKPKC NGMN KGND GH \GN\C[ TZF LB ,\G[GRBF KRKTP Z\SR<br />
FPM QF ZG\VM \XKINC \KRKTZD FXXV ZGDK[G OKKRNJY OKVKDR FNKMPF<br />
NT FTZN TKV[FN JZVF NGMK QFC Z[B ,QKTN \GKGNDF \GKGZ[VBF QP<br />
.NNMF<br />
FC[ FZGDSF \MZTPF .Z\GK FCZF OKZGPI OKZCEF ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN<br />
OEBF[ NMM :FCKCSF QKCN OEBF QKC ZGZC SIK FZKEDP OEBF OKKY\P<br />
FPN[ \MZTP BKF \G[GRBF .FN YKHP BGF LM FZCIN G\PGZ\C N[Z\P<br />
KGXP GRKB GRKKFE ,KGBZM EYV\P GRKB ONGTF KZEP EIB OB QMNG ,FZGDSG<br />
ZCEF FPGE .ZCE N[ GVGSC NGCSK GNGM ONGTF[ KBEG ,FBNP FRK\RC<br />
\B QY\P OEBF QKB EGT NM KM BKF OKZCEF \GTP[P .UGDC KRJZS B\N<br />
.FPN[F \MZTPF NT FTZN TKV[P BGF ,KJSKBGDBF GTCJ<br />
95
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
96<br />
FPN[F \MZTPF LG\C OEBF KRC N[ \GKNKN[F \GTV[FF NM OGMS<br />
FSRP \G[GRBF .GRKRKTN \KBZRF NCGSF ONGTF \RGP\ \B ZXGKG ZCJXP<br />
\GBKZCN ,DG[D[N OKMZE \[VIPG ,FMZEC \GZYRF \GKTCF OT EEGP\FN<br />
OKCB[PG \GIGM .BCF ZGEF N[ GEK\T \IJCFNG QGIJKCN ,OGN[N<br />
OKK[YF OT EEGP\FN \GRGZ\VG \GNGCI\ ZIB [GVKIC OKTY[GP OKZKEB<br />
TCGR NGMF .FCGJ FBXG\ CKRFN GNMGK BN OKXPBPF NM LB ,OKZCGDF<br />
.FPN[F \MZTPF LG\C JZVF N[ KGD[ EGYV\P<br />
,FBNPF \KNKN[F FRGP\F FRKB QKKET OGKM ONGTF \RGP\ ,F[TPN<br />
GRKB OGZDN OKVKSGP GRB QKKET Z[BG ZCTC GRPZD[ KNKN[F QP YNI ZPGNM<br />
QMNG ,FBNP FZGXC \GND\FN BGF \KRIGZ FTVG\ N[ FTCJ .GRKRKTN KGND<br />
KM QKKXN [K .F\PXGT BGNPC EK\TC WZV\FN FNGNTG \ZCJXP FNKN[F<br />
KC\MC OKR[ KVNB KRVN ZCM GC\MR ONGSF NTC QBM DKXP[ \GRGZYTF<br />
\MZTP BGF ONGTF KM NGM QKTN FND\P FRGZIBF FBPC YZ LB ,[EGYF<br />
.FPN[G FZGDS \IB<br />
OKPTF QKC \GRKGT<br />
N[ USGB FGGFP OT NM .OEBF KRC QKC FBR[N FPGE OKPTF QKC \GRKGTF<br />
BXPR OKPTF QKC NGEKCN [ZG[F .GN OKEIGKPF QGGKMG \GRGM\ ,\GRGXZ<br />
GH \KRIGZ \MZTPC .FHF ONGTF NT \IYVPF FRGKNTF \KRIGZF \MZTPC<br />
EIB NM .GRN[ \GBKXPF \NTVFN OKKSKSC OKRVGB OKTC[C QKICFN Q\KR<br />
."ONGTF \GPGB OKTC[" LG\P \PKGSP FPGBN [ZG[ FGGFP OFP<br />
KGJKC KEKN OKBCG EGTG EGT OKYNIR FNB OKKSKSC OKRVGB OKTC[<br />
\SKV\C ,FC[IPF LNFC ,FPGB NM N[ FRG[F \GKNJRPC KP[DF GRPNGTC<br />
GFRCP .GRGRKSG TEKP \JKNY N[ \GRG[ OKMZEC QMG ,FKNB SIKCG \GBKXPF<br />
OKTC[N YNGIP BGF UB .QJY ONGTN FPGE EKIKF OEBF N[ KPKRVF<br />
.GNGM ONGTN Z[K SIKC BXPRG ,\GRGM\<br />
\GRGGMG FC[IP QGRDS ,KVGB ,\GKNJRP KNTC OKCZ OK[RB N[ EGIKB<br />
OKZG[Y GKJZV[ ,FHM [GD KM GKNBP QCGP .FPGBF D[GP \B ZXGK ,OKPGE<br />
.OKZIB OKPTN YGIKZ ZE[PG \GEDR\F FGGFP ,FZGXF \GG\[F KEK NT<br />
GRN FPGEF \B OKCFGB GRB :OFKRKC FBR[ TZGHF BGF OKPTF QKC KRG[F<br />
.FEKIKF FKTCF GH QKB ONGB .FRG[F \B OKBRG[G
97<br />
GNGM ONGTF OGN[G OKGSP ZGCKX OGN[<br />
QKCFNG ZKMFN CKJKFN NMGR KM CG[IN OKJGR GRB OKI\V\P GRB[ NMM<br />
TEKP OKZCGX OKJZV KR[ Z[BM .\ZIB OKNFR\P OKZCEF LB ,FH \B FH<br />
GN KEGIKK QVGBC O\GB ZGP[K OFP EIB NM ,ONGTFP \GKGP[Z\FG<br />
\SKV\C ZTVF NED ,TEKPF \ZKCX \ZCGDG \MNGF[ NMM .ZIBFP FRG[CG<br />
ZCGD KR[ EXPG ,OEBF KRC QKC \KEEF \GN\ FND\P EIB EXP .\GBKXPF<br />
\G[GRBF OGKY \KKTC ,LMP FBXG\M .GFTZ \B [KB QKCFN \NGMKF ZSGI<br />
.FZKPIPG \MNGF<br />
KI ,IPGX \GDZEN OPGE \DZEP NEDG LNGF OEBC[ NCYN QGXZF<br />
\G[GRBF[ NMM ,LMP FBXG\M .\GRGXZF KDGS NM \B GC ZZGTPG ,ZCEPG<br />
\EKP Z[BM .Z\GKG Z\GK KEGIKK GPXT \B OEBF [KDZP \I\V\PG \MNGF<br />
,EIGKP D[GPN FPGBC \ZCI\P BKFG ,\ZCJXP OEB NMC[ \GKEKIKF<br />
\GPGBN EGDKRC F\GB CKXPG \GPGBF QP \IB NMC YIGE NCYN QGXZF<br />
.LMN FPDGE OKGGFP KRBDVBF GB KRJSKYVF ,KRKSF ,KEGFF OTF .\GZIBF<br />
NIF OFP EIB NM OGKM LB ,JNC\FN BNC FNB OKPT GKI FRGZIBN ET<br />
.GEGIKK \B QKDVFN<br />
FPGB NM EIB EXP .\GRKEP KVNBN ONGTF YNGIK EK\TC KM IKRFN ZKCS<br />
G\GMKK[ \B JZVG JZV NM [KDZK KR[ EXPG ,\ZIBFP \K\GFP FRG[ BF\<br />
\MZTPC KGN\ BGF KM [GIK OEB NM .\G[GRBF N[ FPN[F \MZTPN<br />
\GN\F QKCN EGIKKF \[DZF QKC EGDKRF .GC OKKGN\ OKZIBF KMG \KNNMF<br />
.\GVKZI Z\KC FND\K \KEEFF<br />
\GNNM\F<br />
\B \CFBG"N FH LG\PG ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG"N TKDFN CKKI OEB NM<br />
.QY\N GZCI LKZX Z[B \B QY\N NGMK GRKB [KB .\GYCEN ,"LKYGNB ’F<br />
Z\GK ZFP TKDFN OKZIBN Z[VBP GPXT \B QYK\ ZCM[ KP ORPB<br />
OEBF Z[BM YZ LB ,OFC NNMR BGF[ OG[P \GZZGT\FF \EGYRN<br />
FZKIC N[ LKNF\C NKI\P BGF GPXTC \KRIGZ \GI\V\FN ZZGT\P<br />
.\K[VGI<br />
OEBM ,OKKIF YNIC GZIC\[ OMN FZGP KRB { OKKIC \ZICG" CG\M<br />
ZPGBG FVKF YNI NT GEKPTPG ,K\NIRC FVK YNI LN ZIC GRCN ZPGBF<br />
Z[T EGPN\"N FPEYFC .(JK ,N OKZCEN K"[Z) "LN ZfZa^ FH \B ,GN
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
98<br />
N[ GEK \B BZGCF IKRF BN EGT NM KM ONGSF NTC ZKCSP "\GZKVSF<br />
.NNM FZKIC OEBN QKB ,CGJF NZGDF NT OEB<br />
Z\KC LKNF\F \B [KIFN OKCKKI QGYK\N OFKKI \B OK[KEYPF OK[RB<br />
OEBC ZZGT\\ "KKIC OTJF FP" FNB[F[ LMN OGZDN OFKNT .\G[GRBF<br />
KRCG NKBGF .\K[VGI FZKICC OEBF BXPR LNKBG QBMP LB .Z\GK ZFP<br />
\GZZGT\FN OGZDK EIB JZV N[ QGYK\ ,\MZTP F\GBC OKNNMR OEBF<br />
FBXG\M .[GRBF KRCP EIB NMC FNGNMF ,GN[ \RYG\PF \KJZVF FEGYRF<br />
.OK[RBF Z\K GZZGT\K OFC QYG\PF YNIF N[ G\GNNM\FP<br />
YGSTN GN KBEM[ OEBN ZKCSFN BKF FNCYF \XVF N[ F\ZJP<br />
LKNF\ \B ZXYK ,QM F[TK OB .FKNB L[PR GRKB GCKN OB UB ,GH FPMIC<br />
,ONGSF NTC ZPGB "\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\"N FPEYFF UGSC .G\GI\V\F<br />
."UKYPF ZGB"F \B GPXT NT OEBF ZZGTP FNCYF \PMIC GYS‘ TC KM<br />
,BZGCF OT Z[YN \GZZGT\F \[DZFN OEBF \B CZYPF KRIGZ IGM GFH<br />
\B" GN ZPGBG CGJF NZGDF NT OEBF N[ GEK \B O[ BZGCF[ BZYR FHG<br />
."LN ZfZa^ FH<br />
LGRKIF \MZTPC FPGYP \B BXP\ FNCYF \PMI KM \GGYN [K<br />
KRVC TKVGFN OKNCGYPF G[ZEKK GC[ OGKF YGIZ BN .\KPNGT=NNMF<br />
N[ \K\KPB FRGP\ GG\K OF .\GI\V\FF \JK[ \B ZKCSFNG \G[GRBF<br />
KCPGVC GRTKG \GBKXPF FRCP \B YKGEPC GZB\K ,\G[GRBF \GI\V\F<br />
\G[GRBF KRVC GI\VK OF .OEBF KRC \B \GEKZJPF OGKYF \GNB[ NT<br />
FCIZF \GBKXPF \RGP\C OEBF N[ GEKYV\G GPGYKP \RCFN ZFGX<br />
.\K\KPBFG<br />
FNIPF KGNKD<br />
ZGCKXFN ,EKIKF N[ JNIGPF EGCTK[F \B NKTN GRIMGF KM"<br />
GZ[BG GKKI NM NJGR BGF KM .FRGMPC QJY NDND \PDGEM ,GN[<br />
GRKKF { \KJZVF G\CGJG ,ZGCKXF \CGJ QM NTG ,ZGCKXF G\GBP<br />
ECTG[P OEBF[ ZGTK[F G\GBC ,LMKVNG .LVKFN QMG .LF<br />
GRMZBF[ GPM ,ZGCKXN ECTG[P F[TR[ IZMFC FRF { GPXTN<br />
."NKTN OKZCEC<br />
KRVGB
99<br />
GNGM ONGTF OGN[G OKGSP ZGCKX OGN[<br />
OK[KDZP GRB[ QKC ,\MZTPF \EYV\P FC[ LZEF \B ZB\P ONGSF NTC<br />
.QGYK\N OEYGP KBR\ BGF OEBF KRC KRKTN TZF KGNKD LB .GBN[ QKCG QMC<br />
.FP KEK NT ZPGNM ,TZF FND\K FZGX GHKBC BKF FNB[F<br />
OKZGSKK LZE KGNKDF FKFK ,GPXT NCYN QGXZF LG\P TZF FND\K OB<br />
TZF \B FNDPG ZKBP ZGBF[ LMP FBXG\M TZF FND\K OB ONGB .OKBZGR<br />
.FBKZCF \ZJPN NKCGPM [DZGK BGFG KGNKDF CXY ZCDK { NCYN QGXZC[<br />
\[DZF .TZF QGYK\N QGZ\VF OT EIK TZF \ZMF TKD\ FHM FZYPC<br />
Z\K .KIMGRF GCXPP OEBF N[ GZTX \B FDKVP FDK[FN FJK[FG FZJPF<br />
Z[BM IKGGZK FPM QKCP BGF[ QGGKM ,FND\F[ TZC IP[ BGF ,QM NT<br />
.FZJPF NB TKDKG G\GB QY\K<br />
BVGZF OT \GXTKK\FN BCF CGJC [I GRKB[ OEB .ZCEF \B OKDER<br />
OEBF LB ,FNIP NM FNDP GRKB BVGZF (B) :\GKGZ[VB FPM KRVC EPGT<br />
;FVGZ\ FN QKB ONGB ,FNIP FNDP BVGZF (C) ;TZC [KDZFN LK[PP<br />
\GZ[VBF[ KBEG .GEKC FRMGP ZCM FVGZ\FG FNIP FNDP BVGZF (D)<br />
.FRGZIBF GH BKF Z\GKC \IP[PF<br />
EGTCP EKKJXP OEBF OB .\GND\FN \CKKI FNIPF GRN[ FZYPC<br />
.FNIPF KGNKD OT UMK\ FC [P\[FN NMGK BGF FPKB\PF FVGZ\C ETGP<br />
NB ZGCTN EKP FMGHG ECNC FNIPF KRPKS \B OEBF [KDZP GH LZEC<br />
\GZK[K FNIPF KRPKSP DNEP BGF ZPGNM ,FKGVKZP TCGRF CGJF CXPF<br />
.GRPP LSIR FNGM FNIPF \[DZFC LZGXFG ,QYG\PF CXPF NB<br />
NVJKG \GNKICN FCKSF \B YGECK BN OB .\GNKICP NCGS OEB KM IKRR<br />
,\GBYF ,QGHP \NTZF :OKZGSKK \MSP LG\ NB ZZDKFN NGNT BGF ,QFC<br />
OB OKIG\KRN GB FBKKIFN YYEHK[ UB QM\KKG ,OKKGZKT ,FCKY \VKJ[<br />
ZIBN ZCM FPXT FNIPF \B FFKH GNKB .FIRHFF CYT G\CKY FYGHKR<br />
KMM[P OGYPC FPXT FNIPF EDR FVGZ\ NCKYG FRG[BZF FNKICF<br />
.QMN OEGY FKF[P BKZC G\JKPP OYG ZFP OKNIP FKF ,\GNKIC<br />
ZGPBF ,K\RDF IGM UGDC I\VN \GETGKPF \GENK \GNIPN ZCEF FPGE<br />
:OKRG[F OKRGSKIF OKNTGV OD LM .GKKI LNFPC OEBF \GBKZC NT ZGP[N<br />
OB .FKRVP FRDF OKI\VP LMCG ,FNIPF QP JTP UGDF NB OKZKEIP GRB<br />
,FZJPN TKDFNG GRY\N KEM TZF KGNKDN KTXPBCM ZGBC [P\[P OEBF<br />
G\NIP KGNKDN FMIPF FNGIN NG[P GCXP .QGYK\N FRMF GKEKC [K<br />
.GEKC FVGZ\FG
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
100<br />
LVGF TZF .GKGNKDC QKKRGTP TZF KGNKDN KTXPBCM ZGBC [P\[PF OEB<br />
GC NVJP ,TZF KGNKDC IP[ FHM[ OEB .FZJPF \D[FN KTXPBF \GKFN<br />
:GKEKPN\N \ZDKBC LM NT C\GM ONGSF NTC .G\ZHTC FBNF OEY\PG<br />
NECFF NM ,QM OB ."OKND\PG ,OKGNDF OKNGYNYF O\GBC IP[G [[ KRB"<br />
.TZF KGNKD QVGBC WGTR<br />
K\ZCIF NDTPF \GCIZ\F<br />
YIZP KVN QICR FH ZCE { .ZGCKX G\GB N[ GVYKF GFPG"<br />
,\GPGEYF FKZGJSKFF \GVGY\C N[PN KM ,OFP EKIKF \YKRK<br />
,ZPGNM .\IB FIV[P N[ UYKFC YZ ZTG[P FHF YIZPF FKF<br />
,HB Z[B .G\IV[P KRCP YZ GF[NM TGKSN LZXR BN EKIKF[<br />
.GN[ FIV[PF KRCN YZ ECT\[FN IZMGP FKF BN KBEG<br />
,\GNKNDNG \GZKKTN \GIV[PF GVZJXR ,Z\GK \GZIGBP \GVGY\CG<br />
\GZKKTF GVZJXR[M LM ZIBG { .GZKTN ECTG[P EKIKF F[TRG<br />
KRC NMP GKKI Z[GBC TKK\SP EKIKF FKF { \GRKEPN \GNKNDFG<br />
."FRKEPF KRC NMN ECTG[P FH OT F[TR FRF ,FRKEPF<br />
FPEB \SKV QMG ,ZPX YKVF BGF QFPG \G[CM FPM OEBN GKF OEY KPKC<br />
QGXZF \NKED OT .LMP Z\GKN YYHR BN BGF .GPIN \B BKXGF FRPP[<br />
KM ,\GTXYP\F Z\K \GCKKIP QFG OEBF N[ GK\G[KZE \GCZ\P NCYN<br />
YGVKSN \G[GZEF \GNGTVF NM \B GPXTC TXCN NGMK GRKB ZCM OEBF<br />
ZIGC LMN OB\FCG ,OKGSP OGI\C \GIP\FN [ZER OEB NM .GKMZX<br />
\GTGXYP OKVKETPG FPEBC O\HKIB \B OKVZP OEBF KRC .FRG[ TGXYPC<br />
KSKSCF GPGKYN \GZK[K OKMKK[ ORKB[ OKPGI\C OKIP\P OF .OKJ[VGP<br />
.LMN ZCTP[ OKMZXF YGVKSN OB KM ,OEBF N[<br />
OGN[\F .GBNPN KEM Z\GK TKY[P OEBF ,NED NCYN QGXZF[ NMM<br />
YIZ\PG LNGF KGNKPF N[ GTCJG ,Z\GKG Z\GK ZYK F[TR KGNKPF ZGCTC<br />
OKZZGT\P T\VN .DD \ZGYNG QGHPN ,FIV[PN OEBF N[ OKKPGKYF GKMZXP<br />
OKNGC ,OKPGNFK GPM \J[VGP OFP FBRFF[ OKZCEN \GRGXZ OEBC<br />
,QGF \ZKCXN GB FIV[PN SIKK[ \GCK[IF \B ECBP BGF .OFC BXGKMG
101<br />
GNGM ONGTF OGN[G OKGSP ZGCKX OGN[<br />
\GCK[IF ECNP ZCE OFC QKB[ OKZCE ZGCTC [ZEKK[ NMM ON[N QMGPG<br />
.OFN FRYP FZCIF[<br />
FNCYF N[ KTEP<br />
,GN[ OKKIF Z[GBC TKK\SP EKIK NM[M ,FH GRKZGEC QM NTG"<br />
ZGTK[C F[TR EKIKF[ ,BGF IZMF FRF ,ONGTF \GRKEP NMP<br />
.FRGMPF LG\C NDNDF GPM ,GNGM ONGTF NMN ECTG[P FHF<br />
OKZES \G[TN \GZ[VBF \B \TEF NT \GNTFN QKB LMKVNG<br />
QM FKFK BN Z[BM ,\IB FRKEPC OGN[ KMZEC OKZ[GBPG OKCGJ<br />
\GZ[GYP ZCM ,GRB GR\VGY\C KM .LVKFN QMG ,ONGTF \GRKEP NMC<br />
O\IV[PC OKEKIKF GPM ,OKKIF \GNB[P \YVSFC \GRKEPF<br />
OKZESP ,EGT YGSTNG ZCEN QKB LMKVNG ,\GKRGPEYF \GVGY\C<br />
OGN[P YZ BNB .\IB FPGB GB FRKEP OGN[ OKIKJCPF OKYEGX<br />
KGN\ ONGTC EKIKG EKIK NM N[ G\TZG G\CGJ KM .GNGM ONGTF<br />
.GNGM ONGTF NMC[ OKEKIKF \CGJ \EPC EGEPG<br />
KRC FH NM OT ,KEPN [DZGPG TGEK F[TPN FH ZCE[ V"TBG<br />
KM { TGEPG .KGBZM FMNFN \BH \B GSV\ BN QKKET ONGTF<br />
\RCF \B FPKEYP F[TPF Z[B ,TCJC \GI\V\FF KMNFP QM<br />
."FPKEY \G[GRBF \B GVIEKG GIKMGK OK[TPF YZG .OKRKRTF<br />
ZCSF<br />
FNCYF \PMI \XVF[ BRNKGGP QGBDF O[C C\MR "ZG\F NGY" ZVSC<br />
KM" ZPBR[ KVM ,ONGTF \GPMI LZE \G[TKFN FMKZX ONGTF \GPGB CZYC<br />
NTC KM OKBGZ GRB .(G ,E OKZCE) "OKPTF KRKTN OM\RKCG OM\PMI BKF<br />
FH ZPBPC .KTEP QVGBC FNCYF \PMI \B ZKCSFN GIGM NMC IZJ ONGSF<br />
"OGN[F" ZPBP \B .ETX ZIB ETX FPMIF KZYKT \B ZBCP BGF OKZIBCG<br />
\B NKMP "QNKBF ZVS" ."KRGKSKR SKSC NT KTEP ZYIP"M ZKEDP BGF<br />
C\GM BGF LMG .OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF FRCP EGPKNN OK[ZERF OKJGJZ[F<br />
:"\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\" ,GN[ \VGPF \ZKXKN FPEYFC<br />
ZGTK[<br />
’KPKRV<br />
FKFK YNI NM[ ,OKYNI Z[T=F[[N ZVSF<br />
ZGB’F Z[B ,\GZKVSF Z[TC[ EIGKP QKRT<br />
K\YNKI"<br />
NT EIB
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
102<br />
,ZGTK[F G\GBC OKBCGPF N"H K"ZBF KZCE \B ZYKTC ZBCP<br />
OFKNTG .KNNMF UYFC QKRTF ZYKTC \ZBCP ’\KPKRV \GNM\SF’G<br />
NM NTG \GNPF NM NT \GCG[\F IGNG \GNB[F IGN K\ZES<br />
G\GB QKKTPF ZGPDK[ ZIBG ,YNIF G\GBC OKBCGPF ,OKRKRTF<br />
FNB[ NM NT FMNFM CK[FN NMGK OB GPXTC FSRK ,YNIF<br />
,\GCG[\F IGNC NM\SK ,CK[F[ ZIBG ,\GNB[F IGNC \BCGPF<br />
CK[F OB \GBZN ,FNB[F N[ BKFF \GBN \SIGKPF FCG[\C<br />
."FMNFM<br />
KGNKDN GMH BN QKKET[ KPN "\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\" \B QGGKM ONGSF NTC<br />
FMGH OEBF[ ZIBN .KR\NM[F EGPKNN G\XNPF QBMPG ,KRIGZF EPPF<br />
.KRIGZF ONGTC BXPRN LKZEPM GZGCTC \GKFN ZVSF LVGF ,KGNKDN<br />
NTG \G[GRBFG ONGTF FRCP NT KTEP ZCSF \G[GRBF KRVC DKXFN GRKNT<br />
NT SSGCPF ,\GECGT NT LP\SPF ,KNBKZ ZCSF .ZGCTN FKNT[ LKNF\F<br />
,LKNF\F KCN[ NM N[ YGIZ IGGJN FZGZC FKKBZC LP\RFG ZCTF QGKSKR<br />
ZCM QBMP .FBKZCF N[ \KNNMF \MZTPF \RCFN \G[GRBF \B OEYN NMGK<br />
.\G[GRBF KYNI NM QKC[ Z[YF \SKV\N LZEF FCGZY<br />
FKKBZ KFGH .FMPN FVGZ\ OKEYFN GRN Z[VBK \KNM[F FKKBZF IG\KV<br />
OGNX\[ O[M .NCYN QGXZF ,"BCKN"F LG\P BNG ,NM[F ,"BIGP"F LZE<br />
KTEP ZCSF LM ,FC NVJN Z[VBPG ETGP EGTCP FNIPF \B U[GI QDJRZ<br />
G\ZHTC .\GBEGGC FNIPF \B QICBN Z[VBK FBKZCF \MZTP NT ZGZC<br />
ONGTF OGN[[ FECGTCG OEBF KRC QKC \KEEFF \GN\C ZKMFN NMGR<br />
G\PXGT BGNPC ONGTC FND\K[ KRVN EGT ,ZGCKXFP EIB NMC KGN\<br />
.\KNKN[F<br />
.KPPTF FRCGPC FRGPBF NB BN UBG [DZF NB FRGV FRKB FNCYF<br />
GN QKB[ OEBN FZKCSPG BYGGE FPMIC \[P\[P "FNCYF \PMI"<br />
.\KRYKZPB \NNGXC FNY\ FTZKB \GCZ OKR[ KRVN KM KRZGMH .FZKZC<br />
QTEP QPHGF ,FMG\C \GGXF K[RBG \GNGXPC \NNGXF FTY[[ FT[C<br />
ZGYC ZBK\ QTEPF .FPGBN OKZCEF \B ZKCSFN \G[EIF KRVNGBP EIBN<br />
NM QKB[ ZKFCFG ,\NNGXF UGD KG[T FRPP[ \GM\PF \CGMZ\C FKTC IGZ<br />
\THTGHP ,TYZPF NGP FC[K FNGM FPGBF .\GCGJ \GZG[CN \GMIN FCKS<br />
\KPGBNF FGGBDF \BG \GGXF K[RB \B F\MKCG ,\K[GRBF FKEDZJFP
103<br />
GNGM ONGTF OGN[G OKGSP ZGCKX OGN[<br />
\CGMZ\C FKTC NT \KRKKRT FZGXC ZCKE FHG ,\GNGXPC GKEIK GNNX[<br />
.\GM\PF<br />
OGNX\" O"GBF \GCK[KP \IBC ONGTF KRVC DKXFN FKF Q\KR YZ GN<br />
WZV\\ OZJC FNIPF \B \GNDN OKNGMK GRKKF ,\G[GRBF N[ "QDJRZ<br />
\CM[C FTKDV NT OKDGNGYB N[ O\BZ\FP FRG[ ZCEF QKB .GR\GB TKZM\G<br />
OD[ KBEG .FGGFC G\GB [GIN GRN Z[VBP FKF GH LZEC TZF KGNKD .QGHGBF<br />
,OKHT \G[DZ OEBC ZZGTP ZEGY EK\T KRVP [[IF QM[ ,QBM CZGTP [DZ<br />
.\KTEPG \KR\NM[ FIMGF \GCYTC ZZGT\P FH [DZ LB<br />
NM[F LZE LB ,BKZC BGF TDZM ORPB :Q[TP OEBN \BH \GPEN Q\KR<br />
\GBKZ \NIP N[ FPGXKTC ZCM FKF GNKBM \G[DZ GC ZZGTN OKRKKRGTP GRB<br />
OMIF" :ZPBR[ KVM ,NM[F \ZHTC BKF \BH \G[TN FEKIKF LZEF .F[Y<br />
\GNTV\FN TKDFN OEBF NT NM[F LG\P .(EK ,C \NFY) "G[BZC GKRKT<br />
FMPF N[ FPGXKTC F\T FKF GNKBM ,OHKBGDBF KYHRC [GING \K[DZ<br />
.Z\GKC F[YF<br />
QY\N GKNT KM OEBF QKCK BN ,QM BN OB ;\[DZGP \GKFN \CKKI FMPF<br />
KNC ,ECNC CXPF ZGBK\ \GTXPBC FMPF \B [KDZFN Q\KR LB .GDBF \B<br />
EIB BKZC CXPP DNEN OEBF FMGH GH LZEC .ZGPBM ,NTGVC GC BXPKFN<br />
.FNGI \GKFN BNC ,GFR[PN<br />
LSI ,GKKI NM NPT OEB :OKZCEF \B ZKFCFN TKKS\ \VSGR FPDGE<br />
ECKB T\VN LB ,FZCIC EPTPNG Z[GBN FMH[ ET ,FJGZVN FJGZV<br />
FKKR[F \KXIPF .K\ZCIF GEPTP \B OD OPKTG GKSMR NM \B EIB OGKC<br />
ET ,FCKCSF KEK NT NV[GPFG \GCER WCYPF QMSPM GKNT FZCT GKKI N[<br />
NGMK FNCYF \PMI N[ KR\NM[ EGPKN .NGM ZSGICG ZTX CGZP ZJVR[<br />
,\K[DZ FRKICP FH OEB N[ GKKI \GTZGBP NM \B ZGCTN OEBN TKKSN<br />
.OKZGVS OKPK L[PC<br />
KCXP NM \B EGBP ZXY QPHC ZGCTN OEBN \Z[VBP FNCYF<br />
ZCGT OEBF OB .OKPN[ OKKI KRV NT OKM[PRF KGNKDFG \GI\V\FF<br />
OKCXP N[ ZCTP .NTGVC O\GB ZGCTN EGT YYHR BGF QKB ,IGMC O\GB<br />
\B FBGZF OMI GFHKB" ZPBR LM NTG ,"TZF \ZMF" FNCYC FRGMP IGMC<br />
QKB :"NTGV"F \B OMIF ZKMP "IGM"F LG\P .(B"T CN EKP\) "ENGRF<br />
."IGM"C GC FZMFC GN KE[ OG[P ,"NTGV"C CXPF \B \GGIN YYHR BGF<br />
.\GBKXPC ,NTGVC CXPF [IZ\F GNKBM G\GB \[P[P GH FZMF
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
104<br />
"ENGRF" .GH \NGMK OEBN FRYP BKF[ OG[P "FPMI" \BZYR FNCYF<br />
\B FNCYC YSGTN YVSP "UKYPF ZGB"F .\KRIGZF ,FBCF FDZEC BXPR<br />
\PMIC YGSKT BNN .KP[DF TCJF QKCN KRIGZF TCJF QKC NECFF \[DZF<br />
TZF \B ZKMFN GRKKFE ,"ENGRF" \B \GBZN OEBF NMGK BN ONGTN FNCYF<br />
.NTGVC BNG IGMC<br />
KCXP \KKBZP OKMIFN ,FDZEPN FDZEPP \GZKFPC ZGCTN \NGMKF<br />
OKCZ OKNGDNDCG OKR[ L[PC OFC \GF[N OGYPC ,[BZP \GI\V\FF<br />
KGRKM BGF "NBZ[K" ."OKRPHF \B QK[EYP NBZ[K" OKNCGYPF KVC FRGMP<br />
\B QK[EYP"G ,"NB=Zr@K@" QG[NP BZGCF OT ZGCKIN QGXZ NTC OEB NMN<br />
.\GI\V\FF QPH \B OKZXYP G[GZKV "OKRPHF<br />
OKJGI :OKKIF \YGXP \NYFN OKRG[ OKTXPB ZIB OKM[PR NGMF<br />
KNGB[ ZCE NM .OK[GEYM OKBZRF OKZCE ZB[G \GMZC ,\GTPY ,OKPGEB<br />
OD[ CG[IN OKJGRF [K LM OG[P .FMZCC NCY\P OEBF KKIN ZGHTK<br />
FRKBG \TKKSP FRKB FNCYF F[TPN LB .OKPGE OKZCE BGXPN Q\KR FNCYC<br />
.FHF ONGTF ZG[KPC OEBF \B \PEYP<br />
BKF[ LMC FHF ONGTF ZG[KPP FNTPN OEBF \B \PPGZP FNCYF<br />
.\KIMGRF G\DZEP \PGTN \KRIGZF FBCF FDZEPF \B GKRVC \V[GI<br />
[I BGF .\GTZM \GKIMGRF GK\GRGM\ \B OEBF [KDZP FNCYF \GMHC<br />
ZGBF ,QM OB .QY\PF IGMCM FNCYF \PMIC EKP [P\[PG QBVZN GKNT[<br />
\B ZZCPF ZGB"M OTV FND\P FNCYF EGPKN KEK NT OEBF NB TKDPF<br />
,"FZG\F ZGB" BGF NNGMF GP[ ."OKNMF \B QY\PF ZGB"M OTVG "OKNMF<br />
CGJF" CXPN OEBF \B FNTPF IGMF ,"CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF" GRKKFE<br />
."JNIGPF<br />
*<br />
EGPTN NMGK[ NM[ QKBG ,TRM[PG WIGP ,KIXR ZCSF GRN GYKRTF OKNCGYPF<br />
ZE\SK TZF[ OKC[GIG NGIC O[BZ \B OKRPGJ QKKET OEBF KRC LB .GEDRM<br />
FCGJ F[DZFC OKYV\SPG ZIPF NT O\TE \B OKR\GR OF QKB .GKNBP<br />
QGXZF EDR FEGCTC LGZM \GI\V\FF LKNF\[ ,LMP TCGR ZCEF .FGGFC<br />
.EK\TF QP OHKBGDBN OKZKBPF OKKP[DF OKDGRT\F EDR GRKKFE ,NCYN<br />
\GKGNKTVC YGSTN LK[PFNG OKKRKTF \B OGXTN BGF Z\GKC NYF ZCEF<br />
.KRPH YGVKS OKYKRTPF ,FIGRPG NMGB ,QKP \PDGEM ,FHF ONGTF
YZ<br />
Z[BM<br />
OEBF<br />
NKI\P<br />
[KDZFN<br />
OKCBM<br />
OKZGSKKG<br />
,GCXPC<br />
Z[BM<br />
BGF<br />
FNDP<br />
KM<br />
NMP<br />
KDGRT\<br />
ONGTF<br />
FHF<br />
QKB<br />
BGF<br />
BNP\P<br />
YGVKSC<br />
{<br />
BGF<br />
N[C<br />
YGSTN<br />
\PMIC<br />
.FNCYF<br />
\GJ[V\F<br />
\PMI<br />
FNCYF<br />
Z[VB\<br />
OEBN<br />
QKCFN<br />
EGTCP<br />
ETGP<br />
\B<br />
LKNF\F<br />
KGVXF<br />
ZCI\FNG<br />
\GI\V\FN<br />
NT<br />
KEK<br />
,FNCYF<br />
NMG<br />
\BH<br />
KRVN<br />
[GIK[<br />
\GRYKZ<br />
KDGRT\P<br />
ONGTF<br />
.FHF<br />
\XVF<br />
FNCYF<br />
FGGNP<br />
OKK[Y<br />
\GKGCMZGPG<br />
.OKCZ<br />
\G[GRBF<br />
FKGRC<br />
:FEKPZKVM<br />
F[BZC<br />
KNTC<br />
QGXZF<br />
NCYN<br />
I\GVPF<br />
OKVBG[F<br />
,EGCMN<br />
FJKN[N<br />
,\GNM[GPNG<br />
FSKSCCG<br />
OKKGXP<br />
KNTC<br />
QGXZ<br />
NCYN<br />
QJY<br />
.Z\GK<br />
NT<br />
OKYSGTF<br />
FNCYC<br />
I\VN<br />
\NGMK<br />
ZKCSFN<br />
FKDNVN<br />
N[ OKRG[F<br />
FKKSGNMGBF<br />
\B<br />
\GFP<br />
\PMI<br />
FNCYF<br />
FPG<br />
Q\KR<br />
DK[FN<br />
.F\GTXPBC<br />
GRKNT<br />
ZG\N<br />
ZIB<br />
QHGB<br />
\C[Y<br />
FKG[TF NFYC<br />
TKKSN<br />
GRN<br />
KZF[ { \KNNMF FKTCF QGZ\VC<br />
NM<br />
OXVI<br />
N[<br />
OKNCGYPF<br />
BGF<br />
LGSIN<br />
NCS<br />
KRCP<br />
QKPF<br />
.K[GRBF<br />
OGN[<br />
ZGCKX<br />
OKGSP<br />
OGN[G<br />
ONGTF<br />
GNGM<br />
105
\GEKPF<br />
QKC[<br />
FZK\SF<br />
GHN GH \GEPF \TCZB \GZ\GS F[TPF KKIC"<br />
NT OKTKZVPF ,OKZGPBF OKK[TPF OKK[YF \B GRN JTPFG<br />
FPINPG BKCGCZT EGT GRN FVSGR FRF ,OKRGBF KNEI ,GRMZE<br />
OPXT \GEPF ,ZPGNM .\GKDGNGMKSVF \GKJRF \RKICP FNGED<br />
[KBP FZK\SCG EIGKP QVGBC ,GR\BP EIB NMC OKZZG[F<br />
YEX ,\PBG ESI ,OKZMHRF \GEPF TCZB KM \GKFN ,GFTZN<br />
OBG ,\GI\V\F LG\P OB OEBF KRC TCJC GYNI\R[ ,OGN[G<br />
.FHN FH OKZ\GS OPXT FPF { LGRKIF LG\P<br />
OKBXGP GRB ,\J[VGP FZGXC ,ESIF \EP \B N[PN IYR[M KM<br />
,ZPGNM { ,\GZIBF \GEPF NM \B \Z\GS[ ,F\N[PP IM \B<br />
\GEPF Z\K \TVGFN OGYP OG[ QKB ESIF \N[PP KYGI KV NT[<br />
."GRPNGTC<br />
.\GZIBF \GEKPF NM NT FNKVBP BKFG \JNIGP FRK\R BKF ESIF \EKP<br />
QFN FIKRP BKF QKBG \GZIBF \GRGM\F NM \B \Y\[P ESIF \EKP<br />
G\GDFR\F KRVGBC ,OEBF K[TPC \C[I\P FRKB BKF .Q\NGTV \B \GBZFN<br />
\PNT\P ,OEBF N[ G\TKDK \B \YIGP ESIF \EKP .ZCGT BGF[ OKKGRK[CG<br />
EIB GYN GK[TP NM \B FGG[PG ,ZIB GB FH OGI\C TKY[F[ OKXPBPF QP<br />
.NECF NM OFKRKC FKF BN GNKBM<br />
\EDGRP BKF LB ,OKPKGSP OKZYPC FCGJM C[IKFN FKG[T ESIF \EKP<br />
.OEBF \B \TCYPG KGRK[N FZK\SC \EPGT BKF[ OG[P \GI\V\FN<br />
OB QGDM ,KEPN \KRSZF \GKFN FNGNT BKF LB ,\KCCNM \SV\R BKF ORPB<br />
.YGRK\ NBM OKZ[TF QC FRCN \SIKK\PF<br />
107
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
108<br />
ESIF \EKP FND\P Z[BM .BZCRFG BZGCF KSIKC QGPJ ZCEN [ZG[F<br />
BKF :\Y\G[P OEBF QP BGCN FNGMKF \KBPXT FNGTV NM ,BZGCF N[<br />
OEBF .GPXTC NGTVN \GZ[VB ZSGING FIGRP KEKN OEBF \B FBKCP<br />
GN FIKRP BKF QKBG GC \JNG[ BZGCF N[ \KVGS=QKBF G\CFB KM FNDP<br />
KT[V NM NT FSMP BZGCF \CFB .GN FZGY[ FPC FH BGFM U\\[FN<br />
OG[P .(CK ,K KN[P) "FCFB FSM\ OKT[V NM NT" ZPBR[ KVM ,OEBF<br />
.I\V\FN OEBN Z[VBP GRKB ECNC ESIF \RGM\ KGNKD LM<br />
YEX ,\PB ,ESI { \GEKPF TCZB NMC [GPK[ NNGM \GI\V\FF LKNF\<br />
SSGCP \GI\V\FG FNKED N[ LKNF\ NM .\RHGBPG \RGGDP LZEC { OGN[G<br />
KEKN BKCP BGF QM[ ,NGEDN Q\KR BN GECN QGZSKIP LB ,QGZSKI \[DZF NT<br />
G\NGMK ZSGI \BG GC[ QGZSKIF \B FNDP OEBF[ ZIBN .F\KPG [GBKK<br />
.QGKNTC \GN\KFN \GZ[VB GN \R\KR ,GC FND\PF TZF OT EEGP\FN<br />
QGZSKIF KGNKD \B YZ BN NKMP OEBN FNDRF QGKNTF QKCN GRKC ZTVF<br />
GRGZSIP ONT\FN OEBF NT .QGKNTF \GNED KGNKD \B OD BNB ,GPXT GC[<br />
GKNT QMP ZIBN .GKNB ZG[Y FKFK QGKNTF[ \GXZNG QGKNTC HIBKFN ,BGF<br />
QGZSKIC KGXP BGF[ UB ,ESIF \EKPC GKNB SIKK\K[ QGKNTF QP [YCN<br />
,LMN KGBZ GRKB[ ODF .QGKNTF \GRGM\N SIKC \GCGJ=BNF GK\GRGM\ UZIG<br />
ZGHTN NKI\P QGKNTF ,LMP FBXG\M .GN ZGHTK[ QGKNTFP [YCP QG\I\F<br />
.LM O[N \GEKP N[ QGGDPC [P\[PG GN<br />
KEK NT \G[TKFN FNGMK FRKB BZGCF \DZEN ET BZCRF \GI\V\F<br />
BZCRC .\GEDGRP \GRGM\C OKBXPR BZCRFG BZGCF[ QGGKM ,ECNC EIB IGM<br />
,G\RGM\G G\GBKXP ,GPXT \ZMF BGF EIB IGM :\GIVN \GIGM KR[ [K GPXT<br />
BZCRF NGMK FKF BN ,QM BN OB .BZCRC[ BZGCF \RGM\ BGF KR[F IGMFG<br />
NMGK[ KEM .FZHTN F[YCC \GRVN NMGK KPNG \GG\[FN GKNT KP NB \TEN<br />
.BZCRF KYNI \B NKMFN BZGCF OD CKKI QG\I\F \B QY\N<br />
"\GZKVS Z[T"P KGRC QGKNTF :FNCYF \V[C OKZCEF OKZBG\P LMG<br />
\GYNI\P \GZKVSF Z[T .GN[P \GZKVS Z[TP KGRC QG\I\FG ,GN[P<br />
.(V"IB) FV ,OJGI ,QHGB (C) ;(T"D) OKKRKTG B\NDND (B) :OKYNI KR[N<br />
KR[P ,Z[Y OKKY\FN CKKI QG\I\F N[ T"DF QKCN QGKNTF N[ V"IBF QKC<br />
G\BNTF \BG QG\I\F N[ GRGYK\ \B \Z[VBP GH \GKEEF .OKRGGKMF<br />
.QGKNTF \DZEN
109<br />
\GEKPF QKC[ FZK\SF<br />
ZIB IGMG FIGE EIB IGM :OKEGDKR QKC Z[Y \CKKIP \GI\V\F NM<br />
.FTGR\FG FYKRMPF ,FYKRMJF KPGI\C \GKGXP LMN \GCZ \GBPDGE .CZYP<br />
BCF CXPF \BG ,TZM BXPR BGF GC[ CXPF \B ZKEDP OEBF Z[BM YZ<br />
ET GKNB L[PR BGF .BCF CXPF NB I\V\FN QGXZ GC ZZGT\P ,CGJM GN[<br />
OEY\PF CXPFG ,TZM FHF CN[F OD FND\K QMP ZIBN .G\GB DK[P BGF[<br />
OKEDGRP \GIGM KR[ QKC ZGCKI BNN .FBNF QMG ,CGJN C[IKK[ BGF Z\GK<br />
NGTVN OKCKKI ,FKKIEF IGMG FMK[PF IGM ,\GGPFG OKKIF .\GI\V\F QKB<br />
ETG OPGEF N[ FJG[VF G\TGR\P { JYKKCGB NM N[ G\GI\V\FC GKEIK<br />
.OEBF \GRGGMC OKKGRK[N<br />
GK\GC[IP ,Z\GK \GCZ \GZK\S GC \GND\P Z\GK I\GVP OEBF[ NMM<br />
.FIGRP ZSGIC KGZ[G OKCZ OKEGDKR NKMP BGF .ZTGS GPNGTG GN \GIKRP QRKB<br />
CXP ,OPGEF CXP .I\V\FN NGMK OEBF FKF BN FHF KPKRVF I\PF BNN<br />
OKEGDKRFG TDZR NGMF { \GI\V\FG OKKI N[ CXPP KZPDN LGVF ,\GGPF<br />
Z\GK FNGED FZK\S QKB .\GEDGRP \GEKPP CMZGP[ KP BGF "KI" .OKPNTR<br />
\G[DVRF ,BZCRF \GRGM\G BZGCF \GRGM\ QKC ,KNMG ZGB QKC FZK\SFP<br />
NMC BXPKFN QFKNT ,\GRG[F \GEKPF QKC EGDKRF UB NT .OEBF LG\C<br />
NM[ ,OEBF \ZMF LG\P F[TR QFKRKC ZGCKIF .GHC GH QCN[N GKNTG BZCR<br />
.FBCF \KRIGZF FDZEN G\KKNTN FXGIR QFP \IB<br />
\B BGXPN [K .O\YKIPC BNG OKEDGRPF \GGXYF \ZKP[C QGPJ QGZ\VF<br />
NED OEBF[ NMM .FBCF FDZEPF \ENGR FRPP Z[B ,OFKRKC ZGCKIF \EGYR<br />
.Z\GKG Z\GK \G[DZGPG \GJNGC GC[ \GKRGXKYFG G\GCMZGP ,\GKRIGZC<br />
OEBF \TKDK<br />
LN[G LN[ KN[’ :(’F \GCB) GRN GZED N"HI { KFP ESIF \EP"<br />
KZF ,GH FEPC OKDFR\P GNGM ONGTF KRC GKF OBG .’EKSI ,LN[<br />
KM .’QKEFG \PBF’ \EPC[ ZYKFG \ZBV\F NM FN FMNFG FNJC<br />
BNG ,G\NGHN GN Z[B NM \\N GTCJP QMGP FKF EIB NM GNKB<br />
OZGDG QKRT NM GN LNFG NJC ZCM { G\NGH N[P OGNM \IYN<br />
.G\KPTC ZY[N<br />
\PBF KM ,ZYKT NM \PBF \EPP ZCEN HB OGYP QKB ODG<br />
BN { ONGTC ’ZY[’ FKF BN OB KM .FHN FH OKKSIK OF ZY[FG<br />
\EKEP
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
110<br />
\GEPF ZB[ OD[ ZPGN LKZX QKBG ,’\PB’ N[ D[GP OKKY FKF<br />
.\GNJC\P GKF ,G\[NGI \CKSP \PBF YHIN YZ GBC[<br />
\EP \B Z\GS ,’LN[ LN[G KN[ KN[’ :FZKPBC ZEDGPF ,\PBFG<br />
\RKICP NNM QGDF FH QKB KM ,KZPDN G\GB NCGS GRKBG ,ESIF<br />
\B NK[MP[ ECNP KM ,G\NGH NKC[C TDK\FNG NGPTN \PBF<br />
OEB NM[ ,Q\GR \PBF FRF { G\NGH \B NXRN GNKDZPG ,GZCI<br />
FSPTPN NGVKN LZJXK BN[ ,YIEF \T[N G[GMZ ZGXBN CKKI<br />
.G\NGH \TKDK NT<br />
,G[GMZ K[ZGKG OKCGZY GN QKB[ OEB LN QKB ,FNB NM ECNPG<br />
,CKKIP TCJF QM KM ,OKZIBP OKPEYGP FPF \PBF KV NT[<br />
FHC ,GK[ZGKG GKCGZYC ZY[P BXPR OKZIBN G[GMZ Q\GRF[<br />
."OGNM OFN ZKB[P GRKB[<br />
QKB FNKI\C .NCYN QGXZF \B EKNGPG BZGCFP J[V\P QGKNTF ZGBF<br />
NKXBPF \BG GPXT \B [KDZK[ ZIBN YZ .GPXT \B [KDZP NCYN QGXZF<br />
CKKI LM O[N .BZCRN NCYN QGXZF C[IKK ,OFKRKC[ \GKMVFC ZKMKG GN[<br />
.G\GB EKNGPF ZGBF \GRGM\P ,BZGCF \GRGM\P NNM\FN NCYN QGXZF<br />
OKRGMPF ,OKCN[ FTCZB QC LKNF\C NCYN QGXZF \B I\VN LK[PP ZGBF<br />
.’F O[ GB ,F"KGF \GK\GB TCZB<br />
NNMR LKNF\F N[ GVGSC .GK\GRGM\ \B BZCRC BZGCF TKCJP FH LKNF\C<br />
TCJF KDGS KR[ QKC GPXT \B [KDZP BGF .BZGCF TCJPG GN[ GTCJP BZCRF<br />
TCZBN OK[ZG[F OF OKCN[F \TCZB .NGTVN QMGP BGF LM LG\PG ,GNNF<br />
,\PBF \EKP I\V\\ KTKCZF CN[F QP .OFP I\V\FN \GEK\TF \GEKPF<br />
.OGN[G YEX ,ESI \GEKPF FRI\V\\ GN GPEY[ OKCN[F \[GN[PG<br />
\GRGM\F NT \GI\V\FF IGM NTGV EXKM ,ZPGIF LG\N OEBF FBZ GNKB<br />
\PBF \EKP \B DKFRFN K[GY NM GN FKF BN ,BZCR NM N[ \GKTCJF<br />
F\KKF .\JNIGPF \K\KPBF G\ZGX KVN OEB NM NGY[N FKF Q\KR .ONGTC<br />
FZKICF \NTGV GC[ OGYPC FBGG[F ,FTY[FN SIKC FBGG[F \Z[VB\P<br />
GN F\RYF[ LGRKIC GB \GENGPF GK\GRGM\C BN ;OEBF N[ \K[VGIF<br />
.FNBC FKGN\ FRKB[ \K[VGIF G\ZKICC OB KM ,FZCIF<br />
,"\PBF \EKP" \BZYR OEBF N[ \K\KPBF G\TKDK \B EGEPN \NGMKF<br />
\KC N[ ZXG\ ,ZGXK FBGZ BGF .ZGVS=QKB OKRG\R OKZSI EEGPN LB
111<br />
\GEKPF QKC[ FZK\SF<br />
,G\GK[KB ,GPXT OEBF FH QKB .OKRG[ OKJKZVPG \GMZTPP KGRCF ,\[GZI<br />
[K OEBF \TKDK \B EGEPN KEM .NNM GPXT GC KGN\ GRKB[ ZXG\ BNB<br />
GRRKB EGT NM .GPXT GC KGN\ \PBC[ OEBC[ QJYF QKTZDF \B Z\BN<br />
\EKP KV NT \NGHN SIK DKFRFN FNGMK \G[GRBF QKB ,LMN OKNDGSP<br />
.\GZIBF \GRGM\C OK[P\[P GRB LM OG[P .\PBF<br />
BGF QKBG GRPP \Z\SR \PBF :FKTC KRVC CXKR OEBF KM QKCFN GRKNT<br />
.GPXT \BG FBKZCF \B ,\G[GRBF \B ,\NGHF \B FRGMR LKZTFN NDGSP<br />
.G\TKDKNG \NGHN ,\GBKXPN QGMR SIKK\FN GN ZGHTK[ UKNI\ \GRCN GKNT<br />
CGNK[ LB ,\GK\KPB QRKB { OGN[G YEX ,ESI { \GZIBF \GRGM\F ORPB<br />
FRGP\N FCGZYF FRGP\ OEBF KRVC DKXPF ,QGRDRP QKTP ZXGK QRKC QGMR<br />
OKNDGSP GRRKB[ ,TCJF LG\C FKGCIF \KPKRVF \PBF \RGP\ { \Z\SRF<br />
.FC QKICFN<br />
\GEKPF TCZBC ONGSF NTC QE "\GZKCSPG \GZKBP OKRVN FPEYF"C<br />
LMN OZGD \PBF \EKP KV NT \NGHF \B LKZTFN \NGMKF ZSGI .GNNF<br />
.(CK ,I NBKRE) "FXZB \PB LN[\G" ZPBR[ KVM ,FEKXF \IRHR \PBF[<br />
KVM ,QYG\PF QGXZF LG\P \GND\FN \PBF FEK\T ZCE N[ GVGSC LB<br />
.(CK ,FV OKNF\) "IPX\ WZBP \PB" ZPBR[<br />
K\GMBNP<br />
OKIZMGP ,ZGCKXC OGN[ \G[TN KEM KM .YEXN Z\GS OGN[F QMG"<br />
ORMG\ KVN OKIKJCPF ,OKPKKY OF[ \GPM OKBR\F \GKFN<br />
,Z[T\FN { ONM[PG OXZPP OKTKY[PF ,OKIYKVNG OKHKZHN<br />
.OKKRT \GKFN { OKPKP\FG OKN[Z\PF GNKBG<br />
FRFRG ,N[Z\PF GZCI YNIG ,GYNI NJGR WZPF NTC[ ,LM<br />
OKPKP\NG OKN[Z\PN EGT ZB[R BN[ ET ,Z\GKC OKCGJ OKKIP<br />
ZSGICG OGZKTC QM NT OKZB[RG ,\KIZMFF O\GKI KEM GNKVB<br />
."OKCGZP OKB[GRCG ,NM<br />
QGKGG[<br />
,G\NGH \B NXRN \GZ[VB OFP KPN FND\P OBG ,I\GVP GDB OEBF KRCN<br />
OKNECFF \B ZXK[ BGF BZGCF[ QGGKMP .\GC[I\F BNC \BH F[TK BGF<br />
KM OKZGCSF [K ORPB .QGKGG[F ZSGIN KBZIBF BGF KZF ,OEBF KRC QKC
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
112<br />
LB ,IKGGZK { TKY[K[ KP NM KMG ,FTY[FF N[ FBXG\ BKF FINXFF<br />
FID[FF \GMZTPCG \ENGP \KTCJ \GRKKJXFC FKGN\ FINXFF F[TPN<br />
.OEBF CKCS \GNTGVF<br />
FZCIFG ,\ZCGDG \MNGF FEKPC OKN[IRF \B OKNXRP OKINXGPF<br />
.BZGCF F[TP GFH QM[ ,\GGKTF [ZG[ \B QY\N FIKNXP FRKB \K[GRBF<br />
ZVMN NMGR BN ,OKFH QFKBR\[ LGRKI \GZDSP OKENKF NMN ZGXKR OB OD<br />
QGKGG[F \GMZTP NM .NYNGYPF \B FP=\EKPC QY\NG QGKGG[F ZSGI NT<br />
NGI \KKZH BNB QRKB YEX ZGXKN KEM FZCIC GRTPJF[ \GK\GMBNPF<br />
\B \GZKCDP UBG ZCE \GRY\P QRKB "QGYK\F \GMZTP" .GRPXT KRKTC<br />
UB QFG I\V\FN OKIKNXPNG OKHKZHN \GZ[VBP QF QKB .FZCIC SZFF<br />
NGMF ZCE N[ GVGSC ,QM KM FRF .OKN[IRN TKKSN O\NGMKC \GTDGV<br />
.OKEKSVP<br />
Z[VBNG QGKGG[N FZCIF \B BKCFN FEKIKF LZEF BGF KRIGZ LGRKI<br />
\MZTPC GYNI \B \GBZN EIB NMN Z[VBP FH LGRKI .I\V\FN OEB NMN<br />
\MZTPF EGYV\N CG[I YNIG YNI NM ;OKGG[ NGMF FC Z[B FRGKNTF<br />
\MZTP KYNIM FRGMRF \GZCI\FF \B OEBF KRC GDK[K[ ZIBN .\KNNMF<br />
NMGK HB YZ .KP[DF ZG[KPC OD \YEGX FYGNI NFRN GNMGK OF ,FPN[<br />
,G\NGMK KVM EIB NMP" :\PN[GPF \MZTPF N[ \GKIF YGI OKKY\FN<br />
."GKMZX KVN EIB NMNG<br />
,QGKGG[C \GXKIRF \B FMG\P ZKMFN ,\KRIGZ \GI\V\FN TKDFN [K<br />
GRPNGTC GF[NM QGYK\ QM\KK BN .KP[DF ZG[KPN GBKCFN QMP ZIBN YZG<br />
KM ONGSF NTC C\GM "FNCYF \PMI N[ F\GFP" ZPBPC .GH LZEC BN[<br />
ONGTC[ \GNGTVFG \GIGMF \D[F KRVN FHF ONGTF \B DK[FN Q\KR BN<br />
\B QKCFN Q\KR OKRGKNTF OKKRIGZF OK[ZG[F \ZMF ZIBN YZ .QGKNTF<br />
.LVFN BNG ,GRPNGTC[ OKKP[DF OFKVRT<br />
\KNGDS FTKDK<br />
YNIF NB YZ \GSIKK\FC \BJC\P \PBF \EKP KV NT OEB \MZTF<br />
.G\ZKICP TKY[F[ FTKDKF NBG \K[VGIF FZKICF FKGN\ GC[ OEBC[<br />
Q\KR LMN FPDGE .\GBKXPC OKPKKY ORKB GNKBM OKZIBF OKRG\RF NM<br />
QGGDPP CMZGP OEBF UGD .GVGD KYNIN OEBF SIKK\P FC[ LZEC \GBZN
113<br />
\GEKPF QKC[ FZK\SF<br />
,OKZIB .ECMFG CNF ,IGPF GPM ,EGBP OKCG[I OKZCKB [K .OKZCKB N[<br />
GNGM UGDF N[ GPGKY L[PFN OKKIZMF ORKB ,OKKNDZF GB OKKEKF \PDGEM<br />
ZCKBN SIKK\P GRKB OEBF ,\BH \GZPN .LZGXF FZYPC O\GB TGJYN Q\KRG<br />
\GBKXPN F[KDF BKF \BHM .\GCK[I ZSI NBM ZIBNG CG[I NBM EIB<br />
.\PBF \EKP KVN<br />
.BZGCF GC TCJ[ OKRG\RF QP TV[GK \NGHN OEBF SIK KM QM\KK BN<br />
\GCK[IF \ZMF LG\PG ,\K[VGIF G\PGZ\ KVN YZ OEBF \B JGV[N Q\KR<br />
FKFK Q\KR ,\KNGDSF FTKDKF YZ QGC[IC BCG\ OB .FZCIC G\GBXPKF N[<br />
NYG[ [PP QVGB G\GBC .\GIV KPG Z\GK CGJ OEB KP K[GY NM BNN TGCYN<br />
\GPNGTF N[ \GDZEPF ONGSC \GNTN GN Z[VBPG OEBF \B BZGCF<br />
YZ .FPGE SIK DKFRFN NDGSP GRKB OEBF GRN[ ONGTF \ZDSPC .OKKRIGZF<br />
BGCK ,GKNB OB\FC GRPNGT \B FR[RG KRIGZF ONGTF \B DK[R[ ZIBN<br />
.OGN[C GPGYP NT NGMF<br />
OKPKP\FG OKN[Z\PF \B [KRTFN ,YEGX K\NC KBEG FHG"<br />
OBJI FPG .OFKVMC SPI BN NT Z[B ,LM NM FCGZP FEPC<br />
OFN FYKRTF BN FID[FF OB ,GNNF OKNNPGBF N[ OT[V FPG<br />
KZF .\GPP OK[YF OKZGSKC [RTFN ,\GIYKVFG \GHKZHF \B<br />
.YEXN Z\GS OGN[FG ,OGN[F N[ OKBR\C NNM YEX QKB[<br />
KV NT [GMZF \YGNI \B ZESR OB KM ,OGN[N Z\GS YEXF QMG<br />
,GMZTC CG[I YNI OKPKP\NG OKN[Z\PN \\N ,GRKKFE ,YEXF<br />
KBEG ,GNNF FPHKFG IMF KNTC HB KM { WZPF KNTCG OKHKZHF OT<br />
\ECT[PF ,GHF FDFRFF \B GNKVK[ ET ,GJGY[K BNG GIGRK BN<br />
OK[NIF \CGJN O\GB OKNXRPG ,WZPF KNTC ,OKNGEDF \B<br />
YEXF[ KZF { ZGCKXF OGN[N FGY\ OG[ QM NT QKBG .GNNF<br />
."OGN[N Z\GS<br />
\PB .\JNIGP FNCY BGF FEDRM T[#Z&FG ,\JNIGP FRK\R BKF ESIF \EKP<br />
.OKK\NI\FF OKBR\C OD C[I\FN [K LB ,\GBXG\F KV NT FYGNI BKF<br />
GNKBM OEBF KRC NMN \SIKK\P \K[GRBF FZCIF ,\PBF \EKPN EGDKRC<br />
OFC BXGKMG LGRKIF KBR\ \BGG[F[ CG[IN FTGJ BKF .OKGG[ GKF<br />
\BH FRMP UB BKFG ,FFH LZEC OK[RBF \GDFR\F \B NGY[N \Z[VBP
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
114<br />
ORKB[ OKRG\RF QP ONT\P BGF[ QGGKM YEX GRKB FHM SIK[ QCGP .YEX<br />
.OEBC OKKGN\<br />
FZCIF FSRP \GZIBF \GEKPC [GPK[F LNFPC GZXGR[ \GKTCF NM NT<br />
,\PBF ECNP .OKRGB KZSI GRB ZCE N[ GPGMKSCG ,OGN[ N[ LZEC \GXVN<br />
ZPD NB BGCK[ ET ONGTF JGY[K BN LM OG[P ;\GKZY[ \GEKPF NM<br />
QGHKBN TKDFN NMGR BN ,\KPXT FNCYC OKKGZ[ GRB EGT NM .QGYK\F<br />
.OKKY\FN ,\KNBEKBF FEKPF ,\PBF \EKPN Z[VBK[ KNPKJVGB<br />
\JNIGP FTV[FN GPXT \B OEBF KRCP EIB NM QY\K Z[BM YZ<br />
FKFK FH QGKGG[ .OKGG[ NGMF GKFK ,GRKNB BZGCF \TV[FN FPGEC ,BZGCN<br />
NM .OFK\GBXG\PG OKK\NI\FF OKBR\F QP TV[GK BN[ OG[P K\KPB<br />
BZGCN TKV[FN ON[F QGXZF .KSIKF GYNIP OGPKSYPF \B TKV[K EIB<br />
\EKP OG[KKN OKBZCRF GTKDK GH LZECG ,GFTZN [KB QKC FGG[K GECN BGF<br />
.\PBF<br />
FTV[FC OB KM \KPXT FNCYC OKKY\FN ONGTN NMG\ BN \PBF \EKP<br />
OG[PG ,OKKTCJF GKBR\ KV NT G\NGMK NMM OZG\ EIB NM FTV[FC .ECNC<br />
OKTKV[P OF[ LMC OKGG\[P NGMF .OZG\ BGF FPM EGEPN LZGX QKB LM<br />
:FPN[ \IB \MZTP KYNIM \KNNMF FP[RN OKZCI\PG \KCZPF FEKPC<br />
."EIB CNC EIB [KBM"
\GKEKIKF \EKP<br />
QCZGIG SZF F\NGTV OHKBGDKBF LG\C \GKEKIKF \EP"<br />
YZ BNG ,GHC GH \GPINRG \GIDRP GRC[ \GEPF LKB ,FBGZ LRFG<br />
\GEPF ’E \GBXPR ,EKIK OEB NMC BNB ,\G\MN \G\M QKC<br />
ET ,GCZYC \GPINRG ,FH ZIB FHC GB ,\IB \CC GC \GJNG[<br />
FPMSF KEKN OBKCFNG ,O\GB ZESN Z[KF NM[N OGYP QKB[<br />
.\IB \JNIGP<br />
GRKB ,GRC \ZZG[F FCZF BKCGCZTF NM [ZG[[ ,BKF \PBFG<br />
EIBG EIB NMC FKGXPF ,NKTN ZMHRF ’\GKEKIKF’ \EPP Z\GK<br />
.Z\GK OBG \GIV OB ,GR\BP<br />
\BH FEP Z[B ,FNTR EBP ,FGCDG FVK OTJ FC GRZBC[ ODFG<br />
NM [ZG[ BGF[ ,ONGT N[ GEKIK ,’\K BZGCFP Z[K GRN \M[PR<br />
LG\C FC[K\F \GKEKIKF \[DZF[ LG\P FH NM OT ,\GKZCF<br />
F\KF[ ET ,QCZGIG SZF F\NGTV F\[TR ,GRN[ ZXF OHKBGDKBF<br />
."ONGTC GKFKG GKF[ \GRCZGIF NMN ZGYPN<br />
OEB Z[BM .GRKPC EIGKP BGF KM F[DZF OEB NMC \ZXGK \GKEKIKF \EKP<br />
ZCEF ,\K[KBF G\CGJ \B YZ FBGZG GN[ ZXF OHKBGDBF LG\C KGXP<br />
\RGM\ ,FTV[FC KGXP OEBF OB ,\BH \PGTN .\KNKN[ FZGXC BJC\P<br />
.ONGTF \CGJN KGJKC KEKN FBC \GKEKIKF<br />
\GKEKIKF \[DZF .EKIKG EIB BGF[ ,BZGCC FZGYP \GKEKIKF \RGM\<br />
Z\GK JSKNBGEKCKERKB F[TR BGF I\V\P OEBF[ NMMG ,OEB NMC \PKKY<br />
ZCEF .FZCIC OKZIBF QP NECRG EIGKP GPXT \B [KDZP BGF .Z\GKG<br />
[KB NMN :Z\GKC I\GVPF GDBF NTC BGF[ ,KEGFKF OTF CZYC JNGC<br />
.QKKRTG ZCE NMC GN[P FTE<br />
115
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
116<br />
NCYN QGXZF ,FNCYF \JK[ KV NT \GI\V\FF N[ QG[BZF CN[C<br />
QY\N NDGSP OEBF FC[ FEKPC YZ FND\P BGF QMP ZIBN .NZJGRP<br />
TKY[K OEBF[ NMM .BZGCF \D[FN KTXPBCM GC [P\[FN GRKKFE ,G\GB<br />
QGXZF GC FND\K ,\GPEY\FN QMGP FKFKG \KRIGZF G\GI\V\FC Z\GK<br />
ZPD" ZCT NB OEY\FN OEBN Z[VBN KEM HGT Z\KCG \GZKE\ Z\KC NCYN<br />
."QGYK\F<br />
NCYN QGXZ FKFK QGYK\F LZEC OKBXPR ORKB[ OK[RBC[ CJGP ,YVS BNN<br />
QKZEFRS) "ONGTN FBRFG QFN FBRF { OKT[ZN FRK[" CG\MF ZPBPM ,QJY<br />
OB .QGYK\F ZCTN OEBF \B UGIEN IZMGP NCYN QGXZF LB .(C"T BT<br />
QVGBC NCYN QGXZF GC I\V\K ,FNCYF EGPKN \B OKEYP OEBF QKB<br />
NB FRPPG { OKKIF \GFP NT FNB[N G\GB GNKCGK OFG ,OKZGSKK GN OGZDK[<br />
.FNCYF<br />
EIGKP [KDZP OEB<br />
FRPP QKZGI QC FKFK[ ONGTC EIB OEB UB LN QKB ,ZGPBMG"<br />
\GB\N OB ,FPT \G[P\[FF KRVGBC YZ FPF OKYGNKIF NMG<br />
.FHP FH \GKZCF OKNECR OFC[ ,EGCMN OB ,FN[PPN OB ,CN<br />
GR\BP EIB NM[ ,BGF ONGTF \GKZC NMC[ FG[F EXF NCB<br />
OKTXPBF NMC ,\KJZVF G\NTG\N \GKZCF NMN NXRN EPGT<br />
NT \GRCFN LNGF[ NNM QGC[IC \IYN KNCPG ,G\G[ZC[<br />
.GZCI N[ GRCZGI<br />
,GPXTN BKXPP EIB NM[ Z\KFF \BZGF OGNM QBM CG[I BNG<br />
NM[F’ QKBG ’NM[F [ZG[ BGF QGXZF’ KM ,GN OKB\PF QGGM KV NT<br />
,Z\GK NGED OEBF[ NMM[ ,ZPBFN \R\KR \PBFG .’QGXZF [ZG[<br />
NGED ,GC[ \GKEKIKF \EP [PP ZGTK[F G\GBC { Z\GKC QKKGXPG<br />
."Z\GKC QKKGXPG<br />
NM<br />
GZGYP[ YNI BXPR OEB NMCG GPXT N[P \NECR FP[R NTC BGF OEB NM<br />
EIBF .OEBN OEBP OKR\[P \GKEKIKF \EKPC [GPK[F KRVGB .BZGCC<br />
NTC KBJZGVS K[KN[ ,OMIG\P QKKZCT { ZIBF ,NGDE BVGZ \GKFN FXGZ<br />
\EKPN FCKSF .GC \GBD\FN NMGK[ FP=ZCE LKZX OEB NM { OKD[KF
117<br />
\GKEKIKF \EKP<br />
EIB NMC KGXPF QG[BZF OEB \P[RC[ FRG[F [ZG[F BKF \GKEKIKF<br />
.GR\KBP<br />
Z[BM ,GRPHC .["CZF ,KZGPP K\TP[[ ZGVKS \ZHTC ZCEF \B [KIPB<br />
CZCZ[F .CGKCF ZGRKX O\SR ,OKN[GZKC NGB[ \TCDC ["CZF ZZGD\F<br />
LG\N SRMR ,GKEDC \B CZCZ[F J[V .EPN\P FKNG[C FGGNP BC QPHGF[<br />
FEGCT KNM GN EKZGK[ EPN\PF ZCTN YTX G\EGCT LNFPCG ,CGKCF ZGC<br />
CZCZ[F FRV ,[BZ ETG NDZ UMP LNMGNP ,CGKCF ZGCP BXK[M .OKRG[<br />
FEGCTF \B \G[TN EPNK OB KM ,FGGBDC GN ZPBG ONGM KRVC G\KKNG[N<br />
NDGSP BN [KB[ CGKC \GKTC ZG\VNG GFGPM FIPGP \GKFN NMGK ,FMNFM<br />
,KEPN FIGE FNGTVC YST\F[ KV NT UB[ OKBGZ GRB ,QM OB .QZ\GVN<br />
FP=ZCE GN FKFK[ FXGZ OEB NM ,QMB .EIGKP GPXT \B CZCZ[F [KDZF<br />
[KB QKB[ GRKKFE ,G\GKEGIKK \B [KDZFN UBG[G GC EIGKP BGF YZ[<br />
.GNGM ONGTC G\GPM<br />
NMM ORPB .FEKPZKV N[ FRCPC \ZEGSP \G[GRBF ,NKTN ZGPBM<br />
KEM LMC QKB LB ,Z\GK NGED FC OK[RBF ZVSP Z\GK FMGPR FDZEPF[<br />
\B [KDZP GRKB OEBF QM[ ,OFP EIB NM N[ \GKEKIKF \[DZF \B NJCN<br />
.ECNC GPXT \B BNB ,GN WGIP Z[B<br />
.GZCI N[ FHP FRG[ GR\KBP EIB NMC[ NCYN QGXZF KM QKCFN GRKNT<br />
,GZTX \B GB G\IP[ \B \GPEN ,G\NGH \B QKCFN NGMKF [KB QKB LM OG[P<br />
BXGK OEBF Z[BM YZ .GMG\C [IZ\PF NM \BG [I BGF[ OKPTJF \B<br />
,\NGHF QGXZ \B GPGYPC NCYPG GN[ GDBF \B OXPXP GRKKFE ,GVGDN WGIP<br />
QGZSKIF \B FRGY OEBF \NGHN G\CFBC .ZIBF \B QKCFN NGMK BGF<br />
\B BNPNG ZIBF [KDZP Z[B \B [KDZFN NDGSP BGF HB YZ .\NGHF N[<br />
.GRGXZ<br />
,QMCG .QGYK\F ZPDC OD ZB[KK FEKPZKVF FRCP OBF ,FNB[F \NB[R<br />
\GKZGYPF \GRGM\C ZB[R EIB NM[ KZF ,OPXT \GRGXZN ZG[YF NMC<br />
NMM CG[I \GKFN LVGF GPXT \B QYK\[ KP NM ,QGYK\N Z[BC LB ;GN[<br />
ZCGEP[M ONGB ,OKK\NI\FF OFKBR\C FHP FH OKRG[ NGMF .OKZIBF<br />
GPXT \B QY\PF NM { QJY QKBG NGED QKB ,\RYG\PF \KVGSF FBXG\C<br />
BGF \GBKXPF N[ \KVGSF F\ZGX .\BH G[T[ OKZIBN FGG\[P \GPN[C<br />
BGF NGDKTF .QYG\PF NCYN QGXZF { BZCRF GHMZPC[ UGS=QKB NGDKT
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
118<br />
\B NPSP BGF QMNG HMZPFP FGG[ YIZPC \BXPR FC FEGYR NM[ FZGX<br />
.QGKGG[F<br />
\GKEKIKF TCJC [GPK[F \ZGX<br />
NNMCG JZVC \GI\V\F B[GRM \GKEKIKF TCJC [GPK[F \ZGX"<br />
NT UGS UGS GNCY\K[ ,OKZ[KF OKBR\F QKCFN ZGEIR F\T<br />
FPC \TENG ;ONGTF OGN[ N[ QPHF \TVGF \TN ,\G[GRBF<br />
EKIKN Z[GBF KKI \B BKCFN ,FVK GNNF OKBR\F N[ OIM<br />
NT SKPTFN \GXZN ,\G[GRBC FR[K[ \GRGMRF \B QMG ,ZGCKXNG<br />
.GNB OKEIGKP OKBR\ UGSCN OPXT<br />
F\BRFN TGNCN \EPGTF ,OEB NM CNC[ \GKEKIKF ZCEN ZGHIR<br />
N[ GEKIKP Z[K L[PR BGF[ ,F[Z[G .GBGNPG ONGTF NM \B<br />
.N"RM GVRT OF[ OEBF KRCN ,ONGT<br />
ZKKGXK LKB ,FCG[\ FPXTN \TCG\G FNB[F \EPGT QBM<br />
NM \GCB KCBN F[T\[ ,GHM \NYNGYP FZGXC GRMG\C FND\\[<br />
BXKG L[P\K ,QKRC NM N[ ZGYPFP LKBG ,ONGT KCKZIPG KYKHP<br />
KNC \BHM FNB[N IKRFN Z[VB KBG { QCZGI NM N[ ZGYPF<br />
."QGZ\V<br />
N[ GRKKFE ,"ONGT N[ GEKIK" N[ GKVRT OF OEBF KRC KM ZPGB ONGSF NTC<br />
OZGD BYGGE FH YNI .OEBC BXPRF NTPP KYGNBF YNIN G\RGGMG ,BZGCF<br />
FKF \GKEKIKF \[DZF BNGN .NC\C NGEDF T[ZF FKF GNKBM DFR\FN OEBN<br />
.LMP Z\GK BNG FNMGB KEM \VZGJF FKIM DFR\P OEBF<br />
G\GB \SRGBG \NGHF \B BMEN OEBF \B \CKKIP \GKEKIKF \EKP<br />
ZIBF KGMKEP FBRF YKVP OEBF FNNDC .ONGMP NGEDM GPXT \B [KDZFN<br />
.OKZIBN \BH QKB[ LMP BNB G\G[ZC KGXPF QP FRFR BGF QKB .G\NV[FPG<br />
,ECNC OEBC BNB KIC GB IPGXC ,OPGEC \GKGXP QRKB FNBM \GTVG\<br />
FKGXPF BZGCF \EKP TGEP ,BKF FNB[F .\GKEKIKF \EKPP \GTCGR QNGMG<br />
?FTGZD FM LZEC \NTGV OEBC<br />
NM\SR OB KM ,FZGPBF \GKEKIKF TCJPC OKEEX KR[ [K ORPB"<br />
N[ GEKIK OT F\GG\[F EXP ,GRKKFE ,QGKNTF ’BF FEXP FC
119<br />
\GKEKIKF \EKP<br />
KZF[ ,’G\NGHN FTV[F’ N[ FZGXC YZ \NTGV BKF KZF ,ONGT<br />
BN KM ,OGNM BNG FNCYF \ZGXP GC QKBG ,TKV[P GNGM ’\K BZGCF<br />
OD ,QMN ,BZC[ GK\GKZCP ZCE NCYN LKZX GRKBG ,FPGBP GN ZSI<br />
YZ QM OD NTV\[ \CKGIP ,’\K GRPP GRNXB L[PR[ \GKEKIKF<br />
.’GPXTN NCYN’ OGNM BNG ’G\NGHN FTV[F’ N[ \GZGXC<br />
F\NGTV \ZGX \RKICP ,GRKKFE ,TCJPF F\GB N[ ’CF FEXP<br />
KM ,KZPDN LGVF QGGMC \NTGV[ BXPR { ,GRC \NTGV[ \K[TPF<br />
\GKFN QGXZF QGDM ,’GPXTN FNCY’ N[ \GZGXC YZ \NTGV<br />
OKEEXF ’C[ ,QVGBC ,FPGEMG ONGTF NMC EKIKF NGEDF ZK[TF<br />
YGIZM ,YIZPF \KNM\C FHP FH OKYGIZ \GGXY ’C QF OKZGPBF<br />
.CZTPP IZHP<br />
\GKEKIKF F\GB[ Z[VB LKB ,GRNB[[ FPN QGZ\VF GRBXP FHC<br />
NMN ZGYPF BGF[ ,ONGT N[ GEKIKP GRKNB FTKDPG \TCGRF<br />
TKDF FH KM ,BGFG { .QCZGI NM ZGYPN GRC \[P[P FKF\ { QKRC<br />
BGF[ ,LGVFF QGGMC FHF ZYKF KNMC OK[P[P GRB[ LG\P GRN<br />
.\KPXT FNCY<br />
GRC NTV\[ ONGTN FN TZBK BN GRC[ \GKEKIKF[ ZPGB KRKBG<br />
GRMG\C BXPR[ [KIMFN Z[VB KB KM .G\NGHN FTV[F \ZGXC<br />
GPM ,\NGHN FTV[FC OD OFC \NTGV \GKEKIKF[ ,OK[RB<br />
\CGJN O\TKDK NM OKZHVPF QMG ,NNMF \CGJN O[GMZ OKZHVPF<br />
.FPGEMG ,NNMF<br />
’CP YZ OKZCEP ,K\ZBK\[ TCJPC[ OKEEXF ’C O\GB BNB<br />
.G\GPN[N ZCE NM FBKCPF ,FBKZCF \GI\V\FC[ \GEGYRF<br />
,JBN JBN \GI\V\FF \GDZEPC FNGTG \SVJPG ,ZETFP NIF<br />
FTKDF ET ,FGCD Z\GKN O[PG ,FRPP FFGCD FDZEPN FDZEPP<br />
FP[G ,[BZP FN FCGXYF \GPN[F \EP BKF[ ,FFGCD \KNM\N<br />
.IXRN QM \PKKY ZB[\<br />
FNI\FF \EGYR ’B :BKF \GEGYRF ’C N[ \GI\V\FF ZES KM<br />
BKFG ,ZGPDF ZETFN FCGZYF ,FRG\I\F FDZEF BKF[<br />
FP[[ FCGDF \KNM\ \EGYR ’C .TCJPC[ ’CF EXC \ZBG\PF<br />
’BF EXC \ZBG\PF BKFG .\GKIXRN \PKKY ZB[\G IGR\<br />
.TCJPC[
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
120<br />
FEPC FI\V\F ZCM ,FC OKBXPR GRIRB[ GH FVGY\ ORPB<br />
FCN[P FNTPN FPPGZ\FG ,\GCZ \GDZEP ZCM F\NTG ,FCGZP<br />
EX NB \ZMR FEPC FCZY\FG ,ZMHRF ’CF EX BGF[ QG\I\F<br />
\GKEKIKF OT OK[P[PF OK[RB GRC OKBXPR ZCM QM NTG ,’BF<br />
OKJTGP QKKET[ BNB ,’G\NGHN FTV[F’ N[ \GZGXC OFN[<br />
.\GI\V\FF N[ LZEF TXPBC EGT OKBXPR GR\GKFN ,FPF<br />
GRNGM [P[R ,\GDZEPF N[ QGKNTF FCGDF \EGYRN TKDR[MG<br />
UB TZBK BNG ,’G\NGHN FTV[F’ N[ FZGXC YZ GRN[ \GKEKIKC<br />
."’GPXTN FNCY’ N[ \GZGXC FPT [P[K[ OEB OG[N OTV<br />
.\KCZPF Q\PXGTN TKDFN QFKNT[ \GKCJGY \GEGYR K\[P NGNM OEBF<br />
N[ KJSKBGDBF GTCJ BKF FMGPRFG ,BZGCF \GKEKIK BKF FFGCDF FEGYRF<br />
ONGSC OEBF SGVKJ KEK NT \K[TR FNBF \GEGYRF K\[ \GPXT\F .BZCRF<br />
ETG FHF ONGTF QP ,FNTPN FJPNP ZPGNM ,"BNKTN B\\P" \GDZEPF<br />
,Z\GKG Z\GK NGED NCYN QGXZ OEBF NKTVP LZEF LNFPC .UGS=QKBF ONGTN<br />
.GC[ \GKEKIKF \EKPC QGMR [GPK[ KEM LG\<br />
NTGVF KCZP NCYN QGXZ \[KMZC KGJKC KEKN BC OEBF \GKEKIK [GPKP<br />
NCYN QGXZF KRV NT FTV[FF \RGGM \[KMZ .BZGCN "TKV[FN \RP NT"C<br />
F[TR LM ,FTV[FC EIGKP BZGCF[ O[M .KBPXTN OEBF \B \MVGF<br />
OEBF \GPE BKF BKF FTV[FF \RGGM .FTV[FC EIGKP OEBF OD<br />
GN FPGE ,GN FGG[ ,BZGCF \JKN[P QKJGNIN KBPXT BGF FCG OEBC[<br />
.GN U\G[G<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF N[ OKKIF<br />
OKKIF KBR\C NM\SFN ,\GRPEHF GRBXP ,GNNF OKZCEF KV NTG"<br />
FNGM \G[GRBF[ QPHC ,ONGTF OGN[ N[ QPHF ,QGZIBF ZGE N[<br />
\GKEKIKF OT OK[P[P GKFKG ,’BF EX N[ FCGDF \EGYRN TKD\<br />
N[ FZGXC NNM BNG ’G\NGHN FTV[F’ N[ FZGXC YZ OFN[<br />
.’GPXTN FNCY’<br />
[P[\[ FEPC ,FZGPBF OKKIF \GZGX \B QBM YK\TFN KBEMG<br />
,GRN[ OKKIF KND UJ[ \I\ GR\TEC C[KK\FNG ,\VGPG IYN GRN<br />
KBR\
121<br />
\GKEKIKF \EKP<br />
\ZGXN \GPEFN ,QGKSR \G[TN GRZGEC OD Z[VBG KBEM KNGB<br />
."FZGPBF OKKIF<br />
\BXPR FRKB[ KBEGG ,QGZIBF ZGEF N[ OKKIF KBR\N FTKDF OZJ \G[GRBF<br />
\RKKRGTPF FZCIN ONGSF NTC WKNPP \BH \GZPN .\NGHN FTV[FC<br />
.QGZIBF ZGEF N[ OKKIF \ZGXP GF[P YK\TFN ,\KRIGZ \GI\V\FC<br />
N[ OCKJ FP ,QGZIBF ZGEF GFP FP=\EKPC QKCFN FKF Q\KR GNKB<br />
BNN \NGHF \CFBC ,BZGCF OT \GYCEC OKBXPRF FZCIF N[G OEBF<br />
ZXCR FH OD LB .\BH FZGX \GYING YK\TFN Z[VB FKF ,\KPXT FKKRV OG[<br />
,FPN[F FZGXN FPEK\[ FZGXN BKCFN GNMGK BN OKXPBPF NM .OEBFP<br />
:ONGSF NTC [KDEP QM KV NT UB .LMN FPDGE OEBF KRVC QKB KZF[<br />
IYN GRN [P[\[ FEPC ,FZGPBF OKKIF \GZGX \B QBM YK\TFN KBEM"<br />
Z[VBG KBEM KNGB ,GRN[ OKKIF KND UJ[ \I\ GR\TEC C[KK\FNG ,\VGPG<br />
."FZGPBF OKKIF \ZGXN \GPEFN ,QGKSR \G[TN GRZGEC OD<br />
\B QKCP BGF QKB :GRPP OKNGEDF \B FYIPF ENKM DGFRN GRKNT<br />
K\NC \GNGTVP FBXG\M .G\NGMK KVM O\GB YK\TP BGF LB ,OFK[TP<br />
OD LM .FDZEFC I\V\P ENKF ,\TE KNCC \G[TRF FNB \GZYGCP<br />
FPGEC ,ENK G\GBM QTXCNG OKNCGYPF \GXT \B YK\TFN GRKNT { GRB<br />
\B \BHC CZTN GRN QKB .FY\TF \RGMP N[ F\NGTVN GB UGY N[ GKGYKIN<br />
OKRJY ,OKNCNGCP GRB[ LMP ONT\R .KGNKPG F[DZF [GZEN GB GRNM[<br />
KGYKIC KM [KDZFN OKKG[T GRB[ UB .FHF "YI[P"F NMC FRCF KZSIG<br />
KBR\F GFH OG[P LMP ONT\R ,GR\CKCSNG GRPXTN OKZY[P GRB FHM<br />
.FNKEDN<br />
OKENKN FPGEC .NGEDN NMGR QF[ KVM OKNCGYPF \GXT \B [PPR OB<br />
,OKNCGYPF ,OKNGEDN \GPEKFN GRB OD NMGR LM ,OFKZGFN OKPEKPF<br />
BGF[ QGGKM ,ZYKTF BGF WPBPF .FXT GRIYN OFPG FPDGEM GRN G[PK[[<br />
.\GI\V\FN EKIKF OZGDF ,"UKYPF ZGBF" \B ZZGTP<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF N[ OKKIF KBR\"<br />
,GN[ FCKCSN ZKCSFNG ,CJKF QKCFN EIB NM LKZX \K[BZ ...<br />
OKKGN\ { ONGTF OGN[G FRKEPF OGN[ BKF[ ,FZCIF OGN[ Z[B<br />
QGXZ OKTKC[P ORKB FZCIF KYGI[ EGT NM KM ,KZPDN FHC FH<br />
,FXGZP K\NC JGTKP OKZKB[PG ,FRKEPC[ EKIKG EKIK NMN
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
122<br />
FRKEPF \DFRF \I\ Z\GI FHF JGTKPF KZF ,FRKEPF \DFRFP<br />
."FNKVFN [YCPG<br />
FZCIF QF GC[ ,QGZIBF \GI\V\FF CN[C \BXPR FRKB \G[GRBF EGT NM<br />
OKCZ .\EP\P FRMS F[BZ NTP UIZN LK[P\ ,OKRYG\P FC[ OKJZVF QFG<br />
OKNIGC ORKB OF .KGRK[C OKRKKRGTPG KIMGRF CXPFP NGMS\ OK[KDZP<br />
\RMSC FNGM \G[GRBF FKGZ[ QMNG OFK\GZJP \D[FN KTXPB OG[C<br />
\B ONGSF NTC C\M FC[ FVGY\F KM CN OK[N [K .\K[PP FEP[F<br />
[IZ\PF TGZKB N[ G\TV[F OGKM ;FNB GRKPKP EGBP FRG[ OKZCEF<br />
KM QKCFN GRKNT LMKVN .EKP\P \YFCGP FNGM \G[GRBF NT GF[NM OGYPC<br />
ZGCKXF \GTEGP .\RYG\PF FZGXF \BZYN OEY\FN BNB FZKZC GRN QKB<br />
\C[Y QHGB ZXGGK\ LMG ,ZCD\G LN\ OKRG\R OF FC[ OKKIF \RMSN JZVFG<br />
.FNCYF \PMIN<br />
,OKHIGB OF[ WVIP O\HKIB \B GVZK OB[ ZGZKCC OKTEGK OKENK<br />
OKTEGK OF QKB .O[RGT NT GBGCK OFG ZC[K\G NGVK\ BKF ,\INX N[PN<br />
,FMK[PF YGI NT OKEPGNG OKNED OF[M LB ,\INXF \NKVRN FCKSF FP<br />
GRB KM \G[GRBN ZKCSFN [K ,FPGEC .KNYKHKV YGIC ZCGEP KM OKRKCP OF<br />
WNIKFN GB FRPP JNPKFN Q\KR BNG ,FR\[P K\NC \MZTP LG\C OKKI<br />
YZ NCYN QGXZF \NKEDG ,NGMF NT TKV[P EKIK N[ KGD[ F[TP .FMG\P<br />
.OK[RBF QKC Z[YF \B EGTG EGT \YEFP<br />
OGYPC KJKNGV KGRK[ GB ZGZJ TGDKV ,QYKZGF \VGS ,FSZGC N[ F\NKVR<br />
NM [KDZK GC[ OGKF YGIZ BN .GNGM ONGTF NT EKP OKTKV[P OKGSP<br />
OKVGDFG \GETGGF .FHN FH OKZG[Y FKYNI[ \MZTPM ONGTF \B OEB<br />
QF FNB \GPHGK .LM NT OKEKTP \GVGM\ OK\TN OKPYGPF OKKPGBN=QKCF<br />
\BXPR FNGM \G[GRBFG ,QJY OGYPN LVF ONGTF KM FRCFF N[ FENG\<br />
.FZKS F\GBC<br />
:GRKRKTN FBZRFP Z\GK FCZF UB OKZGPI OKZCEF ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN<br />
ZTGCF GDBF .FH NT FH OKTKV[P OEBF KRC N[ \GC[IPFG \GRGXZF<br />
,LMC OKXGZ ORKB OB ODG ,ONGM \B EKP[FN OKXGZ ONGM .ZCE NM SZGF<br />
NC\ \GRKEPC[ \GNGEDFG \GYHIF OD .\ZIB DGFRN OKNDGSP OF QKB ZCM<br />
NGM=QKTN KGND [GCKMC \NTG\F ZSGI QM[ ,OGN[C \GKIN \GRKKRGTP<br />
LK[PFN \G[GRBF \B UIGE GDBF \BH NMCG ,IXGRPF BGF [CGMFG
123<br />
\GKEKIKF \EKP<br />
BGF FPM ET TEGK GN[ ZTGCF GDBF \B [KDZP[ KP .CG[G CG[ \GD[NG<br />
.FJKN[N Q\KR K\NC<br />
FEKPN ZGHIN :GDBF \PXGT \B \XYPC \KIVFN Z[VB FKF GNKB<br />
,FR[ OK[KPI KRVN FCK\MF BKF[ OKMZTNG KJSKBGDB NGYNY N[ F\GIV<br />
ONGTF FKF { JTP TDZKFNG KRGKPEF \GSKGGF ZG\VM \B ZGIBN CCGSN<br />
ZGYPF BGF OHKBGDBF[ QCGP ZCM GRRPHC .\VZGD FPMSF LMN TKCP GNGM<br />
.OKZGSKKFG \GZXF NMN<br />
FVGXZ \K[GRBF FKZGJSKFFG ONGTPG HBP FNCS \G[GRBF ORPB<br />
OKZ[TF FBPF N[ F\NKI\C .QKJGNIN ZIB CXPF OGKM LB ,\GPINP<br />
\G[GRBF CZS\ OB .TDZN TDZP ZKPIP CXPFG ,IGZCN QBN QKB \IBG<br />
FP"G FKRV NT \GBKXPF IVJ\ ,ETGP EGTCP FCXP \ZPGI \B QKCFN<br />
OD GZCD\K GPKTG NEDK NCYN QGXZF ."QPHF F[TK NM[F F[TK BN[<br />
JGN[N OEBF NMGK F\GTXPBC[ FEKIKF LZEF BKF FNCYF \PMI .\GZXF<br />
.KRSZFF GDBF NT<br />
OKRV FRKEPF \DFRF OT OINFN YKVSP GIM QKB OBG"<br />
\GS[N QGDM ,QKVKYT LZEC FNKVFN FEGX GFKZF { OKRVC<br />
\TC[ ZCEF KTCJ KM ,FPINP KEKN OBKCFN ,GHC GH \GRKEPF<br />
[K O\B Z[B ,OKXGZP K\NC FCZF OFKNT GVSG\K FPINP<br />
OKYFNG .FRKEPF \DFRF NKVFN TKZMP CGZ DK[FN FGY\ OFN<br />
ZK[K OZGD BGF JZVF OGN[[ KZF ,OFN FIGR F[EI FDFRF<br />
."FRKEPF OGN[N<br />
OK[RB OD OKC[GK NBZ[K \SRMC ,N[PN .TV[C [K CKZ KZIZIP<br />
FNMNMFG FKK[T\F K[RB CZYC .\K[KBF O\IGGZN \GPINPC OKRKKRGTPF<br />
\GKJSKBGDBF GK\GZJP \D[FN GMZEC .FPINP KZIZIP QM OD BGXPN Q\KR<br />
GM[PKK NCYN QGXZF QYG\K BN EGT NM .OKTXPBC NIGC OEBF QKB<br />
OKKRSZF OK[TR FPKINF KTXPB .QGIJKCF ZSGI \[DZF ZCD\G OKYCBPF<br />
.[VR NMN FGG[F ZKIPC K[VGIF YG[C OKZISR OYNIG ,Z\GK<br />
FCKSF NT CG[IN OEBF \B CKKIN BKF \BH NM KZGIBP \EPGTF FZJPF<br />
,OKKJZVF { \GRGKSKRF NM .QGYK\ CKKI GN[ GDBF KM QKCFN GKNT .[IZ\PN<br />
NCYN QGXZN QGSKZ \GMZTP \PYFN { OKKPGBN=QKCF GB OKKPGBNF<br />
GNTK ,\G[GRBF \B EKP[FN OKKBPFG ZTGCF ,KNNMFG KJZVF ,KJSKBGDBF
.GFG\C<br />
OHKBGDBF<br />
QKPC[<br />
K[GRBF<br />
BGF<br />
FEGSK<br />
F\CKSG<br />
N[<br />
.\GI\V\FF<br />
\GI\V\F<br />
OEBF \B BKCFN \ETGKP GH<br />
,LMC FZMFN<br />
ZK[MP ZIB [GVKING<br />
QGYK\N<br />
.GDBF<br />
\GCKSRC<br />
FNB<br />
FND\\<br />
\PMI<br />
.FNCYF<br />
BNG"<br />
EGT<br />
BNB<br />
OB<br />
IYKR<br />
QGC[IC<br />
\B<br />
G\GB<br />
YNIF<br />
OKBXPRF<br />
EKP\<br />
FRKEPC<br />
Z[B<br />
FPINPF<br />
BKF<br />
,O\GRPGB<br />
NMG<br />
\GGY\<br />
,O\INXF<br />
GPM<br />
KEPGNP<br />
,FPINPF<br />
OKYSGTFG<br />
\YVSFC<br />
KMZX<br />
,EBP CG[I JGTKP OF \K\ZCIF \GMKBF \RKICP[ { [GPKIF<br />
OBG<br />
EGT<br />
UZXR<br />
OFKNT<br />
\B<br />
JGTKPF<br />
ORKB[<br />
,OKXGZP<br />
OKYGIFP<br />
OKPKKYF<br />
KZF<br />
LKRVN<br />
NMC<br />
FT[<br />
CGZ<br />
QKRC<br />
NGED<br />
OKYYG\[PF<br />
\GPINPN<br />
\GMKV[NG<br />
."OKPE<br />
\GTKC[=KB<br />
QGXZF<br />
\PZGD<br />
ZSGIN<br />
\GCKXK<br />
ONGTC<br />
GNGM<br />
BNG<br />
Q\KR<br />
QRM\N<br />
GNG<br />
OD<br />
ETX<br />
EIB<br />
.FPKEY<br />
ZCTC<br />
DGFR<br />
FKF<br />
QRM\N<br />
\GKRM\<br />
IGGJN<br />
N[<br />
\GZ[T<br />
OKR[<br />
QFPG<br />
ZGHDN<br />
\GKRM\<br />
FNGTV<br />
KYZVN<br />
QPH<br />
OKZXY<br />
,Z\GK<br />
LB<br />
GRKPKC<br />
FKDJZJSB<br />
\BHM<br />
K\NC<br />
\KZ[VB<br />
.NKNTC<br />
ZSGI<br />
\GCKXKF<br />
\GBEGGF=KBG<br />
OKZCGD<br />
CXYC<br />
,ZZISP<br />
KGZ[ TEPF<br />
FMGCPC<br />
GRKBG<br />
NDGSP<br />
YVSN<br />
,\GCG[\<br />
\G[GRBFG<br />
\BXGP<br />
\B<br />
FPXT<br />
\ZSI<br />
.OKRGB<br />
KZF"<br />
OGN[[<br />
ONGTF<br />
OGN[G<br />
FRKEPF<br />
OKKGN\<br />
FH<br />
.FHC<br />
OBG<br />
QM<br />
BXPR<br />
,IZMFC<br />
GNKVB[<br />
G\GB<br />
YNIF<br />
FRKEPC[<br />
Z[B<br />
FXGZP<br />
OKHKZHF OF[ OKPKKYF OKKIFP \TM<br />
QKKET { OKIYVFG<br />
OFKRVN<br />
FDBE<br />
FCZ<br />
QGIJCN<br />
OFKKI<br />
\PIP<br />
\GIK\PF<br />
O\GBP<br />
OKZ\GIF<br />
.OFK\I\<br />
OBG<br />
GKF<br />
OKRKCP<br />
\B<br />
LZT<br />
OGN[F<br />
,ZGPBF<br />
GKF<br />
OKIP[<br />
NCYN<br />
JNIFC<br />
KZES<br />
OKKIF<br />
N[<br />
ZGE<br />
QGZIBF<br />
KM<br />
NM<br />
Z[B<br />
GN<br />
Q\K<br />
ETC<br />
."G[VR<br />
NTC<br />
ONGSF<br />
C\GM<br />
[K[<br />
\GRVN<br />
FNKI\<br />
NB<br />
OK[[GIF<br />
KRVP<br />
QECGB<br />
CXPF<br />
.OKKYF<br />
KGCKZ<br />
OKSMRF<br />
OZGD<br />
QCGPM<br />
KGCKZN<br />
.FDBE<br />
KBEM<br />
ZKCSFN<br />
KNTCN<br />
QGPPF<br />
KM<br />
[K<br />
LZE<br />
TRPKFN<br />
,\GMVFPP<br />
,\GPINPP<br />
FEP[FP<br />
QECGBPG<br />
,KNNM<br />
ZGICNG<br />
KGRK[C<br />
K\DZEF<br />
ZCTN<br />
EK\T<br />
IGJC<br />
OGN[G<br />
.NNGM<br />
KKI<br />
OEBF<br />
BN<br />
GKFK<br />
OKRYG\P<br />
OKGGN[G<br />
OZJC<br />
[PPK<br />
\B<br />
\ZGX<br />
OKKIF<br />
N[<br />
ZGEF<br />
.QGZIBF<br />
KRC<br />
OEBF<br />
OKKI<br />
NT<br />
KRV<br />
ZGEM<br />
WZBF<br />
,QJYF<br />
\GIGMFG<br />
OGN[F<br />
NGTC<br />
O 124
125<br />
\GKEKIKF \EKP<br />
.[BZP FCGYRF FBKZCF \ZJP \B O[KKN O\GB GBKCK OCKCS OKNTGVF<br />
.QY\KFN \G[GRBF \B CKKIK TCJF ,ZPGNM<br />
,FRCFG F[DZF ,FZCSF GN GYVGSK OB YZ FRK\RN OKMSKG FXZ\K GDBF<br />
QP [ZERF ZG\KGF .QGKNTF IGMFP ON[G KIXR ,FGCD KGXKVN KGBZ BGF[<br />
,FHF ONGTF NM NT ZG\KG GFH F[TPNG ,NGED FM BGF GDBF NGJKCC OEBF<br />
,FHM[ ZG\KGGN FZGP\ BXPKFN FNGMK BN FHF ONGTC .OEBF KKI NM NT<br />
YZ \GKFN NGMK LMN KGXKVF KM ,QBMP .GPXT ONGTF NT ZG\KG GFH[ QGGKM<br />
\RGM\ \D[F ,\GZIB OKNKPC .BZGCC { FHF ONGTF NTP BXPR[ FPC<br />
.GPXT OGN[\F BKF FTV[FF<br />
\TJGR ,F\GRGKNTCG FFCGDC ,FTV[FF \RGM\ \GKEGIKKC OEBF \ZMF<br />
QGXZF \KKRYG NCYN QGXZF NGJKC ZGCTC ZM[F[ FRCFF \B FDZEFC GC<br />
"FGGXP { FGGXP ZM[" ZPBR[ KVM ,GPXTC TKV[FN QGXZF BGF TKV[FN<br />
G\GB QKCP ,BZGCN FPB\FN OEBF TKDP ZCE N[ GVGSC .(C ,E \GCB)<br />
,FGG+X#P { FGGXP ZM[" :ONGSF NTC O[C ["CZF ZPB[ KVM ,GDK[PG<br />
."\GGXPF N[ FGG+X#PF \B TGP[N OKMGH[ GRKKF<br />
OKKRKT<br />
\KPXT FNCYC DGRT\F \PGTN OKZGSKF"<br />
\KRM\ \B CJKF GRNM[C SGV\RG NM\SR Z[BM ,FRFG<br />
QP ,GRTCJ KGRK[C BGF K[GYF \EGYR NM[ FBZR { \ZMHRF<br />
’C FPF KM .G\NGHN TKV[FN QGXZN ET ,GPXTN NCYN QGXZF<br />
.FH \B FH OK[KIMPF OKZCE<br />
ZCEM ,\KRGKPE \KRM\F \KBZR FRG[BZ FVY[FC ORPB<br />
,BXPR ZCEC YKPTR Z[BM NCB .K[GRBF TCJFP FNTPN[<br />
BNB FRKB { G\NGHN FTV[FN GPXTN FNCYP { FZK\SF NM[<br />
GR\NGHN OKTKV[P GRB NTGVC F[TPN KM ,ECNC \KDGNGMKSV<br />
.GRPXTN FBRF \GCGJ KNC<br />
,\GRG[ \GZGXC GRNXB \ZBG\P[ KV NT UB ,\KPXTF FNCYF KM<br />
NM KZF ,FPGEMG LKIFG ,QKTF ,CNF KEPIP OKRKRY ,[GMZ QGDM<br />
FNCYF ZYKT NM[ QVGBC ,’DGRT\’ :EIB O[C YZ OKZEDGP FNB<br />
.DRT\FN FXGZ[ BNB FH QKB ,FGB\P OEB[ GPXTN<br />
\IKYV
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
126<br />
DK[P[ DGRT\F KZGTK[ NM \B WCYR OB LN FPEG BX ,F\TG<br />
ZTXF NM \B WCYRG ,EIB EXN GK\GR[ OKTC[ L[PC OEBF<br />
EDRN QGC[IF FKF GNKB[ KEM ET ,KR[F EXN ,NCGS[ OKZGSKFG<br />
.ENGGFN BN[ UKETP FKF { GKRKT<br />
,GRPNGTC OEBF DK[P GPXTN FNCY GHKB ,ZCEF BGF QM OBG<br />
OKRGP[ \PGTN ,GKKIC DGRT\ N[ HGIB OKZ[T DK[P[ IKRR OB<br />
HGIB OK[K[ GZB[K ,FH NGP FH EKPTR[M ,KZF ,OKZGSK HGIB<br />
.FZGP\ OG[ BNN OKZGSK<br />
,GPXT O[N ECGT OEB[M ,KJZV QGC[I BGF ZGPBF NM ,ORPB<br />
GPGKYN NCYP[ FPP Z\GK ZXKKP JZVF ,KPNGT NNM QGC[IC KM<br />
GB { FTV[FN \KPXT FNCYP ,QGGKMF FR\[K QM OB .G\BRFNG<br />
."OKCGZP OKZGSK KNC ,ZXKKP[ FYGV\F NMP JZVF FRFK HB<br />
FMZT .GRGXZN NB+[@KK[ BNC GNGM ONGTF \B \Z[P OEBF KRCP EIB NM<br />
NCYP BGF[ NGPDF QP LGZT QKBN NGED OEBF \TKDKP \ZXG\F N[<br />
FEGCT OGKN OKNY[ OKK\BP ZM\[PF JG[V NTGV ,FPDGEN IYKR .FZGCTC<br />
NTGV G\GB NCKY GNKB .OKNY[ OKKVNBM BGF G\ZXG\ N[ FMZT Z[BG<br />
IKGGZFN LK[PP FKF NTVPF .FZ[T KV \GRFKN FKF NGMK ,FTV[FP DGRT\<br />
ZXKKP BGF FC[ FEKPC FRFR FKF KM ,Z\GK FCZ \ZXG\ YKVP FKF NTGVFG<br />
FTKDKFG ,FKKVMC \K[TR F\KKF BN FEGCTF .ZM\[P BGF[ FEKPC BNG<br />
\GBKXPC GPM ,OKEZVR OKRGGKM KR[N BNG EKC EK OKMNGF GKF DGRT\FG<br />
.\KIMGRF<br />
K\P BKF FEKIKF G\DBEG G\ZGM[PC IGJC ECGTF KIMGRF CXPC<br />
G\BRF L[PK\ QYG\PF CXPC LB ,G\KCN \MNN NMGKG FEGCTF OGK OKK\SK<br />
\KDGNGMKSVM FKTCF \B ZKEDP ONGSF NTC .FEGCTF \GT[ NM KRV NT<br />
QKB KBEG .ZCEN OEBF N[ KPKRVF GSIKC BKF FKTCF[ LMN G\RGGMG ,ECNC<br />
\GDFR\F KZYP N[ USGB BNB FRKB[ ,FKDGNGMKSVF[ LMN QGGM\P BGF<br />
.FKTCF QGZ\VC TKKSN NMG\ ,OKK[GRB<br />
KRVP ,DGRT\ \NCYN KNMM [P[N NGMK GRKB NCYN QGXZF ,F[TPN<br />
QGXZC \[DZGP FBRF .G\GB NJCP { NCYN QGXZF \B BNPPF DGRT\[<br />
LG\N SRMR KGNKPF Z[BM .KGNKPF QKCN QGXZF QKC F[KDVC YZ KJSKBGDB<br />
,FPDGEN .DGRT\F \[DZF \NJC\P LMG GKNB QGXZF \B NJCP BGF ,QGXZF
127<br />
\GKEKIKF \EKP<br />
.NMGBFP DGRT\F OD GPKTG EKP \IGV GRRGCB\ ,NGMBN OKNKI\P GRB[M<br />
NMC BGF LMG .GRPP \GRFKN \GZ[VBF \B IZMFC \NJCP NMGBF \NCY<br />
.GRPNGTC ZCEG ZCE<br />
L[PC GZGCTC OKXPB\PG OKECGT ,FP=ZCE [GMZN OKXGZ GRB OK\TN<br />
,GRPP \GRFKN OKEPGT GRBG G\GB GRD[F Z[BMG ,OKR[ L[PC UBG OK[EGI<br />
OKPK LG\C .GRKGGKY GN[ DGRT\ G\GB GRRKB DGRT\F KM EKP OKNDP GRB<br />
OKMGVF KGNKPN QGXZFG KGNKPF[ OG[P ,ONTR BGF OKEIB \GTGC[ GB<br />
.FHP FH<br />
FNKVMP UB BKF ,GRPP DGRT\F \B FCMP KGNKPF \NCY[ ECNC GH BN<br />
\NFY) "OKK\BP FXGZ FRP GN [K" ZPBR FH NT .[EI KGNKPN QGXZF \B<br />
YZ BNB DGRT\F \NCYC FRFR OEBF QKB ONGTN .(CN ,B F[ZV ,FCZ<br />
Z[GTF \GZPN ,LM OG[P .Z\GK YYHR BXPR QMNG ,GKNB QGZSKIF \B NKVMP<br />
\K[TR BKF ZGEN ZGEP[ \G[GRBF F[KDZP ,\GRFKN \GCZF \GKGZ[VBFG<br />
.Z\GKG Z\GK \KRYKZ<br />
IKNXR[ FGGY\C OKRG[ OKKGNKP ZIB \GXKZ N[ USGB OF GRKKI ,F[TPN<br />
FH QGZYKT[ QGGKMP .OKTC[G OKBNP ZB[KRG CGJ [KDZR ,GRPXT \B BNPN<br />
.GKNB GR\TE \B \\N KBEM ,GRKKI N[ OEGSKC EPGT<br />
OBF :FRCG OB KSIK N[ FPDGEC GRKRKT EDRN BXPR KZ[VB QGZ\V<br />
Z\GK FRFR BGF[ NMM .GN FYKRTP BKF[ FPP FRFR FRC Z[BM \KRFR<br />
DGRT\C KGN\ FN[ DGRT\F NM .GKNB F\CFB LG\P \BHG ,F\BRF \ZCGD<br />
.FRC NCYP[<br />
\GKJZV \GP[RM GRKKFE ,EIB UGDC OKB\M GRZXGR GR\BKZC TCJP<br />
FHN FH OKZG[Y GRB ."QG[BZF OEB \P[R" \BZYRF \KNNMF FP[RC<br />
KM FECGTF .\BH OK[I GRRKB[ UB ,GH FEKIB \MZTPC EIK OKNTGVG<br />
.FPXT \MZTPF NT FTKV[P FRKB LMC OK[KDZP GRRKBG OKNVZGTP GRK[GI<br />
YGI .FBNP [VR \GZKSPC ,ECNC OKZIBF \CGJN NTGV \MZTPC JZV NM<br />
QKJGNIN KGN\ ZCKB NM KM ,TCGY EIB UGDM FKGRCF \MZTP N[ OGKYF<br />
.OKZIBF OKZCKBF N[ OEGYV\C<br />
OK[KDZP GRKKF ,FHC FH OKKGN\ GRB[ \GBZN GRKRKT GIYVR YZ GNKB<br />
NMC \GXZGV GKF OKZIBN FCFBG FEZI FHM FZYPC .EIK GRPXT \B EKP<br />
G\DBEPG G\PGZ\P FRFR EIB NM FKF FH CXPC .\GKTCJC \KJZV FP[R<br />
.DGRT\G \GKI FRCN FYKRTPF OBM OKZIBF N[ CGJF OCXPN
ONGTC<br />
OGN[F<br />
128<br />
GRB GC[ K\KPBF CXPF \B \GBZN BGF GRCXPC ZSI[ NM ,QM OB<br />
FKKBZC KE .\KTCJ LZEC OKKY\K Z\KF NMG ,QG[BZF OEB \P[RC OKZG[Y<br />
\B ZSGPF TKV[PN LGVFNG QY\KFN QGXZ [GIK GR\KBP EIB NM[ KEM GHM<br />
\B \IYGV BKF[ LMC BGF FNCYF \PMI N[ F\GKEGIKK .OKZIBN GPXT<br />
\GKJZVF \GP[RF \GNNM\F { \Z\SRF \K\KPBF FRGP\F \KKBZN GRKRKT<br />
KTXPBF BKF FNCYF \PMI QMN ."EIB CNC EIB [KBM" ,\KNNMF FP[RC<br />
.FBKZCF \ZJP \D[FN<br />
ONGTC OGN[F ZPBP OGMKS<br />
Z[VBK FH QGZ\V .ONGTF OGN[N QGZ\V ONGSF NTC TKXP FH ZPBPC<br />
,\GKIXRN ,\GPN[N ,FGGN[N TKDFN FNGM \G[GRBNG ONGT KBCP EIB NMN<br />
.FIP[NG FKGGZN<br />
TCJ KZF[ ,OEBF N[ GTCJC QGPJ ONGTF OGN[ \D[FN LZEC K[GYF<br />
GRKBG ECNC GPXT \B [KDZP BGF .KJSKBGDB NCYN QGXZ NT ESGKP OEBF<br />
\CGJN \NGH NM NXRN ZP[PF NT EPGT GNGM NM .ZIBC C[I\FN NDGSP<br />
.BZGCF KEK NT GRC ZXGR KJSKBGDBF TCJF .NNM GC C[I\FN BNC GPXT<br />
IGM G\GB \ZHTC YZ BNB ,GRPXT \GIGMC GRY\N OKNDGSP GRRKB LM OG[P<br />
.G\GB ZXK[<br />
NCYN QGXZF \B LGVFR { "BGF LGVFR" HB ,GRKNT TKV[K FHF IGMF OB<br />
DGBENG \NGHF \B [KDZFN NKI\RG GRPXTN DGBEN NEIR .TKV[FN QGXZN<br />
DBGE BGF F\T[ O[M UZF BNN GNGM ONGTN DBEK EIBG EIB NM .GN<br />
KGNKPN GMHKG EIK GZCI\K OF ,FH KBR\ OKBZCRF G[PPK Z[BM .GPXTN<br />
.CGJ NMNG QGKNTF ZGBF<br />
.GDBF QGYK\N \ZIB LZE BXPK\ OTV KB KM \GVXN \G[GRBN NB<br />
HZEHFN GRZZGTN BKF ONGTC OKND\PF OKZGSKKF NM N[ FEKIKF O\ZJP<br />
.KJSKBGDBF GRTCJ \B QY\N GR\GB BZC[ QGKNTF IGMF \B QKPHFNG<br />
,LM OG[P .FNCY \PMI EGPKN KEK NT BKF \BH TXCN FEKIKF LZEF<br />
F\GJ[V\F \INXFC :OKKGN\ GRB FCG OKYGYH GRB FNCYF \PMI \XVFN<br />
.GNGM ONGTF OGN[G CGJF GREK\T NM OKKGN\ ONGTF KCIZC
\KEK\TF FZCIF<br />
NTC N[ "OGN[F" SZJRGY NT SSGCP<br />
FNBP[ FIHFC BCGPF ONGSF<br />
QKKRC
(1933) D"XZ\ CKCB=N\ ,"OGN[F" SZJRGY ,ONGSF NTC
TCJF<br />
KYGIC<br />
\GZKFHF<br />
CGKI<br />
Z[B ,OKNCGYPF KZCE \B NCYNG FG[F YPTN BGCN GRN CJGP"<br />
NMGB HBG ,G"V ZVSPC ,GRKKFE ,OKF=NB QGC[IC FNGT TCJ<br />
GRKKF KM .LVKFN GB ,TCJF \GXP O[C OKYNB KYGI \B \GZYN<br />
.ZCE BN NT \GNPC LKZBR BNG ,LF<br />
BGF FP TEKN TCJF \GXPC NM\SFN EBP GRN CG[I F\TPG<br />
Z[B GRZPB FRFG ,TEGRM FNPI KNC GR[KRT\ QV GR\BP \[ZGE<br />
ONGB ,JG[V GFHG ,FZCI KKI \GKIN OEBF QKPN CKKIP TCJF<br />
\G[TN GR\GB CKKIP TCJF Z[B \GXPFC NM\SFN GRN [K<br />
NM\SR[MG ,FZCIF KKI \RKICP ,GRKKFE ,BGFF FRKICF LG\P<br />
,\GXP KR[C YZ FZCIF LG\C YGSTN GRN [K ,\KNNM LZEC<br />
NM[ ,GRKKFE ,’FTV[F’G ’FNCY’ O[C O\GB ZKEDFN Z[VB[<br />
CKKGIP QMG ,FZCIFP GKMZX NCYN TCJF EXP CKKGIP ZCI<br />
\IB NT ZGCTK OBG FZCIF \CGJN G\EGCT KEK NT TKV[FN<br />
."ZGPBM OKPIZ KNCN [RTK ,GNNF \GXPF ’CP<br />
TKDK FVGSCG ,G\GI\V\F LNFPC \GNGTV N[ FZES ZGCTN BZCRF NT<br />
GKNT ."GKBZCRN CKJKFN" { FBKZCF \C[IPC [BZP CGYRF GCXPN<br />
\RGM\N TKDFN GRKKFE ,G\GB BZC[ QGKNTF IGMF \DZEP \B DK[FN<br />
.FPN[F FTV[FF<br />
QGKNTF IGMF QP BZCRF YG\KR BKF GH FZJP [PPN FEKIKF LZEF<br />
ZKMFN BZCRF NGMK ,Z\SR QGKNTF IGMF OB .GC JNG[FG G\GB DKFRPF<br />
,TKV[PF=QGKNTF IGMFP GN[ GDBF \GKMVF ZGTK[ \B DK[FN ,GPXT \B<br />
\TENG ,FTV[FF \ZGXN G\GG\[FC \GPEY\F FNI OB YGECN<br />
131
GHKBC<br />
FEKP<br />
BGF<br />
CZY\P<br />
\ZJPN<br />
.FBKZCF<br />
KEM<br />
ZGXKN<br />
KBR\<br />
,FZ\SF<br />
[K<br />
UKYFN<br />
\B<br />
BZCRF<br />
OKBR\C<br />
OKKPKRV<br />
,OKKRGXKIG<br />
OP[G<br />
NNGMF<br />
BGF<br />
ONGTF"<br />
."FHF<br />
"FZKC["C<br />
YNIR<br />
BZCRF<br />
OKYNIN<br />
OKCZ<br />
OFG<br />
OKY\GRP<br />
IGMFP<br />
.QGKNTF<br />
Z[BM<br />
QGXZF<br />
NCYN<br />
KJSKBGDBF<br />
FND\P<br />
NMC<br />
YNI<br />
QP<br />
OKYNIF<br />
,GNNF<br />
OF<br />
OKNGMK<br />
NKI\FN<br />
ZV[N<br />
QY\NG<br />
\B<br />
SIKF<br />
,OFKRKC<br />
BKCFNG<br />
\B<br />
QGXZF<br />
NCYN<br />
\DZEN<br />
.BZGCF<br />
FZKYS<br />
\KZGJSKF<br />
QNFN<br />
ZGYSR<br />
EXKM<br />
\P[D\P<br />
GRKRKTN<br />
\KRM\<br />
FBKZCF<br />
NT<br />
KRV<br />
ZGEM<br />
.WZBF<br />
QGXZF NB TKV[FN QGXZF \B ZCIN BZGCF NT ,NCYN QGXZF \B QY\N KEM<br />
.NCYN<br />
KR[<br />
,\GRGXZF<br />
QGXZF<br />
NCYN<br />
QGXZFG<br />
,TKV[FN<br />
OKI\V\P<br />
LG\C<br />
OEBF<br />
ZGEP<br />
,ZGEN<br />
ET<br />
QGXZF[<br />
TKV[FN<br />
NKI\P<br />
\GBZFN<br />
\B<br />
.GK\GNGTV<br />
KGNKD<br />
N[<br />
QGXZ<br />
TKV[FN<br />
OEBC<br />
BJC\P<br />
[GPK[C<br />
QGXZC<br />
NCYN<br />
FRGGMC<br />
TKV[FN<br />
.BZGCN<br />
FTV[FF<br />
FNED<br />
FNED[ NMM<br />
N[ G\PXGT<br />
QGXZF<br />
,NCYN<br />
NTGVF<br />
QGGKMC<br />
.FTV[FF<br />
N[ GP[<br />
QC<br />
[GRBF<br />
[KDZF[ QG[BZF<br />
\B<br />
QGXZF<br />
TKV[FN<br />
FKF<br />
."OEB"<br />
\GZGEC<br />
GPEY[<br />
"OEB"N<br />
BN<br />
[KDZF<br />
[KB<br />
QGXZ<br />
,TKV[FN<br />
QGXZ<br />
.\GKRIGZN<br />
GRPP<br />
LNKBG<br />
GRB<br />
OKNKI\P<br />
\ZKVSC<br />
IGN<br />
OKR[F<br />
.KZCTF<br />
LS<br />
NM<br />
OKR[F<br />
\GCXYGPF<br />
\VGY\N<br />
QGYK\F<br />
BGF<br />
\[[<br />
OKVNB<br />
FR[<br />
{<br />
KGNKDP<br />
QGXZF<br />
TKV[FN<br />
OTVC<br />
FRG[BZF<br />
QCC<br />
[GRB<br />
GF[NM<br />
ETG<br />
O\BKCN<br />
N[<br />
NM<br />
KRC<br />
OEBF<br />
KEKN<br />
\[DZF<br />
QGXZF<br />
.TKV[FN<br />
ZIBN<br />
"OEB"[<br />
[KDZF<br />
QGXZ<br />
,TKV[FN<br />
QGXZ<br />
KGNKDN<br />
[ZG[F<br />
QGKNTF<br />
{<br />
,BZGCF<br />
BGF<br />
FNKD<br />
\B<br />
ONGTF<br />
QGKNTF<br />
ZBK\G<br />
\B<br />
GK\GD[F<br />
GZVSC<br />
NBKHZ"<br />
."LBNPF<br />
ONGB<br />
GH<br />
F\KKF<br />
YZ<br />
G\NKI\<br />
N[<br />
KGNKD<br />
QGXZF<br />
,TKV[FN<br />
QMNG<br />
BN<br />
FKF<br />
"OEB"<br />
NGMK<br />
ESKKN<br />
\B<br />
\JK[<br />
.QGYK\F<br />
OFZCB<br />
BGF<br />
ESKK[<br />
\B<br />
\JK[<br />
QGYK\F<br />
FNKCGPF<br />
\GYCEN<br />
.BZGCC<br />
OG[P<br />
LM<br />
FRC<br />
OFZCB<br />
GCKCS<br />
\ZCI<br />
,OKEKPN\<br />
OFG<br />
GPEY\F<br />
EIK<br />
KGNKDC<br />
ONGTF<br />
.QGKNTF<br />
TKDF[M<br />
QGXZF<br />
NCYN<br />
QYG\PF<br />
FRGGMC<br />
TKV[FN<br />
FEKPN<br />
FPN[F<br />
\KZTHPF<br />
\BZYRF<br />
OKTC["<br />
,"[VR<br />
FNCKY<br />
G\XGCY<br />
N[<br />
OFZCB<br />
QKKRC<br />
FZCIF<br />
KEK\TF<br />
\ 132
133<br />
TCJF KYGIC \GZKFHF CGKI<br />
CXPN FXGCYF KZCI \B FBKCF GH \VSG\ .NCYN QGXZ N[ \VSG\<br />
."OKZXPN FEKZK" BZYRF<br />
NT HPZP (F ,B \GP[) FZG\F QG[N \JYGR[ "[VR OKTC[" KGRKMF<br />
OKBNPPF \GZGBF .\KRIGZF FD[FC Z\GKC FRJYF FDZEF ,"[VR"F \DZE<br />
[VRF ZGB :FEKIKG FKI ,FP[R ,IGZ ,[VR OKBZYR OKKRIGZF OKNMF \B<br />
.Z\GKC NGEDF BGF FEKIKF ZGBG Z\GKC QJYF ZGBF BGF<br />
\BZYR GKRCG CYTKN QGYK\ [ZGEF NCYN QGXZF \GVSGG\F ,QM OB<br />
O\GCZ\FC \ZBG\P NCYN QGXZF N[ G\NKED L[PF ."OKZXPN FEKZK"<br />
OKZXP \GND QPHC .FPN[ FPGB KEMN OKZXPN GEZK[ "[VRF OKTC[" N[<br />
.FTV[FF \RGM\N ,QGKNTF IGMN NBZ[K KRC QKC Z[Y Z\GR BN JTPM<br />
Z[VB\F GRGYK\G ,FBCF FDZEN I\V\FG NCYN QGXZF NED \GNDF LNFPC<br />
."FZG\F \NCY" OT YZ<br />
\ZMF \GTXPBC F[EIF G\PXGTC NCYN QGXZF \B QY\N FKF Q\KR BN<br />
FBZGF F[ZER NBZ[K KRCN .OFZCB N[ G\VGY\CM ,ECNC QGKNTF IGMF<br />
F[EIF G\DZEC FTV[FN TKDFNG OPXT \B DKFRFN EXKM OFN ZKFC\[<br />
\B OKKYN ,"EIB CNC EIB [KBM" DGFRN OFP [ZER .NCYN QGXZF N[<br />
NM GBNP\F[M YZ ."FHN FH OKCZT" \GKFNG "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" NNMF<br />
F\Z[ FTV[FF \RGM\G QGKNTF IGMC \GYCEN NBZ[K KRC GTKDF FNB<br />
.OFKRKC<br />
USGG\F[ NCYN QGXZN FPKB\PF \KRMET QGYK\ \JK[ GNCKY[ ZIBN<br />
\BZYRF \KRIGZF FDZEN GTKDFG F\GB O[KKN NBZ[K KRC GNIF ,OKZXPC<br />
QGXZF C[ QG[BZF [EYPF \KC \VGY\C ."QG[BZF [EYPF \KC"<br />
\GND ,\VSGR \GNDN BXK NBZ[K OTG "CZIR" \KCF ,FDZEC FNTG NCYN<br />
.NCC<br />
,\KZTHP NCYN QGXZF N[ G\PXGT F\KKF GKRCG CYTK \VGY\C ,ZGPBM<br />
,\BH \PGTN ."OKZXPN FEKZK" O[C NCYN QGXZF \VSG\ F\RGM LM OG[PG<br />
FNGED NCYN QGXZF N[ G\PXGT F\KKF QG[BZF [EYPF \KC \VGY\C<br />
."QCZGI" O[C NCYN QGXZF \VSG\ FBZYR LM OG[PG ,Z\GK FCZF<br />
ZBG\PM ,"QPF" BZYRF NCYN QGXZ NBZ[KN USGG\F NCC \GND QPHC<br />
KR[F [EYPF \KC \PYFG NCC \GNDP NBZ[K \CK[ .Z\SB \NKDPC<br />
:OKKR[N FPGBF FYNIR OTVF LB .[EIF NCYN QGXZF QGYK\ \B \NPSP<br />
\PXGT[ OKZIB GKFG ,OFN[ NCYN QGXZF \B QY\N GIKNXF[ GKF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
134<br />
BYGGE .GRY\N GIKNXF BN OFG Z\GK FNGED F\KKF OFN[ NCYN QGXZF<br />
GIKNXF OF .\KP[D \GI\V\FN FPGBF \B GDKFRF[ OF OKJSKBGDBF<br />
OFKNB GVZKX UBG ,OTF CZYC NCYN QGXZF N[ G\NKED N[C OFK[TPC<br />
.OTFP OKVSGR OKYNI<br />
\RGM\ \B ,\KRIGZF FZMFF \B OTFP OKYNI EGTG EGT GECKB FDZEFC<br />
\GPGBF GBXPR FC[ \KRIGZ FZ\SF N[ CXPN OTF SRMR LM .FTV[FF<br />
ECKB KR[F \KCF QCZGI OT ,QM OB .CZI KR[F [EYPF \KCG ,\GZIBF<br />
.OHKBGDBF KEK NT JN[RG \KRIGZF G\DZE \B GNGM NBZ[K OT<br />
\KC N[ GRCZGI ETG OFZCB KPKP ,\GVGY\F NM L[PC[ ZPGN Q\KR<br />
YZ GZ\GR HBP LB .BZGCF OT NBZ[K OT N[ Z[YF Y\KR BN ,KR[F [EYPF<br />
.\GZGEF LNFPC BZGCF OT Z[YC GYKHIF[ FNGDS KEKIK OKNCGYP<br />
QGXZF[ FZMFN FDZEFC OKTKDP ONGTF \GPGBG NBZ[K OT ,GRKPKC<br />
NT YZ BGCN NGMK OGDTF GRCXPN QGZ\VFG ,OKZGSKKN FCKSF BGF NCYN<br />
OEBF KRC GNMGK BN ,LMC GZKMK BN EGT NM .NCYN QGXZF N[ GRGYK\ KEK<br />
FND\P GR\VGY\C .[PP\\ BN FBKZCF \ZJPG QGYK\ BZGCF QP [GZEN<br />
GR\GB BKCK TKV[FN FRGGMC GRGYK\ LM OG[PG ,G\PXGT BGNPC GDBF<br />
\KC" O[C BZYKK FH QGYK\ ."FEKIKF ZGB" ,Z\GKC NGEDF ZGBF \D[FN<br />
."K[KN[F [EYPF<br />
N[ Q\GI\V\FN ZCEF BKCF ,\GNDC NBZ[K OT FF[[ OTV NMC<br />
KRC .ZIB OGYP NMCG NCCC ,OKZXPC FKF LM .KI QCZYC[ \GPGBF<br />
LZEC NCYN QGXZC [P\[FN EXKM ONGTF \GPGB \B GEPKN NBZ[K<br />
.\GI\V\FF HGZKH F\KKF LKNF\F \ZJP .Z\GKC FNKTGPF<br />
Z[BC \GI\V\F NM [BZC OKEGFKF GEPT OFN[ I\GVPF GDBF \GMHC<br />
GEKYV\ .FZCIF OGI\C QFG \GCZ\F OGI\C QF ,OKRG[F OKTEPC QF :BKF<br />
."TZF \ZMF" N[ CXPN ET \GI\V\FF \B NKCGFN NBZ[K OT N[<br />
KJSKBGDBF TCJC FZMFF BKF \GI\V\FF N[ FEKIKF FCGJF FBXG\F<br />
.TZM<br />
\BR[N GR\GB BKCP GRN[ GDBF .K\ZCIF OGI\C FZG[Y TZF \ZMF<br />
BNN EGZ[N NGMK OEBF QKB ,EIB EXP .\KEEF \GC[I\F ZSGING \NGHF<br />
NDGSP GRKB [KBG ,OK[EI OKBK[N FTKDP \NGHF \BR[ ,KR[ EXP .FZCI<br />
KR[P ,LMG .GPXT \B \B[N F[Y\P UB GRRPH=QC OEBF .ZIBF \B \B[N
135<br />
TCJF KYGIC \GZKFHF CGKI<br />
\KRGKI FZCIF { BXGP QKB N[ F[GI\C KGZ[ OEBF ,GNNF OKEEXF<br />
.FC \GKIN NDGSP BGF QKB LB ,GZGCTC<br />
KGRK[ BGF EKIKF QGZ\VF[ FRCFN TKDFN GRKNT FHF JYKNVRGYF LG\P<br />
YZ .FPXT \B \G[GRBF EKP[\ ,OEBF TCJ QYG\K BN OB .K[GRBF TCJF<br />
.FRGMRF FJNIFN TKDFN NDGSP OEBF FKFK FHM[ OGKB IMGR<br />
\GNDF L[P<br />
,OEBC KJSKBGDB NCYN QGXZ N[ \GXZV\F BKF "QCZGI"FG "\GND"F \CKS<br />
.NCYN QGXZF OEBC JNG[ "QCZGI"F ZIBN .\GBKXPF CKGIP FH LKNF\G<br />
GRPP TRGP BGF[ OG[P ,TZ BGF NCYN QGXZF[ LMC ZKMFN OEBF NT<br />
."JNIGPF CGJF" { FBKZCF \C[IPN TKDFN<br />
FEKPC TZF \ZMF KEKN FBKCF BN OKZXPC NBZ[K KRC N[ O\GF[<br />
Z\KN BKCF FRPH OEGY OKZXP \GND N[ FPGKS KM ZPBR QMNG ,\YVSP<br />
BGF[ LMC ZKMFN OEBF NT ;TZF \ZMFC BKF \GNDF \GFP .\GKGNDF<br />
[KDZP GRKB OB \GNDC BXPR GRKB OEB .FTV[FFP YG\KRC ,\GNDC BXPR<br />
.\GNDC<br />
\KC QCZGI QPHC UBG OKZXPN CYTK KRC N[ O\EKZK \VGY\C ,ZGPBM<br />
\KCF QCZGI YZ .\PKGSP \KRIGZ FZMFC OTF ZB[R QKKET QG[BZF [EYPF<br />
FSKRMNG \KRIGZF FZMFFP JNIGP YG\KR KEKN NBZ[K OT \B BKCF KR[F<br />
G\GI\V\FN NKCYPC .Z\GKC NGEDF KJSKBGDBF QGXZF LG\ NB \K\DZEF<br />
F\GMHCG ,ONGTF \GPGB QKCN NBZ[K QKC \GNNM\F OD FNI NBZ[K OT N[<br />
.I\V\FNG OEY\FN ONGTF \GPGB GNIF<br />
.\GNDC OKKGXP OF[ OEBF KRC N[ O\[DZF KV NT TCYR \GND N[ FMZGB<br />
QGXZF I\V\FN LKZX FMNFPC[ OG[P FMGZB FM BKF FRGZIBF \GNDF<br />
,\GKRVGD \GGB\N \GRGXZF EGT NM .\KVGSF G\DZEN ET KJSKBGDBF NCYN<br />
BN ,O\PXGT BGNPC OKND\P ORKB \GNM[GPNG FJKN[N ,EGCMN ,Z[GTN<br />
.KVGS QVGBC TZ#M NCYN QGXZC ZKMFN Q\KR<br />
N[ \GKRSZFF \GBXG\C ZKMFN \G[GRBF FNKI\F OKZ[TF FBPC YZ<br />
[RGTF QP ,ZCTF K[TP \GBXG\P [G[IN FNKI\P \G[GRBF .FNTGV<br />
Z\\SFN OGYP \[VIP \G[GRBF ,GKZGFP EIGVF ENKN FPGEC .CZY\PF<br />
.EGT IGJC GRKB EK\TFG GC
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
136<br />
[GJRN OKRMGPF ,FTV[F KNTC OKPSZGVP OK[RB UGSBN Q\KR FKF GNKB<br />
FKF ,OGF\ US NT \EPGT \G[GRBF KM QKCFNG FZXF OPNGT \VY[F \B<br />
FZFXFC \BXN GRNGMK GNKB .F[TP KEMN \G[GRBF \B BKCFN Z[VB<br />
GKF ,"OKPK [EGI EGTC WXGV\FN EPGT WZBF ZGEM" QGDM ,\KPNGT=NNM<br />
FNGT .NXRKFN LZE NT OKC[GIG OKKJSKBGDBF OFKYST \B OKIRGH NGMF<br />
.[GRBF KIMGRF GRCXP \KKBZ BGF GRN ZSIF ZCEF[ QBMP<br />
KNMF NT ZGBF \NGTV<br />
UZF BNN OKNTGVF \GZGB KEK NT ,\GKYGIN OB\FC \[IZ\P \GI\V\FF<br />
NCYN QGXZF[ QGGKM ,\ZIB LZEC \GI\V\F QM\K\ BN .NCYN QGXZF NT<br />
ZGBF \NGTV .GKNT ZGBF \NGTVN FCGD\ BKF G\NGTV NMG ,OPGE BGF GPXT<br />
BKF ZGBF NB NCYN QGXZF \CGD\ .YSVF BNN FSKT \[KNN FPGE KNMF NT<br />
."GRN[ OKKI"M OK[KDZP GRB[ FP<br />
GNKBM ,FRCFG FJKN[ N[ FKN[BC NCYN QGXZF QG\R G\GI\V\F LNFPC<br />
Z[B ’F KP :FTZV ZPBKG" :BZYPF \V[ \BH \ZB\P LM .GECNP ZCE QKB<br />
KM IGJC BGF ;GPXT NGYC YZ TPG[ OEBF .(C ,F \GP[) "?GNGYC TP[B<br />
.GCXPC JNG[ BGF KMG OKD[KFN TKDP BGF[ OG[P I\V\P BGF<br />
,FNMNMC { OKPGI\F NMC OKCGZPF GK\GRGN[KMN TEGG\P OEBF Z[BM<br />
NKI\P BGF ,GK\GENG\G NCYN QGXZF N[ G\TZC ZKMPG { LGRKICG \GCZ\C<br />
,GK\GRGN[KMN TEGG\P OEBF QKB EGT NM .QGKNT IGM GNGP EPGT KM \GNDN<br />
FRFKR[ OKGGYP GRNGM .NCYN QGXZF LG\P GJCP \B OKZFN NDGSP BGF QKB<br />
,GR\TZN BGF GC [GPK[F KM QKCR[ ZIBN YZ ;NCYN QGXZC [GPK[F QP<br />
YKSVFNG NCYN QGXZF NTP \GNT\FN ,KR[F EXF NB ZGCTN OKRMGP FKFR<br />
.ZGBF \B ZKMFN NKI\R LM LG\P .GC YZ HMZ\FN<br />
?\ZIB \GKFN NGMK FKF OBF<br />
;FI\V\F[ KVMP \ZIB I\V\FN \G[GRBF FNMK OBF OKNBG[ OKCZ<br />
\GZKFPC FDZEN FDZEP ZGCTN GRKKFE ,"CGJC" I\V\FN GRNGMK OBF<br />
BGZCN BZGCF NGMK OBF" FNB[F N[ FDGSP BKF GH FNB[ .NCS BNNG<br />
OKKI GRB .\NCDGP GR\SKV\ .FK\GPGEG "FPKZFN NDGSP GRKB[ QCB
137<br />
TCJF KYGIC \GZKFHF CGKI<br />
\B QKCFN OKNGMK GRRKB QMNG ,FTGR\ N[G OGYP N[ ,QPH N[ OKEPPC<br />
.FN FCG[\F \B OD GPM ,FNB[F N[ FYPGT<br />
GKF BN KRIGZF GFCGDP NBZ[K OT NVR BNPNB KM ,ZPGN Q\KR EIB EXP<br />
OEY\P FKF NBZ[K OT .LM NM \GCZ \GZX GNGM ONGTF NTG GKNT \G\IKR<br />
\PEY\P \G[GRBF F\KKF LM .ONGTF NMN G\TKEK \B WKVPG \GKRIGZC<br />
FPZN ET FDZEFC NED FKF[ NCYN QGXZF KRV NT ,\GKRIGZN \PPGZ\PG<br />
G\DZEP G\NKVR :NBZ[K OTC FRGPJ FKTCF ,QM OB .F[GZEF \KCZPF<br />
FCGJ LZEC QY\KFN \NGMKF \B GNGM ONGTF QPG GRPP FTRP \KRIGZF<br />
\B ZKMFN \GRPEHFF \B FXKPIF \G[GRBF .ONGTF NT FM[I FEKZGFG<br />
.\GRGPBG \G\E KGCKZN FTNYRG ,GC YGCENG QGKNTF IGMF<br />
F\KKF BN \GI\V\FF .\ZIB LZEC OKZCEF \B DKXFN Z[VB ,\BH OT<br />
NMC[ TZF \B FNGM \G[GRBFG NBZ[K OT GGI BNPNB [PP\FN FNGMK<br />
.\KVGSF G\DZEN ET G\GB GNMKT BNPNBG NCYN QGXZF N[ FDZEPG FDZEP<br />
BN .NCYN QGXZC GRKKFE ,ZPGIC \[DZGP \GKFN \CKKI TZF N[ G\GND\F<br />
NM QGYK\F \JK[M FNCYF \B ONGTF \GPGBN [KDFN \GZ[VB NM F\KKF<br />
BN \G[GRBF .QJY NCYN QGXZC ,\KSVB \GI\V\F \DZEC GBXPR QF EGT<br />
\B FZSI BKF .TZF FC [DZGP FKF BN[ QGGKM ZCGEP FPC FRKCP F\KKF<br />
.LMN \G[GZEF \GRICFF<br />
.\GZIBF \GPGBF N[ GHP EGBP FRG[ NBZ[K N[ O\GI\V\F LZE<br />
FNKI\MNP ZPGNM ,"FJPN FNTPP" \[IZ\P NBZ[K OT N[ G\GI\V\F<br />
QGXZN ECT\[FG KP[DN EZK BGF LM ZIB ;KRIGZ OFN[ NCYN QGXZF FKF<br />
,\BH \PGTN .\GKRIGZN CG[ WGZVN GKNT O[PG ;ONGTF \GPGB N[ NCYN<br />
QGXZC \GI\V\F KFGH { QKJGNIN FRG[ ONGTF \GPGB N[ Q\GI\V\F<br />
NGEDF NCYN QGXZN ETG Z\GKC [GNYF NCYN QGXZFP ,ECNC KP[D NCYN<br />
GG\[KG FHF ONGTF \PZ NTP GXZVK QF ,\GPGBF LMN GTKDK[M .Z\GKC<br />
.NBZ[K OT N[ NCYN QGXZN<br />
F\GB NCKY BGFG ,OGKF \EPNRF QGYK\F \JK[ N[ ZGYPF BGF OFZCB<br />
FZCTG OKR[ KVNB FH NBZ[K KPMIN FTGEK FJK[F .FNTPNP FR\PM<br />
OKRGP \Z[T OMI FKF FR[ OKVNB \[GN[ KRVN KI[ KEGFKF .ZGEN ZGEP<br />
FNCYF \PMI F\GB \B GRPP EGPNN Q\KR FKF ;GRKPK N[ KEGFKFP<br />
.ZCE TEK BN ONGTF \GPGB QC OEBF ,G\PGTN .OGKF \EPNRF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
138<br />
BN QM[ ,QGYK\F \JK[C LZGX FKF BN OHKBGDBF \GI\V\F BNPNB<br />
.QGYK\ [ZGEF ZCEF GFP FRKCP F\KKF BN \G[GRBF { QY\N FP FKF<br />
LMNG GDBF QGYK\C IZMFC FZMFN \G[GRBF \B FBKCP GH \GI\V\F<br />
FNBM OKBR\C YZ .QGYK\F \JK[M FNCYF \PMI \B WPBN FRMGP FKF\[<br />
\G[GRBF \B BKCFN \ETGKP GRKPKC FNCYF \XVF .FJK[F \B DKXFN Q\KR<br />
EKP[\G FBZGR \GKZHMBC NCYN QGXZC [P\[FN NKI\\ OZJC ,GH FZMFN<br />
.FPXT \B<br />
NBZ[K OT N[ GEGYV\<br />
OKCZ OKVSGR \GPGYPCG "ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF"C ,"ZFGHF OGKSN ZPBP"C<br />
,GPXTC NBZ[K WZBN ZHI BN NBZ[K OT F[TPN KM ONGSF NTC ZPGB<br />
TZF \ZMF LKNF\ .FBKZCF N[ \KNNMF \KRM\F KEK NT FKNB ZHIGF BNB<br />
OT[ KIZMF LM OG[PG ,\KIMGRF FBPC WBGK OKZ[TF FBPC NIF[<br />
QY\N :FNCYF \PMI [GPKPC NKI\FN GKNT .NBZ[K WZBN ZGHIK NBZ[K<br />
GEKYV\ TGXKCC ZDVP NBZ[K OT .GNGM ONGTF QGYK\N BKCFNG GPXT \B<br />
BKF FBG[F[ ONGSF NTC C\GM ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYFF UGSC .KRIGZF<br />
.LMN \GET<br />
FRKEPF { FECN FKRPZD ,ZCTC .\GEZ[KF YCBPC OGKM KGZ[ NBZ[K OT<br />
ONGTF OGKF GNKBG ,NBZ[K EDR FPY[ BKF { F\T[C Z\GKC \I\GVPF<br />
EGBP GEFB ,FPDGEN ,FVGZKB=QGVX \GRKEP .NBZ[KN EDR\PG I\V\P GNGM<br />
\GKNG[G \GRJY \GRKEP .FRG[ QSIK OGKF LB GZCT OKR[C NBZ[K \B<br />
.NBZ[K EDR \GKCPGV \GZFXFC \GBXGK ONGTF \VPC<br />
.NCYN QGXZF \GI\V\F N[ FBXG\ BKF NBZ[K KVNM FaN\P]F FBR[F<br />
ZGYP[ G\ZMF=\\C \GFHN NKI\P BGF .YGVKS [KDZP GRKB NCYN QGXZF<br />
LG\P ORPB .QGYK\F KGN\ KPC QKICFN UBG QGYK\F ZSGI BGF GK\GZX<br />
(NCYN QGXZF) GPXTC ZPGIF LB ,GC[ TZF \GND\FN NMGK NCYN QGXZF<br />
.QGYK\F \GFP KFP QKCFN NDGSP GRKB<br />
FNB \G[GI\N FCKSF KM FNCYF \PMI \GTXPBC ONGTN ZKCSFN [K<br />
QY\KFN GRKNT .FBKZCF \KRM\C ZEDGPF QGYK\F ZESP \TCGR NBZ[K EDR<br />
.QGYK\F \JK[ \B FNGM \G[GRBN YKRTFNG GRPXTC
139<br />
TCJF KYGIC \GZKFHF CGKI<br />
TZF \EKEP KRVGB<br />
GRB FRGZIBF G\DZE \GI\V\FN ET .FDZEFC GRC FND\PG LNGF GDBF<br />
N[ FRGZIBF FDZEC .KING IPGXN ,OPGEN FPGEC \KTCJ LZEC OKNED<br />
BGF[ GRN ZZC\P :G[ZG[ \B OD GC \GNDN OKNKI\P GRB GDBF \GI\V\F<br />
EPGTF \B ZKMFN NMGR GMZE[ KEM ,LM G\GB BZC[ QGKNTF IGMF QP FBXG\<br />
.TKV[PF IGMF ,CGJF IGMF { GEDR<br />
FH CN[C .OKZGSKKCG \GMPC \GI\V\FF F\GGN \GPEGYF \GDZEF NMC<br />
"CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGB"F KEK NT I\V\FN \GZ[VB OEBF KRVC \I\VR<br />
\BGG[F KEK NT \K[TR \GI\V\FF FNCYF LZEC .FNCYF \PMIC KGXPF<br />
QGXZC[ \GKHCRF \B FNDP GH FBGG[F .QGKNTF ZGBF NGP NB NCYN QGXZF<br />
.NCYN<br />
NM .NCYN QGXZC[ TZF \B ZKMFN BN[ NGMK OEBF QKB ,ZGBF EDRM<br />
YTGHG GT[V OGYPP JNPRF CRD N[ G\BKZYN FNG[P FKF\ \ZIB FYKEC<br />
FPGE NCYN QGXZF LG\P TZF \B ZKMFN FXGZF OEB ."!CRDF \B GSV\"<br />
\TEGK FRKB[ LM NT ZXPG FCKRDC SV\R[ ZIBN GN[ GEK \B FMP[ KPN<br />
OTZ\K BGF ,GN[ GDBF LG\P YZ TZF \B OEBF ZKMK OB .FMNFM CGRDN<br />
LGVF GDBF[ LMP NCS [KDZK BN BGF .GKE KPGPZT GRKB GDBF[ LM NT<br />
.BZGCF QP LGVF ,FTV[FF \RGM\P<br />
TZF \ZMFN NKCG\ BN FNCYF \PMIC [GPK[ BNN \KTCJ \GI\V\F<br />
\G[GRBC ZZGTN :EIB BGF TCJF LZEC \GI\V\FF N[ FEKYV\ .GDBC[<br />
\PMIC [P\[FN NKI\P OEBF[ ZIBN YZ .FNCYF \PMIC LZGX<br />
N[ KZPDN FRG[ FEKEP LZE KFGH .GDBC[ TZF FDZEFC FND\P ,FNCYF<br />
TZF \ZMF .CGJN LVF\P TZF \B \GBZN QGXZ LG\P FEKEP ,TZF<br />
QGXZ LG\P ,\GKPGPZT Z\KN QGXZ LG\P \K[TR FRKB ZGBF \GTXPBC<br />
.TZF \ZMF KRVGB QKC KRGZYT NECF [K ,QM OB .Z\GK IKGGZFN<br />
FZCIN UZJXFN OEBF NT OHKBGDBC[ TZF \B ZKMFN GPXTN ZGHTN KEM<br />
HB YZ .FTV[FF \RGM\ \MZTFN FEKP \PBG FPDGE GN YVS\[ ,FPKB\P<br />
,QM BN OB .TZ BGF[ TGCYNG KJSKBGDBF QGXZF NT TKCXFN OEBF NMGK<br />
,GN[ NCYN QGXZC GKE INXGP GRKB[ [GPK[M TZF \B ZKEDFN OEBF LK[PK<br />
.GZGVK[N \GVSGR OKMZE ZIB Ze\K@G
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
140<br />
\KRIGZF FEKNN FRMFF<br />
.FNCYF \PMI EGPKNN OEBF \B \VIGE "KKIC OTJF FP" FNB[F<br />
.FKNB GMZE \B BXGP BGF \ZIB GB LMG YGIZP GN \BZGY GNKBM FPMIF<br />
LNKBG QBMP ."LN IY FH \B" :ZPGBG "CGJF NZGD NT GEK \B IKRP" BZGCF<br />
.QGYK\F LKNF\C NKI\FN OEBF NGMK<br />
.TZF \ZMF N[ LKNF\ OEBF ZCGT FNCYF EGPKN N[ FRG[BZF FVGY\C<br />
KR[ \NNGM \GKRIGZFG \GKP[DF QKC EKZVPF "OGSIP"F ZCTPN ET LZEF<br />
OEBF TKDP FNB OKCN[ N[ OVGSC ."EKIK Z\SF"G "NGVM Z\SF" :OKCN[<br />
.FP KFKG ,GC[ TZF QP ZJVKFN GKNT[ FJNIFN<br />
NM .ZCEF N[ \GMN[FF FRKKF\ FP FNB[N GKRKTC \GCK[I QKB<br />
LG\C ZB[KFN BN ,GMG\C \GKIN BN ,TZC YKHIFN BN { BGF GN CG[I[<br />
FM LZEC GC[ TZF \B OEBN FNDP NCYN QGXZF .KJSKBGDBF TCJF<br />
FNBM \GCKSRC YZ .ZKIP NMC GRPP ZJVKFN QMGP OEBF KM ET ,\KZHMB<br />
FBKXKF ."OGSIP"F \B ZCGT BGFG \GKRIGZF NB ENGGKFN OEBF QMGP<br />
."\KRIGZF FEKNF" O[C FRGMP NCYN QGXZN WGIP<br />
BNC \[PP\P \KZGYPF FBKZCF QGYK\ \KRM\ KM FNGT ZGPBF QP<br />
,QM F[TK OB .BN G\G F\GB HZHN NGMK OEBF .OEBF N[ GKV \B NGB[N<br />
.KBPXT QVGBC LKNF\C U\\[K[ QGGKM OKZGSKK OGYPC DGRT\ [KDZK<br />
FPEKP BGF[ ET GPXT \B FRGC OEBF LKNF\F \GPEY\F NT G\TV[FC<br />
.G\PGY BGNPC BZGCN
FZCIN<br />
FTV[FF<br />
CGKI<br />
,FCGZP \GNM\SFN OKMKZX GRB QKB ,FNCYF \GXPC FRFG"<br />
OG[ GRN TZBK BN FH OG[PG ,EK NT UMK\ FCDR [RGTF[ OG[P<br />
Z[B ’FZCIN FTV[F’ BGF[ ,FKR[F FGXPC ,ONGB .FIRHF<br />
GRKNB TKDP [RGTF OD[ BNB EGT BNG ,UMK\ GRTKDK BN [RGTF<br />
,F\MNFM \ZPG[P \BHF FGXPF QKB LMKVN ,Z[K K\NC SIKC<br />
CZIFG ,FPGKB \[IZPC [BF NT \GK[GRBF \RDGJP LMKVNG<br />
,ZCEC[ BNo&FG .FRF ET GRPP GYSV BN OFK\GENG\G CTZFG<br />
\GC[I\F KV NT GR[KRTP TGXYP NTC JVG[ GPM TCJF Z[B<br />
\GK[GRBF[ ZGTK[ G\GBC[ ,\GBGZF GRKRKT KM ,GRK\GI\V\F OT<br />
\D[FC OKCGBMPFG OKKGRKTF GRKNT GCZ\K QM \I\V\PG \MNGF<br />
."GRPGKYG GRK\NMNM<br />
UGSN G\GB FNKCGP BKFG BZGCF N[ FTGCYF G\ID[F \I\ BXPR OEBF<br />
BN FHF ONGTF KKGNKP NM KM [KDZP BGF FH CXPC .\KP[DF G\GI\V\F<br />
NT OGKB [KDZP BGF ,\BH ECNP .GC[ \GRYKZF \[DZF \B BNPN GNMGK<br />
KNNMF ZC[PF .\K[GRBF FZCIF EXPG TCJF EXP ONGTC GPGKY L[PF<br />
OEBF KRC[ QGGKMP ,QM NT Z\K .FK[TP NMC FN[MR \G[GRBF KM IKMGP<br />
OKZCGDF OKPGKBF NGP EGZ[N EXKMG OMZE \B LK[PFN EXKM OKRKCP ORKB<br />
.EK\TC YGSTN BN[ OKVKETP OF ,\K[GRBF FZCIF EXPG TCJF EXP<br />
QY\N ,YGKE Z\KN GB ,OPXT NT QDFN OKTXPBG OKNM ZETKFP TCGR ZCEF<br />
.FZKPIP FKTCF LM OG[P .OPXT \B<br />
BGF KMG ,OEBC[ GDBF BGF TCJC[ TZF NM KM FND\ \G[GRBF[ ZIBN<br />
,\K[GRBF FZCIC[ FRMSNG ZC[PN ,GRKNB TCJF N[ TZF GSIKN FCKSF<br />
141
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
142<br />
,OKCGJ OKKIN TKDR BN .QGYK\ [ZGE OEBF TCJ KM OKMSFN NKI\\ BKF<br />
[ZGE[ QGYK\F GFH .GRC[ TZF \B QY\R QM OB BNB OKGGN[G OKIGJC<br />
.GR\KBP ,FTV[FF IGM ,QGKNTF IGMF<br />
\B QY\P OEB FC[ FEKPF .FCKCSN SIKC EEPR OEBF N[ GRGYK\<br />
FNG[P FCKCSF .FTV[FF IGM OT GKSIK \B \VY[P FCKCSF OT GKSIK<br />
\GD[N \Z[VBP FRKBG K\KPBF GCXP \B OEBN F[KIPPF FBZPN<br />
.\GRGKPEC<br />
KE ZGZC GRKB CXPF FCKCSFG OEBF KSIK \ZDSPC OD ONGB<br />
.FRPP NCYN FPMG FZCIN \\N GKNT FPM TEGK GRKB OEBF { GMZGX<br />
,F[TPN .FCKRD KFP OKZKEDPF OKYGI FPXTN \TCGY FZCIF ,N[PN<br />
KF[NM FNGTV C[IK\ GKNTP[ ,QG\I\F NGCDF \B OKZKEDP FNB OKYGI<br />
OD .FCKRDN C[IR ZCEF QKB LZT=\\GIV FCKRDF OB .FCKRDN OEB N[<br />
QKB FZCI F\GBC G[Z\[F[ \GNGTV \GTXPBC FCKRD \TXGCP Z[BM<br />
OF ;FCKRD NT OEB OK[KRTP ORKB JV[PF K\C .FCKRDN C[IR ZCEF<br />
.FCKRD KFP \K[GRBF FZEDFF KV NT G\GB OKJVG[<br />
KP N[ GRKEC NY\[ KBEGG KBEG ,CRD N[ GRKEC [BZ FNYP FZCIF OB<br />
FBNP FYEXFN FMGH FZCIN OZG\ GRKB[ OEB .FZCIN OZG\ GRKB[<br />
QP \BH OK[ZGE GRRKBG FZCIN FPGZ\N \GCK[I OKSIKKP GRRKB .GK[TPN<br />
\K[GRBF FZCIF N[ FSIK .YHRMG FCKRDM \C[IR FRKB FRK\R=KB .OEBF<br />
ORKB { FNGM FZCIFG { FZCIC OEB NM QMNG ,\PB QKE KVN TCYR GRKB<br />
\G[GRBF \B \ZJGV FRKB GH \GTJ LB .QYG\PF CXPF ZCTN OKPEY\P<br />
\GIGMG QYG\PF OCXPP \GIGM \TV[F \I\ OKBXPR OEBF KRC .[RGTP<br />
,\KNM\F QP LGVF KIMGRF GCXP[ NMM .\KNM\N O\GB OKM[GP FNB<br />
\ZJP .GKKIC KNKN[ WINM GNNF \GIGMF \TV[F \B OEBF [KDZP<br />
CXPN OEY\FNG KIMGRF GCXP \B IGRHN OEBF \B CKKIN BKF FHF WINF<br />
.Z\GK QYG\P<br />
OEBF EK\T \B FZKEDP FCKCSF<br />
\B OKZKEDPF OKPZGD FTCZB ONGSF NTC FRGP "\GZIF" ZPBPC<br />
\GI\V\F KMZEG ,FCKCS ,TXPF \GI\V\F KMZE ,TXP :OEBF \GI\V\F<br />
.FNBF OKPZGDF N[ OTCJ \B \GR[N NGMK GRKB OEBF .FCKCSF
143<br />
FZCIN FTV[FF CGKI<br />
NT FRGMRF FCKCSF N[ FTV[FF \EKP \B YZG LB \GR[N G\NGMKC<br />
.G\GI\V\F<br />
OB QMNG ,OEBF N[ \KEK\TF G\ZGX BKF FCKCSF N[ \KGG[MTF F\ZGX<br />
FCKCS BGXPN GKNT ,FN \GPEKFN QKKRGTP GRKBG G\CKCSP FXGZP OEBF QKB<br />
GKNT ZGSVGZV \GKFN FXGZ BGF OB ,N[PN .GK\GRGXZN FPKB\PF \KVGNI<br />
FCKCSC ZICK ,KBYKHGP \GKFN GRGXZC OBG ,OKZGSVGZV N[ FCKCSC ZGICN<br />
FCKCS QKB OB .GKNBP F[TR Z\KFG ,G\ZKIC FPKK\SF LMC .OKBYKHGP N[<br />
.GHM[ FCKCS GPXTN \GRCN OEBF NT ,GK\GRGXZN FPKB\PF<br />
\B \TEN OEBF NT \KRIGZ \GPEY\FN FPKB\PF FCKCS \KKRC O[N<br />
.OFKV NT GKNT FCKCSF \TV[F \B ZKESFNG \RYG\PF FZCIF KYGI<br />
KYGI .FNBF OKYGIF OGKY \B FZCIFP [GZEN OEBF N[ G\CGIP<br />
.EK\TC F\ZGX \B GCK\MK F\T FPXTN TCY\ FZCIF[ \GDFR\FF<br />
QGKNTF QGZK[TF NT BNG QG\I\F QGZK[TF NT F\TE \B \\N FZCIF NT<br />
.FKZCIC TGZDF N[ G\ZGX \B FZCIF NCY\ ZCE N[ GVGSC QM[ FC<br />
Z\BK OB .FJP KVNM OEBF \B EKP\ NCYN QGXZF LG[PK \I\V\P FZCIC<br />
KVMP Z\GK IGR [GIN GN[ NCYN QGXZF NMGK GC[ FZCIC OGYP OEBF<br />
\GNDN OEBF NT LM OG[P .FH OGYPN TY[K BGF ,KIMGRF GCXPC [I BGF[<br />
G\ZGX BKF \KIMGRF O\ZGX QM[ ,FZCIC OK[NIF OKYNIN \EP\P FDBE<br />
CRGD BGF .FRPP CRGD { FZCIN OZG\ GRKB[ OEB KM ,ZGZC QBMP .\KEK\TF<br />
.FNGM FZCIF NT OKZGSKK FJKPP G\CKRDG FZCIF N[ F\GPEY\F \B<br />
QGXZF KGRK[<br />
QMNG { Z[VB KB[ ,BKF "\GKRIGZC FKKVM QKB" NNMF N[ GTP[P<br />
\B IKZMFN FNGMK FRKB FZCIF .OEBF QGXZ NT \GZK[K TKV[FN { ZGSB<br />
YKRTFN F\NGMKC LB ,GTCJN EDGRP ZCEF[ KRVP GRGXZ \B \GR[N OEBF<br />
FC[ \KEK\TF FZGXF \B ,FZCIF \GTXPBC ,GPXTP [GZEN \GZ[VB GN<br />
.WVI BGF<br />
FKF\ BN ,FKYGI KVN DFR\FN OEBF \B CKKIK FZCIF N[ FXIN OB<br />
\G[KZE \B \KRGXKI OKKYN NMGK BGF ORPB .GEXP \K[VGI FZKIC \BH<br />
IGMF QP \KPKRV F[YCN G\GB BKCK BN ZCEF LB ,FKKVMF \PIP FZCIF<br />
QKB" :OKNCGYPF GZPB FH NT .FTV[FN FNCYP GRGXZ \B \GR[N QGKNTF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
144<br />
GF[NM KRGXKI WIN KEK NT OEBF \B CKKIN Q\KR BN ."\GKRIGZC FKKVM<br />
GRKKFE ,CGJN \GYYG\[FFG TZF \ZMF KVN YZ .GTCJ \B QY\N \GXZN<br />
QY\PF "CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF" \NGTV \B QKPHP OEBF ,TKV[PF \GKFN<br />
.TZ [KDZP OEBF GC[ QGXZ NM CGJN<br />
NCYP OEBF[ ZIBN .FCKCSFP [GMZN Z[VB OHKBGDBF QGYK\N QGXZ<br />
NB FRGV BGF ,OFC WVIG FTV[FF \GRGXZ N[ \GRGMR \GBPDGE FCKCSFP<br />
N[ G\KPBN .NCYN QGXZF QGYK\N GRKKFE ,FCG[\N FMGHG QGKNTF IGMF<br />
FCKDP FRGKNTF FID[FF \MZTP OEBF QP FTKDPF \IB F[YCN YZ ,ZCE<br />
,FNB[ NM ."TKV[FN"N "NCYN"P GRGXZ \B QY\N F[YCF { \KRTRG<br />
.FCGD\N \GMGH QRKB OEBF N[ \ZIB FNKV\ GB F[YC<br />
OEBF QG[BZF CN[C .QGXZF KGRK[ N[ LKNF\F KCN[ \B JZVR F\T<br />
FTV[FF \DZEC GRKKFE ,G\GI\V\F \DZEC \GNTN GKNT KM GNM[C QKCP<br />
QKB QKKET[ UB .CNF N[ KPKRVF QGXZ BNG \KRGXKI=\KNM[ GH FRCF .GN[<br />
FCFBFG FTV[FF \G[DZF \GPXT\FN OGZDN G\NGMKC ,LMC FXGZ GCKN<br />
QKZY\ FNB \GNGTVP FBXG\M .\GKRGXKI \GNGTV \ZHTC G\CKCSC \GKGXPF<br />
,\GKRGXKIC YZ BN NTV\K BGF FRPPG ,FTV[F \PDGE OEBN FZCIF<br />
\TM .CNF \[DZFC GRKKFE ,\GKPKRVC OD BNB { ECNC FNGTVC ZPGNM<br />
LGVF\ FZCIF GKRVC FDKXP[ FTV[FF \PDGE[ FXGZ ZCM OEBF<br />
.Q"P# GB "FNKV\" BZYR Z\GK TKV[P \GKFN OEBF QGXZ .GZGCTC \KTCJN<br />
.FRTR BZGCF FN YZG ,\PB ZCEN FEKIKF F[YCF KFGH<br />
\GI\V\FN OKZGSKK QKC<br />
LZC\K G\ID[F EXP GRKGJXR[ ,KRGKSR KTEP SKSC LKRKTN KZF"<br />
\KNM\C ’G\NGHN FTV[F’ N[ FGXPF \B GREGBP NMC OKKYN<br />
NMC EGCTNP JKTPK BN GR\KBP ZCI OG[[ ,QVGBC .YGKEF<br />
."OZ[GBNG FZCIF \INXFN IJCGPF ZGTK[F<br />
Z[YF<br />
GRKNTG ,\GCZ \GKJZV \GP[RN \KNNMF FP[RF FYNIR FENGGKF ZIBN<br />
NMN Z[VBN FETGR GH \GYNI\F .\IBF FP[RF \MZTPN FZHIC QZCIN<br />
,\GZIBF \GP[RF OT ZGCKIF FN ZSI FPM ET [KDZFN FP[RG FP[R<br />
FPXTN \[MGZ LMC .\IB FP[RN \GZCI\F KEM ET Q\GB CGFBN \GXZNG
145<br />
FZCIN FTV[FF CGKI<br />
\B F[KDZPG \GP[RF Z\K NMC OKKGXPF OKKGNKPF \B \KJZV FP[R NM<br />
EKIKF BZCRM GPXT \B [KDZP OEB NM ZPGNM ,\KNNMF FP[RM FPXT<br />
\RKKRGTPF FZCIF K[RBP EIB NM N[ \GZCIF KBR\ .BZGCF NGP<br />
FZCIF \INXF NT FCK[IN \KCZP \GCKGIP BGF \KRIGZ \GPEY\FC<br />
.FZ[GB NTG<br />
YGSV\ BN ZGTK[F NMC FH \B OKKYN OKNXT\P GRB[ EGT NMG"<br />
GRB[ \GMPF KVMG ,GRPP F\PYR NGJKNG GR[KRTFNP TCJF<br />
GRKRKTN FVGN[F CZIF \B QGC[IC \IYN OD FH GRRPHC OKMGP<br />
GRKIXR\ UGS UGS Z[B ,FRGMR BRYSP OFP YKSFN [K ,BCFN NT<br />
FK\GXP OKKYN \IB EK \G[TN OKIZMGP FKFR EIK GRNMG ,TCJF<br />
."GR\BP [ZERF ZGTK[F NMC<br />
QYG\P=BNF CXPF QP \BXN \G[GRBF \B OKCKKIPF \GIGMF N[ OXIN<br />
C\GM ONGSF NTC .[RGTF \[DZF FRGMP Z\GK QYG\P CXPN TKDFNG<br />
\GZGYPFG \GCKSF NM LZE NTGV BZGCF KM [KDEFN ,FNKI\ FRGGMC "TCJ"<br />
ZSGI OEBF [KDZP ,FRVK Z[B NMC ,CXP NMCG OGYP NMC :OKKZ[VBF<br />
.NCSG OKZGSKK ,FINXF<br />
OEBF NDZ\F ,GKKI \ZD[P YNIN GMVF GKNT \G\IKRF \GMPF[ ZIBP<br />
NM[ QKCP FKF ,GKVNM \GBKXPF N[ F\NGTV LZE \B ZKMF GNKB .NGCSN<br />
CKDFN EXKM TEGK FKF BGF .FBKZCF \ZJP ZCTN GRGGMN \ETGKP FMP<br />
ZCEF F\T \TN ONGB .\GPEY\FN UGRPCM FC [P\[FNG QGMR FKNB<br />
LM ,NCYN QGXZF ZCDK[ NMM .OKZGSKK KEK NT OEY\P BGFG GRPP Z\SR<br />
FVGN[F OKZGSKKF CZI KRVP ZKFHP ONGSF NTC .NCSF \[GI\ NED\<br />
.\G[GRBF \B [KRTFN FRMGPF<br />
FZCIC FEGCTF<br />
FRGMR JGV[N Q\KR BN QMNG ,GMG\C OKKGCI OEBF N[ GK\GIGMG GK\GRGM\<br />
OEBF \GKPKRVC QKICFN \NGMKF ZSGI .BXPR BGF OFC[ OKCXPF \B<br />
JY[ OEB ,N[PN .FCKCSN G\PGZ\ \B EGEPN \GZ[VBF \B NKCDP<br />
QXIGPF ZIBF G\PGTNG ,FZCIF KVNM GIGM NMC NGTVN NGMK ORVGPG<br />
KNGDSF IGMF .ZCE OGZ\K BN \GKPKRVC LB ,\GPNGT [KTZK GKVGBC
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
146<br />
,FZ\SFC OKBXPR OEBF KRC[ ZIBP .GR\KBP Z\SR EIB NM N[ G\P[RC[<br />
KRIGZF CIZPN FSKRMF YZ .KIMGRF OCXPC \PBF \EKEPN OGYP QKB<br />
.\K\KPB FEKEP \Z[VBP<br />
\KRGXKI FRKICC F\T \TN YV\S\ \KRIGZ \GI\V\FC \RKKRGTPF FZCI<br />
OB\FC OEBF NKTGP FPM YGECN FKNT ZPGNM ,OEBF \GV\\[F N[<br />
OBFG QGMR OKNTGV OF OBF G[KDZK FZCIN OK[EI OKVZJXP .G\NGMKN<br />
.FZCIC KNNMF IGZF CXP KV NT QGXZ \TKC[P FZCIN O\PGZ\<br />
OEB OB .FPXT \B OPGZN OKMZE ZIB \T NMC ZG\N FMKZX GHM FZCI<br />
\G[VKJ GH FKF\ ,I\V\F BNG K\GTP[P QPH YZV KF[NM FZCIC BXPR<br />
KZF[ ,BZGCF KVNM GB GPXT KVNM FPK[BP TCXB \GRVFN GEKXP<br />
NMC \ZV\[P FRKBG FR\[P FRKB FZCIF OB .FZCIC FKGN\ \GPEY\FF<br />
FZCIC \GN\F \B [KDZFN OEBF NT .OEY\FN \GZ[VB OEBN QKB ,OGK<br />
FKNB[ FZJPFG FZCIF N[ FK\GDBEG FK\GC[IP OB .GK\GPXT E[N ET<br />
OGKC GFGBNKP[P Z\GK OGK NMC GCKNG G[BZ \B \GBNPP QRKB \M[PR BKF<br />
.OEY\FN KGMKS OEBN QKB ,HGT Z\KCG YGKE Z\KC ,OEGYF<br />
*<br />
.\GCZ \GKJZV \GP[RP FNGNMM \IBF \KNNMF FP[RF \B BZC BZGCF<br />
UGD N[ OKKNZDJRKB OKYNIM \GKJZVF \GP[RF GPKKY\F Q\GEZVKF KRVN<br />
\GEZVKF ZIBN .GKNB \GYCECG BZGCF \GIMGR \[DZFC \GBNP GKFG ,EIB<br />
F[TPN BGF[ ,BZGCF KGNKPC QGZSKI QFP \IB NM F[KDZP \GP[RF<br />
BXPR FP[RF KGNKPN I\VPF LM OG[P .\IB FP[RN Q\GZCI\FC QGZSKI<br />
\KJZV FP[R NM FXZ\ BN EGT NM .\GZIBF \GP[RF N[ \GRGZSIC<br />
NMG\ BN BKF ,QFN TKV[FNG Q\Z[N KEM \GZIBF \GP[RF NMN ZCI\FN<br />
.ZCTC FC FKF[ BZGCF KGNKPN K\KPB QGZSKI [GMZN<br />
LTZN \CFBG" :OF FZCIF N[ FRGMR \GPEY\FN OKKNNMF OKYGIF<br />
LMC OKNGNMF OKJZVF ."LZCIN F[T\ NB LKNT BGR[[ FP"G ,"LGPM<br />
ZIBN .OKPEGYF \GZGEFP OKNCGYP GRN GZKB[F[ OKZPBPC OKEPNR<br />
.GPNGT \B GPXTC \GRCN K[VGI BGF ,KNNMF QGKTZFP O[Z\F OEB[<br />
,"GRN[ ONGTF" \DZE ,\GBKXPC Z\GKC FRG\I\F FDZEN FNKVRF<br />
ENKM ,BZGCFP QKJGNIN Y\GRP BGF FHM CXPC .OEBF \CGJN F\[TR
147<br />
FZCIN FTV[FF CGKI<br />
OEBN \R\KR .G\G[ZN EPGT GNGM \KCFG GKZGF \ID[F BNN \KCC ZB[RF<br />
.GKEK GPC NGMF ZGXKN \GZ[VBF<br />
GN [GZEF NMNG OKZVSN ,FCKCSN OEBF \B NKCGP QGKNTF IGMF<br />
GRKBG FBKZCF \ZJPN YYG\[PF ONGTC OEB QKB .\KRIGZF \GPEY\FN<br />
,[DV[ GF[KP GB ZVS ,JRZJRKB ,FKHKGGNJ \KRM\ \GTXPBC .FMKP\ NCYP<br />
GH FEGYRP .FNCYF \PMI NGP GPXT \B BXGP BGFG ,\GRPEHF OEBN \R\KR<br />
[BZP OKTGCY GKKIC OKZIBF OKJZVF NM .GPXTC NGTVN OEBF NT LNKBG<br />
.NNM KGRK[=KRC ORKBG<br />
ETX .BXPR BGF FC[ FEGYRFP FPKEY EIB ETX EGTXN [ZER OEBF<br />
FXGZ FKF FN FRYK#[ OKMZTF \B[ ,FCKCS GPXTN \GRCN G[GZKV FPKEY<br />
.FGPM \GKFN FXGZ BGF KM TCGY OEBF FZCIN GSIKC .GPXTC [GMZN<br />
,\GPNGTF \GN[N\[F { OKMKNF\F NM .GPXT \B BZGC OEBF FH LKNF\C<br />
\B OEBN ZGXKN KEM YZ G[IZ\F { FHF ONGTN F\EKZKG FP[RF \ZKC[<br />
.ZGICN GN Z[VBNG ,F\T KGXP BGF OFC[ OKPKGSPF OKBR\F<br />
FZCIFP OKMZTF \KKRY<br />
NMC FKMZX \B YVSN GKNT ,FZCIF \GTXPBC ZV\[FN QKKRGTP OEB OB<br />
FYHI FZCIC IGZF :OEBF N[ FHP Z\GK OPGZP FZCIF N[ FCXP .GIGM<br />
ZTGC BGF[P Z\GK FC ZTGC BZGCF \GCK[I \[DZFN QGXZF ,GIGZP Z\GK<br />
\B YKHIFN F\NGMKCG ,FPXGTCG \TF NM FZJPN \M[PR FZCIF .GC<br />
\B OEBF [MGZ FZCIF QTPN FNGTV NMC .LZEC QGIJKC GN YVSNG OEBF<br />
FZGP\C FZCIF KMZT \B NCYP OEBF ,F[TPN .FC[ \GKGP[Z\FF NM<br />
.FN G\PGZ\NG G\TKDKN<br />
FKMZT \B FRPP NCYN NMGK BN BGF ,FZCIN OEBF OGZ\K BN OB LB<br />
FZCIFP NCYN GRGXZ N[ KGJKC BKF FZCIC OEBF \TY[F .OKKPKRVF<br />
OEBF \PGZ\ N[ FKKVGBN \GCK[I NM QKB .FTV[FF \RGM\N FMZTF<br />
HKZH EIBF .OEBF N[ \GKTCJF \GENGPF \GRGM\C KGN\ BGF KM ,FZCIN<br />
QGXZ .O\PGZ\ \EEPR OFK\GRGM\ KV NT BN LB ,Z\GK OMI GZCIG Z\GK<br />
\TV[F ,QM OB .FZCIN G\NTG\ \EKP BNG TCGYF BGF OGZ\N OEBF<br />
.OKKPKRVF FKMZTP O[Z\FN GRGXZ NEGD \B \BJCP FCKCSN OEBF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
148<br />
FZCIF \GNED<br />
CG[I OGYP \SVG\ ,OEBF N[ GCKNC \ZKKJXPF ,FZCIFG OKZCIF \GNED<br />
\[DZF NT TKCXP "\GNED" IRGPF .\KRIGZF \GI\V\FF LKNF\C<br />
BGF ;GKNB \GPEKFN NEGP OEBN FGGFP FZCIF .ZCEC[ \GCK[IF<br />
FZCIN SIKK\P OEBF OB .FC[ FZJPF \GNEDNG BZGCF \GNEDN YYG\[P<br />
BGF ;NGEDN \\N FXGZ QJYF .FC TKY[FN \GIGM BXGP BGF ,FNGED NBM<br />
\B CKKIN LKZX BGF QKBG FZCIN OGZ\N UIE GC [K .FRK\RFP DGRT\ NCYP<br />
.\BH \G[TN GPXT<br />
BNP\P GR\KBP EIB NM \KPKRV FZKTCG IGZ \GPPGZ\F N[ OKTDZC<br />
,\BH \PGTN .\KZ[VB \KBZR FPK[P NMG OKPNTR OKK[YF ,WZPG \GIGM<br />
OKZCIF QP EIB NM NT .EIGKP K[GY OKKY \GKRIGZN \PEY\PF FZCIC<br />
\GKPKRV LG\P ,OK\TN .FNGTV NM \K[TR FP O[N CG[G CG[ NGB[N<br />
LM .WGICP \NB[R BKF OK\TNG FNGTVF \ZJP ZCEC FNB[ FNGT OEBF<br />
CG[G CG[ .FZCIC NTGV BGF FP O[N GPXTN CK[FN OEBF NT ,\ZIB GB<br />
FRKB ,QGYK\ F\ZJP[ ,FZCIC FEGCTF .FZJPCG BZGCC ZMHKFN GKNT<br />
.FJG[V<br />
BZGCF CKKIP LMC .BZGCFP FZHT F[TPN BGF FZCIC FEGCTC K[GYF<br />
.\NTG\ FRPP IPX\[ KEM ,FNGTV NMC QGMR QGC[I SKRMFN OEBF \B<br />
TGY[N BN[ OEBN \GTKKSP TDZ NMC \GZZGT\PF \GECMFFG \GK[GYF<br />
N[ KGRK[F \[KZEN GPXT \B QGGMN OB KM ,\GKP\S \GNGTV N[ FZD[C<br />
.\GKPKRVF GK\GRGM\<br />
*<br />
F\GB [VIN OEBF N[ GEKYV\ .\PBF \EKP \B OEBFP ZK\SF BZGCF<br />
OGZDN BKF FZ\SFF \RGGM .\K[VGIF G\ZKIC LG\P FZCTN OEY\FNG<br />
\ZGX ZIB [GVKI BKF FZCIC FEGCTF \GFP .BZGCF \B [VIN OEBN<br />
BKF FZCIF .G\GB OKRKKVBPF OKSIKF \ZGX ZIBG BZGCF N[ FTV[FF<br />
FTV[FCG OKZCIF QKC[ OKSIKC ,BZGCF N[ G\GPE \KRCR GC[ OGYPF<br />
OKBR\F \B FZKEDP BZGCF GFP OPXTN OKZB\P OF FC[ LZEF .\KEEFF<br />
.O\CKCSC OKKYN GXZK[ \GRGM\F \BG
QGKNTF<br />
IGMF<br />
QKKET KM NGB[N FV QGI\V QKKET GN [K ,KZCE \B ZYCPF ONGB"<br />
FIMGFF QKBP ONGB ,OEB KRCN EGCTN LKZX[ YZ K\IMGF BN<br />
"?LZC\K ’F O[N GH FGXPC EGCTN LKZX[ \KK[TPF<br />
\NTG\ { FZCIC FEGCTF \ZJP ZCEC ONGSF NTC CKXP[ FNB[F<br />
\GXTGPF \KZCC OHKRGPGYC KGJKC KEKN FBC { BZGCF OT ZGCKI GB \GKZCF<br />
FK[GYF \B WZ\N ZIGC GRKB ONGSF NTC .NBZ[KC OKXGCKYC \GKVG\K[CG<br />
\KNM\ KM ZPGB BGF QKB .FBKZCF \ZJP \GTXPBC GRKKFE ,"FNTPNP"<br />
C[I\FN BZCRF \B CKKIP BZGCF KMG BZGCN FZGXF \BGG[F BKF BZCRF<br />
ONGSF NTC ."FVK FZCI" \KKRCC YGSTN BNG ,G\PGYN TKDFNG GK\GRGM\C<br />
.\K[GRBF FKZGJSKFF QP { "FJPNP" OKZCEF \B IKMGFN ZIGC<br />
GRN FRKMFG ,FPXTC BKZGJSFF GRKETC FIKZJF ORPB FH NT"<br />
FPKN[ FMZTFN GRN \YVSPG FKE[ ,GRKRKTN FBKNP FECGT<br />
FNGED FZCI LKB OKBGZ NMF KM ,\GYVYGVP K\NC \GRYSPNG<br />
[P[PG EPGT F\G[ZN[ ,OKRGKNP \GBP \C BKSGZ \RKEPM<br />
OKZPI N[ [GMZ OT ,FNGM FVGZKB \EP NT FNGTF FPEB IJ[<br />
ZCM FPF Z[B ,GNGM ONGTC G\PDGE QKB JTPM[ OKKPND<br />
KJZV QKRY NM F[TPN GNJCG \KRV\[ FZCI KKI \GKIN GPKMSF<br />
ZCM FZGBMN[ ,FZCIF \CGJ \NGH \ZIB FDBE GN QKB EIB NMG<br />
F\GTP[PC ’G\NGHN FTV[F’ N[ FCGJ FEPF NM OFN G[MZ<br />
.K[GRBF NM[F FNTK[ FP NMM ,FBNPF<br />
OFN FKF[ OGYPCG ?OFN F\NT FP EPNG BX ,FH NM OTG<br />
FJP FJP GEZK ,\GKRDZGCF \GRKEPF NT OEY\FNG OPGZ\FN<br />
149
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
150<br />
KKI \B CKJFN OKZ[MGP ORKB[ ECN BN[ ET ,\EZG LNGF<br />
QKB FRF ,\GKRDZGCF \GXZBF KNTGV QP JTP Z\GKC ,OKECGTF<br />
\B \GSMNG OYGI OIN \B OFN IKJCFN GNKVB OEK NBN<br />
FZ[T KVN KM .FCZFC GRBKNVP GH BECGT \PBCG .OFKPGZTP<br />
NT FZGBMN FMKZX F\KF BN OKZCIF \KCZPG \BHF FRKEPF N[<br />
FPGBF FBJI EIB BJI ONGB ,LM KEKN TKDFN K[GRB NM[ KV<br />
\BHF FEGCTF NM KM BGFG .OFN INSK BN LZC\K ’FG \BHF<br />
,FC EGCTN GNIF[ ’G\NGHN FTV[FF’ BKF[ ,FB[RFG FZYKF<br />
LG\PG .\G[GRBF O[N BNG LZC\K ’F O[N FKF\[ FMKZX<br />
OGKY \GMH OFN QKB LMKVN ,LZC\K GP[N BN[ O\EGCT OK[GT[<br />
."FPXT TCJF EXP<br />
SIKF FC[ FZCI[ ,FECGTF OT OKN[FN \NDGSP FRKB \KNRGKXZ FCK[I<br />
,FKZCIN CKJKFN F\ZJP[ FZCI ,OKRGMR OKYGI NT ESGKP FKZCI QKC<br />
ONGTF \PZC .OKZCEF KRV OF FNBM KM \EPNP \GBKXPF ONGB .\SZGY<br />
\D[FC OKBXPRF OKNCGYPN ONGB ,LMN \GCKSF \B QKCFN Q\KR BN FHF<br />
.QKJGNIN OKZGZC OKYGIF KRIGZF ONGTF<br />
FNCYF \V[C \ZBG\P FNCYF IGM \CGJN FTV[FF IGM \EGCT<br />
."F[GEY" \BZYR FTV[FF IGM \CGJN FNCYF IGM \EGCTG ,"FVKNY"M<br />
G[P\[FG ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" ,FTV[FF QGKTZ \B GIYN OKJSKRGPGYF<br />
OKRGKNTF \GIGMF NM .OPXT NT SZF GZHD LMCG ,FNCYF \CGJN GC<br />
GIKRK BN OF QMNG ,FNCYF IGM \CGJN FTV[FF IGM [GPK[N OKEDGRP<br />
FPXT NT \KSGZF FPGBF FJKPF DG[D[ OGYPC .I\V\FN FHM QGKTZN<br />
.FRCZGI ZCD LM QGKTZF \B [PPNG UKSGFN F\SKR[ NGMM .QCZGI<br />
OKKZPGI OKKI \ZKXKCG FZCIF N[ FZ[GBC O\ZJP FPM\SF BNPNB<br />
OKJSKRGPGYF GKF ,QGKNTF IGMF OT ZGCKIC OB KM ,GRPNGTC OKCGJ<br />
F\KKF BN[ FNKVR ,FRCZGIG \KSGZF FZCIF N[ F\NKVR .NGMC OKIKNXP<br />
FH QKB QKKET .O\GTJ \ZPGI NT FEKTP ,\K[GRBF FZCIC F\PDGEM<br />
.[GRBF FCXPP WNIKFN \KSGZF FPGBF NMG\ EXKM ZGZC<br />
FPEBF KRV NT FZCIF \B OKKYN KEM OKNTGV ORKB TCJF \GIGM<br />
OEBF \B OPGZN KEM OKNTGV TCJF \GIGM .FTGDZG FVK ,FCGJ FZCIM<br />
FBKZCF \ZJPN Z[Y BNN FZCIF DG[D[N FDBE .OKYGNBF FCGD ET
151<br />
QGKNTF IGMF<br />
\IGGZ \B FNDE NT FJZI[ FTGR\ NM .\GCGJ \GBXG\ CKRFN NMG\ BN<br />
NGED QCZGI FPXT NT FZHD ,FBKZCF \ZJPN F\GB ZG[YN BNC ,FZCIF<br />
.F\PEGY N[ FHP<br />
FRK\RF \NGTVN NGPD\<br />
FKF \BHF FZCIFP EIB NM OB ,L\TEC FPEG BR FSR KM"<br />
’F \B \CFBG CG\MF ZGTK[C LZC\K ’F \GXP OKKYN EZI<br />
FKF ,FHF ZGTK[CG ,LEBP NMCG L[VR NMCG LCCN NMC LKYNB<br />
ZGTK[F NMC GK\GNB[PG GZKCI KMZX \GBNPN DBGEG EPGT<br />
LTZN \CFBG CG\MM ,GPXT GK\GNB[P \GBNPN OEBC TCJGPF<br />
\TC ,ECGT NMN FZJPFC EPGT GPXTC LZC\K ’F FKFG ,LGPM<br />
NT Z[B ,FVXP FKF ECGTF[ GRKKFE ,FZCIF Z[GBN G\EGCT<br />
N[ ZGYPF NB ,LZC\K GC YCEFN FMHK FZCIFN GH G\EGCT KEK<br />
Z[B ,NNM YVGSK BN FRF ,LGZG OTGR NMG CGJFG \PBF NM<br />
NC\F \GXZB NM NT OZ[TC OKNGT GKF \GJTGP OKR[ L[PC<br />
OKKPNDF OKZPI \GZXGB \B NXRN OFKEK NBN GKF HB KM ,EIK<br />
,\GXZBF NMN \VGPN \PBC GKFG ,FZK[TF O\PEBC Z[B<br />
."GBZYK ’F KMGZCG<br />
\KKRC :FZJPC YZ \K\KPBF FEGCTF QP \NECR OKJSKRGPGYF \EGCT<br />
GMNF GNKB .QGKNTF IGMN \GG\[F \PGTN FHF ONGTC OKZ[GBP OKKI<br />
QVGBC OD EKP BJC\P ZCEF FKF ,FRGMRF FZJPF ZCTN OKJSKRGPGYF<br />
KTCJF OZ[GT \B OKYNGI GKF OF .OFN GR\KR[ TCJF \GZXGBC [GPK[F<br />
FIKZVN BKCP FKF QGKNTF IGMF[ FHN OKPZGD LMCG ,GNGM ONGTF KRC OT<br />
NMN LKK[ GNGM WZBF ZGEM KM TCGY FTV[FF YGI .KP[DF ZG[KPC OD<br />
[GPK[F .FGG[ FZGXC TCJF \GZXGB NMC YGNIN OFKNT KMG ,GKC[GK<br />
EK\T QFKEKC[ TCJF \GZXGBC \GZK[TF \GXZBF \G[GT[ KJSKBGDBF<br />
.K\ZCI SZFC BJC\\[ EGBP FNGED FMP QFKNT \KIRFN<br />
*<br />
LTZN \CFBG" ,FPN[F FTV[FF YGI OGKY \B \TRGP \IB FN[MP<br />
Q\GR BGF OB CG[I FH QKB OEBF N[ G\RKICP .NGPD\ ZSGI BKFG ,"LGPM
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
152<br />
GB Q\GR BGF KPN G\RKICP \GCK[I QKB .ZM[R BXGK BGF OB BNB ,NCYP GB<br />
,LM OB .\NTG\ LMP YKVK EGT NM ,OKBZCRFP GB BZGCFP ,NCYP BGF KPP<br />
?KNNMF FTV[FF YGI OGKYN CZY\FN NMGR EXKM :FNB[F \NB[R<br />
CKGIP O\GBG ,OTCJP OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZ D"KZ\P \CMZGP FP[RF<br />
"\GGXP \KK[T" BZYR \GRGXZF QGYK\ .KJSKBGZJNB [GPK[N BKCFN OEBF<br />
NM \B QY\PF IGMF ."CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGB"C [GPK[ KEK NT TXC\P BGFG<br />
GZKHIP FC[ ZGBPF" :ZPBR FKNTG ,"FZG\" NNGM O[C BZYR OEBF \GRGXZ<br />
\B \CFBG" N[ EPTPN OEBF TKDP GK\GRGXZ QGYK\P FBXG\M ."CJGPN<br />
NCYN QGXZF QKC ,BZGCF QKCN BZCRF QKC FZGXF \GG\[F KFGH ."LKYGNB ’F<br />
.FTV[FF YGI ,\GBKXPF N[ KNNMF YGIF QKCN<br />
OK[ZGE GK\GRGXZ :FTV[FF YGI \B OKKYN GBGCC FKTCC NY\R OEBF<br />
Z[BM ,TCJF LZEC .\\N GN Z[VBK[ "YNE ZPGI"N YGYH OEBF .KGXKV<br />
BGF ZPGNM ,"NCYN \RP NT TKV[FN" G\RGGM ,G\NGHN FP=ZCE Q\GR OEB<br />
\RP NT \NGHF QTPN NGTVN OKCZP GRB .KPXT IGGZN FGGY\C \BH F[GT<br />
\KZ[VB FH DGSP FRK\R .FCZ FBRF LMP OKCBG[F [KG ,KPXT IGGZ NCYN<br />
,FKGPS FNCY KFGH ,F[TPN .G\NGTVC IGGZG FBXG\ FBGZ OEBFG NKBGF<br />
ZGZC OEBN QM[ ,QKVKNI BNB FH QKB .\KPXT FBRFN \NGHF NGXKR ZPGNM<br />
.\NGHN ZG\KGGF CYT NCYK[ IGGZF GFP<br />
K\NC KGXKV BNN FRK\R ,\GRFKN QGXZF BGF OEBF ZPGI[ QGGKMP<br />
FNGTV TXCN GN Z[VBP GRKB OEBF TCJ KGRC GRPP[ ZPGIF .\KZ[VB<br />
YGI GB OKYGNB ,BZGC BZYRF KNNMF YGIF OGKYN TKDFN NMGK OEBF .\BHM<br />
\BHM[ FZGP\ .FTV[FF \NGTV NT BZGCFP ZM[ NCYK OB YZ ,FTV[FF<br />
.FTV[FF YGI OGKYN IGM OEBN YKRT\<br />
\GZCI ESKKN GXZ NBZ[KC \KXGCKYF FZCIFG FKSGZC OKJSKRGPGYF<br />
BNN ZPGNM ,KGXKV BNN OKECGTF \B GZKB[F LB ,FTV[FC \GYSGTF<br />
OKIYVP ZGM[N [K ,G\EGCT \ZGP\ ZM[ NCYP GRKB OEBF OB .YNE ZPGI<br />
BNC ."TKV[K"[ KEM G\GB G[KRTK GB EGCTN G\GB GIKZMK ,GKNT GIYVK[<br />
.EYV\N NGMK GRKB QGXZF ,YNE ZPGI<br />
ZM[P GB ,OKZGSKK KRVP EIVP GRKKFE ,QECGBP NCY\FN KG[T YNE ZPGI<br />
.OK[Y OK[RGTCG OKZGSKK KRVP EIVC ZYKTC [GPK[ F[TR FKSGZC .KEK\T<br />
NBEKB \B GPPGZ OF .K\ZCIF ZM[C G[P\[F OKXGCKYC ,\BH \PGTN<br />
\GMKK\[FF OXTP FGGBD [KDZF OEBF[ LM "FZGP\ BNN FTV[F"F
153<br />
QGKNTF IGMF<br />
OFKKI \B QMSN OKRMGPF ,FDGNVC OKNKKIN ZCEF FPGE .\BHM FZCIN<br />
QGKTZF[ LMN FPZD NCYN QGXZF \NKED .O\XGCY N[ FZJPF ZGCTC<br />
FZCIFG ,OEBF N[ I\V\PF GDBN ONGF KGXKV YVSN IKNXF BN KXGCKYF<br />
.\KRDZGC FZCI KEMN FZEZEKF \KXGCKYF<br />
\GZCI ESKKN OKCZ \GRGKSKR G[TR FMGZBF \K[GRBF FKZGJSKFF LNFPC<br />
BGF FHF ONGTF ZPGI NM[ QGGKMP \BH .GINX BN QNGM LB ,\GKJSKBGZJNB<br />
LG\C J[V\FN NGMK FH KGNKP .QGKNTF ZGBF KGNKPN FMIPG KJSKBGDB<br />
FC[ FEKPC GRKKFE ,QGKNTF ZGBN QGXZF QKC \GG\[FF \EKP KVN YZ QGXZF<br />
.TKV[PN LGVFK QGXZF<br />
.BZGCN ,\GIGMF ZGYPN \Z[GYP BKF OB YZ OKKY\FN FNGMK FTV[F<br />
ZPGI GRPP NCYN FRGGM LG\P GKVNM BZGCF \GNGTV \B FYIP OEBF OB<br />
,ZPGNM .FTV[F \NGTV TXCN \GRPEHF GB \NGMK { ZM[ NCYK BGF ,YNE<br />
ZGYPN ZCGIP FKFK OB YZ \NCDGP K\NC FEKPC TKV[FN NMGK OEBF<br />
.NCDGP K\NC \GIGM<br />
\NTG\F ZSGI \B FIKMGP FHF ONGTC \KPGK=OGKF \GBKXPF ORPB<br />
ZM[ NCYN FZJPC FTV[FN FNCYP ZCTPF QKKET LB ,\KPXTF FNCYC[<br />
\GZCIF N[ Q\GTJ ,QM OB .\KDGNGMKSV FKTC OEBF KRVC CKXP BZGCFP<br />
ZPGIC IZMFC Q\GC[I\F=KB BKF \NGHN FTV[FF \B SR NT GNTF[<br />
.YNE<br />
QGKNTF IGMF OT QGHKB<br />
FRGHKR ECNC GRPPG ONGTC NTGVF EIBF IGMF BGF FTV[FF IGM<br />
N[ QJY WGXKR YZ KJSKBGDBF NCYN QGXZN BKCP FH IGM .FNGM FBKZCF<br />
KEM \BH F[GT BGF .FHF ONGTC OKKIF { EGBP ZXY QPH L[PNG FKDZRB<br />
OKKY\FNG FTV[FF IGMN ZCI\FN ,TKV[FN QGXZN ZGCTN OEBN Z[VBN<br />
.\GIGMF ZGYPP IXRN<br />
OT QGHKBF \GCK[I \B \GNTFNG OKEYFN [K FBKZC FZCI ESKKN KEM<br />
OF OD OKNTGV GRPNGTC OEBF OKKYP[ OKYGIF NM .FZJPM QGKNTF IGMF<br />
OT QGHKBC \GKFN GKNT ,CGJ [KDZFN FXGZ OEBF OB .QGHKBF QGZYT KVN<br />
FE[C QTJP { FIGRPF CXP BGF Z\GKC CGJF CXPF .G\GB CCGSF<br />
.FIGRPF CXPN OKVBG[ ONGM { OEBF UGD ,KJRDP FE[C NHZC ,KNP[IF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
154<br />
YNIF N[ G\PB\F \EKP KV NT ,\GIGMF QGHKBN SIKC \D[GP FIGRP<br />
OEBF [ZER YGKEC QGZYKT G\GB KVN .G\GB CCGSF QGXKIF IGMN KPKRVF<br />
.BZGCF \ZGXN G\ZGX \B \GG[FN<br />
OKNCGYPF ,FHF ONGTF KYGI \B OEBN OKZKCSPF OKRTEPN FPGEC<br />
\GNDN NGMK OEBF[ OKYGI [K .\GBKXPC OKPKKYF OKVSGR OKYGI OKZKCSP<br />
\NGMK [MGZ OEBF[ ZIBN YZ OK[DZGPF [KG ,OPKKYN NMGK[ KRVN OD<br />
.OKKRIGZ OKYGI QKCN OKKP[D OKYGI QKC NECFF FH .OPKKYN<br />
GRRKB[ KRVP LB ,FTV[F KYGI OEGSKC OF FHF ONGTF KYGI OD<br />
IGMCG WPBPC ,FKDZRBC ,FTKDKC ON[N GRKNT FTV[FF \RGM\C OKPKKY\P<br />
\GBXGK GRK\GNGTV NM[ BKF LMN FCKSF .GRPNGTC KF[NM FNGTV TXCN KEM<br />
FBZRF KJSKBGDBF TCJF LG\C KGXPF \GBKXPF N[ K\KPBF TCJF EDR<br />
OG[P[ BNB ,KJSKBGZJNBF TCJC OKKGXP GRB ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN .GRKRKTN<br />
.OKKJSKBGDBM \GBKXPF KYGI \B OK[I GRB OKKJSKBGDB GRK\GRGXZ[<br />
[KDZFN NKI\P BGF ,FTV[FN GK\GRGXZ \B QY\P OEB[ FEKPC<br />
,IGMN HB YGYH BGF QKB .ECNC TKV[PF IGM BKF FNGM \GBKXPF[<br />
.FTV[FF \GBKXPC { \KRIGZF \GBKXPC OGZHN KEM FTKDKN GB FKDZRBN<br />
BXPR OEBF[ OG[P WPBP GB FKDZRB \[ZGE FRKB FTV[FF \NGTV<br />
GC KEG ,BZGCF { KVGS=QKB \GIGM ZGYP GN [KG ,FTV[FF IGM FE[ LG\C<br />
FPN[ ,\NCDGP K\NC GN[ \GKIF \[DZF QMN .FXZK[ \GNGTVF NMN<br />
.\KIXRG<br />
\K\EF FZCIF<br />
,BZGCF OT ZGCKIG Z[Y BGF FZM[G FTV[FC FXGZF FZCI QKC NECFF<br />
Z[Y \[VIPF FZCI .KPXT KGRK[N \GTEGPC BGF \K\E FZCI NM QKCN<br />
FMKZXF BKF[ FN ZGZC .FR\[P GRKB BZGCF KM \TEGK BZGCF OT<br />
\B \GG[FN FEGCTF \NJGP FKNT .FTV[FN FNCYP ZGCTNG \GR\[FN<br />
ZGEF" FRGMPF QYG\P OGKY CXPN SRMKFN NMG\ LM YZG ,BZGCN F\ZGX<br />
."QGZIBF<br />
ZM[ \NCY O[N OK[TR \K\EF FZCIF K[RB N[ OKCGJF OK[TPF<br />
.OHKBGZJNBN OHKBGDBP OEBF TCJ QGYK\ O[N BNG BZGCF QP CGJ SIKG<br />
FRKB ,FRGMRF LZEC FNCYF \JK[C \YSGTF FZCI ECNP ,FZCI OG[
155<br />
QGKNTF IGMF<br />
ORKB \GRG[F \GK\EF \GZCIF K[RB ."TZF \ZMF" N[ LKNF\ \ZCGT<br />
QKB .KJSKBGDB NCYN QGXZC OKTGY[M GB OKTGZDG OKTZM OPXTC OKZKMP<br />
TGZD QKB[G ZCE OFN QKB NCYN QGXZF ECNP[ FZMFN OKTKDP OF<br />
.BZGCFP Z\GKC YIGZPF CXPF { OCXPP<br />
.FRY\M \NFR\PF FZD[ N[ BKF \KNNMF F[GI\F \GK\E \GZCIC<br />
QMNG ,QGKNTF IGMF QKCN OEBF QKC FZGXF \GG\[F=KB \[DZF QFC FZSI<br />
.FNBM \GZCIC GPXT \B QY\N LZGX I\VN NGMK GRKB OEBF<br />
BZGCFP FMKP\<br />
KV NT FHN FH GSIKK\K FKZCI[ NMM .\GP[R N[ \MZTP BKF FZCIF<br />
BGFG QGKNTF ZGBF OT FZGXF \GG\[FC FZCIF BXPK\ ,FTV[FF YGI<br />
\EKPC YZ BZGCF QP FMKP\ NCYN NGMK OEBF .FKZCI \GP[R \B BNPK<br />
\GP[RF .QGKNTF IGMN ZCI\FN \RP NT ,\NGHN FTV[FC YGSTN G\GRGMR<br />
YGI KVN GHN GH \GSIKK\P QF FC[ FEKPCG ,QGKNTF IGMF FE[C \GKGXP<br />
.GC \GNNMRG FH FE[N \GG\[P QF ,FTV[FF<br />
\GRGZ\V [GVKIC WZPG QPH TKY[P OEBF .OKZGSKKG NCS BNP ONGTF<br />
OEBF NT .GEKC FNTK ZCEF KM FC[IP LG\P \TF NM \GXXF \GKTCN<br />
KEM BZGCFP GKNB \GIN[R QNGM :"GEDRM ZHT" FNBF \GKTCF NMC \GBZN<br />
FRKICP ORPB .BZGCF OT ZCI\FN GRGXZC QFKRV NT \GNT\FN NMGK[<br />
TGY[N GN NB \KPKRV FRKICP LB ,OEBF EIBM QFC NVJN GKNT \KP[D<br />
QKCFN GKNT .G\GB \GCCGSF \GRGP\CG ONGTF KNCFC ,FPKTR K\NC F[DZFC<br />
FDZEC \GTZVFF \BG GK\GDBE \B ,GNM[ \B ZK\GFN GN Z[VBN Q\ZJP[<br />
IGM KEK NT YZ .BZGCC YGCEN GRGXZ OT QFKNTP \GNT\FNG ,\KP[DF<br />
.\BH TXCN OEBF NMGK ,BYGGE FMG\PG ,\GKRIGZN \PEY\PF FZCIF<br />
BZGCF<br />
SSC\P "G\NGH \TV[F"C FEGCTF ZGTK[ NM Z[B ,\TC ONGB"<br />
CKKIK FPG KP KM ,TGTZ EGSK FH KZF ,ECN FZCIF O[ NT<br />
QP KM ?FZCIF O[N TDKK\FN GK\GTGR\ \GCZFN EKIKF \B<br />
BKXPK[ ONGTN GRPKF \GGYN Z[VB KB ,\GKI KNC [CK VKXRKZV<br />
KIKN[
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
156<br />
QKBG OKI\GVPF OK[RBN GNKVB FTGR\F IMN *<br />
(ZBGBV CKJGP)<br />
."OKI\GVP K\NC OK[RBN ZPGN LKZX<br />
OK[RBF OD .OGKY=\C FRKB "GRKKI BKF FZCIN FTV[F" FPSKSF<br />
,ONGTC EKIKF KRSZFF IGMF BGF GDBF[ OKRKCPF ,Z\GKC OKI\GVPF<br />
QKB FPXT \KJSKBGDBF \GBKXPF LG\C .G\KB EEGP\FN OKNDGSP ORKB<br />
QMKF BKF FNB[FG ,FTV[FF \RGM\N TKDFNG FKTCF \B ZG\VN \NGMK<br />
.QGZ\VF BXPKK<br />
FM ET .OKNCGYPF \XTN \KKXN GRKNT { FJG[V FCG[\F<br />
,OKKVGJGB ,OKKJSKRGPGY ,OKKJSKNBKXGS \GRGZ\V NT \G[GRBF FTP[<br />
N[ G\KPBN .OKRG[F "\G[GRBF KNKXP" GYVKS Z[B ,EGTG OKKJSKNBEKB<br />
G\GNDN OFN FKF ZGSB .OKR[ KVNB FH OKNCGYPF KEKC BXPR QGZ\VF ,ZCE<br />
FBKCF \KJSKBGDBF \GI\V\FF KM FRCFF FC FJZIR BN EGT NM \G[GRBN<br />
\GGPF LBNPM GDB G\GB LVFKK GHM FRCF LG\P YZ .NNGM ZC[P KEMN<br />
BGF FC JZV NM[ FEKIB \MZTPM \K[GRBF FZCIC ZKMFN GRKNT .GPXTN<br />
.CGJF GEK\T \B TCGY BGF OKZIBN QGMRF GSIKCG ,NNMFP YNI YZ<br />
CKJGP ZMKBF GB NTGVF IYK QKBP ,FNB[F FEPTGF QM OBG"<br />
BN GYGI OIN ZGTK[ KM ?FEGCTF NB GFTKRFN YKVSPF ZBGBV<br />
FRKB NGPDG FZJP OG[G GK\GIM ZGHV \GCSC FCZK BNG JKTPK<br />
FTGR\ GNKVB Z[B ,TCJF KPMIN FH TEGRG :GKRVN \EPGT<br />
KNCP ,ZPGNM ,ZBGBV CKJGP KNC OEBF TKRK BN Z\GKC FRJYF<br />
BSMFP GEK \B NJNJP OEB[M ,N[PN ,GPXT \B FP CKJFN<br />
QING[F NT GEK IKRFC[ GN FPER[ OG[P BGF QIN[F NB<br />
NT GEK \B CHGT FKF FHM GN FPER FKF BN OBG ,Z\GKC FRFK<br />
LKZX QKBG ,FPGYPP FTKRFN KNCP GK\GR[ OKTC[ NMC BSMF<br />
.FNGED BIZJN ZPGN<br />
,QVGBC ,OFKNT OKIKD[P EKPTFN FH NT FXT [K[ ZPB\ OBG<br />
QMB ,GYGI OIN \B GRPP GNJKG [RTK G\EGCTC NXT\PF NM[<br />
CKJGPF \B OPXTC OKIKD[PF GIYK QKBP ,KN ZGPB ,NB[B<br />
NT FID[FG EIGKPF OGYPC FEKPTF KM O\EGCTN ZBGBV<br />
EGT KNGB FNGED BIZJ QM OD BGF O\GB TDKKNG TKRFN OK[RB<br />
FTKDKN IM GN EEGPG UGD NMN TKRPF NTGVF IM BGF[ FZJP IM :ZBGBV CKJGP<br />
.("OGN[F" SZJRGY ,ONGSF NTC) FRGMPFC YNEF EKYV\M<br />
*
157<br />
QGKNTF IGMF<br />
TKRFN FXGZF GPM ZCEF FPER QM NTG .GPXT FEGCTFP Z\GK<br />
."YNE KZPI FN \\ KNC FRGMP<br />
KZPGI FN \\ KNC FRGMP TKRFN" QGKSKR F[TR \KJSKRGPGYF FKSGZC<br />
\GZ[TG K\GMBNP CTZ QGJN[F ZXK FRKBZYGB N[ OKCIZR OKZGHBC ."YNE<br />
CTZF \GTXPBC[ GC[I QGJN[F FDFC OKHIGBF .GTGGD OK[RB KRGKNKP<br />
OINF ZGCTC GECTK[ LM [GMZFG ZPGIF QP OK[RBF \B Y\RN GIKNXK<br />
OKJSKRGPGYF OKRMVFPF .FZCIN FTV[FN FRVGK OXZP NMG ,ECNC<br />
FNGTV \G[TNP OTK\ZFN KEM OKNTGVF NT OKZPG[ GCKXFG \GSRN GVKSGF<br />
ZPGI YVSN OGYPC .KJSKBGDBF OTCJ \B QY\N LMCG ,O\BRFN KF[NM<br />
.ZPG[N YNE ZPGI YVSN F\T [ZER ,EIV LG\P ECT[ NTGVN YNE<br />
FKDZRBF ZGPK[ YGI .YNE ZPGI QKB FTV[FC ECGTN ,\ZIB GB LM<br />
YGPIN Q\KR BNG ,\GRGXZFG \GRGGMF ,\GC[IPF OGI\C OD NTGV<br />
GKNT .KGNKP GB YGVKS BNN QGXZ OG[ NKTVFN NGMK GRKB OEBF .G\JKN[P<br />
KEM .FNGTVN GPXT \B TKRFN NMGK[ KEM GF[NM ZGYPP YNE ZPGI NCYN<br />
QKCN GRKC Z[Y \GKFN CKKI \KJSKBGZJNB FTGR\ TXCN NMGK BZCRF[<br />
ZXGGKK[ KEM BZGCF \GNEDNG \GCK[IN \GTEGP FZCIC ZZGTN [K .BZGCF<br />
ZGYPF QP TKDK FZCIF K[RB N[ FTV[FN YNEF ZPGI LMG ,FHM Z[Y<br />
OKB\PF KGXKVF \B EIB NM NCYK ,ZCEPC QP@F KNMGBN FPGEC .K\KPBF<br />
.G\P[R [ZG[N<br />
BGF ,GPGKYN WGIRF \B YZ OEBN GYVSK OB KM GZCS OKJSKRGPGYF<br />
.O\GTJ F\KKF LMCG ,FPXT FZCIF QP FTV[FN YNE ZPGI NCYN NMGK<br />
.FTV[FN YNE ZPGI OEBN YVSN OKNGMK ORKB FN[ OKNBEKBFG FZCIF<br />
GMG\C QGKNTF ZGBF \GIMGR YZG QGKNTF ZGBF KEK NT BZCR NCYN QGXZF<br />
.YNE ZPGIM GN [P[N NMG\<br />
FZGXF \GG\[F \EKP KVN YZ QGXZF LG\C TKVGFN NGMK QGKNTF ZGBF<br />
FNCYP GRGXZ \B QY\P GRKB OEBF EGT NM ,QMN .GKNB QGXZF N[<br />
NCYN QGXZF EIB EXP .QGXZF LG\C TKVGFN NGMK GRKB ZGBF ,FTV[FN<br />
TKVGFN NGMK GRKB ZGBF KR[ EXPG ,ZGBF \GIMGR BNN \GR\[FN NGMK GRKB<br />
.QYG\K BN EGT NM NCYN QGXZC<br />
GKIKN[ \B GRPNGTC BZGCF N\[ FH CXPP OEBF KRC \B WNIN KEM<br />
Z\SR BZGCF LB ,BZGCN TKV[FN BKF FBKZCF \ZJP ORPB .OKNCGYPF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
158<br />
LKZT\ OB .GN TKV[FN OFN Z[VBK[ YNE ZPGI OEBF KRCN QKB QMNG<br />
ZIB BNPN NMG\ BKF ,EGBP NGEDM F[BZC EPGTF NCGYPF \B \G[GRBF<br />
\G[GRBN YVS\ DKFRPF \GNED .BZGCN FTV[FN TKDFN EXKM GK\GBZGF<br />
TCJC KGXPF NCGYPF \GXT [GPKP .FN Q\KK[ \GXTF OG[KKN YNE ZPGI<br />
.FK\GRGXZ \B QY\NG \G[GRBF NT TKVGFN UKYPF ZGBN Z[VBK FTV[FF<br />
YVSNG ,QGKNTF ZGBF TKVGFN NMGK ZCM FNBF OKRYG\PF \GRGXZF LG\C<br />
.FTV[FN YNE ZPGI OEBN<br />
\GBPXTN KBR\M<br />
TCJF KYGI KM ,TCJF EXP ECBFN WGZI OJV[P ,LMKVNG"<br />
OKKYN OPXT \B OKNDSP ORKB[ OG[P ,O\GB G[KRTK<br />
G\NGHN FTV[F N[ OK[TPF GNB G[TK[ ,GRKKFE ,FK\GEGYV<br />
\KNM\N FMG\P BCNG OKKYN KEM ,LZC\K ’FN FEGCTF \RKICP<br />
ZBC\R[ LZE NT ,LZC\K GC \GYKCEF BGF[ ,FBKZCF \ZJP<br />
TKDP FHF \GYKCE[ ,(’G \GB ’B SZJRGYC FZG\ Q\P ZPBPC)<br />
ET GKNB FCZ\PG LNGFF DRGTF \CZ OKTRF GTV[ \EPC ECGTFN<br />
I\V\PG LGNF LZC\K G\GK\PB \ZMFC OPGZ\FN KGXZ ZGTK[<br />
BN QKT CG\MF EGSC GHPZ FKNT[ ,FNGEDF FDNVFN FMGH[ ET<br />
."LK\NGH OKYNB F\BZ<br />
Z\SF<br />
,FTV[FF YGI \B OKKYP GRKB OB[ [KDZK GC[ CXPN TKDFN OEB NM NT<br />
KBR\ BKF FTV[FF YGI N[ GPGKYC \GN\F .FGGY\ NM ZSIG NCGS BGF<br />
FCGIC FZMFF NB OKMZE K\[C TKDFN Q\KR .\GI\V\FF L[PFN KIZMF<br />
QGXZC \GGPP OK[Y OKKIG OKZGSKK KEK NT :FTV[FF YGI \B OKKYN<br />
CXPF QKCN KIMGRF CXPF QKC FBGG[F KEK NT GB ,KJSKBGDBF \GRFKN<br />
.CGJFG ON[F<br />
OKZEZE\P[ KRVN EGT OHKBGDBC[ ESVFC [KDZFN Q\KR FKKR[F LZEC<br />
LSGI BGF LMG ZV\[FN OEBF \B \ZZGTP ESVFF \[DZF .OKZGSKKN<br />
NCY\FN FNGMK ZV\[FN FJNIFF .OKBZGR OKCXPN \GZEZEKF GPXTP<br />
BZGCF N[ KJSKBGZJNBF GCXP QKC[ KRGXKYF ZTVF \ZMF \GMHC YZ<br />
.OKBZCRF N[ KJSKBGDBF OCXP QKCN
OKPTV<br />
\GCZ<br />
FNGT<br />
,FNB[F<br />
TGEP<br />
BZGCF<br />
ZSKKP<br />
NM<br />
LM<br />
\B<br />
KRC<br />
.OEBF<br />
FPC<br />
OF<br />
?OKP[B<br />
GNKB<br />
FZGF<br />
FKF<br />
DFR\P<br />
LM<br />
OT<br />
,GKENK<br />
FKF<br />
ZCEF<br />
ZZGTP<br />
.FFKP\<br />
EXKM<br />
QM\KK<br />
CGJF"[<br />
"CKJKPFG<br />
SIKK\P<br />
LM<br />
?GKBZCRN<br />
GNKB<br />
QKCF<br />
OEBF<br />
TGEP<br />
F\IKR<br />
GKNT<br />
,FMP<br />
;BIKR<br />
LB<br />
OD<br />
FH<br />
GRKB<br />
QCGP<br />
.GN<br />
GFP<br />
LZGXF<br />
OEBF[ LMC<br />
GRKB[ QKCK<br />
QKCP<br />
\B<br />
FZGYF<br />
?GN<br />
GRRKB<br />
OKNDGSP<br />
OD<br />
QKCFN<br />
EXKM<br />
QM\KK<br />
OKKZHMBF[<br />
OKKPGPZTFG<br />
Z\GKC<br />
OKIKNXP<br />
Z\GK<br />
.ONGMP<br />
Z[YF<br />
QKC<br />
K[TP<br />
OEBF<br />
QKCN<br />
GK\GINXF<br />
GB<br />
GKZGSKK<br />
Z\SR<br />
QP<br />
.QKTF<br />
GNKB<br />
QKCF<br />
OEBF<br />
\B<br />
FCKSF<br />
,Fj@P#N<br />
FKF<br />
NGMK<br />
EKP<br />
ZG[YN<br />
GPXT<br />
OT<br />
,Fj@P#F<br />
OT<br />
Fj&P#F<br />
OTG<br />
.Fj&ePF<br />
\ZJP<br />
OKZGSKKF<br />
OK\IKRF<br />
NT<br />
OEBF<br />
BNN<br />
Z[Y<br />
GK[TPN<br />
BKF<br />
GY\RN<br />
QP<br />
QGXZF<br />
.NCYN<br />
NTC<br />
ONGSF<br />
ZPGB<br />
KM<br />
OB"<br />
F\KF<br />
GRKRVN<br />
FID[F<br />
,FKGND<br />
GKF<br />
NM<br />
KBC<br />
ONGTF<br />
OKYKEX<br />
"OKZGPD<br />
FPEYF)<br />
EGPN\"N<br />
Z[T<br />
,"\GZKVSF<br />
\GB<br />
.(DP<br />
QGXZF<br />
NCYN<br />
BN<br />
Z[VBK<br />
OEBN<br />
TXCN<br />
FNGTV<br />
F\BXG\[<br />
FZK[KF<br />
BKF<br />
.FMP<br />
GN<br />
F\KKF<br />
\ID[F<br />
BZGCF<br />
,FKGND<br />
FKF<br />
TPG[ OEBF<br />
QVGBC<br />
KTCJ<br />
\XTN<br />
QGXZF<br />
NCYN<br />
FXGZG<br />
\GKFN<br />
OGN[C<br />
OT<br />
.BZGCF<br />
LB<br />
LZEC<br />
GH<br />
BGF<br />
ONGTN<br />
BN<br />
FKF<br />
NGMK<br />
Y\R\FN<br />
QP<br />
QGXZF<br />
.NCYN<br />
KEM<br />
NMGK[<br />
OEBF<br />
\GKFN<br />
K[VGI<br />
QP<br />
QGXZF<br />
,NCYN<br />
BN<br />
\GKFN<br />
KGN\<br />
FPC<br />
NCKY[<br />
GB<br />
BN<br />
,NCKY<br />
\GNT\FN<br />
NTP<br />
GTCJ<br />
KJSKBGDBF<br />
KZGYPF<br />
[GMZNG<br />
\B<br />
TCJ<br />
BZGCF<br />
{<br />
[K<br />
ZK\SFN<br />
GRPP<br />
\B<br />
\ID[F<br />
.BZGCF<br />
BZGCF<br />
ZXK<br />
\B<br />
,OEBF<br />
KEMG<br />
NMGK[<br />
OEBF<br />
\GKFN<br />
KBPXT<br />
\GPEKFNG<br />
BZGCN<br />
LG\P<br />
\EGYR<br />
FZKICF<br />
,\K[VGIF<br />
GKNT<br />
Y\R\FN<br />
QP<br />
.BZGCF<br />
YZ<br />
Z\SFF LG\C<br />
OEBF NGMK<br />
\MZTP \GRCN<br />
GRKC OKV\G[ KR[ N[ OKSIK<br />
QKCN<br />
.BZGCF<br />
\MZTP<br />
OKSIK<br />
GHM<br />
BN<br />
FKF\<br />
\TV[GP<br />
QP<br />
Z[YF<br />
.BZCR=BZGC<br />
Z\SFF<br />
NNGM<br />
K\[<br />
:\GPZ<br />
.<br />
Z\SF<br />
,CGJF<br />
GRKKFE<br />
\[DZF<br />
.NCS<br />
.<br />
Z\SF<br />
ZGYPF<br />
F[DZFN<br />
,GH<br />
GRKKFE<br />
Z\SF<br />
BZGCF<br />
NNGIPM<br />
.NCSF<br />
NNDC<br />
Z\SFF<br />
OEBF<br />
,NCGS<br />
GRKB<br />
TEGK<br />
GFP<br />
ZGYPF<br />
,NCSN<br />
FPC<br />
BGF<br />
KGN\<br />
EXKMG<br />
CGJF \[DZF NTP \GNT\FN OEBF NT Z\SFF LG\P .GYKSVFN Q\KR<br />
TZFG<br />
YYG\[FNG<br />
\GPEKFN<br />
.BZGCN<br />
GH<br />
LZEF<br />
FEKIKF<br />
ZG\VN<br />
\B<br />
\KKTC<br />
.\GBPXTF<br />
HB YZ<br />
OEBF NKI\K<br />
\GBZN<br />
KM<br />
OKCXPF NM<br />
OKBZGRF OKZGSKKFG<br />
IGMF<br />
QGKNTF<br />
159
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
160<br />
FNGMK GKNTP Z[B ,NGED FNCY KNM QKTPN OKMVGF GKNGDND NMC ZCT[<br />
.BZGCF QKCN GRKC FRGMR OKSIK \MZTP \GRCKFN<br />
FZGPB FZCIF .FZCIF \B OEBN FRC BGF LB ,Z\SR BZGCF ORPB<br />
\RGM\N QGMR SIKG Z[Y \KKRCC \GRGKSKR TGXKCN FECTPM OEBN [P[N<br />
BZGCF NB SIKK\FN FXGZ FKF[ KVM FZCIN SIKK\FN OEBF NT .FTV[FF<br />
.GRPP Z\SRF<br />
\BXN NDGSP OEBF FKF BN ONGTN ,FNGDP BZGCF FKF GNKB ,ZGPBM<br />
FBKXKF \B \Z[VBP FZCIF OT OKSIKF \MZTP .NCYN QGXZF LG\P<br />
QGXZF \B BNPN \NDGSP FRKB FZCIF[ OG[P NCYN QGXZF \GNGCDP<br />
QP ZM[ NCYPG FZCIF KVNM FEGCT TXCP OEBF ,QM OB .OEBF N[ NCYN<br />
FDZEFC TKDFN OEBF NGMK ,ZIB ZGYPP TKDP OGN[\F[ QGGKMP .BZGCF<br />
.FZCIF KVNM FTV[FN
TKRPF<br />
IGMF<br />
FZJP OFKRKTN OK[KDZP GKF NTGVFG ZMBF OB ,LPXTN ZKKXG"<br />
OKMKZX GKF BN[ ,IJC ,FZCIF N[ OZ[GBN ONPT \TC ,\BHF<br />
OFN KGXP FKF ZCM KM ,OFKNT OKEPGT OKIKD[PN GNKVB<br />
\B OKZFN ET ,FNGED FTKDKN ZGPD YGVKSC ZBGBV CKJGP<br />
KVGBC ZCEF \RCF Z[B ZCEF \PBG ,Z[GBF KPGZPN FZCIF<br />
OKBGZ NMF ONGB ,OKRPBR OKZESCG ,CZ NGVKJN FMKZX FHM<br />
TE\ BN[ \KR[YTF TCJF EXP G\NGH OGKY \GMH OFN QKB[<br />
."FH OGYPC IKMGFN K\KXZ[ GFHG .\GZ[V<br />
,OPGE \GDZEF NMC BZCR NM { UGD NM ,QGXZG FRGGM NM ,FC[IPG B\ NM<br />
QGXZ BGF \GBKXPC JYKKCGB NM .GPGKYN FKDZRB [ZGE { Za+EPG KI ,IPGX<br />
.ZGBF KEK NT "QKBP [K"M BZCR NCYN QGXZF .GPXT \B YKHIFN GKNT QMNG<br />
QGXZ N[ FTGR\ NM .FKDZRBN YGYH NCYN QGXZF ,"[K"M OKKY\FN KEM<br />
NM .\JNIGP FIGRPC EKP\ ZB[KFN FXGZ QGXZF KZF[ ,TCJN \EDGRP<br />
.FKDZRB \[ZGE { \KRGXZ GB \K\C[IP ,\KRMP ,\KHKV { FTGR\<br />
CXPF \B ZV[\[ FBXG\N BKCFN FKNT TXC\\ KF[NM FNGTV[ KEM<br />
TDKK\FN KBEM FKFK[ KEM YGVKS Z\K OGZDN CKKI BCF CXPF .KIMGRF<br />
BN BGF ,FNGTV OEBFP OK[ZGEG FHF YGIF QP OKPNT\P OB .GZGCTC<br />
,EIV GPM ,\GVSGR \GNGCI\ JGYRN OKCKKI QMN .QGXZ LG\P FTXCN NMGK<br />
OKECBP FKKVMFG EIVF ,OKZCJXP OKZGSKKF Z[BM LB .FZGJJYKEG FKKVM<br />
.FKSGZC FZY[ KVM ,O\GNKTK \B<br />
FCZ CN \PG[\ [KEYFN [K \KRIGZ \GPEY\FC \RKKRGTPF FZCIC<br />
ZGYPM BZGCF \GNED \B CK[IFN FZCIF K[RB NT .ZM[F QKKRTN<br />
161
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
162<br />
\BZYN FTKDK NM[ LM ,KGXZ FM BZGCF OT Z[YF FKFK OB YZ .FKDZRBF<br />
\ZJP \BZYN OEY\FNG NGTVN Q\KR FKFK ,F[Y FBZK\ BN G\D[F<br />
IGMFG ,\GIGM \G[ZGE QGMRF QGGKMC FTKDKFG \KRIGZF FZJPF .FBKZCF<br />
FZJPF EKP FR\[\ ,QM BN OB .BZGCF \GNED YZG LB \GKFN LKZX TKRPF<br />
YVSK FZGCTC[ ,\KBEM ,\ZIB FZJPC ZICK OEBF .K\ZMF=\\ QVGBC<br />
.TDKK\FN \GIGM GDBF GN<br />
BZGCF \GNED<br />
FDZEPF \B LKZTFN FZCIF NMG\ G\ZHTC[ KTXPBF BKF BZGCF \GNED<br />
BZYRF JNIGP D[GP QKB ,F[TPN .\KIMGRF GHP Z\GK FFGCDM FBCF<br />
FCXPN SIKC Z\GK FFGCD FDZEP BKF "BZGC" KGJKCF \GTP[P ."BZGC"<br />
FDZEPF FRGMP \GMGPS \GDZEP K\[ NM QKC[ Z[YC .FZCIF N[ KIMGRF<br />
NM KM ZGMHN [K ."BZCR" FRGMPF FRG\I\N SIKC "BZGC" FRGKNTF<br />
OG[PG ,OKNDP OF[ FPP YZG LB \GTCGR OKNCGYPF OKR\GR[ \GZEDFF<br />
."FBZG BGC" { FPXT FNKPC FPGND "BZGC" KGJKCF \GTP[P OD LM<br />
BZYR[ BZGCF KGNKDN TKDP BGF ,"BGC"C GPXT \B QY\P OEBF[ ZIBN<br />
."FBZ"<br />
,F\NGMK NMM FKRKTC FBCF FDZEPF \GCK[I \B FZCIF NKED\ OB UB<br />
\ZEDF OXT ONGB .\K\KPBF F\GNED \EKP \B ZT[N NMG\ BN ONGTN<br />
BZGCF \GNED .FKNB YYG\[FN FZCIN \ZHGT FFGCDM FBCF FDZEPF<br />
F\GCK[I \ZHDR QBMPG FDZEPN FDZEPP \GNTN YNE ZPGIM \[P[P<br />
.FCZF<br />
SIKC "UKYP ZGB" FRPP FRKPHP FBCF FDZEPF \GCK[I \NEDF<br />
QPSP OEBF Z[BM .FPKEY OEBF \B L[GP FH IGM .\KIMGRF FDZEPN<br />
\GCK[I .KGNKCN GB FIGRPN ,FRK[N ,NMGBN FRG\R G\TE QKB ,FZJP GPXTN<br />
.FZGCTC TDKK\FN GN \Z[VBPG YNE ZPGIM GN \[P[P \VSMRF FZJPF<br />
\GCKSRC .GN ZYKF \B DK[K CGZYC[ [KDZP BGFG YGIZP GN FZKBP FZJPF<br />
,\GCZ OKR[ EGCTN QMGP BGFG KEKKP NGPD\N YGYH OEBF QKB FNBM<br />
\GCK[IC KGN\ NGMF .GRGXZ \B [PPN KEM ,LMP Z\GKG OKKIF NM GNKVB<br />
\RKKRGTPF FZCIF \DBE FRG\R \GKFN FMKZX LMN YZ QMNG FZJPF<br />
.\GKRIGZC
163<br />
TKRPF IGMF<br />
LG\P { \KRGKSKRF FRGC\F EXP LKRKTN NKNTC K\IMGF FRFG"<br />
FVGZ\ QKB Z[B ,GRKRKTN \PYZ\PF \GK[TPF BKZGJSF<br />
OFKPXT NT GNCYK OB \NGH ONGTC[ OKRV OG[C \GK[GRBN<br />
IGZ \IR \G[TN KEM ’G\NGHN FTV[F’ BGF[ ,FID[FF \GXP<br />
LTZN \CFBG’ BGF EIBF :OKCG\MF ’C ZGTK[C ,LZC\K ’FN<br />
,FTKDKF ZGTK[[ GRKKFE ,FVGD FEGCTF \RGM\ BGF[ ,’LGPM<br />
\GIV BN ,\GKFN FMKZX ,FZCIF N[ OZ[BN G\NGH \TV[FN<br />
BNB EGT BNG ,GPXT KMZXN DGBEN OEBC TCJGPF ZGTK[F FHP<br />
SZJRYC ZBGCPM ,GPXT KMZX NT G\NGH KMZX OKEYFN OKMKZX[<br />
\B \CFBG’ BGF ,KR[F CG\MG .’D \GB |FZG\ Q\P ZPBP~ ’B<br />
FZJPF GFH[ ’LEBP NMCG L[VR NMCG LCCN NMC LKYNB ’F<br />
,GZKCI KMZXN FTKDKF \T[C NM KRKTN BXPFN \CKGIPF<br />
BZGCF KRKTC QI BGXPN KEM YZ TDKK\PG F[GT[ ,G\BZGF[<br />
."’\K GRGXZ OK[GTG ZPB[ LZC\K<br />
FCFBF YGI<br />
\GIGMF NM OKEZGK FRPP Z[B FRGKNTF \GBKXPF \B OKNDP OKNCGYPF<br />
G\GB OKNKTVPG GC OKP[D\P ,ONGTN OKEZGK FNB \GIGM .GRPNGTN<br />
.\K[VGI FTGR\ GN Z[B ZCE GRPNGTC OKKY BN KM ET ,GKJZV=KJZVN<br />
TGRN FHF ONGTF \B OKCKKIP JNIGP YGIM FNTPNP OKEZGKF \GIGMF<br />
GFH ."LKYNB ’F \B \CFBG" NB "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" LZE ,\KPXT FCFBP<br />
.TCJF YGI<br />
GRKKFE ,FCFB BGF YGIF[ CG[IN NCGYP FH QKB OEBF KRC CZYC ORPB<br />
,NTGV FCFBF YGI .G\ZGX JNIFC KFGH LB ,CGFBN CKKIP YGIF IGM[<br />
KKI ,OEBF KZGSKK .FMGVF FCGD\ GRPP OKNCYP G\GB OKPKKYP QKB OBG<br />
OZGYP OKR[ KVNB L[PC \G[GRBF NT \G[DZ\PF \GZXF NMG ZTXF<br />
.FCFBF YGIC<br />
GNKCGFN FZJPC OEBF KRKTN \KNDRF FRGP\F \B ZESP EIB YGI<br />
\B { OEBF \B ZKEDP EIB YGI .BZGCF \CFBN \KPXT FCFBP<br />
GC[ \GNGTVF Z\K NM \BG GK\GRGXZ \B ,GK\G[DZF \B ,GK\GC[IP<br />
NMG FYKJKNGV ,FKDGNGYB ,ONGTF EK\T ,FIV[P ,\GBKZC KRKKRT .GCKCSPG<br />
NM QKB .\GBKXPF N[ EKIKF YGIN OKZG[Y ONGM { \GBKXPF KJZV Z\K
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
164<br />
,GMG\CG OEBN CKCSP ,F[TPC GB FNGTVC ,FC[IPC GB QGXZC JZV<br />
.FH YGIN ZG[Y GRKB[<br />
.WGICPG OKRVCP GKNT WIGNG OEBF \GI\V\FN OB\FC FND\P YGIF<br />
.KRGXKI WIN UKSGPG NCYN QGXZ N[ \VSGR FCM[ OEBF LG\C I\GV BGF<br />
ZGBF \TV[F \B WGICPG ,GN[ GDBF \B OEBF [KDZP OKRVCP ,ZPGNM<br />
\B CKKIP FHF WINF .FTV[FF \EKPP \GP[Z\F GKRVC BKCPF UKYPF<br />
.FBKZCF \ZJP ZCTN TGRN OEBF<br />
OEBF N[ G\DBE[ ,BKF "BZGCF KRKTC QI BGXPN" KGJKCF \GTP[P<br />
,GN[ GRGXZ OT BNG ,TKV[FN QGXZF ,BZGCF QGXZ OT FEGCTN FRG\R FKF\<br />
GRKKFE ,\NGHF \B CGFBN OEBF \B CKKIP FCFBF YGI .NCYN QGXZF<br />
KGNKP GRKKFE ,\KPXT FCFB BKF \ZIB FCFB NM .\NGHF \GRGXZ \B BNPN<br />
.KJZVF QGXZF N[<br />
NMG QGKCB NEIK KM ,GNMB\ WZBF CGJ O\TP[G GCB\ OBG"<br />
FNTP FNTK EIB NM N[ GZ[GBG ,WZBF QP NXGRPG FRGTP<br />
BCN GXZ\ BNG ,GRBP\[ EGT NM ONGB .ZGTK[G LZT NMP FNTP<br />
TCJF HB ,ZBGCPF ZGTK[F NMC LZC\K ’F \GECT \KZCC<br />
,GR\GB FVZ\ BNG ,GRPP F\PYR \B OGYRN QMF OKEPGT FKYGIG<br />
NMN F\GZP \B NCYRG GR\GB FIXR\[ ET ,NKNTC GRIMGF[ GPM<br />
.ZBGCPM ,GR\GB FGX\ Z[B<br />
FRGC\F \ZGYC KV NT K[TP KTEP ZYIP LN K\\R FRFG<br />
\GECT OFKNT NCYN \GKZCF NMN JNIPF CGKI ZCEC ,\KRGKSRF<br />
."OEGBPG O[VRG OCCN NMC LZC\K ’F<br />
\GECT<br />
BZGCF QGXZ \I\ SRMKFN ,GRGXZP \BXN OEBF NT[ F[GZKV ’F \GECT<br />
N[ G\NGMKCG ,\CKGIP ’F \GECT .FCFB LG\PG FPMSFC ,QGXZC GPKKYNG<br />
N[ LZEC GB OKZGSKK LZEC { F\GB [PPK FC[ LZEF \B ZGICN OEBF<br />
.\KPXT \GV\\[F<br />
QYG\P=BNF KIMGRF GCXPC OD .ECT \GKFN CFGB OEBF ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN<br />
QGEB BGF NCYN QGXZF .GN[ NCYN QGXZF N[ ECT G\GKFP OEBF FRFR<br />
.G\JKN[ \PXGT \B ZKFCK YZ GRPP WNIKFN QGKSKR NMG OEBC JNG[F
165<br />
TKRPF IGMF<br />
FXGZ BGF QKB QKKETG NKBGF ,OEBC \[DZGP FRKB NCYN QGXZF N[ G\GZP<br />
[KDZP GRKB[ LM KEM ET GN[ NCYN QGXZF \B CFGB OEBF .GRPP ZJVKFN<br />
.GRKCN NCYN QGXZF QKC NECF<br />
QMNG ,OEBC G\GB ZKEIF BZGCF .ZH IGM BGF NCYN QGXZF F[TPN LB<br />
.NCYN QGXZF \JKN[ \I\ ,FZH FTV[F \I\ OEBF BXPR \TF NM<br />
[KDZP BGF QKB KM ET ,FYGPT FM BKF NCYN QGXZF OT OEBF N[ G\GFEHF<br />
.OKRG[ OKPXT KR[M NCYN QGXZF \BG GPXT \B<br />
JNG[ NCYN QGXZF[ OG[P ,"GN[" NBM NCYN QGXZF NB SIKK\P OEBF<br />
BGF GN[ BRG[F KM OEBF FNDK UKYPF ZGBF \ZBFC YZ .GENGGKF TDZP GC<br />
OEBC JNG[F NCYN QGXZF QKCN "KRB"F QKC FRICFF .F\T GC JNG[F<br />
NECFF \D[FP FBXG\M .\G[TN OEBF NT[ FRG[BZF FEGCTF BKF<br />
FJKN[N ZCGTG GN[ NCYN QGXZF \JKN[ \B OEBF CHGT OKKR[F QKC<br />
.\ZIB<br />
QGXZF \JKN[ \I\ \GKFN :OEBF KRVC \GEPGT ECNC \GKGZ[VB K\[<br />
KTCJ QVGBC CFGB OEBF[ KVM .TKV[FN QGXZF \JKN[ \I\ GB NCYN<br />
ZIBN .KR[F TCJF \B CFBK BGF ,GBGNKPP FRFRG GN[ NCYN QGXZF \B<br />
FBZRF EIB IGM OB KM ,\GIGM KR[ FNB GKF BN[ OEBF FNDK QMP<br />
QGXZM ,"FVKNY"M { LGVF QVGBCG ,BZGCM { Z[K QVGBC :OKRVGB KR[C<br />
.NCYN<br />
KRVP "TZF \ZMF" FRGMP \KRIGZF \GI\V\FC QG[BZF CN[F<br />
FZMFF BKF TZF \ZMF .GN FTZM \KIMGRF FJKN[C OEBF ZKMP GMNFPC[<br />
,"K\TP#r@" ZVS) "\GRMSP KZT QCKG" GZPBPC .NCYN QGXZN FCFBF \EKPC<br />
"OKZXP \GECT"C FTKY[F FNGED FPM ONGSF NTC ZB\P (GV ZPBP<br />
OG[P NCYN QGXZN \GECTF \B CFGB OEBF .FRPP ZZI\[FN F[Y FPMG<br />
.QGIJKC GKNT FZ[P BKF[<br />
BXGKMG ZCIP ,FEGCT OGYPP FEKZV GH[ QKC ,F[Y BKF FEKZV NM<br />
,KGNKP ZSGIG \GCKXK ZSGI ,QGIJKC ZSGI OEBC \ZZGTP FEKZV .FNBC<br />
NGMKCM BKF NCYN QGXZF QP FEKZVF .JG[V F[TP FRRKB ONGTN QMNG<br />
.NGMF ZGYPP FEKZV<br />
ECNCG \GRGXZ DGVSK GRPP[ ZGYPN \GCK[I QKB OEBF KRKTC ,F[TPN<br />
NMN \YVSP \K[GRBF FZCIF .GN ZKBK OFP KGVXF KEK\TF DGRT\F[<br />
CKKING QGXZ GC ZZGTN KEM OKKEK\T OKDGRT\ ZICP FKZCIP EIB
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
166<br />
OEBF \B \CKKIP OGSZVF \MZTP[ UB .KGNKPF \D[FN FTGR\C G\GB<br />
GN \GIKJCP QF[ KRVP FIP[C "FK\GXT" \B NCYP BGF ,FCZ FTKDKC<br />
.OKKGNKP<br />
OEBF OB .BN G\G UNGI YGVKS [KDZFN Q\KR NCYN QGXZF \ZDSPC<br />
\GKI GMG\C [KDZK BGF ,G\GB BNPN KEM EGCTKG BZGCF QGXZC G\GB UKNIK<br />
YZ OEBF [I KIMGRF KJSKBGDBF GRGXZC .\GKIXRG \GPN[ ,\NCDGP K\NC<br />
,BZGCF QGXZC ."FHF ONGTF" { \GBKXPC Z\GKC ZGMTFG QJYF YNIF \B<br />
."UGS=QKBF ONGT" \B [KDZFN NMGK BGF ,TKV[FN QGXZF<br />
\[IZ\PF QGXZ \VNIFN FPGE FRKB FNCYC FZGPBF QGXZF \VNIF<br />
OKPZGD OKKRVYG\F OGSZVF \GTSP .GR\GB CCGSF OGSZVF QP FBXG\M GRC<br />
\[KMZN QGXZ GRC OKZZGTPG FIGRPN TGCYF KSKSCF GRRGXZ NT Z\GGN GRN<br />
TKY[FN GRN KBEM[ GR\GB TRM[P INXGP OGSZV TSP .OK[EI OKZCE<br />
QGXZF ,EIB KJSKBGDB QGXZ N[ FVNIF KFGH .OKGSP ZXGPC USMG WPBP<br />
\PGTN .[EIF ZXGPF QP \GRFKN QGXZF ,ZIB KJSKBGDB QGXZC ,FIGRPN<br />
.TKV[FN QGXZN NCYN QGXZP :QGXZF CKJ \VNIF NT \ZCEP FNCYF ,\BH<br />
\GRGXZ \B YK\TP ,BZGCF QGXZC GN[ QGXZF \B UKNIP OEBF ,FHM FZYPC<br />
.BZGCN FPGE OEBF LVGF LMC .O\GB TXCPG GPXT NT BZGCF<br />
GRGXZC ,BZGCF[ KVM .OKZIBF OKBZCRF KVNM [GPKPN Q\KR BZGCF QGXZ<br />
G\PB\F \B TKCP BZCRF LM ,FCFBC OKBZCRF NMN SIKK\P ,CKJKFN<br />
GC[ IJ[F BKF \K[GRBF FZCIF[ QBMP .\NGHF \CFBN GRGXZC BZGCN<br />
G\GBC FKNB OKSIKK\P OFKR[[ LMP FBXG\M ,BZCRFG BZGCF OK[DVR<br />
GN FND\P OMG\C ,FZCIF \GRGXZ \B BNPN QMGP OEBF OB .QVGBF<br />
.BZGCF<br />
ZGBF \JKN[<br />
OEBF ZG[YK QM OB BNB QM\K\ BN TKV[FN QGXZC NCYN QGXZF \VNIF<br />
\V[ .G\GR[N OD NMGK OEBF QGXZ \B BZC[ ZGBF YZ .BZGCN GPXT \B<br />
."FTZV NB BGC" ,F[PN BZGCF KZCEC \BH \ZB\P (GM ,H \GP[) BZYPF<br />
\G[TN NDGSP GRKB F[P QM[ ,G\KB EIK "FTZV"N \MNN G\GB QKPHP BGF<br />
.OEBC[ QYG\P=BNF NCYN QGXZF NM N[ GKGRKM BGF "FTZV" .GECN \BH<br />
QGXZF KZF[ ,QGXZF EDRM GF[NM ZCE GPXTC \G[TN NDGSP GRKB OEBF
167<br />
TKRPF IGMF<br />
FNCYP QGXZF QGYK\N KBR\F BKF BZGCF \GNED QMNG ,OEBN OEGY<br />
.FTV[FN<br />
.FNGTV GRPP \[ZER[ ZGCS BGFG KGD[ \GBKXPN OEBF N[ GSIK<br />
FXP\P LMCG GKNT NGTVN QGKNTF IGMF \B ZZGTN GKNT ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN<br />
F[Y \KRIGZF FEGCTF[ CG[IN OEBF \B FTJP GH FBKD[ .GEKYV\<br />
QY\N FSRP OEBF .ZGPDF LVFF \B OKZPGB OKNCGYPF[ FT[C ,EGBP<br />
LMC .G\GB FR[K[ "QGYK\F ZGB" \B QKPHFN OGYPC GPXTC GTCJ \B<br />
.\GSRN NEIG [BKK\P ,N[MR ,L[GPP QPHG OKCZ \GIGM YKZN HCHCP BGF<br />
F[YCC BZGCN FKKRVC HMZ\PG OKNCGYPF \XTC LNGF[ KP YZ IKNXP<br />
.FTV[FN QGXZ GC FRCK[<br />
\RKKRGTPF FZCI NB GCZYP BZGCF ,\BH \G[TN OEBF NMGK[ KEM<br />
FDZEPF \GCK[I N[ \PKGSP FEKP GN FTKV[P FZCIF OB .\GKRIGZC<br />
\KPKRVF \GMVF\FF OEBC [IZ\\ OB .Z\GKN YGYH BGF QKB ,FRGKNTF<br />
FDZEPFP .G\EGCT FPKK\SF ,Z\GK FCG[I FKF\ FBCF FDZEPFG<br />
\JKN[ QTPN NTGV OEBF Z[BM .G\GB FR[KG "QGYK\F ZGB" BGCK FRGKNTF<br />
KGN\ NGMF .QGYK\F LKNF\N GN[ NCYN QGXZF SRMR EKP ,GKNT ZGBF<br />
QGXZF GB ,OEBF GRKKFE ,NCYN QGXZF { "Z\GK CG[I KP" OEBF \TKCYC<br />
.BZGCF GRKKFE ,TKV[FN<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF KESKKP \XGCY<br />
Q\KR QYG\PF ZGEF B[GRC OKNCGYPF GRN GZKB[F[ OKJTPF OKC\MF QP<br />
[IZ\FN NGMK KJSKBGZJNBF CXPN KJSKBGDBF GRCXPP ZCTPF[ QKCFN<br />
.FTV[FF \RGM\ NB GR\GCZY\F KEK NT GB OKZGSKK KEK NT :OKMZE K\[C<br />
.[BZP FCGYRF \KNM\F KV NT FH CXPN TKDR ,LM QKCG LM QKC<br />
\K[GRBF FZCIF CZYP I\V\\ FNKI\C[ ,OFKZCEP QKCFN Q\KR EGT<br />
QGYK\N OK[GZEF OKKIZMFF OKBR\F \B OKKY\ Z[B BKFG ,\IB FXGCY<br />
:TCJF<br />
\ZJPN TKDFN EXKM FZGPF ,NCGYP LKZEP N[ \GBZGFN \GKX .<br />
.FBKZCF<br />
OKSIKF[ ,BZGCN FZGXF \GG\[FN TKDFN F\ZJP[ FXGCY \PYF .<br />
.FTV[FF KYGI KV NT GNFR\K FKZCI QKC
\ KEK\TF FZCIF QKKRC<br />
168<br />
.QGYK\ IGM NCYN \RP NT OKK\KPBF FNCYF \GZGYPP EGPKN<br />
OT \GFEHF LG\P ,FNGM \G[GRBN FNCYF \PMI \TV[FC YGSKT<br />
.FBKZCF \ZJP<br />
N[ \KRIGZF FMVFPC NIK OK[RB N[ QJY WPGY[ FH NT FP\\ NBG<br />
LNFPC G[IZ\F[ OKNGEDF OKKGRK[F NM[ \GBGZF GRKRKT .FNGM \GBKXPF<br />
\GRJY \GXGCYC O\K[BZ { OFC[ JNGCF BGF SRSRZFG { FKZGJSKFF<br />
QKCFN [K .FNGM FZCIC KGRK[F \ZKXKN OK[GZEF \GIGMF \B GZEKS Z[B<br />
F[KDZPG [GBKKC FKGZ[ ZCM FNGM \G[GRBF Z[BM FPY GH QKTP FXGCY KM<br />
LMC FZKMP \G[GRBF .LZEF \B \TEGK BKF QKB[ BNB ,KGRK[C HT LZGX<br />
.NCSF \CKS \B QKCFN FNGMK FRKB LB ,\NCGS BKF[<br />
FRJYF FXGCYF NMG\ ,OKKRHBPF QG[N NT FNGM \G[GRBF BXPK\ Z[BM<br />
\NEDFN OGZ\K BYGGE FXGCYF KZCI N[ QJYF ZVSPF .UMF \B \GJFN<br />
.FNGM \G[GRBF N[ FHP NGED FKFK KNGDSF FIGMG ,FXGCYF N[ F\GMKB<br />
[GBKKC BXPK\ GH[ QGGKMPG ,FNGEDF FZCIN QGGKM FGG\\ GH FXGCY<br />
NMN FPGEC ,LMG .\TE KNCC GNKVB FKZIB L[PK\ BKF ,OKRGB ZSGICG<br />
KGRK[F NNGI\K ,FKZGJSKFF LNFPC G[IZ\F[ OKK\ZCIF OKKGRK[F<br />
.FNGEDF FZCIC<br />
EIB HGIBP \GIV { JTP K\P F[BZC[ FEKPZKVM FKGRC \G[GRBF<br />
NMC BGF LM .FNGM \G[GRBF NT BFK FP OKTCGY { FKKSGNMGBF NNMP<br />
BKF FKBZFG ,LM OKNFR\P TCJF \GIGM OD .\GKRIGZC ODG ,OKZG[KPF<br />
D"YG OIV N[ \GRGJ KRGKNKP .Z\GK ONTR BGF LM Z\GK YHI IGMF[ NMM[<br />
Q\KR BN[ KBEG .FPGE FPXGTC FKDZRB GYVSK KRKTZD ZPGI N[ EIB<br />
FZCIC \GRG[ \GXGCYC GB OKYNIC \PKKYF \KPKRVF FPXGTF \B EGEPN<br />
.OKV\\[PF ZVSP KV NT<br />
*<br />
KZCI GNMGK \GKRIGZN \GKP[DF QKC EKZVPF "OGSIP"F ZCTP ZIBN<br />
ZGEF KESKKP NT .QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI N[ QJY NEGP OKYFN GH FXGCY<br />
FKFK QGZIBF ZGEF KYGI OGKY[ LM ,\GYGNBF \ZMFC \GKFN QGZIBF<br />
OK[RB OD OFK\GZG[N UZXN GNMGK FXGCYF KZCI .KTCJ F[TP OZGCTC<br />
ZGCTC \GIGM TKY[FN OKRMGP LB ,\GKRIGZC OKBXPR ORKB QKKET[<br />
QKICFN FKKE FFGCD BF\ FXGCYF KZCI N[ O\PZ[ KBR\C \BH .F\D[F<br />
.<br />
.
169<br />
TKRPF IGMF<br />
.KRIGZF QGYK\F NB FRGMR ONKCGFNG OFKNB UZJXFN OKKGBZF OK[RBC<br />
OKKGXPF OKNGYNYF NT FVIK[ QGIJKCG \KEEF \GCZT N[ IGM ZXGGKK LM<br />
.OK[EI OKVZJXPC<br />
UZX\ BKF[ QM\KK ,Z\GK EGT FFGCD FXGCYF N[ F\PZ FKF\ OB<br />
QKB[ LMC O[B GRKB OEBF QM[ ,\GKRIGZN QGXZ BNN OK[RB OD FK\GZG[N<br />
.OKPEGYF GKNGDNDC I\V\F BN QKKET[ OG[P QGXZ ZS@eIP BGF :QGXZ GN<br />
KEKN BKC\ YHI KRIGZ IGM KNTC OK[RB \ZCIC FNBM OK[RB N[ O\GF[<br />
OF ZXY QPH LG\CG ,HZGH\ O\GI\V\F ,OFKNT TKV[\ FZCIF[ LM<br />
.OHKBGDBC[ TZF \ZMF N[ LKNF\C GNKI\K<br />
\ZCIN FRJYF FXGCYF LGVF\ OKRYG\P ORKB[ OK[RB FKNB FVZXC<br />
LM ,OKDGSF NMP OK[RBN OGYP [K \KPNGTF FZCIC[ KVM .QGZIBF ZGEF<br />
ECNCG ,\GRG[ QGYK\ \GPZC OKKGXPN OGYP FKFK QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCIC OD<br />
.F\ZJPN GPKMSK[<br />
OKNCGYP FZCIC [K OB .EIK \PEY\P FNGMG EIB UGD BKF \G[GRBF<br />
OK[RBF ,QGZIBF ZGEF CXPN SRMKFN \NDGSP BKFG \YVSP FEKPC<br />
QJY WPBPN G[ZEKK LMC OKXGZ LB \GYGNBF \B OK[KDZP ORKB QKKET[<br />
OF OEBF KRC .FZCIF N[ \KRIGZF F\PZN \GG\[FNG QY\KFN KEM<br />
OYNI Z[BM QMNG ,\GP[RF NM \B \NNGMF \IB \MZTP N[ OKYNI<br />
.O\NGMK NMM OFN ZGHTNG OKZIBF NMN DGBEN OFKNT OKPEY\P
FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
\KEK\TF<br />
KC\M" LG\P OKZICR OKTJY NT SSGCP<br />
OKBCGPF ONGSF NTC N[ "QGZIBF ZGEF<br />
FNBP[ FIHFC
"QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M" ,ONGSF NTC
KJSKBGZJNB<br />
OHKRGPGY<br />
UGSF EKTP FH NT .KZSGP ZPGNM ,FBKEKB BGF OHKRGPGYF"<br />
."’LZGXF KVM NCYNG \NGMKF KVM EGCTN’<br />
\KJSKBGZJNBF FZCIN ONGSF NTC QBM QGGM\P "OHKRGPGY" GZPGBC<br />
.QGKNTF ZGBF KEK NT BZGCN FPB\FC OPXT \B GRYK\[ OKNCGYP GPKYF[<br />
\NGMKF KVM EGCTN" N[ KRGXKIF KBR\F \B OKPKKYP GHM FZCIC OKZCIF<br />
.FEGYVG CGKI LG\P BNG ,FZMFG QGXZ LG\P "LZGXF KVN NCYNG<br />
BGF ,ZGCXF \TEG LGRKIFG .GCKKIPF SKSC LKZX ZSGP NMN"<br />
."ZNJKFP FIMGFFG ,EBP [NI SKSC<br />
KVN NCYNG \NGMKF KVM EGCTN" BGF FRGMR FZCI N[ FEGSKN KBR\F<br />
FH ZSGP[ ,LM KEKN BKCFN Q\KR FKFK EXKM ,FNB[F \NB[R ."LZGXF<br />
.\KRGXKI FKKVM N[ WINC BNG EIBG EIB NM N[ KPKRVF GIGMP OKKY\K<br />
ZPGN LZGX QKBG ,ZGCX CGZFN IJCGP ,FTEC QGIXR NM[ QGKM"<br />
.ZGCXF CGZ K"T BGF QYG\PF OHKRGPGYF N[ NTGVN FBXGFF<br />
SKSC NT ZGCXF CGZ N[ \KZSGPF FPZ EKPTFN OKCKGIP QM OB<br />
.ONGTN NYNY\K BN[ QYG\PF OHKRGPGYF \B IKJCKG CKKIK[<br />
O\GKFN ,FEKNP OEBC \JNYGPF FBKEKBF FYKVSP FRKBG<br />
."ZGCXF CGZC LZT NGJRG QJY JGTKP<br />
KFGH[ QGGKMP "OHKRGPGY" O[C QGYK\F LZE \B FRMP ONGSF NTC<br />
"OHKRGPGY" IRGPF .LZGXF KVN FNCYG \NGMKF KVN FRK\R N[ F\ZEDF<br />
"LN[ { LN[ ,LN[ { KN[" QGZYKTF KVN NFR\PF OEB KRC QKC SIK ZB\P<br />
N[C ."LN[ { LN[ ,KN[ { KN[" ,"KTCJF YEXF" QGZYT KVN BNG<br />
.TZ O[ OHKRGPGY D[GPC YCE ,OKVSGR \GPGYPCG FKSGZC ZCTF \GTZGBP<br />
173
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
174<br />
OK[RBF \B BKCFN CKKI \KEK\TF FZCIF \ZDSPC LGRKIF ,QM KV NT UB<br />
.GECNP \ZIB LZE QKB[ ,FZMFN<br />
NT OHKRGPGYF QGKTZ \B IGMC \GVMN \GZ[VBF \B NNG[ ONGSF NTC<br />
BKF FEKIKF \KZ[VBF FKKVMF ."\GKRIGZC FKKVM QKB" QM[ ,FZCIF<br />
FRPP NCYN KEM FZCIF KVNM G\PGY \B UGVMN GPXT NT OEBF \KKVM<br />
\GR[N NDGSPF EKIKF IGMF \NGTV \B GZZGTK FNB OKMZT .FKMZT \B<br />
JGNYN OEBF NMGK GN[ [EIF QGXZC ."UKYPF ZGBF" { OEBF QGXZ \B<br />
KVN NCYNG \NGMKF KVN EGCTN" BGF FZCIC OGKYN EKIKF KBR\F[<br />
ONGSF NTC ZKCSK F\T .NGMN EGSKF BKF QGXZF \VNIF ,QM OB ."LZGXF<br />
.\BH TXCN LZEF \B<br />
FPZ \GNTFN IGJC OZGD FKFK[ ,EKIKF SKSC BGF ,\EF"<br />
NCYNG \NGMKF KVN EGCTN’ NNMFN TKDFN ,ZGCXF N[ \KZSGPF<br />
."’LZGXF KVN<br />
\B FBKCPF QGYK\F \JK[ \B ZB\P "\E" IRGPF ,FNCYF KC\MC DGFRM<br />
OKNCGYPF N[ O[GPK[C "\E" IRGPF ,ZPGNM .BZGCC \GYCEN OEBF<br />
O[N FH IRGPC [GPK[F QP NKECFN ,FPXT FNCYF \JK[ \B ZB\P<br />
"FZG\" IRGPF KM QKKXR FH Z[YFC .GRPNGTC[ \GRG[F \G\EF ZGBK\<br />
GRKKFE ,"CJGPN GZKHIPF FC[ ZGBPF" ZGBK\N OKNCGYPF KVC [P[P<br />
OKKJSKBGDBF GK\GRGXZ QGYK\N OEBF \[YC KV NT TKDPF UKYPF ZGBF<br />
.BZGCF \GRGM\N FPB\FC<br />
.FHF ONGTF KKIN ZC&T+P KGXPF FP=ZCE NT \HPGZ "\E" FNKPF<br />
QGKNTF CXPF BKF BZGCC \GYCE[ LMN OEBF LGRKI BKF \EF \GTP[P<br />
,FNBF OKKIC YZ BNG UGDN YZ BN ZPGNM { FP[RN \GKFN NGMK[ Z\GKC<br />
NCYN QMGP FKFK[ KBEG ,OEBF \GTEGPN ZEGI ZCEF Z[BM .FP[RN BNB<br />
,Z\GKC QGKNTF ZM[N TKDK LM KZF[ ,G\NGMK NMM \\NG GKMZX KV NT YZ<br />
.BZGCC \GYCE { DK[FN FNGMK FP[RF[ ON[FG KIXRF ZM[F<br />
FTV[FF<br />
,’LN[ LN[G KN[ KN[’ N[ OKSVF QP OHKRGPGYF \IYN [K"<br />
LN[G LN[ KN[’ N[ OKSVF NB GZKCTFNG ,OGES \EP BGF[<br />
QGKTZ
175<br />
KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGY<br />
NCYK ZGCXF CGZ[MG .KJGNGSCB OHKBGZJNBN GRKKFE ’LN[<br />
\NGMKF KVN EGCTN’ ,NNMN TKDFN QPHF HB ,NTGVC GH FZG\<br />
EGCTK EIBG EIB NM OB ,BGF FRPKSG .’LZGXF KVN NCYNG<br />
."\GRNCYC NTGVM<br />
GRKB OHKRGPGY .FZCIC QGYK\F \EKP KVN GRKKFE ,QGXZF KVN EEPR NGMF<br />
GKZCEC .GPKKYN OKNDGSP FKZCI CGZ QM OB BNB FZCIC OKKY\FN NGMK<br />
\GRMGPN G\RGGM ,"NTGVC GH FZG\ NCYK ZGCXF CGZ[MG" ,ONGSF NTC N[<br />
.FZCIF K[RB N[ QGYK\F \EKPP \TCGRF<br />
\K[GRB FZCI NMC ."ZGCKXF CGZ" ONGSF NTC ZPGB TGEP QKCFN GRKNT<br />
LB ,QYG\P ENGR GRKB FH QGZK[T ."KJSKBGZJNB" QGZK[T BGXPN Q\KR<br />
OHKBGZJNB" GFH F[TPN ;GTCJP GC FTGCJ OHKBGZJNBN FKKJRF<br />
OF[ LMP DGRT\ OKNCYP FH QGZK[T OT OKRPRF OK[RBF ."KJSKBGDB<br />
K\CC OKCER\P OF NNM LZEC .TKV[FN O\GB CKKIP FH DGRT\G ,OKTKV[P<br />
OMZE BKF OKYYHRC FMKP\ .ETS KRGDZBCG OKKNGVKJ \GESGPC ,OKNGI<br />
.DGRT\ \NCYN "OKJSKBGZJNB"F N[ \KTCJF<br />
OTCJ .FRK\R KFP SGV\N NDGSP GRKB[ ,LGVF QGZK[T OD OKKY ,OEDRM<br />
QGKTZ \B JGNYN OFN Z[VBP GRKB FH QGZK[T OT OKRPRF OK[RB N[<br />
QKCFN OKNDGSP ORKB OKKJSKBGDBF OKJSKBGZJNBF[ O[M .FTV[FF<br />
DGRT\ BKF OKZIBN FRK\R KZF[ ,ECNC GPXT ZGCTC \GKIN OEB NGMK EXKM<br />
.\NGHN FRK\R KFP QKCFN OKNDGSP ORKB ZIBF QGZK[TF KRC LM ,OZGCTC<br />
."ZGCKXF CGZ" ONGSF NTC ZPGB LM OG[P<br />
OKTKCP LB ,FTV[FF QGKTZ \B JGNYN OKNDGSP ORKB OTCJP[ OK[RB<br />
\ZCIN QM OD GNCY\K ,FK\GZG[N UZJXFNG FZCIF KRVC TRMKFN QGXZ<br />
TRMKFN OKMSK[ OEB NM UZJXFN NMGK GH FZCI NB ,ZPGNM .QGZIBF ZGEF<br />
NY FKFK "KJSKBGZJNB"F QGZK[TF K[RBN ORPB .FTV[FF QGKTZ KRVC<br />
\KPXTF \NTG\F \B OKRKCP OF[ OG[P QGYK\F \GNGTVN UZJXFN Z\GK<br />
LGVFNG UKYPF ZGBF \ZHTC QY\KFN OFKNT BFK QMP ZIBN LB ,FRK\RC[<br />
.OKK\KPB OKJSKBGZJNBN<br />
CGZ \B TZF \ZMF NKCG\ QGZIBF ZGEF N[ OGKYF KBR\C KM ZGMHN [K<br />
\B NKCG\ \ZIB OGKY \ZGX NM[ GRKCK OCGZ .QGMRF QGGKMC OEBF KRC<br />
.\KPXT FEP[FNG OKZGSKK KBNP OKKIN \G[GRBF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
176<br />
OKBNFN ZGSB ,GHF \KZSGP FPZN TKDK ZGCKXF[ OZJP"<br />
,ZGCXF CGZC IGJC KZSGP OZGD OKKY GRRKB[ EGT NM KM .[GMZF<br />
."FEGCTN YNE ZP‘ I OFN FKFK BN<br />
.NCYN QGXZF EDR KGMKE \NGTV NM TXCN QKB QMNG "\GKRIGZC FKKVM QKB"<br />
YZ .FZCIC OKKGRK[ TXCN [K GKZIBN YZG ,QGYK\N DGBEN [K \K[BZ<br />
\GMZTP N[ FC[IPF SGVE \B \GR[N Q\KR FKFK QGYK\F \EKPN OB\FC<br />
QKB ."LN[ { LN[ ,LN[ { KN["N "LN[ { LN[ ,KN[ { KN["P FZCIF<br />
GR[K OKRYG\PF OK[RBF QM[ ,FZCIC OKK\GMBNP OKKGRK[ TXCN LZGX<br />
QGYK\N NGTVN [K .QGXKI WIN NM BNNG ORGYK\N OB\FC FDZEFC F\GB<br />
NT EGTG EGT TKV[K "CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF"[ LMN OGZDN :ECNC KPKRV<br />
.Z\GK ZFP F\GB QY\KG FZCIF<br />
\IB FIV[P ONGTF NM<br />
KVNM \YEGX BKF ,FPGB NM KVNM \YEGX BKF OB ,OHKRGPGYF"<br />
WZBF N[ OND ZPI NT [K \GNTCG \GMH FHKB KM ,\GPGBF NM<br />
QM[ NMPG FYHIF YGI YYI KP .ZB[NP Z\GK ,FEKIK FPGBN<br />
\B \IB FPGB NXR\ FPN QMG .OKRGEKMG \GCZIC GFGRY[<br />
GPM ,\IB FNPC .EKIK NMN YEGX GRKB FH ZCE OB ,F\ZCI<br />
YZG .FPGB NM KVNM YEGX BGF QM ,EKIKN [GMZ NGJKC YEGX[<br />
YGIG FYHIF OB ,LPXT NT FP\G .WZBC OGN[ FKFK HB<br />
FPGBN FRYP FKFK FPN ,EKIKN QKRY \GMH FRYP FRKB F[GZKF<br />
FMKZX QM ,FPGBF KEKIKC \DFGR \YEGX FYGNI[ GPMG ,FPN[<br />
KTXPB QKCG ,OND ZPIF QKC :KPGBN QKC \YEGX FYGNI \GKFN<br />
QKC [ZVF KNC FG[C \GPGBF NMN ZCJXPF [GMZ QKCG ZGXKF<br />
QKC DFGRM [PP .KCKJKPKZVN *<br />
KJZHKNKCX QKC ,ZGI[N QCN<br />
.\IB FPGB N[ OKEKIK<br />
\GPGB NM QKC GB ,\IB FPGB ,OKEKIK QKC YNIN QKB QVGB OG[CG<br />
."\GPINPF GYSVK BN ,[ZVF FHKB FKFK[ EGT NMG ,ONGTF<br />
ONGMN TKV[P BGFG FR\[P GRKB OEBF KRC NB QGKNTF IGMF N[ GSIK<br />
\GGKTN \PZGD \KRDGPGF FRKB[ \K[GRB FZCI \ZKXK .FGG[ FEKPC<br />
.FKXHKNKCKX QC<br />
*
177<br />
KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGY<br />
GRB[ QGGKMP .EIBF IGMF QKCN FZCIF FRCP QKC FPB\F ZSGING<br />
\GZK\SG OKI\P ZZGTP QGKNTF IGMF ,EKIB K\NC [GDM GKRVC OKBZ\P<br />
FBR[F .\GRKEP GB OKPT ,OKDNV ,\GXGCY { FZCIC OKRG[F OKYNIF QKC<br />
.FH \B FH EKP[FN QGXZNG \GPINP KEKN FBKCP \ZCGDF<br />
OB YZ FGGN[NG QGIJKCN ,OGN[N \GMHN NMG\ \G[GRBF KM QCGP QBMP<br />
F\GB BKC\ \GEMN\FF .OKPTF QKC NECF NM BNN \IB FZCIN EMN\\<br />
,FGG[ FEKPC ONGM \B BNPK BGFG ,QGKNTF IGMF OT FZGXF \GG\[F KEKN<br />
.\GZK\SG OKI\P ZGXKN BNC<br />
GRTCJC[ TZF \ZMF KEK NT :OKMZE K\[P \IBC TKDFN NMGR GH CXPN<br />
FTV[FF TCJC[ CGJF \ZMF KEK NT GB ,OKZGSKK \BNPG FMGZB LZEC<br />
IGMF TCJ GFP OEBN ZKCSP FNCYF EGPKN .FNCYF \PMI \GTXPBC<br />
\MSGI GH FRCF .GKNB \GG\[FC LZGXF \B OEBF QKCP FH LG\PG ,QGKNTF<br />
QPHF \GMKZBC OKBCF OKZGSKKF \BG \GPINPF \B ,\GZXF \B GRPP<br />
\B QKPHFNG BZGCF OT FZGXF \GG\[FN EKP TKDFN NE\[FN GN \PZGDG<br />
.LMN BKCPF UKYPF ZGBF<br />
UGSCN LKZX OHKRGPGYF \ZDSPG ,BKF \IB FIV[P ONGTF NM"<br />
LKNF\ ORPB .ONGMN FG[ OKKI \PZC ONGTF NM UKYFN<br />
NCY\ FC[ ZGCX CGZ[ FPGB NM GRKKFE ,JBN JBN BGF K[TPF<br />
ZPIN IGJC OZGD OFN FKFKG ,K[TP QV‘ BC OKSKSCF OFKNT<br />
."OHKRGPGYF \ZDSPC UMK\ GSRMK ,YNE<br />
FZKZC ZSGIP GPKMSK OKRGMR OKKIN LZEF KFP GRKCK[ \GPGBFG OKJZVF<br />
FZMFN GTKDK LM LG\PG ,\KPXT FKKVMC \BH G[TK OF .\YEGX FYGNIN<br />
OKZIBF OT OKYNGI[ KP .\KPXTF FNCYF \GRGC[I NMP FNTR FH YGI[<br />
.BZGCC \GYCE FZGP\C GDK[K ,ONDF KZPGI \BG \GNGMKF \B ,QGPPF \B<br />
FNKI\ FRGGMC OFN GR\KR OFKEKC GBXPR[ OKCB[PF KVEGT KM GNDK OF LM<br />
.\G[GRBC[ YYHRF YNIN YKRTFN OFN Z[VBN KEM ,BZGCF KEK NT<br />
QP Z\GK IGMC GB FPMIC QIKR[ KP .EKIKF OEBF KCDN QKEF BGF<br />
YZ ,GNNF OKKTCJF OKRG\RF \B GC N\[ BZGCF KM QKCFN CKKI ,OKZIBF<br />
.GN[ GVGD NBM OKZIBN SIK \GTXPBC BZGCN \GG\[FN NMGK[ KEM<br />
OEBFP F[KZEF \GTP[P \B ONGSF NTC ZKCSP "FZG\ Q\P" GZPBPC<br />
NT ."LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ NNMF KV NT ,GVGD NBM OKZIBN SIKK\FN
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
178<br />
ZGSPN GKNT Z\KF NM \BG ,GN WGIRF \B YZ GPXTN ZKB[FN OEBF<br />
FYNIN GN NB ;ZIBN F\GB ZGSPN GKNT ,\IB \KZM GEKC OB .OKZIBN<br />
KVN[ OG[P \BH .OFP [KBN FKF\ BN[ KEM FMKN[FN GB OKBXI KR[N<br />
.GPXTN NGMF IYGN OEBF FKF KJSKBGDBF G\BKZC TCJ<br />
\CKKI \G[GRBF .\GRKEP KCDNG OKPT KCDN ,OKEKIK KCDN DFGR YGI G\GB<br />
FPGKYN WGIRF \B YZ LGZX\ FPGB NM FC[ ,FKGXZF FDZEPF NB TKDFN<br />
ZKEDP "KPGBN=QKC OHKRGPGY" IRGPF .\G[GRBF NNMN ZGSP\ Z\KF NM \BG<br />
\CFBG" N[ QGKNTF YGIF KV NT GHN GH \GPGBF \GSIKK\P GC[ CXPF \B<br />
BZCRM :"EIB CNC EIB [KBM" OKEIB\P [GRBF KRC NM ."LGPM LTZN<br />
BKCK FKNBG \G[GRBF N[ \RYG\PF F\ZGX KFGH .EIBF BZGCF KVNM EIB<br />
.TZC OGN[G SI GB ,CGJC { QGKNTF IGMF GR\GB
FCFBFG<br />
FTV[FF<br />
\E<br />
\B FRG[BZC CKKIN FMKZX \GPGBF NM N[ \K\EF FZGXF"<br />
OKPEGY GZCI KKI[) FZGXC G\NGHN FTV[FF \B FKZCI<br />
Z\GK FZCIFP FRFK BN[ ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ ,(GKKIN<br />
\ZDSPC GBGCK[ ,\GPGBF NMN NNGM \E GFHG .N[IRF ZCIP<br />
BKF F\EC \MNN FPGB NM FNGMK FHP WGI NCB .OHKRGPGYF<br />
."F\ZCIC CZT\FN \IBN QKBG ,FN[ \ZGSPCG<br />
OKRGMP "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" NNMF QP OKZHDRF \KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
GKKGRKMP FPM ZKMHR ,G[GZKVC FD[R NCNG KGBZM FH IRGP QKCFN KEM ."\E"<br />
:(IVSRC OBGNPC OKBCGPF) "QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M"C OKTKVGPF OKZIBF<br />
\CFBG N[ \EF" ,"ONGTF NMN FG[F \EF" ,"\GPGBF NMN NNGM \E"<br />
\RGGM "\E" GZPGBC ,QM OB ."FCFBF \E" ,"OHKBGZJNB N[ \E" ,"LTZN<br />
Q\KR[ KVM ,OHKBGZJNBN OHKBGDBP OEBF TCJ QGYK\ \JK[N ONGSF NTC<br />
."F\ZJPG \EF \GFP" GZPBPC OD \GBZN<br />
ZGEF \ZCI .OKDFRP BNB QRKB NCGYPF QRCGPC \G\EFG \GZGSPF NM<br />
OKGGNPFG \PKGSP FPGBC OKIGGZF OKDFRP NBM QFKNB SIKK\\ QGZIBF<br />
.OFC WVIF N[ GKKI \B<br />
\G[GRBF NZGD \BG GNZGD \B \GR[N OEBF \NGMKG BZGCN FTV[F<br />
NNMF OG[KK \GTXPBC QGKNTF IGMN FZGXF \BGG[F KEK NT YZ GRM\KK<br />
\GNGTV QF FHC \GNGNM QRKB[ \GNGTVF NM ."LGPM LTZN \CFBG"<br />
\G[GRBF FTCY FKZGJSKFF LNFPC .FHF ONGTF \PZN \GMKK[F \GKP[D<br />
OD OPKKYN LK[PFN K[VGI FKFK OFC YCE[ KPG ,OKRG[ OKDFRP FPXTN<br />
KMZE OFG \GBKXPF NT FTV[F NM QKB FNB OKDFRPN .QGZIBF ZGEC<br />
.BN G\G FPGB N[ EIGKPF FKKVGBN KRGXKI KGJKC<br />
179
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
180<br />
OEBF QKC \GZ[YPM \G\EF GSV\R FNGM FKZGJSKFF N[ FMZGBN<br />
ZSGI \[DZFN KDGNGMKSV KGXKVM G[PK[ QF .QGKNTF IGMF QKCN FPGBFG<br />
FRCGPC \EN GYYEHK BN QGZIBF ZGEF KZCI .FPGBN YGHKIM GB QGIJKCF<br />
\GZG[Y FRKKF\ BN \GRG[F \GZGSPFG \G\EF .OKKIMGRF FK[GPK[CG<br />
.KF[NM \KDGNGMKSV FPIRN GB OEBF N[ G\GKRIGZN NNM<br />
\G\EF \GZXGGKF<br />
IGMF NB OKZCGIP NBZ[K OT KRC NM GKF [EYPF \KC QCZGI KRVN<br />
\KP[DFG \KRIGZF ,\GBKXPF NMC IMGR BGF EXKM G[KDZFG QGKNTF<br />
QGKNTF IGMF EXKM OKKP[DF GKKIN ETCP \GBZN HB IKNXF OEBF .\IBM<br />
\GYHI\F OT GH \NGMK ECKB NBZ[K OT .\KP[DF \GBKXPF \B NKTVP<br />
\CFB N[ FPGYP \B FSV\ ORKI \BR[[ LMN FPZD BKF[ OG[P ,GDBF<br />
,\GKP[D \GNGTV Q\GB \B TXCN OTF LK[PF QM KV NT UB .\NGHF<br />
Q\GRMN UKSGF UBG ,KRIGZF ONGTF LZE BZGCN \GZCGIP GKF QMN OEGY[<br />
."NBZ[K \E"<br />
QMG\P \GYKZ \GKP[D \GNGTV ,\GKRGXKI \GGXP NBZ[K OTN GZ\GR HBP<br />
F[DZFN GRKKFE ,TZF \ZMFN OEBF \B \GBKCP QRKB FNB \GNGTV .KRIGZ<br />
GN \GR\GRG FGGBD OEBN \GYVSP QF :LVFN BNB ,FP=ZCE QFC ZSI KM<br />
,LMG .\G[GRBF Z\K NMP OPGZPM GPT \BG ,YKEXM GPXT \B \GBZN Z[MF<br />
FDG[ BGF ,"OKKGDN ZGB" FKFKG ONGTF QGYK\N BKCK NBZ[K OT[ OGYPC<br />
NM .GEGIKKC GZKMK[ OKPTF NMP TCG\G "ZICRF OTF" D[GPF [GZKVC<br />
\PMI OTG QGKNTF IGMF OT Z[YF EGCKBG QCZGIF \GBXG\ OF FNB<br />
FZG\F [GZKVC GNYNY" :FHF LKNF\F \B FRMP ONGSF NTC .FNCYF<br />
.("QGPFC FRGPB" ,D TJY ,E YNI ,"QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M") "\GXPFG<br />
,QGKNTF IGMF QKCN NBZ[K OT QKC Z[YF EGCKB ZIBN ,\GZIB OKNKPC<br />
,QGKNTF IGMN FTV[FC "\G[CGNP" GKF[ ,\GKRGXKI \GNGTV Q\GB<br />
NB ZGCKIF ."NBZ[K \E" O[C GRGMG KJSKBGDB QGXZC "G[CN\F"<br />
ONGTF \GPGB \GYHI\F KEKN OD BKCF GH \E \ZKXKN BKCF[ OHKBGDBF<br />
\KRGXKIF NBZ[K \EC[ QGGKM .OBNSBFG \GZXRF :\GZIBF \G\EF \ZKXKNG<br />
\GC[IR \GZIBF \G\EF ,KP[DF URTF QKCN KRIGZF [ZG[F QKC Z[Y OKKY<br />
.FKVNM "\GKRGXKI"M
181<br />
FCFBFG FTV[FF \E<br />
N[ OKKRIGZF OK[ZG[F KM QKKXR LB ,QGEKRC CKIZFN OGYPF FH QKB<br />
,"OFZCB" ,QKPKF GY EDRM :"OKGGYF ’D" NT[ "\GVKNY"F QF FNB \G\E<br />
\VKNY FBXK ,"YIXK" ,NBP[F GY EDRM ;OBNSBF ,NBTP[K \VKNY FBXK<br />
BKF KJSKBGDBF QGXZC "\[CGNP"F \KIMGRF NBZ[K \E .\GZXRF ,Gs@T<br />
."CYTK" ,KTXPBF GYF EDRM FVKNYM<br />
FKVGSGNKVFG IZHPF \GRGPB<br />
\KTCJ FRGPBN ZCTP NB QPXT \GIGMC I\V\FN GNMK BN ONGTF \GPGB<br />
IZHPF \GRGPB .FNCYC GZGYP Z\GK J[VGP K[GRB QGKTZ NMG ,QCBCG WTC<br />
Q\R |...~ OK[DNKVF KRCNG" ZPBR[ KVM ,OFZCB \D[FN FVKNYM GZXGR<br />
QF QKB .(G ,FM \K[BZC) "OEY WZB NB OIN[KG |...~ \GR\P OFZCB<br />
.\GCZ \GRGPBP \CMZGP QFP \IB NM[ \GRGPBM BNB ,\G\EM \GZEDGP<br />
QP \GRGKTZ KZKZC[ GCB[ \GPGBF KPMI ;FNCYC FZGYP FKVGSGNKVF OD<br />
FNCYF \PMI" ZPBPC .\GRG[ \GZCS OPXTN GI\KV OFPG FNCYF<br />
QKC OKTDPC FKVGSGNKVF N[ FZGYP KM ,ONGSF NTC ZKCSP "FKVGSGNKVFG<br />
.OKVGSGNKVF KRG[BZ QKCN OKBKCRF KEKPN\<br />
,(1522{1455) QKNMKGZ SRFGK N[ \RKKRTP FZKPB QBM ZKMHR FH QKKRTC<br />
FKRPZD ZSKY N[ K[KBF GXTGKM [PK[ Z[B ,KRPZD Q[NCG JSKRPGF<br />
\GRPBF NT" GZVSC .\KRGJNVBF FKPEYBF K[BZN CZGYP FKFG<br />
NCKY FBZRM ,FKVGSGNKVF KCB ,SZGD\KV ,KZGP" :QKNMKGZ ZPB "\KNCYF<br />
FNKPF \B ODZ\[ QG[BZF BGFG ,OKRGGKFP BNG OKEGFKFP G\ZG\ \B<br />
"’FKVGSGNKV’ \KRGGKF FNKPN ,GKPK KRCN FTGEK F\KKF BN[ ,’FNCY’<br />
.(Johannes Reuchlin, De arte cabbalistica)<br />
LMG ,GN[ GK\GRGKTZ \GTXPBC G\GB I\KV FNCYF QP TEK CB[[ KP NM<br />
,"\KRIGZ FD[F" LG\P OKNCGYPN F\ND\R Z[B ,\KYGNBF FPMIF FMVF<br />
.\GRG[PG \GRG[ \GK[GRB \GRGPBNG \GTEN EGSK<br />
BCF ONGTF<br />
C\M[ \GZDKBFP \IBC "BCF ONGTF" IRGPF \B ONGSF NTC ZKEDF LM<br />
ONGTG FHF ONGT :GNBF \GNKPF [GZKV CJKF LN ZGEDB" :GKEKPN\N
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
182<br />
’ZN GNB[E ,ZKFCF ZVS O[C ZFGHC BCGP[ GPM BGFG :N"HI KZCEC BCF<br />
K\BE BPNTC’ :OFN CK[FG ?BGCN EK\TN KBPG ,BCF ONGT KBP ,KBPKIZ<br />
[ZVFF CJKF FBGZ LRFG .["T .GRKRVN BGCN EPGT TV[F[ ,ZPGNM .’BCG<br />
GRN D[GPF BGF ,FHF QKRT Z[B .BCF ONGTN FHF ONGT QKC ,ZEDFG<br />
F\GB[ ,BCF ONGT QKRT QM QKB[ FP .’FKFC’ GRD[F ZCM[ GB ,’FGFC’<br />
.’FKFKC’ GRN BGCN KGBZ[ BNB ,’FGFC’ GK[MT QBM GRD[F BN QKKET<br />
ONGTC NCYPG DK[P OEB[ FPC OKZCEP OFKR[ NCB .QPH ZIBN ,GRKKFE<br />
.(C"XZ\ ,GNSM I"ZP \ZDKB ,ONGSF NTC) "FHF<br />
GK[TPN FZGP\C BCF ONGTC ZM[ NCYK KM OEBN \GIKJCP \G\EF NM<br />
,\G\EF G\GB \G[ZVP[ KVM ,BCF ONGTF KM FZKCSP FNCYF .FHF ONGTC<br />
ZIBN .OEBF N[ OKGSP CXP ZB\P "ONGT" IRGPF .NNM OKKY GRKB<br />
F[TR ,BZGCF OT FZGXF \GG\[F N[ BCF CXPF \B DK[P OEBF[<br />
BZYR D[GF OZJ[ BCF CXPFG ,GZGCTC "FHF ONGT"N "BCF ONGTF"<br />
OTV NMCG ,\GDZEPF ONGS \B FGGFP GNNF OKCXPF UXZ ."BCF ONGTF"<br />
ONGTF NB FHF ONGTFP ,KEK\TF GCXPN KIMGRF GCXPP OFC ZCGT OEBF<br />
."UGS=QKB ONGT" BZYRF KVGSF CXPN GTKDF ET ,BCF<br />
[ZG[N ZHGI BGF ,GRPNGTC GKKI L[PC BZGCF OT Z[Y OEBF ZXK BN OB<br />
C[ BGF[ ET GPGKYC [I BGF QKB .ECNC "\K[ZG[ FEGYR"M G\P[R<br />
GRPNGTC GKKI L[PC .\KP[DF \eKIF CXP \B [IG KP[D UGDC "[CN\P"G<br />
Z[B ET ,FNKEDFNG \K[ZG[F FEGYRF \B I\VN \GRPEHF OEBF NCYP<br />
,\P KP[DF GVGD Z[BM ,HBG .GC BXPRF KIXRF BZGCF YNI \B FC [KDZK<br />
.OKKP[DF GKKI LNFPC [MZ[ OKKRIGZF OKKIF \[DZF OT Z\GR BGF<br />
\G\EF QKC \GYGNIP<br />
FEKPTP FTV[FF FNGTV .FTV[FF { BKF \IB \K\KPBF \EF ,QM OB<br />
\E ,\K\KPBF \EF QP NBZ[K OT \GZEZEKF .BZGCF FCGDC OEBF \B<br />
QRKB[ \GK\EF \GNGTVF \GI\V\FN FCKSF BKF OHKBGDBF NB ,FTV[FF<br />
.FTV[FN \GZG[Y<br />
NT \GSSGCPF ,\G\E OEBF KRC OPXTN GRC KJSKBGDBF OGKYF LG\P<br />
NM" NNMF KV NT ,QGKNTF IGMF QKCN OEBF QKC SIKF N[ \GKGD[ \GSKV\
183<br />
FCFBFG FTV[FF \E<br />
\B FPXTN FTCY \E NM .(B"T T QK[GEY) "NSGV GPGPC |...~ NSGVF<br />
QKC \GYGNIPN FCKSF OD FZGZC QBMP .F\RCF KVN FKDFRPG FKNNM<br />
FPM GKF GNKB .FEKC \PBF[ \C[GI \E NMG ,EIB BGF BZGCF :\G\EF<br />
.FN[P "BZGC" FKF \E NMN QM[ ,\GYGNIP GKF BN "OKBZGC"<br />
EPGTF KRIGZF ONGTF \B CG[ \GNDN BGF [ZERF QGYK\F ,QM OB<br />
"[CN\K" NGMFG \GPNGTF QKC NECF FKFK BN[ LM ,KP[DF ONGTF KZGIBP<br />
.FHC FH<br />
*<br />
FPKXTP NCYN QGXZF \NKED .\GND\FN FEK\T \G\EF KZGIBP[ \PBF<br />
\GKRGXKIC YGSKTF KM FRCFNG GKKI \GTP[P \RCFN OEBF \[KZE \B<br />
ZPGB ONGSF NTC .OEBF \BXPF KZV BGF KPKRVF QGXZF QGYK\C OGYPC<br />
\GCZ\ KRPPSM \GK\ZGSPF \G\EF KDFRP G[P[K QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCIC[<br />
\GCZ\C YKHIFN NMGK EIB NM .OFC YKHIFN GXZK[ KP ZGCTC BN G\G<br />
.GPT N[<br />
OT Z[Y \ZKXKN KNM \GK\ZGSPF \G\EC GBZK BN QGZIBF ZGEF KZCI<br />
FVKX Z[B NM .OKKIF \GYGXPN KDGNGMKSV KGXKVN ZGYP GB QGKNTF IGMF<br />
NT FTV[FG QGKNTF IGMF OT Z[Y { \EF \ZHTC [GMZN OEBF<br />
FZCIC "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ [GPKPF \EGCTC YZ D[GK { NZGDF<br />
FZCIF \B CXTK OEBF[ NMM .QGKNTF IGMN \GG\[FN FZJP LG\P<br />
NMN DG[D[G TV[ N[ ZGYP QGKNTF IGMF FGGFK QM ,QGKNTF IGMN FPB\FC<br />
TV[F[ ,YVS NMN NTP QKCK QGZIBF ZGEF KZCIP EIB NM .FKZCIP EIB<br />
QKC[ \GYGNIPF GPNTKK HB GB .ONGMN LKK[ KNNMF KNMF LG\C FND\PF<br />
.\GRG[F \G\EF KRC<br />
GPXTNG \NGHN<br />
:OF ONGTF NMN FG[F \EF KYGI"<br />
OB G\NMKP Z\GKG G\NMK KVM OEBF KRC \CGJ NKC[C EGCTK[ .B<br />
."ONGTF NMC BPXG CTZ FKFK BN[ ET ,LZGX FKFK<br />
SIKF<br />
:FRCN \SIKK\P OB[ O[M ,GPXT GVGD NBM GZCIN SIKK\FN OEBF NT<br />
FCFBF YGI .GZ[GBG GPGN[ ZGCTC FKKI \B ZGSPNG EGCTN FRMGP BKF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
184<br />
\NGHN<br />
LM<br />
SIKK\FN<br />
OEBF<br />
\B<br />
CKKIK<br />
BGFG<br />
F\NGTV<br />
\B CKKIP[ BGF<br />
.FNGM \G[GRBNG<br />
BGF[ KPP Z\GK FZCIFP FRFK BN ,WGZI ECGT BGF[ V"TB .C"<br />
."[VR NMN FG[ OKKI \PZ FKF\[ QV‘ BC ,N[IR<br />
OT ENGR OEB NM ,"ONGTC OGN[F" ZPBPC ONGSF NTC ZKCSP[ KVM<br />
OF FNB NM .G\CKCSPG GKZGFP FRG[ LGRKI DVGSG \GRG[ \GKTCJ \GRGM\<br />
\GEGF D[GP GRKB FNB NMP ZCE .QGKNTF IGMF G\GB CKXF OFC[ OKBR\<br />
YGIF ,OKZIBF QP Z\GK INXGP EIB OB ,LM OG[P .OEBF N[ GKXPBPN<br />
FTV[F KEK NT ,NCKY[ "OKYGNBF \R\P" \B ZKHIFN GCKKIP QGKNTF<br />
YZ GPXTN NCYN KB[Z OEB NM QMN .GN GR\KR[ \GKGZ[VBF NMC OKZIBN<br />
OKVGDFG \GP[RF \MZTPN BNB GN ETGKP GRKB Z\KF NM .GPGKYN [GZEF \B<br />
.OKZIBF OKBZCRF N[<br />
F[KRTG EGCM<br />
KV=NT EGCM \G\GB UKSGFN [K ,\E [K[ KV NT UB ,FH NM OT .D"<br />
."Z\GK CG[I EGCM \GB NCYK Z\GK FZCIFN FRFPF NM[ .\E<br />
\G\GB<br />
BGF ,\KEK\TF FZCIF K[RB NM NT OMSGPF ,KSKSCFG KNNMF QGZYKTF<br />
,Z\GKC FGCDF ZM[F BKF GF[KPN TKV[FN \GRPEHFF .\NGHN FTV[FF<br />
TKV[FN \GRPEHF NM OB .BZGCN FGG\[P OEBF \NGHN FTV[FC KZF[<br />
.FRPP KGBZ ZM[ QKB ,BZGCN CZY\FN \GRPEHF BKF FZCIN<br />
OYNI ,OKRG[ OKCXPC OKBXPR FZCIF K[RBG NKBGF ,\BH \GZPN<br />
ZZGTN [K ,LGRKIN OKYGYHF OKENK OD OFCG ,OKYK\G OYNIG OKNKI\P<br />
FTV[FF LZT \B SR NT \GNTFN [K .FTV[FF N[ FEGCM \B FZCIC<br />
N[ SIK ORPB .F\MZTFG F\GCK[I \RCFC Z[VBF NMM LGP\NG \NGHN<br />
G\GB BKCK BNG QGKNT KPKRV ZM[ OEBN YVSK BN FTV[FF \RGM\N EGCM<br />
OEBN NYK ,FTV[FF \NGTV \B ECM\ FZCIF OB ONGB ,BZGCF OT Z[YN<br />
.BZGCC Z\K \GYCEN GMZEC OEY\FNG FTV[FC UKSGFN<br />
.FZCIN O\TV[FC OKRKKJXPN EGCM [GIZN FZCIF NT ,QM OB<br />
NCYP BGF GZM[ \B QM[ ,EGCM \G\GBN KBEGGC YGYH GRKB GPXT QKKJXPF
185<br />
FCFBFG FTV[FF \E<br />
QKKJXPM G\GB GBZK OKZIBF[ KBEM FZCIF LGRKI QTPN ONGB .BZGCFP<br />
G\CGJ \RKICPG ,FTRX]C \K[TR \K\KPB FTV[F .GK\GCYTC \MNN GXZKG<br />
\CKKIP FZCIF \CGJ LB ,\GKCPGVP TRPKK TKV[PF[ UKET \K[KBF<br />
\PGZ\ BJC\\ LMC OD .FHN OKMSFN GKNTG OKZIBN FPDGEM G\GB OPGZN<br />
BN ,GIZGM NTC ECGMPG TGEK \GKFN QMGP BGF { FZCIN GN[ FTV[FF<br />
.OKZIBN FPDGEM BNB BGF G\BRFN<br />
KVN [RTK FZCIF \CGJN G\GXKZI \EP \GNDNP CMTPF NM .E"<br />
."FZCIF KYGI<br />
QF ZGZKCC \GBZKFN F[KRTF NT .[RTKK FZCIN \KCZP FRK\RP TRPRF NM<br />
C[I\FN QKB .FRGYK\ QTPNG GRGYK\ QTPN ,FZCIF KRKTN QFG OEBF KRKTN<br />
.\NGHN \KCZP FTV[F { FZCIF \ZJP \D[F ECNP ZCEC<br />
YYG\[PF ,NKI\P :G\PDP BNB ZYKTF FRKB OEBF N[ \KRIGZF G\PZ<br />
FMGH FJP ZEZEKPF GRPP NGEDF ;EGCMNG EGEKTN FMGH ,FNTP KVNM<br />
BKF BKF N[Z\PF N[ G\GDFR\F \B FHCPF FZCIF \TE .FIMG\N<br />
LMC[ FGGY\CG ,N[Z\PF GRC KVNM FZGFM ,CBMC G[KRT\ FZCIF .[RGTF<br />
\RGM\ \D[F { K\KPBF ZM[N \GMHNG F[YF GCXPP OEY\FN GN ZGHT\<br />
.FTV[FF<br />
.FZGZCG \JNGC OEBF \TY[F QGZIBF ZGEF \DZEC \BXPRF FZCIC<br />
\GG\[F \EKP .ZIBN QVGE \BXGK FEKPC OK[KDZ OK[TR \NGHF KCFGB<br />
OB \GFHN OD Q\KR FCZ \GNYCG ,EKP FND\P GZCIN [KB QKC FZGXF<br />
FPZC ZGCKI FKFK QGZIBF ZGEF KZCI QKC .QGMRF QGGKMF QP ZCIF FJS<br />
O\D[F LG\P .OKGNKPNG \NGHF \GRGZSI \[DZFN FXGIRF ,EGBP FFGCD<br />
OKBXPR OFC[ OKRG[F OKCXPF QKC QKICFN FNB OK[RB GNMGK \KRIGZF<br />
.FZCIF K[RB<br />
ZC&T+P ,EIK OKZCGIP ONGM GC[ OGYPC OK[DZGP \NGHF \GRGZSI<br />
.GFTZN [KB QKC NECF NM BNN \IB \[ZC OKZCGIP OEBF KRC .\GKP[DN<br />
TDZC .\GPN[C NGMF OKZCGIP "FHF ONGTF" \BZYRF OGKYF \PZN NTP<br />
OT ZGCKIC BXPR BGF ,"OGSIP"F NTP GK\GC[IPC OEBF OPGZ\P GC[<br />
N[ G\GV\\[F \EKP \B \GBZN K[GY QKB FNB OKBR\C .OKZIBF NM<br />
.G\GXKZI \BG \NGHF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
186<br />
QTPN BNG FZCIF K[RBN FPDGE Q\P O[N GYNGIK EGCM \G\GB ,ZGPBM<br />
,GPXT OEBF KVNM \RGGMP \GKFN FMKZX F[KRTF LB ,OPXT OKRKKJXPF<br />
GC TGJRN KEM OEBF \B OK[KRTP GRB OGKM GNKVB .QY\N F\ZJP KZF[<br />
F[TP \KEK\TF FZCIC .G\GTJ N[ ZHGI TGXKC KRVP GKNT QD\[ F[DZF<br />
FZCING GPXTN YHR OZD OEBF ."NCYN \RP NT" F[TP BGF CGJ GRKB[<br />
.[RGTF BKF BKF YHRF \[DZF QMNG ,LMC [KDZF BNG<br />
N[ OKKRIGZF GKRKKRTC CZT\FN FZCIF \KB[Z OBF ,FNB[F \NB[R<br />
BGF :QCF \CGJN CBF QGGM\P GRC \B G[KRTFC ,QMCG ?G[KRTFNG OEBF<br />
\B ZXYNG FBKD[F \B GZGCTC QPSN ,\GTJF \[DZF \B GC EEIN FXGZ<br />
GKKI NM L[PC \GBKXPF GC FM\ ,F\T ENKF [RTKK BN OB .EGPKNF LKNF\<br />
.OKKGD[F GK[TPC[ \GKBEMF ZSGI \B QKCKG FPMI [GMZK[ ET<br />
,FZCIF DKXR .FZCIF FYKRTP QGZIBF ZGEC F[KRTN FYRV[GDF \B<br />
N[Z\PF NB FRVK ,GZCI NT ZTXG FCFB LG\P ZCEF \B F[TK KM IGJCF<br />
F\CGD\ KM ,F[DZFF \B OKN[Z\PC ZKEIFN FZCIF NT .G\GB IKMGKG<br />
,FRGMRF LZEC [KRTFN \TEGK FZCI OB .FZCIF K[RB QKC ZGCKIFP \TCGR<br />
.\GZKFPC FPXT \B FBVZP BKF<br />
,GBKZCFN NTGVG YKHP GB FNGI B\ KVNM ZZGT\P KDGNGKCF UGDF[ O[M<br />
NM NT QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI EKP CKD\ LM ,UGDF QP GYNSN QKVGNIN GB<br />
FZCI N[ \KNBEKB \GNFR\F LZE GH .FKZCIP KP N[ \KNKN[ FNGTV<br />
,FNGM FZCIN OEBF YKHP \KNKN[ FNGTVC .KRIGZF YGIF NT \\\[GPF<br />
NT ,G\NGTVC[ YHRF \B FBGZ OEBF QKB OB .GBN[ QKCG LMC FXZ[ QKC<br />
G\NGTVC KZF[ ,GPXT \B QY\N HZEHK BGF LMG ,G\GBZN GN TKKSN FZCIF<br />
.GPXTN OD QKVKYTCG FZCIN YKHF FTZF<br />
FZCIF \GMZTP Z\K NMG ZKTXF ZGEF LGRKI ,OK[RGTF ,EGCMF \G\GB<br />
ZGEF \ZCI .GHM[ FZCI ESKKN OKNGMK OKNCGYP YZ KM OKEKTP \KEK\TF<br />
QGKNTF ONGTF KYGI KV NT OKKIF FNB NT YZ \ESGKP \GKFN NMG\ QGZIBF<br />
\RGM\C Z\K \GYCE NB O\KB EIK FNGM \G[GRBF \B OEYN OKVBG[G<br />
.FTV[FF<br />
\PYFN \GK\GMBNP \GNGTVC LZGX NM FKFK BN KM [KDEFN OGYPF FH<br />
ORKB OEBF KRC .BZGCF KEK NT NFGRP GNGM LKNF\F[ QGGKM ,FZCIF<br />
.\GI\V\FF LKNF\ \B HZHN OB KM QF[NM \GJNIF JKNIFN OK[ZER<br />
KVNM FPXT \B FNDP FDZEFCG QGYK\F ZPD ZCTN FTR FNGM \MZTPF
187<br />
FCFBFG FTV[FF \E<br />
\GI\VR \G[EI \GKGZ[VBG ,\GC[IP OEBF KRC OKNCYP LM .FKCKMZP<br />
.OFKRVC<br />
FZCIF OGEKY<br />
\PZ OKZFN \EF KV NT WPB\FN CKGIP EIBG EIB NM .F"<br />
GRFK ONGTF KBC NM[ QV‘ BC ,Z\GKG Z\GK ONGTF N[ OKKIF<br />
."Z\GKG Z\GK OKKIF \GEI OFN FKFKG OFKKIP<br />
KRC GNMGK BN OBF ?OKKIF \PZ \BNTFC LZGXF FP :FNB[F \NB[R<br />
TKDFN \G[GRBF NT .\KNKN[ LMN FCG[\F ,QMCG ?OKKYC YV\SFN OEBF<br />
.GNGM ONGTC TVG[F TV[ \ZGXC FTV[FF FND\\ GC[ CXPN<br />
YGSTN CKGIP EIB NM BN \GKRIGZC BNB ,\GKRIGZC QM GPMG .G"<br />
."LZGXF KVN OKEIGKP OK[RB BNB FHC<br />
.FN[ FKDGNGBEKBF \B GTCYK OFG OKEIGKP OK[RB FRP\ \KEK\TF FZCIF<br />
,GCZYC[ OKI\GVPF N[ GH EGIKKCG ,ZGCKXF N[ \KNNMF \GI\V\FF<br />
KRKKRT NT O\TE \B \\N GMZJXK QGZIBF ZGEF KZCI .LMC LZGXF \B TCY\<br />
EIK ONGM \BG FKZCIP EIB NM OEYN EXKM :F[EIF FZCIF KMZTN LGRKI<br />
.QGYK\F ZPDN ET \NGHF \CFBC<br />
Z[GM YNI \\N FXZK[ KP NMG ,QGKNT QKE \KC GPM FKFK .H"<br />
."FHF QKE \KCP \G[Z NCYN CKGIP ,OKKRIGZ OKKI NT G\EGCT<br />
IG\KVN ORPH \B [KEYFN OKZICR OK[RB GNMGK \EIGKP FJNIF KV NT<br />
GH .Z\GK ZKFP CXYC \KRIGZ FRKICP D[D[N FZCIN GZ[VBK[ ,\GMZTP<br />
."OKKRIGZ OKKIN G\EGCT Z[GM YNI \B \\N" ,ONGSF NTC KZCE \GTP[P<br />
QM[ ,\GKRIGZC OKYSGT ORKB OKZIBF OKZCIF KM ZCEF [GZKV QKB[ KBEG<br />
BGF BGF \GKRIGZC FZCIF K[RBP EIB NM N[ K[KBF KPKRVF YGSKTF<br />
.ZYKTF<br />
GRKB ZPGIF ONGTC FND\PF ZGSIPF GB TV[F KM ZKCSFN OGYPF FH<br />
FBXG\M YZG LB TKDP TV[F .OEBF N[ OKKP[DF GKXPBP N[ BXGK NTGV<br />
\V\G[PF FEGCTF BN KM QCGP QBMP .\GKRIGZN FZGXF \GG\[FP<br />
GKXPBP BNB ,TV[N OGZD\ FPPKF \GT[ CGZ L[PC \XPGBPFG
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
188<br />
NHZC N[ WKI EGT GGFK BN OEBF KRC Z[BM .OEBF N[ OKKRIGZ=OKKPKRVF<br />
ZPGIF .ZPGIF NT HGT Z\KC TKV[FN NMGK BGF ,QGKNTF ZGBF N[ GMZEC<br />
TCJC[ OGKYF \GPZ NMCG \ZIB FZGXC OKKY\KG FDZEC FNTK GPXT<br />
KRC QKC[ OKSIKCG \eBKZCC ,KIC ,IPGXC ,OPGEC :FCGJN KGRK[ [DZGK<br />
.OEBF
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
\PYF<br />
ONGTFN OKIKJCP[ OZJP \EF KRKRTC ONGTF QY\N QKB"<br />
."KNMNMF QGYK\<br />
FTV[F N[ QGKTZF \JKN[ G\GTP[P \EF KRKKRT \GTXPBC ONGTF QGYK\<br />
OEB NMN GYVGSK OB YZ Z[VB\K QGKTZF [GPKP .GNGM ONGTC \NGHN<br />
[GPKP .ONGTC EIB YYHR OD GNG Z\GGKK BNG GPGKYN OKKIZMFF GKMZX<br />
,NTGVC OKKY\FN CKKI "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" \GBKXPF N[ KNNMF YGIF<br />
QKB OB .\KNMNM FRKICP G[PPN \GZ[VB [K[ BEGGNG OKEYFN [K QMNG<br />
.\GYKZ OKNKPC OTJ QKB ,YGIF \B OKKYN \GZ[VB<br />
.OKKP[D OKYGI QKCN OKKRIGZ OKYGI QKC Z[YF \B [KDEP ONGSF NTC<br />
ZCE N[ G\KPBN LB ,\GKP[DN FYGYH FRKB \GKRIGZF KM CG[IN DGFR<br />
G[GPKP LB ,GMZT KVN "KRIGZ" BZYR KRIGZF YGIF :QGMRF BGF LVFF<br />
.GYPGT NMN ZPGIF ONGTN ZGEIN LKZX<br />
\B ONGT KBC NMN YNIN \G[GRBF N[ F\NGMKC [K OGKM OD ,F[TPN<br />
."LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ NNMF WGPKB BGF [ZER[ NMG ,OPGKYN WGIRF<br />
\TKRPN FEKIKF LZEFG ,KPNGT=NNM KPGKY OGKB KRVC \G[GRBF FCXKR GN<br />
YNGIP FKF HB GB ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" [GPKP \ZHTC F\KKF F\EIMF<br />
.ONGM QKC TV[F NM<br />
OKZCIF<br />
CKGIP KJSKBGZJNBF OHKRGPGYF \ZDSPN ,ZGCX GB EKIK ,SRMRF NM"<br />
.QM FGX ’F[ OTJP ,FH NM OKKYK[ OKRGPB \TGC[ TC[N<br />
KDGS<br />
189
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
190<br />
ZPGB[ KPG .QM FGGX ’F[ GKRCN ZGSPN CKKI\K OKRV NM NT GB<br />
BGF OBG .BGF \PB OB G\GSRNG GNCYN [K ,FBKEKBF GN YKVSP[<br />
LZEP GKRCN ZGSPK BN[ IKJCK OKRV NM NTG .GNCYN Z[VB ,\PB<br />
.FRKEPF LGRKIN O\GB ZGSPK BNB ,GN[ FZKVMF<br />
GKZKCI \B NYNYK KM .NNM GNCYN QKB ,FH BNG FH BN FXGZ GRKB OBG<br />
."GESVFC GZM[ BXKG<br />
KEKN BGCN KG[T \KEK\TF FZCIC "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ YGIF OG[KK<br />
FD[F LG\P BKF FRG[BZF \GZ[VBF .\GKZ[VB OKMZE FPMC [GPKP<br />
.GKV NT NTGVG \GBKXPF N[ KNNMF YGIF \B FNDP OEBF :\KRIGZ<br />
OKNGEDF KRVC G\TE \B NJCP OEBF :FRGPB LG\P BKF FKKR[F \GZ[VBF<br />
FRKB FH OEB N[ G\NTP .YGIF \B O[KKPG \PBF KFGH KM IKRP ,GRPP<br />
.QG[BZF N[ GHP F\GIV<br />
,\KEK\TF FZCIN UZJXFN [YCK OEB[ BKF \ZIB \GZ[VB<br />
Q\KR FHM FZYPC .FBEKBM FTV[FF YGI \B CK[IP BGF KM GZPGBC<br />
NJC\KG \K[VGIF G\ZKICC [P\[K OB .QGKSKR \VGY\N FZCIN GNCYN<br />
LB .QY\KFN GN ZGHT\G GKNT JGN[\ FZCIF \TE[ KZF ,FZCIF KRVC<br />
.FR\[K BN BGF ,FZCIF KRVC NJC\FN [EIF UZJXPF IKNXK BN OB<br />
FCG[I OEBF \YKEC .ONGSF NTC ZCEP FKNT[ FYKECF \EGYR KFGH<br />
FNGM FZCIF ,NYNGYP YNI [K FZCIF LG\C OB[ OG[P EGBP<br />
.LMP FEKSVP<br />
NT BFK LM OG[P .FZCIF KRV CGXKTN Z\GKC CG[I L[PFF ZGE LGRKI<br />
\B GZSPK KM O\NCY OZJ CKKI\FN \KEK\TF FZCIN UZJXFN OK[YCPF<br />
FZCIF K[RB N[M \GDFR\F OFKRVC GDKXK KMG ,FZCIF KEKC OFKRC LGRKI<br />
QP FRG[ CXP ENKF KRVC DKXFN ZDGC OEB N[ G\NGMKC [K .OKRYG\PF<br />
.\GRKXZC FHN SIKK\K ENKF[ LMN OGZDNG ,KGXP BGF GC[ CXPF<br />
\DSVC .OKRG[ OKECZ FC[ FEKPZKVM \ZEGSP \G[GRBF ,ZGPBM<br />
.G\GB OKTXCPG GPGKYN OKDBGE ,QGKTZC OKZKMPF FNB OKBXPR FEKPZKVF<br />
[KG .GC OKMPG\G QGKTZF \B OKRKCP LB FD[FC OKBXPR ORKB OKZIB<br />
CGZF \TE KFGH[ KRVP GC OKMPG\ LB QGKTZF \B OKRKCP ORKB[ KP OD<br />
\GRGC[I \PIP GRKKFE ,KBEM ZCEF KM OKIKMGP OKKIF[ QGGKMP GB<br />
.OKKP[D
191<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF \PYF<br />
NKI\FN KEM FNGM \G[GRBF \PMSFN \GMIN LZGX QKB LM OG[P<br />
[IZ\PF \B GRKCK BN[ OK[RB GBXPKK EKP\ .QGZIBF ZGEF \KKRCC<br />
N[ NGEDF FYNI .FHP Z\GKC LZGX QKB .ZETM OKNGEDF KZIB GMNKG<br />
TKDFN GRPP [ZER BNG FEKPZKVF N[ FSKSCC BXPR ONGTF \KKSGNMGB<br />
LMN \[ZERF \NGMKF FNB OK[RBN QKB .OKEIGKP KPXT NGJKCNG FRCFN<br />
OK[RBFP YNI[ ONGSF NTC ZPGB LM OG[P .BPNTC FPMSFC KE QMNG<br />
\TV[F NNDC YNIG FRGPB LG\P YNI ,FTKEK LG\P YGIF \B GPKKYK<br />
.FCKCSF<br />
FZCIF \CKHT<br />
YKHP GRKB[ QPH NM ZP[R \GKFN LKZX JZVF N[ [VGIF"<br />
.FZCIFN<br />
GCMTN QKB \ZIBN \MNNG FZCIF \B CGHTN FXGZ[ KPP WGI<br />
QV‘ BC FH ODG .FZCIFN YKHP FH[ GNKVB ,ONGTC[ OKRV OG[C<br />
."FZCIF NM SZ+F@v+ BN[<br />
QVGBF \B BNB "QGYK\F ZPD" \B OKZB\P ORKB "QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M"<br />
N[ QJY WPGY .QY\KFN NKI\\G \RYG\PF FZCIN \G[GRBF UZJX\ GC[<br />
NM \B GRKPHKG QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI \B GPKYK ,LZEF \B GRKCK OK[RB<br />
GJZI\K OB .FZCIF N[ OKKRIGZF OKNNMF KVN UZJXFNG BGCN QKKRGTPF<br />
FCKSF BF\ ,FZCIF \ZDSPC GYHIGK BN OF ,OK[EIF OKVZJXPF<br />
.BF\ Z[B FJZIN<br />
\KRIGZ FRKICP .IGMC GF[NM OEB FZCIC YKHIFN ZSGB KRIGZF YGIF<br />
OG[P .KHKVF GPGYP BNG BXPR BGF QMKF TCGYF BGF OEBF N[ GRGXZ<br />
KGXP BGF QKB ZCM ,FZCIF \B CGHTN OEBF QKKRGTP GC[ TDZC ,LM<br />
.FK\GZG[C<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCIC ZCGEP[ QGGKMP[ ,G\TEC FNTP[ KP [K[ QM\KK<br />
NTC IZGJ QMN .OKKP[DF GKRKKRT \B ZKESFN BNC OD FCHGTN OEBF NMGK<br />
ET QK\PFN GKNT ."FZCIF NM SZ+F@v+ BN[ QVGBC FH OD" :[KDEFN ONGSF<br />
GK\GCGI NM \B ZKESFNG KP[DF GEKYV\C KRPH UKNIP FZCIF CKX\[<br />
.FKVNM
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
192<br />
OKPTF \GVZJXF<br />
OKJSKBGZJNB GKFK GZGCX CGZ[ QJY ESGP \G[TN [K FNKI\"<br />
OD ,\GRNCYC GPM \GXKZIC GECTK[ GRKKFE N"RF ZGTK[C<br />
KVN EGCTK EIBG EIB NMG ,Z\GKG OGKC \GT[ C"K ET FZ[TP<br />
,FRKEP \DFRF N[ \GZGXF NM GC FKFKG .GKMZX KVN NCYKG GIM<br />
ONGTF NM \B FCZYC NKM\ FHF ESGPF \ZDSP OB GNKVB[ ET<br />
LZGX FKFK BN ,UGZDBF ZJ[P NKNM NJC\K HB Z[B ,GNGM<br />
QKTM FKFK FHF ESGPFG .FDFRFC QKCG FEGCTC QKC ZCE \GR[N<br />
ET \GRKEPG OKPT GVKYKG GMNK FKNT[ \KPNGT \KHMZP FEGYR<br />
\KRM\ OFN GKFK OHKRGPGYF \ZDSPC SRMRF NMG .ONGTF UGS<br />
OKIGZN [PP EIB OT GPM GKFKG ,HMZPF OT \IB FDFRFG \IB<br />
."\GBXG\NG OKESVFNG<br />
\B IKMGFN KEM \GVSGR \GRKEP FKNB IVSN FVB[ \GXTGPF=\KZC<br />
,FPGE FVKB[C QBM ZCGEP QKB KM KBEGG KBEG .OHKRGPGYF QGKTZ \INXF<br />
BKC\ NCYN QGXZF \GI\V\F .\K[GRBF \GI\V\FF ZES ZGBK\C BNB<br />
OFG ,QGZIBF ZGEF \ZDSPN OKVSGR OK[RB N[ \K\DZEFF O\GVZJXFN<br />
BN YGIF .JNPKFN Q\KR BN GRPP[ KNNMF TCJF YGI \B OKKYN GXVIK<br />
YGI KM GRKCK OFG ,GC QKKRT\FN GNKI\K OK[RB EGTG EGT .G\HKIBP FVZK<br />
.Z\GKC NNGMFG KIXRF YGIF BGF FTV[FF<br />
OEB \P[RC \GP[RF NM \GPKKY\P GKV NT[ YGIF BGF FTV[FF YGI<br />
\GP[RF N[ QSIK QKC[ ZTVF ,NED \GP[RC[ NCYN QGXZF Z[BM .QG[BZF<br />
\VSG\C BJC\P FH ZTV .Z\GK JNGC F[TR BZGCF \RGM\ QKCN GHN GH<br />
FZKZC ZSGIP .FBKZCF \ZJPN CZY\FN OEB KRC \B IKZMP[ BGFG NCS<br />
ZJ[PF NJC\K[ ET QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCIN OEBF KRC NM FDZEFC GVZJXK<br />
.KRIGMF<br />
GZICK \GRKEPG OK[RB GKV NT[ ,FZGBMN KRGKPE FBZRF ,JKZS\F<br />
\EKPC KGN\ NGMF .[PP\K ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" \ZDSPN SRMKFN<br />
OF FNB .QGZ\VF N[ GKGNKD \EKPCG OEBF \B ZSKKP GDBF[ OKZGSKKF<br />
IKZMFN BKF NCYN QGXZF N[ G\RGM\ .\G[PP\FN OKEKIKF OKBR\F KR[<br />
,OEB NM ZCE N[ GVGSC .BNP\K[ ECNCG ,BKF[ FZGX NM NCYN GPXT \B<br />
.FTV[FF YGIN GTRMKK OTG FRKEP
193<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF \PYF<br />
FTV[FF YGI \B F\ZDSPC TXCN NMG\[ FRJY OKNCGYP \XGCY<br />
ZCTN NGMF \B DKFRPF [EI N[PPM [P[\G ,FPDGEG HMZP FKF\<br />
ONGTN ZKCSFN KEM UGZDBF IGMN YYEH\ BN BKF ."LGPM LTZN \CFBG"<br />
\GRGGDP FZCSF \GNGTVC .G\JKN[N FRG\R \G[GRBF[ YGIF \B GNGM<br />
FZKV+S LG\C OKKGXP GRB KM FRCFN FNGM \G[GRBF \B BKCFN FKNT FKFK<br />
\GG\[F \EKPN OB\FC KMG ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" YGI KVN \NFR\PF<br />
.GRN TZK GB GRN CJKK FC JNG[F YGIF QKCN GRKRKC FZGXF<br />
FPDGE KEK NT LGRKI<br />
EGSKF BGF FZCIC[ QGYK\F \PZ KVN KJSKBGZJNBF YGIF [GPKP<br />
,OKRG[ OKRKKRTN OKTDGRF OKKJZVF OKYGIF .OKZIBF OKYGIF NM \YKYIN<br />
FTV[FF YGIP GZHDKK ,OK[K[YCG FIV[PC NGVKJ GB OKENKF LGRKI QGDM<br />
OKKGXPF OK[RB NGNM\ QGZIBF ZGEF \DFRF ."LGPM LTZN \CFBG"<br />
\GDZEF NMC FTV[FF YGI OKKY\P EXKM OKRKCPFG QGKNTF ONGTF \D[FC<br />
.OKRVGBF NMCG<br />
LGRKIN YGYH FKF BN BGF ,FRGKNTF \GBKXPF \D[FC OEBF BXPR GNKB<br />
[KB OKR\GR GRKKF ,GRKRKTN FNGDP FTV[FF YGI FKF GNKB .ZJ[PN GB<br />
LG\P FCFNN GREK \B SKRMFNP OKTRPR GRB[ O[M ,K[GY OG[ BNN GZCIN<br />
NMGRG OKJGCGZM FKFR BN[ KEM LB .TCJF YGIN EDGRP ZCEF KM FRCF<br />
ZGICN NMGK OEBF[ KEM .\Z\SR FRGP\F ,\K[VGI FZKIC KV NT NGTVN<br />
.QGKNTF TCJF N[ FPDGE GKRKT EDRN EGPTN FMKZX ,GTCJ \B UKNIFN<br />
Z\SR QKKET[ \GBKXPF YNI N[ FPDGE OEBN YVS\ QGZIBF ZGEF \DFRF<br />
.GRPP<br />
NB .FPDGE KEK NT FJKN[ GH LB ,FJKN[M FHM[ SIK ZKEDK[ KP FKFK<br />
NCYNG OKNCGYPN ZCI\FN GXZK[ OK[RB GVZJXK QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI<br />
FTV[FF YGI \B OKKYN OKVZJXPF GNMGK GH FPDGE \ZHTC .FPDGE OFP<br />
FPDGE \GGFN BGF QGZIBF ZGEF \DFRF N[ FEKYV\ ,QM OB .BZGCC YGCENG<br />
.FNGM FZCIF ZGCTC FTV[FN<br />
*<br />
.FZGC[F "QG[BZF OEB" \P[R QGYK\ BKF QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI \KKRC<br />
\G[GRBF KM FXGZ BZGCF .FCMZF YI[P N[ OKYNI ZGCKIN FPGE ZCEF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
194<br />
QMN .F\PYFN \GIGM GRPP [GZE\G FRGMRF F\ZGX ZIB FPXTC [VI\<br />
OEBF .LMC FP N[ QKKRT GRKB \KEK\TF FZCIN [EI OEB N[ GVGZKX<br />
BKF FZCIF \DFRFG G\GVZJXF KCN[ GKFK FP TGCYN NGMK GRKB GPXT<br />
KV NT ,OEBG OEB NMN \K[KB FPB\F ZGXKN F\CGIP .\BH TCY\[<br />
."QG[BZF OEB" \P[RC G[ZG[<br />
FCFBF<br />
ESGP FHKBC [P\[K[ ,ESGPF KRCN ZGPI ZGSKBC ZGSB"<br />
NM BNB .IMF ZJ[PC \GBXPRF \GZGX NMP ,FPGEMG KJV[P<br />
OKTDGRF OKEEXF QKC ZPGNM ,OPXT QKCN ORKC GTKZMK \GZK\SF<br />
ZCE NTCF \B FRDK OHKBGDBF \B FRDPF ZGCXF \TEG .ZCEC<br />
."G\NTG\N GZKCI \YEX NXRK[<br />
JV[P<br />
N[ KPKRVF OGKYF YGI \GKFN KRIGZF YGIF LVGF QGZIBF ZGEF KBR\C<br />
O\D[FN OB\FC OKKP[DF OFKKI \B OKKYN GXZK FZCIF K[RB .OEBF<br />
OKYGIC [P\[FNP OKTGRP OF LM OG[P .LMN OKYGI GTCYKG \KRIGZF<br />
BXGKMG LGRKI ,JV[P KYGI ZPGNM ,QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI KYGIN OKZHF<br />
\CFB KV NT \NFR\P FRKB[ \KRGXKIF \KPNGTF FZCIC GTCYR[ ,OFC<br />
.\NGHF<br />
LG\P FH OT FH ZE\SFN KEM \KRGXKIF FZCIF KYGI \B GYYGI OEBF KRC<br />
ONGTF N[ \GBKXPC GF[NM ZES JKN[FN KEM \BH G[T OF .GDBF \GNCDP<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCIC ,\BH \PGTN .CBH OEBN OEB FC[ \GBKXP ,GRN[<br />
.OKKR[F QKC CZTN QKB LM OG[PG \NGHF \CFB N[ FENG\ OF OKYGIF<br />
JV[PN F[KZE QKB GH FZCIC QMN .\NGHF \CFBN TKDFN UBG[ ZCI NM<br />
KEM ET TCJF QGYK\N OB KM ,FRGKNT FDZEPP YEX FH BFK OB UB ,YEX<br />
N[ OKSIKN OKPGE OKZCIF QKC OKSIKF .GFTZN [KB QKC \K\KPB FCFB<br />
N[ GK\GRGZSI \B [KB CJKF OKZKMP OF ORPB :FHN FH FIV[P KRC<br />
FSM\ OKT[V NM NT" BGF OFKSIK KVGB \B CK\MPF QGZYKTF LB ,G\NGH<br />
.(CK ,K KN[P) "FCFB<br />
FZCIF NT ,OKZH OKYGIC [P\[FN QGXZ OKZCIFP EIBC ZZGT\K OB<br />
[P\[FN QGXZ QM[ ,FMG\C OGYP ZCI G\GBN QKB ,QM BN OB .GRY\N
195<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF \PYF<br />
ZCIC LGP\N FZCIF NT .\KRIGZF FDZEPF EGCKB NT EKTP OKZH OKYGIC<br />
JV[PC \NGHF \B TGC\N OGYPC ,LMG .\KRIGZF FPZN ZGHIK[ KEM FH<br />
KV NT GPKKY\K G\NGH QKCN GRKC OKSIKF[ [GZEN BGF NMGK ,IGMFG YGIF<br />
.FCFBF JV[P<br />
OT OKZCEG QKEN QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI K[RBP EIB QPHGF OB[ KBEG<br />
FZCIF KYGI KV NT FZG[F QP IZHBM DFR\FN GKNT ,\GKRGXKI \GKG[Z<br />
.\KNNMF<br />
\GKRIGZC FKKVM<br />
,IMF \N[PP KZPDN NJCN GVGS KJSKBGZJNBF OHKRGPGYF"<br />
NT YVYVNG FGP\N QKBG .F[TK ’GKRKTC Z[KF NM [KB’ BNB<br />
NYPC BNB FZCSFC OKENK LRIN Z[VB[ GRKPBF BN QM KM ,FH<br />
IMF \N[PP JTPN FH GNCY ONGTF CGZ OGKFM[ ET OKNCGI<br />
OFN QKBG \GRNCSF IM OFN QKB[ OKENKC ZGPB FHG .OKENK NT<br />
OKMRGIPG \GRNCSG \TE KNTC OK[RB WGCKYC QM[ NMPG ,\TE<br />
."IM N[ ZJ[P OFN LZGX FKFK BNG ,OHKBGZJNBC<br />
QKB<br />
FKZCIG OKKRIGZ OKYGI KVN FPGKY \B FZKEDP QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI<br />
BN[ \K[TRF FNGTV NM .QGXZ KEK NT \NTVGP \GBKXPF NM[ OKRKCP<br />
QKB" :ZPBR QMNG ,\K\KKVM FNGTV BKF OEBF N[ KPKRVF GRGXZ LG\P<br />
QKB ;\KNKN[ FNGTV BKF QGXZ BNN FNGTV ,\GKRIGZC ."\GKRIGZC FKKVM<br />
.GF[NM KCGKI LZT FN<br />
QGYK\N FPGBPC FZG[Y FRKB LGRKIP \TCGRF FVK \KRGXKI \GDFR\F<br />
FCKCSF \MZTFN FMGHG \GBKM DFR\FN UN#eB[ OEB .QGXZF QGYK\N ,KPKRV<br />
GRPP TRGP ZCEF .\GCGJ \GEKP NTCM GPXT \B LKZTP ,G\GDFR\F NT<br />
KJSKBGDBF KPKRVF GRGXZ QKC QGHKBF \CGIC FZMFN TKDFN \GZ[VBF \B<br />
GTCJC [Z[GPF TZF \ZMFN GRKKFE ,\KRGXKIF G\GDFR\F QKCN<br />
.KJSKBGDBF<br />
GC[ OGYP NMN BNB ECNC \SPGRP \GDFR\FN ZG[Y GRKB FKKVMF QKKRT<br />
ET OEBF FNDP \KRIGZF G\GI\V\F LNFPC .FNGTVN OKMSP GRKB CNF<br />
\B BRG[G OKTZ GK[TP[ LMN TEGP BGF .CGJ \G[TN NDGSP GRRKB FPM
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
196<br />
NKI\P BGF LMP FBXG\M .\ZIB DGFRN NDGSP BGF QKB LB ,LM N[C GPXT<br />
KEKC BXPR GCKN[G GN FZGY Z[B NM \B CCGSPF BGF BZGCF[ QKCFN<br />
IGMC KGN\ GRGYK\ KM QKCFNG GC[ TZF NM \B ZKMFN OEBF NT .BZGCF<br />
.QGYK\N F[YCC GKNB \GRVN NGMK BGF QMP ZIBN YZ .QGKNTF<br />
*<br />
NTC ZPGB ,TZF \ZMF KCN[ \B ZGCTN \G[GRBF \B LRIN LZGXF CYT<br />
FZCIN ZCTPF .FDZEFC TXC\FN CKKI KRIGMF ZJ[PF NGJKC[ ONGSF<br />
FZCIF KRC FC[ FEKPN OB\FC \G[TKFN LKZX \KJSKBGZJNB<br />
O\GBXPKF \ECGT \B OKRKCP { GNGM ONGTF TP[P { \KJSKBGDBF<br />
QGYK\N ORGXZN OB\FC .OFC[ TZF \JKN[ \I\ ,OHKBGDBF \JKN[ \I\<br />
.OKNCGYPF \ZCIN OK[RB EGTG EGT GVZJXK TZF<br />
Z\KN OEBF \B QGGMN G\ZJPG ECNC FZCSFC EYP\FN LGRKIF NT<br />
TCJN KJSKBGDBF TCJFP FBKXKF BKF QGYK\F \GFP .TZF \ZMFN \G[KDZ<br />
FH [GPK[G ,FZCIC QGMR [GPK[N OEBF \B QGGMN LKZX LGRKIF .FTV[FF<br />
\GDFR\F OEBFP [GZEN Q\KR BN .GC[ TZF NB CN \PG[\ Z\K GC ZZGTK<br />
.\G[KDZ Z\KG CN \PG[\ GRKKFE ,G\GDFR\FC FZMF BNB FVK<br />
N[ GKCXPN \GRNCSC SIKK\FN [K QGYK\F KMKNF\C \BXPRF FZCIC<br />
OKCXPC LGZM FTV[FN OHKBGDBP ZCTPF[ OG[P ,OKZCIFP EIB NM<br />
KZVF[ NMM" KM ZGMHN [K .OKPKTR K\NCG OKKRGXKY OKCXP ,OKNY ORKB[<br />
N[ OKPEGYF OKCXPC FRGDP Z\GKG ZP Z\GK BXPR BGF ,GVGSC YG\P Z\GK<br />
BGF FHM .("F\ZJPG \EF \GFP" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC) "G\GI\V\F ZES<br />
BKF OEBN SIKK\FN FRGMRF LZEF .FRCFC GNCYN GRKNTG \GI\V\FF TCJ<br />
KCXP \B \GBZN FZCIF NT ,QGYK\C QKKRGTP BGF OB .QY\KFN GRGXZ KV NT<br />
.OKKIZMFM GC GND\K[ OKTZF OKKRKCF<br />
UGVM G\GKFP Z\GK OEBF \B FHCPG NKV[P ZCE QKB \PBCG"<br />
.KBNJZTF IMF \N[PPN<br />
FZYP FHKB TZBK OB BNB ,OKMKZX GKFK BN JV[P K\CN GNKVBG<br />
GYYEHK HB ,QVGE BXGK OEB NT GNTVK BN OKRM[F[ NNMFP BXGK<br />
N[ O\CGJ \ZCSFCG OKIGMKGC G\GJFN OKIPGP OKMRIP GN<br />
.FZG[F NB G\GB GZKHIK[ ET FZCIF
197<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF \PYF<br />
G[ZVK HB GN NKTGK BN FH NM[ Q[YT OEB FHKB TZBK OBG<br />
KYGIN ZCI\FN IZMGP FKFK[ ET FEGRP QP GPM ZGCXF GRPP<br />
.FZCIF<br />
,KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGYP EIB WGCKY ESG\[ ZIB[ FHP BXGKF<br />
GNCYK UMK\ NTGVC OKYGIF O\GB OFKNT GNCY[ CGZ GC BXPKG<br />
GB JV[PF \KC OG[N GZKCI \B [KB BKCFN BN[ OFKNT<br />
FZCSFC NMF BNB BGF[ FHKB IMN GB ,FN[PPF KRMGSN<br />
.N"RM FMZ<br />
[KB GRKB OB YECK OZJP FZCIN [KB OKNCYP QKB FH \PIPG<br />
."OHKBGZJNBF LGRKIN NDGSP GRKBG ,Z\GKC SD<br />
[K QMNG ,QY\KFN OKRKKRGTP GKFK[ KP YZ GNCY\K QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCIN<br />
Z[BM .FZCIN O\NCY KRVN LMN O\GRMGPG O\GRGMR \PZ \B YGECN<br />
\GRNCS \GNDNG GN TKKSN FZCIF NT ,GRGYK\ NT ECGT [EIF UZJXPF<br />
.\GKJKB \GI\V\FF KMZE QM[ ,GKNT GZCTK[ OKCXPF KVNM<br />
KESKKP ORPB .OKPGE \GRGZYT NT BGF UB SSC\K ZKTXF ZGEF LGRKI<br />
QM[ ,OKRYG\P GENGGKK BN OFKRC LB ,FD[F KNTC OKNCGYP GKFK FZCIF<br />
FKKVMC F[TKK BN LGRKIF .(BM ,I \K[BZC) "GKZGTRP TZ OEBF CN ZXK"<br />
\G[KDZ \B ZKCDK[ LGRKI ,FZCIC FRGMR \GV\\[FN LGRKI FH FKFK BNB<br />
.OHKBGDBC[ TZF \ZMFN ZKTXF ZGEF<br />
QFG \GKP[DC QF ,FNKED N[ LKNF\ NM TXC\P GKV NT[ QGZYKTF<br />
F[EI FPZ OT ENKF EEGP\P GKYI[PC .YI[PF QGZYT BGF ,\GKRIGZC<br />
\DZEPN G\GB \VIGEG G\GB \I\VP GH \GEEGP\F .OTV NMC K[GY N[<br />
FPDGE ZKTXF ZGEF KRCN YVSN OKMRIPF N[ OEKYV\ .FBCF \GI\V\FF<br />
\GI\V\FF LKNF\C .ETX ZIB ETX ,UGB[N OFKNT FKNB[ FBCF FDZEPN<br />
FBCF FDZEPF KYGI \B \GKRGXKIC GPXT NT OEBF NCYP \KRIGZF<br />
,"YI[P"N C[IR BGF QMNG ECNC KRGXKI TGXKC GFH ORPB .OTXCN NE\[PG<br />
OKPZGD NTGVC FC BXPKFN GRGXZG FBCF FDZEPN \GPEKFN OKXPBPF LB<br />
.FKNB G\GB FNTPG KPKRV KGRK[ GC TXCP QGKNTF ZGBF[ LMN<br />
QGXZF .Za+EPF QKPC YZ BNG ,KICG IPGXC OD NTGV YI[PF QGZYT<br />
CXPC BXPKFNG UKSGFN \NGMKF ZSGIP TCGR FBCF FDZEF NB ZGCTN<br />
NM { FYKJYNBKEF YGI KV NT \K[TR TZF \ZMF KVN \GI\V\F .KIMGRF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
198<br />
GCXP \B BRG[ BGF[ ET GF[NM CXPC OKGSP QPH L[PC OKKY\P JZV<br />
ZCTPG KIMGRF CXPF QP \GEZVKFN FBKCP BKFG EGZKV F[GZKV FBR[ .FH<br />
.BCF CXPN<br />
FGGFP FRKB OEBF KRVC FPDGEM [P[\[ KEM FBCF FDZEPF \EPTF<br />
GN F\KKF BN ,G\CKCS OT QGHKBC \TF NMC KGXP OEBF FKF GNKB .FKKVM<br />
QVGBC OKENKC KGXP FNKEDG \GI\V\FN QGXZF .I\V\FN \GZ[VB NM<br />
LG\P TCGR BGF QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCIN UZJXPF OEBC GNKBG ,KTCJ<br />
CXPN FPDGE GN YVS\ FZCIF[ QKKRGTP BGF .KIMGRF GCXPC TZF \ZMF<br />
\BG QGKNTF CXPF N[ GKVGK \B GN QKZYFN FKNTG ,Z\GK FNTRG I\GVP<br />
.GK\GNTP<br />
BXPRF OEBN \GSIKK\F NMC \GRGZYT KR[ NT EKVYFN [K ,QM OB<br />
:ZKTXF ZGEF QC BGF[ QKCG [EI UZJXP BGF[ QKC ,\GI\V\F LKNF\C<br />
.\NGHF \CFBG "\GKRIGZC FKKVM QKB"<br />
ZH UGD \JKNY<br />
FTV[FF KYGI \B OKKYN F\NGMK KV NT \EEPR FRKB QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI<br />
QGYK\N ZK[MP \GGFN FIGM KV NT BNB ,OKRYG\P OK[RB WPGY QKC<br />
FD[F KNTC \XGCY NT ZCGEP QKB .ZKTXF ZGEF KRCG OK[EIF OKVZJXPF<br />
O\NGMKC KGJKC KEKN BGCK GH FZCIC[ [GEKIF .FZCI OPXTN OKESKKPF<br />
OKNDGSP GKFK OF .\GIEN KP \BG OFKNB UZXN KP \B JKNIFN FKZCI N[<br />
.FZCIF \B [KNIFN NGNT KPG UZJXFN QMGP ZCM KP QKICFN<br />
LZGX ZZGT\P[M .GMG\N ZH UGD \ZEIFN QGKSKR FIGE BKZC UGD ,GTCJP<br />
\B OTPTN \KRZEGPF FBGVZF \[ZER ,OEBF UGDC OKZH OKPXT NK\[FN<br />
LKNF\ BGF FC FJKNYF LKNF\ :FZCIC OD LM .UGDF N[ K\RDFF GIGM<br />
.FK\GZG[N ZH UZXN KEM ZMKR WPBPN [ZEK\ \KEK\TF FZCIFG ,CMZGP<br />
QYG\P GRKB[ [EI UZJXP NM .G\GB "NMTN"G GPKT EEGP\FN FKNT FKFK<br />
GN[ "NTZ"F \B ZKEIP BGF[ QGGKM OEBF UGD LG\C ZH UGDN FPGE<br />
.JSKBGDB QKKET BGF ,QY\KFN EGBP FXZK OB OD KZF[ :FZCIN<br />
KVNM NJC\FN GKNT ,GRPP OKNGEDN \GPEKFN QKKRGTP UZJXPF[ QGGKMP<br />
\B NCYN NDGSP FKFK BN OK[EIF OKVZJXPFP EIB OB .YGRK\M FZCIF<br />
,FBZ[FG \GIGM FRPP NCYNG FKVNM G\PGY \B UGVMN ,FPDGEM \ZDSPF
199<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF \PYF<br />
"NKTZP" NYNGYP OEB .FZCIF \B NYNYK BGF ,QM BN OB .GYKIZFN [K<br />
GRPP GDVSK FZCIF K[RBG ,GRPP FYHI FZCIF OB OD FZCIF \B<br />
\B ONGSF NTC OKDEP "\GZIF" ZPBPC .OIZGM NTC \KNKN[ \GP[Z\F<br />
’Z NGEDF NCGYPF N[ GZGVKSC OEBF NT FCKCSF N[ F\TV[F \PXGT<br />
[[IP "FZG\ KRC" FC QKB[ ZKTC ZZGD\FN ZGCTN CZKS[ ,BPSY QC KSGK<br />
.GC TDVK ZCEF[<br />
FZKIC NGP NGJKC<br />
UZJXPF QP \[ZERF \GNJC\FC QKB OBF ,FNB[F FNGT FH Z[YFC<br />
\PMI KV NT ,QMCG .OEBF N[ \K[VGIF FZKICF \NKN[ OG[P FZCIN<br />
BNB ,NNMG NNM "\K[VGI" FNGTV GRKB \K[VGIF FZKICF [GPKP FNCYF<br />
.KTCJF QGXZF EDR \XPGBPG F[Y FEGCT<br />
G\NGMKC KM FZCSFG ,FZKIC \NGMK KNTCM GRPXT \B \GBZN OKNKDZ GRB<br />
KM FZKCSP FNCYF .GRKPKC \K\RVGB F\[TR GEK\T \B ZGICN OEBF N[<br />
.\GK[VGI QRKB GK\GNGTV ,OHKBGDBF \JKN[ \I\ OEBF BXPR EGT NM<br />
BNC ,CGJN OKXZG TZP OKIZGC GRB :TCJF KV NT \C\MGP GR\GI\V\F<br />
QRKB FNB "\GJNIF" .CGJM GB TZM GRKVNM ZEDGP[ FPC JGN[N \NGMK<br />
BNB ,NNM FZKIC GH QKB ,F[TPN .\KTCJ FZKIC BNB \K[VGI FZKIC<br />
.KJSKBGDBF GRTCJ KEK NT GRKNT \KVMRF \KJPGJGB FNGTV<br />
\GECTP ZZI\[FN NGMK OEBF .KTCJ=BNF \B UKETFN F[GZKV FZKIC<br />
GRKB GTCJ[ UB ,OKCG[IM FTV[FF KMZT \B TCYK OB YZ OHKBGDBF<br />
BKF[ QGGKM \K[VGI FZKIC BZYK\ GHM \GI\V\FC FZKIC .OFC FXGZ<br />
ZGICN OEBF NT LM O[N .OHKBGDBF QP \K[VGI ,OEBF TCJP \K[VGI<br />
\TV[F .BCF GCXP \KKRCN ZK[MPMG FPDGEM GN [P[\[ \KRIGZ FZCIC<br />
CXPF \B NCYN G\GB CKKI\[ BKF { KJSKBGDBF GTCJ BNG { FZCIF<br />
FZCIF \JKN[N KJSKBGDBF TCJF \JKN[P \BXN FJNIFF .BCF<br />
.\K[VGIF FZKICF BKF BKF \KJSKBGZJNBF<br />
CXPF QP OEY\FN \NGMKF BKF \K[VGIF FZKICF N[ F\GTP[P<br />
KM KBEG .\KTCJ LZEC BNG FZCIF \GTXPBC ,BCF CXPF NB KIMGRF<br />
\KPKRV FPINPC ,NCYN QGXZF N[ \KREVY FKKVMC \K[TR GH FEGCT<br />
NM[F KVN BCF CXPF \ZKICC \BJC\P FZKICF .GKNT WIN \NTVFCG
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
200<br />
,GC[ \KPKRVF FBKZYF \B FRGMR LZEC OEBF [PPP LMG .QGXZF KVN BNG<br />
."CNC[ FEGYRF" \GZZGT\F \B<br />
BGF QKB ,GN[ TCJF \JKN[C BXPR OEBF EGT NM ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN<br />
TCJF \JKN[ \I\ \GBXPKF .\K[VGIF FEGYRF KFP QKICFN NDGSP<br />
KJSKBGZJNBF TCJF \JKN[ \I\ GB ,"NTKNC OEB" BZYRF ,KJSKBGDBF<br />
QKC BXPKFN \GZ[VBF BGF OEBN Q\KRF [VGIF .[VGI FRKB "LBNP"M<br />
GNNF "OKGGYF KR[" QKC .GKRKTC UKET FP GPXTC TGCYNG TCJF KDGS KR[<br />
OY BGF QM G\G[TC .KTXPBF GYF { GN[ GYF \B \GRCN OEBF NT<br />
.OEBM
\KRIGZ<br />
FMVFP<br />
OKMNGF OFG .\GPGBF CGZ NT OKBGR[ OKEGFK[ BKF BECGT"<br />
QFG OFN[ \GKRGNKIF QFG OFN[ FKSRMF QF O\GB OKJTPPG<br />
ZSGP BKCFN BNB FH EDRM OINFN FXT QKBG .OFN[ OHKRGPGYF<br />
."OHKNJKVGPSGYN ET \GPGBF CNC KPHKBGZJNB K\KPB<br />
NBZ[K \KNM\ .\KNBZ[KF FPGBF N[ OGKYF \ZJPP \TCGR OKEGFKF \BR[<br />
.BZGCC \GYCE \D[FN KTXPBM FNCYF \PMI \B ONGTN ZGSPN BKF<br />
\GYCE { FBKZCF \ZJP \B DK[FN CKKI ONGT KBCP EIB NM[ QGGKMP<br />
\B \[PPP BKF GC[ QVGBC KGN\ \KNBZ[KF FPGBF N[ FNZGD ,BZGCC<br />
FCKSF[ ONGSF NTC ZKCSP "ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF"F UGSC .F\PK[P<br />
LMP \TCGR NBZ[KN ONGTF \GPGB N[ KJZVFG KNNMF SIKNG \GKP[KJRBN<br />
GRKBG QKTN FBZR GRKB ZCEF ORPB .O\PK[P \B OK[PPP ORKB NBZ[K[<br />
FCKSF KFGH QM KV NT UB LB ,ONGTF \GPGBN BNG NBZ[KN BN ZGZKCC QCGP<br />
.NBZ[K \BR[N<br />
ONGTN BKCFN FZJPF \B FPXT NT \KNBZ[KF FPGBF NCY\ Z[BM<br />
QSIK EKP FR\[K ,F\D[FN FJK[F \BG FBKZCF \ZJP N[ F\TKEK \B<br />
QKB[ OKPT EXP OD KP[KJRB SIK [DZGP OGKM .FKVNM ONGTF \GPGB N[<br />
.QGKNTF IGMC BGF FHF SIKF ZGYP[ QGGKM ,O\KB ZK[K Z[Y NM NBZ[KN<br />
NT ONNMCG ,FKJZV NM NT TKV[PG FNGM \GBKXPF \B UKYP FH IGM<br />
.FC[ \GRG[F \GPGBF<br />
NB QPXT \GIGMC TKDFNG QPXT \B QY\N \GNGMK QRKB ONGTF \GPGB<br />
GEKYV\ \B [PPK NBZ[K OT[ ZIBN YZ .FBKZCF \KNM\C[ DRGTFG CGJF<br />
GTKDK OFG OKPTF NM KRC N[ OTCJ FR\[K ,QGYK\F ZGB \B ONGTN BKCKG<br />
201
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
202<br />
BNB ONGTF \GPGBC FKGN\ FRKB \GKP[KJRBF ,QM OB .\GKIXRNG \GPN[N<br />
OT N[ GSIKN ONGTF \GPGB N[ Q\CGD\ .NBZ[K OT N[ GEGYV\C YZG LB<br />
LKNF\F KGRK[N \GZ[VBF[ ZIBP .\KTCJ FCGD\ BKF QGYK\N NBZ[K<br />
\ZJP [GPKPN UIGEF IGMF N[ GXINC NBZ[K OT [I ,GEKC FRG\R<br />
HZEHFN NBZ[K OT \B QGKNTF IGMF IKZMP ONGTF \GPGB LZE .FBKZCF<br />
.NGTVN NKI\FNG<br />
FMVFPF<br />
OB KM YGIF LZEC OZESN NMG\ BN[ OKBZV KBC \KKF OB"<br />
?FH \B FH GEKP[K[ O\GB CHGTG FHC YVYVP \KKFF ,\E LZEC<br />
NCGYK[ FNGCI\ OG[ QKBG ,OKBZV ONGM OHKBGZJNB \RKICP QM<br />
GEKP[K[ ET O[VRN OCHTN SSFK KP .\E LZEC BN OB OFKNT<br />
."QPKKP \GXXVC FH \B FH<br />
K[BZ<br />
FMVFP NNGIN IKNXK OK[RB WPGY[ \GZ[VBF .[GRB ONGTF N[ GCXP<br />
,QM KV NT UB .\K\GBKXP K\NC \KBZR F[EI F[KD ONGTN NKIRFNG \KRIGZ<br />
KEM OPGEF QGPFC OKDKNVP OKKGRK[ GNGIK[ LZGX QKB .ZCEF TXGCK LM<br />
BGFG KRIGZF IGMF NTC FKFK[ BGF QBXF FTGZ QM[ ,NKI\K LKNF\F[<br />
.ONGM ZGCTC GCXY \BG LKNF\F QGGKM \B TCYK[<br />
K\GMKBF JGTKPF KG[T EXKM OKDEFN FCKJKP SRSRZF \VGY\ ,ZGPBM<br />
NM ,\GKPPTF \GTGR\F NM ,\GMVFPF NM .OPGEF CGZF \B TKRFN<br />
EIB OEB KEK NT GNFGR FKZGJSKFF LNFPC G[IZ\F[ OKNGEDF OKTGHTHF<br />
NT TKV[FN OIGMC FKF[ BNV FH QKB .FRJY OK[RB \XGCY KEK NT GB<br />
TKRPG ONGTC NTGV[ BGF KRIGZF IGMF QM[ ,OEB KRC N[ \GNGED \GXGCY<br />
.GN KGXZF QGGKMN OEBF KRC \B<br />
OG[ QKBG ,OKBZV ONGM OHKBGZJNB \RKICP" KM ,ZPGB ONGSF NTC<br />
\TCGRF \G[GRBF \GI\V\F ."\E LZEC BN OB OFKNT NCGYK[ FNGCI\<br />
BKF \IBF :GHC GH \GMGZMF \GTVG\ K\[N FBKCP NCYN QGXZF \NKEDP<br />
FKKR[FG ,FRK\R \GEGB NT TGP[N \GRMGP ZSGIC \BJC\PF GDBF \NKED<br />
ZCSGF[ KVM .GCGIC \GRGPJF \GRMSCG OHKBGDBC[ TZF \ZMF BKF<br />
.FNCYF \JK[ LZEC ,QGYK\F LZEC G[GZKV "\E LZEC" ,NKTN FCIZFC
203<br />
\KRIGZ FMVFP<br />
\ZCI NT .FTV[FF \E ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" BKF FEKIKF \EF<br />
TKDFN FCGIF \B ONGTN ZKCSFN FPK[PF \NJGP FKF\ QGZIBF ZGEF<br />
.QGKNTF IGMC \GYCENG FTV[FN<br />
\B FEKZJPG \MNGF "KKIC OTJF FP" FNB[F ,GDBF \NKEDP FBXG\M<br />
OKKDGNGMKSV \GRGZ\VC EGT YV\SFN NGMK BGF QKB .Z\GKG Z\GK OEBF<br />
FBKXPF[ \G\EF .FP=\EKPC GKKI \B CKJKFN FM ET GN GTKKS Z[B<br />
FCG[\ OEBN \GYVSP QRKB OGKYF \NB[P TDZKFN KEM FPXTN \G[GRBF<br />
\GNGCI\ BNB QFC QKBG ,OKKIF \GFP N[ FZGZC FD[F LG\P \TCGRF<br />
KFP JNIGP FRCF ZSGIC QEGSK .\KPGKYF FNB[F \BGGSFN \GKDGNGMKSV<br />
.O\KNM\G O\CKS ,OKKIF \GTP[P<br />
\B ,GKKI ZGYP \B GPXTC \GNDN NMGK BN OEBF KM \TEF NT FNTK BN<br />
GKNT FKNB[ FZJPF \BG ZCGT BGF[ LKNF\F \B ,ONGTC G\GBKXP \CKS<br />
\GNB[F NT FCG[\ GPXTC \GNDN NDGSP GRKB OEBF KM QM\KKF .TKDFN<br />
.QFK\GPGEG "?LNGF KRB QBN ?K\KB FZGY FP" QGDM ,Z\GKC \GKTCJF<br />
G\GB TKDZFN \GSRPF \GRG[ \GKDGNGMKSV \GJK[N QKPBFN GKNT TGEP<br />
FP O[N" GC \ZTGCF FNB[F NT FZGZC FCG[\ DK[FN GN Z[VBN BNC<br />
"?KI KRB<br />
\B \GNDNG IG\VN OEBN \Z[VBP FNCYF \PMI ,\G\EF NMN EGDKRC<br />
QKPBFN LKZX BGF QKB .ZGZCG KNBKZ QVGBC F\GBZNG ,FPN[F GKKI \RGP\<br />
,G\KNM\ \BG GZGYP \B GPXTC DK[PG QKCP BGF[ OG[P ,[KB N[ GKZCEN<br />
.GRN[ ONGTF \B F\T [I BGF GC[ QVGBN FPGEC<br />
OT ZGCKI ZCTN OEBF \B \RGGMPF ,OKKIF \GFP NT FNB[F ,ZGPBM<br />
TKCXFN KGRKMF N[ G\ZJP ."NB=Z[K" O[F \B GN FYKRTP ,QGKNTF IGMF<br />
FR\GP GRKB FH KGRKM .BZGCF NB ,[ZG[F NB \GZK[K QGGMPF QGXZ NT<br />
,\KRIGZF FZEDFF KV NT .ZIB GB FHM OTN OEBF N[ G\GMKK\[FC<br />
.BZGCF OT K[PP Z[Y \D[FP \GIVC YV\SP GRKB[ OEB BGF "NBZ[K"<br />
.GH FRCF SKSC NT FKFK QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCIN ONGTF \GPGB N[ QVGZKX<br />
FNCYF \JK[ \GJ[V\FN \GEGSKF<br />
.\GIMGF .C .\GYG[\ YGVKS .B :\EF \GJ[V\FN QF \GEGSK ’D"<br />
."FNGPT\ .D
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
204<br />
CZYC<br />
FNCYF<br />
\JK[<br />
{<br />
QGYK\F<br />
\JK[<br />
\GJ[V\FN \GEGSKF OF FNB<br />
.\G[GRBF NNMCG NBZ[K OT<br />
WGXKR [K K[VIC GNKVB OEB NMC KM BGF :\GYG[\ YGVKS .B"<br />
OKYZVN ZZGT\P BGF[MG .OKYNB OT \GEIKK\F TCG\F ,TEGR K\NC<br />
.LF GRKKFG OKYNBC ZGVMN GB OKYNBF \B \TEN FYG[\ GC ZZGTP<br />
.NMFN OKMSK ,GH FYG[\ YGVKS GC ZZGTK[ KP BXPK OBG<br />
EGCM QMG .BCF ONGTN ZM[G [VRF \ZB[F QKRT FH NT UKSGFN [K<br />
."FPGBF EGCMG JZVF<br />
.FN[ [ZG[F \D[FC FKGN\M FPXT \B F[KDZPF ,FEGYR \PKKY OEB NMC<br />
\GPNTR QRKB G\KNM\NG G\GFPN ,GZGYPN \GTDGRF OEBF N[ OGKYF \GNB[<br />
KBK[N OEBF TKDF[ ZIBN BYGGE .OKRG[F OKZG[KPC G\GI\V\F LNFPC<br />
GN TKKS BN ZCEF KM \TEN IMGR BGF ,KZ[VB ZG[KP NMC \GPEY\FF<br />
.OGKYF \NB[ QGZ\VN FPGBPC<br />
\GJK[F NM N[G OKTEPF N[ ,\G\EF N[ O\NGMKP ZCGDF [GBKKF<br />
\K\KPB FTKC\ OEBF CZYC ZGXKK OGKYF \NB[ QGZ\VN BKCFN \GZIBF<br />
GN FZG\ FNCYF .FRGZ\VN LZEM FNCYF \JK[C ZKMFN GN OGZDKG QGZ\VN<br />
.NTGVC F[PPN \GZ[VBF OD GEKC \R\KR OGKYF \GTP[P \RCFN USGR KM<br />
Z[Y DK[FN \GZ[VB GKRVC I\VK\ OGKYF \GTP[P ZCEC FNB[F LG\P<br />
.\GKIXRF NB<br />
BGF ,GPGKY \ZJP \B [PPN G\NGMKC ZKMFN OEBF NKI\P Z[BM<br />
ZKEB NBKXRJGV [GPKPN KTXPB BKF FNCYF \JK[ KM \KTP[P=EI QKCP<br />
\D[FC YZ [IZ\FN NGMK OGKYF \NB[N QGZ\VF KMG ,GMG\C BXPRF<br />
.FKNT FCG[\MG KGNKPM BZGCF KGNKDC { [ZG[F<br />
*<br />
FNGT \GKRIGZF [GVKIG ,F[YF GCXPC ZKMFN ONGTF NKI\P GRKPKC<br />
\GKRIGZ NT \GRG[PG \GRG[ \GZCSC FVKKTN SGPT ONGTF LB .FEP\FC<br />
KTG\T\G \GRGKPE ,IGZ KCXP ,\GKJPGSGMKSVG \GK[VR \GTVG\ .\GKIXRG<br />
\GKRIGZN TKDFN Q\KR KM CG[IN OKJGR OK[RB .\GKRIGZM OKZEDGP QGKPE<br />
OKEGYKZ ,OKVGDKSG \GPGX ,\GKXJKEP { GRPNGTC \GPKGSP \GNGTV KEK NT<br />
.FRFMG FRFM EGTG FZGEP GB NSVN CKCSP
205<br />
\KRIGZ FMVFP<br />
FRGMRF FZEDFF \DXFC ZYKTC QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI EYP\\ LM OG[P<br />
\K\KPBF FZEDFF NT UYG\ NMC EGPTN FKNT .ONGTF KRVC "\GKRIGZ KFP"<br />
\B EGEPN OEBF KRC GNMGK O\PGTN[ FEKP FRYG FPDGE \G[GRBN YVSNG<br />
OPGZ\F BN ONGTC GKKI LNFPC OB ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN .KRIGZF OCXP<br />
ZCE Z\GGKK BN ,FTV[FF \RGM\ ZCT NB KJSKBGDBF ZG[KPF QP OEBF<br />
,["CZF C\GM "TKDFN LKZX OEBF FDZE FHKBN" GZPBPC .OKKP[DF GKKIP<br />
NDND\FN LK[PP BGF ,GC NNMRG G\P[R [ZG[ \B OEBF DK[P[ KRVN KM<br />
\G[TKFN CKKI G[ZG[ \D[F ZCTN OEBF N[ ETX NM .CG[G CG[ GRPNGTN<br />
.BYGGE FHF ONGTC KP[D UGDC BXPR GEGTC<br />
OPGZ\P Q\GTXPBC[ ,\GNGTVF Q\GB YZ \GZCJXP NGDNDN NGDNDP<br />
TXCN FEKIKF LZEF .G\P[R [ZG[ ZCT NB FHF ONGTF \PZP OEBF<br />
BKF \KRIGZ FNGTV N[ F\GFP .FNCYF \PMI \ZHTC BKF FNBM \GNGTV<br />
."TKV[FN \RP NT" FRGGMC ,FP[RF FKGRC OFP[ \GRGXZF D"KZ\ QGYK\<br />
OEBF OKN[F BN OB .\GECGB QRKBG FP[RF LG\C \GZCJXP FNB \GNGTV<br />
NB GTKDFN ET BCF GNGDNDC FEGYR F\GBP LK[PK ,NGDND G\GBC GRGYK\ \B<br />
KEK NT \KRIGZ \GI\V\FC OEBF NKI\F BN EGT NM[ QBMP .QGYK\F ZPD<br />
.\KIXR FBXG\ NM \GPEB KNT GKKIP Z\GGKFN NMG\ BN ,FNCYF<br />
OGJBF KPKC QM[ NMPG ,G\NGH ONGTN OGKY QKB[ .\GIMGF .C"<br />
."QPKKPF \XXVG<br />
LG\P OD BNB ,\KPGKYF FNB[F LG\P YZ BN FNCYF NB TKD\ \G[GRBF<br />
\GZEZEKFC OEBF FVGX FC[ \GBKXPC .OGKYNG QGIJKCN KSKSC LZGX<br />
\G[GRBN Z\GGK\ BN ,\GKIN FCKS GB GKKIN EK\T FBGZ GRKBG ONGTF<br />
TEP K[RB KM QM\KK .FNCYF \PMI N[ ZSPN QHGB \GJFN BNB FZKZC<br />
OZJ[ FRGZIBF \GZ[VBCM FNCYF \PMIC GZKMK OKZKMC FKVGSGNKVG<br />
\GMZTP OKYFN \GN[PPF \B TRM[N GXPB\KG ,\G[GRBF \NXFN F\SGR<br />
.FZCSFG LGRKI<br />
."ZGCXF QKC N"RF OKZCEF WKVFN OK[RB ZGM[N .FNGPT\ .D"<br />
F[GN[ GRKKFE ,\EF \GJ[V\FN \GEGSK F[GN[ ZB\P ONGSF NTC<br />
OKCXPN ZG[YF ,\GYG[\ YGVKS (B) :FNCYF \JK[ \XVFN \GRGZYT<br />
;FEP[F N[ OGKBP EIVN \GZG[YF ,\GIMGF (C) ;\PKKY FYG[\F OFC[
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
206<br />
Z[BM EIV GB FYG[\ OEBC ZZGTN ETGR FNGPT\C [GPK[F .FNGPT\ (D)<br />
.GC OKPKKY OF QKB<br />
.GKKIC GN [K FP FNB[F \B OEBF KRVC EKPTFN BKF FNGPT\F \ZJP<br />
\ZGX ,LMC FEGP GRKB OB OD KM IMGGKFNG ,QRGC\FNG ZGXTN GC \YIGE BKF<br />
.TRGP NGVKJ BKF FNGPT\ .FRCF GB QGIJKC \ZSIG \EIGVP ,\KHCR GPGKY<br />
NCSF \B LGSING FRGMR LZEC I\V\FN FNKI\MNP OEBF \B \RGGMP BKF<br />
"OKPGEZ" \GRGXZ OEBC \ZZGTP FNGPT\F .\KTCJ \GI\V\FC LGZMF<br />
FZHT LKZXP INXGP OGSZV .I\V\FN G\GB OKEEGTPF OKRG\R GN \YVSPG<br />
N[ OFK\GZK[ \B ZGM[\ \KEK\TF FZCIF LMKVNG ,TGXYP K[RBP<br />
.FNB \G[GI\ \G[GRBC ZZGTN FN GTKKSK[ KEM OKIPGP<br />
QKKRT BKF FNGPT\ F[TPN LB ,FBKNV ZZGTN KG[T OKIPGPC [GPK[F<br />
O\RCF ,OKNCGYP GKFK BN GNNF TGXYPF K[RB[ UB .K[GRB KDGNGMKSV<br />
.QGYK\F LZEN ZGCKXF \B LG[PN TKKS\ OEBF KRC N[ KP[DF OKKVGBC<br />
.FIP[C G\[KZE \B TXCK OGSZVF EZ[PG { IGYNF BGF NCGYPF ,QM OB<br />
\KBZR \GKRIGZN FYG[\F GC FZZGT\F OZJ[ NFYN FKKRVF[ QM\KK<br />
QG\R TDZ NMC .LM ZCEF QKB LB ,\eKYR ZSGIM GB FKKVMM QG[BZ JCPP<br />
OKRG[ \GRGKTZC GIGP \B \VJG[F ,\PKGSP FCKCSP OEBF TV[GP<br />
OKKEK YGCKIC EDRP EGPTN OKNCGYPN FCKS NM QKB LM OG[P .OKRG[PG<br />
.K\KPBF TEKF \B \G[GRBF QP TGRPNG<br />
QKKRGTP FZGF NM TCJF LZEP .OFKENKN OKZGF N[ OSIKN FPGE ZCEF<br />
LZEC I\V\FN OFKENKP TGRPN KEM .GRPP Z\GK OKINXGP GKFK GKRC[<br />
\KRCR LMC .\GRGZ\V QFG \GRGZSI QF [BZP OFC OKZZGTP OFKZGF ,FKGD[<br />
,FKGXZ FRKB[ \GI\V\F KFPG FKGXZ \GI\V\F KFP FRCF [BZP OKENKC<br />
\G[GRBF \B BKCFN BKF OKNCGYPF N[ O\PK[P .N[MKFNP OKZP[R OFG<br />
EGTCP \G[GRBF KRVC DKXFN FCGIF OFKNT \NJGP .\GKIXRNG \GPN[N<br />
LMC .TRPKFN KBEM QFP[ \GNNPGBFG \GKNKN[F \GKGZ[VBF \B ETGP<br />
.OKCZ OKZGSKKG QPH FRPP GMSIKG \GKGTJ KRVP FKNT GRDK OF<br />
IKRFNG \KZHMBF \GBKXPN GKENK \B LKN[FN G\TEC FNTP GRKB [KB<br />
QP \GRFKN YGRK\F FMGH G\EKN OT EKP .OPXT \GIGMC ZE\SFN OFN<br />
IG\KVC OKTY[GP OKCZ OKCB[P .\GI\V\F \GR[ KVNB N[ OKD[KFF<br />
FCGJF FZGXC I\V\FN OFN TKKSN O\ZJP[ OKENKN OKKMGRKI OKYI[P<br />
NGDND NMCG UZF BNN FR\[PG \I\V\P \K[GRBF FCKCSF .Z\GKC
207<br />
\KRIGZ FMVFP<br />
FCKCSF[ FCKS NM QKB .Z\GK \I\GVP FZCIN ZKTXF ZGEF KRC OKVZJXP<br />
.FNCYF KEPGN N[ FCKCS FKF\ BN \IBG OKZ[TF FBPF N[<br />
FZGF SIKK\P[ KVMP FRG[ LZEC ONGTN SIKK\FN OKNCGYPN NB<br />
ZVSF \KCC JGTVF GRC KEGPKN \B FNG\ GRKB FZGF[ O[M .GKENKN<br />
N[ F\GZZGT\FN QK\PFN OK[ZER OKNCGYPF QKB OD LM ,ENKF N[ GRGXZC<br />
.FNCYF NB \G[GRBF<br />
OEB NM N[ G\TKEKN ZSPF \B BKCFN FNCYF KEPGN N[ O\CGIP<br />
GC[ QVGBF .G\KNM\G GPGKY \CKS NT ZCSF \TKP[P YHRKK BN [KB .ONGTC<br />
QMNG ,\KPKRVF G\GRMGP \PZC KGN\ FNCYF N[ ZSPF \B OEBF JGNYK<br />
YKRTFN FSRP FZGF OD .QKKRTC NGYK[ \GGFN FMKZX FRKB OEBF \CGD\<br />
.G\CGD\ FKF\ FP [BZP \TEN BNC ,GKRKT \GBZ KVN CGJ NM GRCN<br />
QKKET \GP[RF[ QGGKMP FNCYF \B WKVFN Z[VB FKF BN GZCT OKPKC<br />
OKTC[M KRVN ZCM .QKJGNIN FRG[ CXPF GRZGEC LB ,LMN \GN[C GKF BN<br />
FBG[F \B TGRPN QGKSKRC FNCYF \XVF LKNF\C ONGSF NTC NIF FR[<br />
FNCYN YGYH ONGTF GRKPKC KM YVS NM QKB .FKKR[F ONGTF \PINP \BG<br />
.FND\P FPMIF LM OG[PG
OHKBGDBFP<br />
FBKXKF<br />
KJSKBGZJNBF OHKRGPGYF Z[B BXPR ,[GMZF \GB\ \PIP"<br />
GPM .KJSKBGDBF OHKRGPGYF \PEYFC \NGH FRCK[ Z[VB KB<br />
OZJP KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGY ESKN GXZ[ \GZCIF NM GIKMGF[<br />
GIKRF ZCM ONGTF [KN[[ ZIB F\T BNB .OHKSYZBPF<br />
ESKN NKI\FN Z[VB ,KJSKBGDB OHKRGPGY ZJ[P NT OFK\GEGSK<br />
."K\E SKSC NT BPKKY ZC KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGY<br />
OHKRGPGYF ,UGZDBF ZJ[P NT G\TE \B TKCFN FCZP ONGSF NTC<br />
FMVFPF K[BZ .\GVSGR \GRKEPCG FKSGZC GP[KKN GSKR[ KVM ,KJSKBGDBF<br />
.KR[ TCJ OEBN \GRYFN GIKNXK NDZFF IGM \ZHTC[ GC[I FKSGZC<br />
CIZ QGGDP NT FSSC\F BNB ,EIB OEB N[ QGKDK[ F\KKF BN GH FMVFP<br />
GSKRG FMVFPF \INXFC FCZ FC[IP GTKY[F OKRMVFPF .\GKZGB\ N[<br />
QKKRTF LZGXN .OFN[ EGSKF \GIRF \B IKMGFN KEM \KZ[VB \ZDSP NM<br />
OFKZGF \G[ZP GBXGF UB OKENKG ,EGBP \GPMIG\P FZCSF \GMZTP GRCR<br />
.QGC[IC FBCGF BN \IB FKDGS[ BNB ,[EIP LRI\FN KEM<br />
QGXZN \EDGRP BKF[ LMN \GCK[I FSIKK BN \KJSKRGPGYF FMVFPF<br />
KJSKBGDBF OHKRGPGYF QP BZGCNG TCJN SIKC Z\GK NGED \GGKT QKB .BZGCF<br />
Z[VB KB TGEKM LB .O\PDGE QKB[ OKZGSKKG YHR FKSGZ NT ZHD[ BGFG<br />
.NGYNYF KCXP \B OKZCGT OZJC OKRYG\P OKCXPN TKDFN<br />
TKDFN OKNGMK GRRKB :[GRBF GCXPC ZKMFN ONGTF NKI\P GRKPKC<br />
OGNCN ,KPNGTF ZGZJF \GJ[V\F \B ZGXTN BN UBG OGN[NG QGIJKCN<br />
LGRKIFG \GCZ\F KD[GP .K\IV[PF B\F SZF \BG OKPSC [GPK[F \B<br />
.FSKZY \ZMKR OKPGI\F NMCG ,ZC[PN TNYR TEPF ,QMG\P OKYKZ GMVF<br />
209
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
210<br />
NMG\ FC[ FEKIKF LZEF[ FRYSPN GRBKCFN KNNMF ZC[PF N[ G\KNM\<br />
OHKBGDBP OEBF TCJ QGYK\ BKF \KPXT FEP[FP NXRKFN \G[GRBF<br />
.OHKBGZJNBN<br />
QGXZF QGYK\ .FKKVMCG ZJ[PC OEBF TCJ \B \GR[N Z[VB KB LB<br />
,GTXCN "YNE ZPGI" OEBN FKFK LKNF\F LZGB NMN OB YZ Z[VB\K NCYN<br />
.BZGCC \GYCE { ZM[N FMHK GVGSCG<br />
FZGCTC FEGCTC OEBF \B \CKKIPF \GPEM BZGCF \B ZB\N GRN NB<br />
BZGCF .FP=ZCE TXCN OEBF \B FVGM GRKB BZGCF .FKNB \GYCEC GB<br />
QGYK\ .BZCRF KVNM FND\P BGF LM { ECNC FTV[FF \RGM\ BNB GRKB<br />
\B \CFBG"N TKDFN KTXPBM "LGPM LTZN \CFBG"C FZCIN OEBF SIK<br />
FKFK ZM[F[ LMNG ,\KJSKBGZJNB FCFBN TKDFN G[GZKV "LKYGNB ’F<br />
,FTV[FF NBEKB QTPN TKV[FN \NGMK [YCP OEBF .FPXT FTV[FF<br />
.BZGCF \GFP BGF Z[B<br />
ONGTF \TE<br />
NMN FRGGMF QKB ,[GRBF FCXPN OGKM \TEGP ZCM \G[GRBF KM GRZPGBC<br />
,FEKPZKVF FRCP KV NT .OFC[ OKI\GVPF OKJTPN OB KM OEBF KRC<br />
FEGZJG ,FCKCS \GKG[IZ\FN FZT FRKB ONGTF \KKSGNMGB \KCZP<br />
N[ IGPF \VKJ[ KV NT \GKJPGJGB \GNGTV TGXKCC NKN ETG ZYGCP<br />
.FZCIF<br />
.O\GFP KV NT BNG O\GPE KV NT "OEB KRC" OKRGMP OK[RB KEZBKNKP<br />
\KBPXT FTE OFN QKB ,OKKI OF FP O[N OKTEGK OF QKB ,KIF QKPN FPGEC<br />
OKDK[P OEBF KRC CGZ :BGF LGVFR .GHM[ FTE KNTC \GKFN QGXZ BN UBG<br />
.OKK\ZCI=NNM \GZJPG OKDFRP ,\GNGTV OGKY LG\P BYGGE QGIJKC \[GI\<br />
."FYFN"C JZV NMN QGIJKC FRYP EIK \GZCI\FF ,FTCJP<br />
OEB N[ \GPE BNB FC QKB[ FRKICP \G[GRBC FJKCPF \KRIGZ QKT<br />
\GRKEPC ZYKTC OKKGXPF ,ONGTF \KKSGNMGBP OKEKIK YZ .KSGVKJ=CB EIB<br />
\G[GRBF KM OKRKCP ZCM OF .K[GRBF LKNF\N OKTEGP ,\GI\GVPF<br />
\CFB SKSC NT OGKY BGF GRPP EKIKF BXGPF KMG ,QGECBN LZEC FKGXP<br />
.\NGHF
211<br />
OHKBGDBFP FBKXKF<br />
\C[GIF FJKNBF<br />
EKP[FN QGXZF \BG OEBF KRC CZYC FBR[F \B FCNP ZTGCF OHKBGDBF<br />
QKB ,KIZMF ETXM FBZR OHKBGZJNBN OHKBGDBP ZCTPF[ UB .FH \B FH<br />
ZCEF[ KRVP ,KJSKBGZJNB TCJ \KKRYN OKMZE [GVKIC \YSGT \G[GRBF<br />
GRKNT FCGI KM OKZGCSF OKDGF ONGTC [K ORPB .FKRKTC K\GBKXP K\NC<br />
\B TXCN EXKM OKTEGK OF QKB LB ,\NGHF \CFBN \NGHF \BR[P ZGCTN<br />
QKB[ ZIBP ZCEN \GCK[I NNM \SIKKP FRKB \G[GRBF Z\K .ZCTPF<br />
KRKTC \G[GRBF \[J[JP LM OG[P .OEBF TCJ KGRK[N OKTXPB BXPRC<br />
FNGIN FPGEC ,GRPP ONT\FN FVKETPG ZPF FCXP \ZPGI \B FPXT<br />
.FRPP ONT\FN GN OZGD G\NIPN FVGZ\F ZETKF[ [GRB<br />
FNCYF \PMIN Z[VBP OEBF N[ GTCJ KGRK[N FJK[C ZGZCF LZGXF<br />
BGF QKB NCB \G[TN GKNT "FP" FRCFN TKDF OEBF[ ZIBN .\GND\FN<br />
,KRIGM QGZ\V \GVMN FKSGZC OHKRGPGYF N[ GRGN[KM ZIBN ,"LKB" TEGK<br />
FR\[P ONGTFG SIER QPHF .FNCYF \JK[ N[ FKGNKDN OKBR\F OKN[C<br />
GRRPHC OKPKK\SP OKR[ \GBP ZCTC GM[PR[ OKMKNF\ .ZZISP CXYC<br />
\ZIB FTKVGP EKP ,\PKGSP FPDP FNKI\P YZ .\GZGVS OKR[ LG\C<br />
GB FKZGB\ FKEKC QKBG FKRV \GETGP QBN FRKCP FRKB \G[GRBF .FK\I\<br />
.BCF ETXF ZCEC FCG[\<br />
,TEP ,LGRKI ,\GCZ\ K[RB { ONGTF \B FNKCGPF \C[GIF FJKNBF<br />
OEBF KRC NM :CXPF \ZPGIC ZKMFN FNKI\P { N[PPG FKVGSGNKV<br />
.FRPP WNIKFN \NGMK BNC ,NVP ZCT NB \PEY\PF \IB FZKSC OKCG[K<br />
.OFKRVC FKRGTKJ \B IKMGFN FNCYF \PMIN Z[VBP KNNMF ZC[PF<br />
KG\KTF<br />
BYGGE GRKPKC TGEP QKCFN KEMG ,KRIGZF G[ZG[P TCGR KP[D LKNF\ NM<br />
.O[ZG[ NT EGPTN [K ,OKZCEF OK[IZ\P<br />
\KJSKBGZJNBF FTV[FF \RGM\ \B GECKB GRKKFE ,\GNDN GBXK NBZ[K<br />
\KJSKBGDBF FDZEN ZCI\FN KEM ,\KJSKBGDBF FTV[FF \RGM\N GNVRG<br />
FTV[FF \RGM\ \ZCGT \GNDF LNFPC .ONGTF \GPGB \GKGXP FC[<br />
N[ OHKBGDBF QP OKNNMR NBZ[KG ,ONGTF \GPGBN NBZ[KP \KJSKBGDBF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
212<br />
GH \GNNM\F Z[BM \PKK\SP \GNDF .ZEZEKFN OKVKSGPG ONGTF \GPGB<br />
.FVGSN FTKDP<br />
EIGKPC GNNMR[ \GP[RF ONGTF \GPGB CZYP \GZZC\P \GNDF ZIBN<br />
\GXKIRC OK[I FNB OK[RB .NBZ[K N[ \KJSKBGDBF FTV[FF \RGM\P<br />
\GRGMP OFK\GP[R .OFC FKGXPF \NYNGYPF FTV[FF \RGM\ \B QY\N<br />
GPGKYC LZGXF .\KRIGZ \GNT\FNG QGYK\N \GYYG\[P QFG "OKZDF \GP[R"<br />
ZGCTC YZ BGF \GPGBF QKC NB G\GNDCG \KRIGZF G\NKVRC ,NBZ[K OT N[<br />
\GNDGSP GKF BN[ \GP[R GZ\GGKK ONGTF \GPGB CZYP .FNB \GP[R QGYK\<br />
.EK\TC GRYG\K QFG ,\NYNGYPF NBZ[K \RGM\P NNM\FN<br />
GKVNMG ,"ONGTF \GPGB" FRGMP BZCR[ NCYN QGXZF KM QKCFN [K<br />
"NBZ[K" .BZGCC \GYCENG QGYK\N GBKCFN FBKZCF \C[IP \RGGMP<br />
\B ,NCYN QGXZF \B QY\N \NDGSPF ,\ZICR FRGM\ ,ECNC KTXPB BGF<br />
.ONGTF \GPGB N[ \GP[RC[ ,OHKBGDBF<br />
\GDZEN NBZ[K \NKVR KV NT TCYR BN \GNDF L[P KM ,QBMP BXGKF<br />
\RGM\C ONGTF \GPGB \GNNM\F \EKP KV NT BNB ,Z\GKG Z\GK \GKJSKBGDB<br />
QGYK\C LZGX [KDZFN \GPGBF GNMGK GH FRGM\ LZE .\NYNGYPF NBZ[K<br />
OT [ZER \GNDF OG\C .OCXP \ZPGIC [KDZFN \GIVN GB ,\GNT\FCG<br />
\GPGBN QFG GPXTN QF ,FNCYF \PMI KGNKDC YGSTN NKI\FN NBZ[K<br />
\GPGBCG NBZ[KC[ \NYNGYPF FTV[FF \RGM\N \GBZFN \RP NT ,ONGTF<br />
.QGYK\N KTXPBG LZE ,ONGTF<br />
\GRGM\ N[ QTCJ KV NT ,LKNF\F N[ GMZGB \B [BZP GVX OKNCGYPF<br />
FBPF UGS NT GTKCXF OF .ONGTF \GPGBG NBZ[K ,FNCYFG FTV[FF<br />
FEKPN \GRGM\F QKC[ \GNNM\FF TKD\ FC[ QPHF \EGYR NTM OKZ[TF<br />
YZ ."CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF" KEK NT QGYK\F LKNF\ \NI\FN \YVSPF<br />
.NBZ[K WZBN NBZ[K OT ZHIGF LM O[N<br />
OEBF KMZGX<br />
BNB ,FZCIFP GKMZX TCG\ OEB OG[ FKFK BN[ ,QY\N CGJ"<br />
Q\GB GYNIKG EIB NM ZGSIP GZYIK[ ,LMN OKZICR GKFK<br />
FHKB GPXTN TCG\F \B TKYGK ZGCXF \TEG .EIBG EIB NMN<br />
FRKKF\ LMKVNG .OGKF N[ QNHDG CRD GPM NGGRPG SD [KBN LZGX<br />
\YVSF
213<br />
OHKBGDBFP FBKXKF<br />
TCJM .G\NGHN TKV[FN LB \GRG\R EIBG EIB NM N[ GK\GC[IP<br />
.GPXTN \GRGZSI [KDZK OZJP ,FH \B C[IPF LGRKI NM<br />
FCZF WGVYN OPXT QKMFN OKMKZX QIN[ NT WGVYN OKXGZ OB<br />
FXZK OB NCB .QIN[F NT WGVYN GVGS HBG QIN[F QP FNTPN<br />
."FJPN NGVK HB QIN[F \PZ NT YZ WGVYN<br />
OKTCGRF OKEIGKPF GKMZXCG \GENGPF GK\GRGM\C GZCIP FRG[ OEB NM<br />
KVNM GNNF OKZCEF \B EGEPN NDGSP GRKB NKDZ OEB .KPKRVF GFRCPP<br />
OKEIGKP FD[F KNTC \GRPN LZGX FKFK LM OG[P .\NGHF KVNM GB GPXT<br />
\ZCIC .KI NM [VR KVN \YEGX FYGNI TXCNG LMC QKICFN OKNDGSPF<br />
QGGKMG ,GPGKYN WGIRF OGPKRKPF \B OEBN FZCIF ZKED\ QGZIBF ZGEF<br />
.FZCIF N[ F\TKCYN OKMSK BGF QYG\P FKFK OEBF[<br />
GRKB QYG\PF OEBF .OGPKSYPF OD F[TPN BGF OGPKRKPF GH FZCIC<br />
CBG[ BGF GN[ YGVKSF \B[ QGGKM ,OKKIZMFF GKMZX KGNKPP Z\GKN YGYH<br />
ZCE \NCY BN ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN .GHM[ FNTR FZCIC NNMR G\GKF OXTP<br />
OZGDN OKSIKKP GRB[ \GCK[IF \EKP BNB ,YGVKS GRN \PZGD ZIB GB FHM<br />
FNTP=OZ OEBP JGTV WVI \NCY[ BKF FKBZF .OKZG[Y GRB GKNB[<br />
OEBP LZT=\ZYK FR\P \NCYP Z\GK FCZF NGED YGVKS OEBF \B \BNPP<br />
NGEDN C[IR BZGCN Z[YF QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCIC KM QKCFN GRKNT .JG[V<br />
.FIP[C G\GB DK[PF \P[R \B BNPPF BGFG ,NGMP<br />
\KRIGZ FD[F<br />
ZGEF CXP \B OKJZV KJZVN ZB\N ONGSF NTC NGMK EXKM ZKCSR F\T<br />
NMC ZCGT BGF ,\KRIGZF FD[FF \GDZEPC SVJP NCGYP Z[BM .QGZIBF<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF \DZEPN GTKDFC .QGYK\F ZPDN ET FKGXPF OKCXPF \Z[Z[<br />
CXPF ZGBK\C BNB ,EK\TF KGHKIC ZCGEP QKB .FC KGXPF NM \B ZB\P BGF<br />
.OKZCEF \CK\M \TC BXPR BGF GC[<br />
NNM FHG" :ONGSF NTC [KDEP "FNCYF \PMI N[ F\GFP" GZPBPC<br />
.’FNPG O[C GFZEDR BN DK[R BN[ FP NM’ ,FNCYF KPMI NM NXB NHZC<br />
,FRCFC[ \KVGSF FDZEPF F[GZKV ,FD[F \NP[ TE\[ LKZX QBMG<br />
OKRKTN ZFC\P ZCEF[ OZJ GRKKFE ,LEK ’DK[\’ KM QG[NP IYNR BGFG
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
214<br />
G\GB OKRMP OKNCGYPF QKB ,OKEKC SGV\ FKF[ GPM ZGPDF JNIFC<br />
."FD[F O[C<br />
OFZCB ZPGB FKF LM" QGDM \GZKPB N"HI KZCEC \GTKVGP \GCZ OKPTV<br />
KM ZKCSP BGF ?OFN QKBP :FNB[ FNTP ONGSF NTC .FPGEMG "YIXKN<br />
HB ,BGF[ KP GB ,OFZCB EPGT FKF O[[ ,FDZEPFN GBC[ ,O\GB[ OG[P"<br />
OFZCB[ FP ,OKTEGK OF QMN .FBZG TEK OFZCB[ GPM ,OKTEGKG OKBGZ OF<br />
N[ OKYGSVF \B OK[ZVP GKF[ FP ,N"HI \G[ZEF NMC QM GPMG .ZPGB FKF<br />
FDZEP NMG .FDZEPF \B GDK[F OF OD[ ,OG[P FKF FH NM \B ,FZG\F<br />
ZKTN OKBC[ ONGM[ GPM .\GBKXPF OKBGZ ONGM[ ,\GBKXP BGF \GKRIGZC<br />
ZVS) "ZKTC OKZCEP[ FPG ,ZKTC [K[ FP OKBGZ ONGM ,FKNDRBC QGERGN<br />
.("ONGTN NJC\K BN[ FP BZYR \GKRIGZ" ZPBP ,"K\TP#r@"<br />
QGYK\F<br />
LZE NT YEXN CN[ BGF KJSKBGDB OHKRGPGY[ \GEGFN [K"<br />
\T TKDF ZCM[ ,ZPGB KRB BNB .’dP@r^N] OKBC dP@r^N] BN[P’<br />
GDKFRFN OKMKZX QMB ,KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGY BGF[ ’CF CN[N<br />
.’BF CN[ KNTC GFGNCYK KBEGG HB KM ,BPDGEN \IB WZBC<br />
OHKRGPGYC[ IMC [GP[FG \GRGZSIF KM ,EBP CG[I QGHVIFG<br />
.FNNMC GH FJK[P \GCZ\F KNTC ONGTF CGZ OKYKIZP KJSKBGDBF<br />
HB[ ,\PN[GPF OHKRGPGYF \B ONGTN \GBZFN OKMKZX LMKVNG<br />
.ONGTC[ \GCZ\F KNTC CGZ GFGNCYK YVS KNC<br />
\B NJCN OKJSKNBKZVPKBF GPKEYK BN[ EBP [G[IN [KG<br />
\PN[GPF GR\JK[ OSZV\\ OB QMB .ONGTF QP OHKRGPGYF<br />
."NKI KNC LNPM OKJSKNBKZVPKBF GZB[K KBEGGC ,NTGVC<br />
KCN[<br />
.TKV[FN QGXZF ,GN[ G\RGM\ OT G\GB CNK[G NCYN QGXZF \B BZC BZGCF<br />
FNCYF K[TP NM[ LM ,QY\KFN NCYN QGXZF NMGK FHF CGNK[F \ZHTC<br />
:OKCN[ KR[P CMZGP QGXZF QGYK\ LKNF\ ."TKV[FN \RP NT"C GKFK GN[<br />
NT NCYN QMGP BGF QMP ZIBNG ,NCYN \RP NT TKV[FN QMGP BGF FNKI\<br />
"dP@r^N] BN" QG[BZF CN[F FRGMP OEBF N[ G\GI\V\FC .TKV[FN \RP<br />
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215<br />
OHKBGDBFP FBKXKF<br />
\K[GRBF FZCIC OD KGJKC KEKN OKBC OEBC OKNNGI\PF OKMKNF\F NM<br />
[K FZCIF \GI\V\FC OD LM OG[P ."OKGG[ JZVG NNM" LZEC ,FNNMC<br />
OHKRGPGYG KJSKBGDB OHKRGPGY :FH ZIB FHC OKPKKY\PF OKCN[ KR[<br />
FZGXF QP NIF ,\GRG[ \GZGX [CGN KJSKBGDBF OHKRGPGYF .KJSKBGZJNB<br />
.Z\GK \GRYG\P \GZGXN ETG FKSGZC F\KKF[ KVM Z\GKC \NYNGYPF<br />
OHKRGPGYP ,FN[ "FP[N BN"F CXPP FZCIF ZGCT\ ,ZCE N[ GVGSC<br />
.KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGYN ,"FP[N"F CXPN { KJSKBGDB<br />
\GZK\SF[ \NGH FCKXKG FRKY\ FZCI KKI QM\K BN[ ZGZC"<br />
KB[ GRN ZZCP FHG ,CGZF K"T \GTZMR FRKKF\ FZCIF KRCC[<br />
QV‘ BC .CGJ BGF CGZF OB \NGH FZCIC CGJ ZJ[P FKFK[ Z[VB<br />
FTZ FZCIG ,OKCGJ OF[ CGZ FC [K[ F[GZKV FCGJ FZCI[<br />
ESKKN QKB[ ,NKTN K\ZPB[ FHG .OKTZ OF FC[ CGZF[ F[GZKV<br />
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OK[RB FZCIC [K[ QM\KK ."FZCIF CGZ" IRGPF \B GZG[BN QKCFN [K<br />
,KCKSV QGPF NGP NB ,FPK[ZP TGXKC \NGMK GB QGXZ ,IGM KNTC OKJTP<br />
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.OFKZIB ETXK NFYF NMG ,CGJF QGGKMN FZCIF<br />
NGYK[ KV NT .QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI \B GESKK[ OF OKNCGYP ,ZGPBM<br />
OKRKKRGTPF ,FD[F KNTC ORKB[ OK[RB FZCIN GVZGXK FDZEFC ,O\TE<br />
TRMKFN OKMSP GRKB[ OEBN OGYP FKFK BN GH FZCIC .FC OKZCI \GKFN<br />
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BN<br />
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LVF<br />
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QP<br />
LVF[ BGF OFK\GCB N[ OKNBEKBC KJSKBGDBF [GPK[F .\KNNMF FZCIF<br />
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NTP<br />
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OKRMGP GKFG<br />
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OKJSKNBEKBN<br />
F\KKF ,O\GPM<br />
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FZCIF<br />
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FMVFPF<br />
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KESKKP<br />
OKXGCKYF<br />
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OFKNT<br />
FNKI\MNP<br />
\B<br />
NBEKBF<br />
KJSKRGPGYF<br />
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N[ SIKF<br />
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."LGPM<br />
\PGTN<br />
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FZCIF<br />
KEK\TF<br />
\ 216
217<br />
OHKBGDBFP FBKXKF<br />
,KJSKRGPGY NBEKB KNTC OK[RB N[ QJY WPGY YZ FKF KJKKCGSF ZJ[PC<br />
.OTF NM NT O\TE \B \GVMN GSKR OFG<br />
QGKTZF \JKNYN \KPKRV FRMF GN FZSIG I\GVP FKF BN KSGZF OTF<br />
FKKVM QKB" NNMN ZGPD EGDKRC FEPT FKSGZC FKKVMF .KJSKBGZJNBF<br />
OGYPC .JSKBGZJNB \GKFN OEB SGRBN Q\KR BN KM ZPGBF ,"\GKRIGZC<br />
.OFKNB GZHMB\F OKJKKCGSF OKJSKNBEKBF ,FCFBC OPT KRCN SIKK\FN<br />
OKJSKNBEKB LZE KMK[PP ZIB WZBC OKXGCKYF GZ\ GNKB KM IKRFN [K<br />
OKTKDP GKF OF ,BCF ZGEF \B OFP OKRGCG GN WGIPG WGCKYF LG\C O\GPM<br />
BN .QGKNTF IGMF \ZHTN OKYGYH OF NNGMG ON[GP QGYK\ LZGXN KM FRCFN<br />
OFCG ZGEF KDKFRP OT [DVR ,\GCZ FM B[GRC QGEN ONGSF NTC IZJ KEMC<br />
GIGM NMC FSKR BGF .HBE \GKJSKNBKXGSF \GXZBN TSRG ,QGKZGD=QC EGE<br />
IGMF KM FRCFF NBG KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGYN \GKJSKNBKXGS \GZCI CZYN<br />
.BZGCFP BGCN LKZX OEBF TCJ KGRK[N<br />
*<br />
QKCN KJSKBGZJNB NBEKB \NIRF QKC KPGF\F NECFF NT EPGT ONGSF NTC<br />
\G\E \KKVMN OKET GRKKF FKZGJSKFF LNFPC .KJSKBGDB NBEKB \NIRF<br />
OKDFRPG ZSGP ,LGRKI ,\E GZKEIF OK[CGMF .OK[CMR OKPT NT \GKGCZ\G<br />
F[EIF \EF EGT NM .EIBM OKZDGCPG OKENK ,[CMRF OTF KRCN OFN[P<br />
F\GB NCYP BGF ,KDGNGMKSV KGXKV GN \YVSPG QGPFF QGIJKC \B \YHIP<br />
FPDGE .LMC LPG\ KTCJF OHKBGDBF .ZGEN ZGEP Z\GK YGEB LVGF UBG<br />
QPH ZGCTM .QKNGVN FCZ \GKZHMBC \KNG\YF \EF \ZEIF BKF ZCEN \JNGC<br />
YGEBF KNG\YF OTN KRNGVF OTF F[TR FKKVMCG SRGBC OGKY N[ OKGSP<br />
.\KNG\YF \EF KNDZF \B OGIC WPKBG ONGTC Z\GKC<br />
Q\KR .LMN N[C GRKB[ OEBN ETGKP GRKB KJSKBGZJNB LGRKI ,\BH \PGTN<br />
.O\P[R \GI\V\F LG\P FKNB OKRMGP[ KPN YZ QGYK\F \JK[ \B ZGSPN<br />
NM[ LM NT FEVYF LG\ ,SRGB N[ WP[ BNN ,\GMZC FEPNN [K ,HB OD<br />
.TDZ NMC QM \G[TN NMGK ,\KJSKBGZJNBF \ZDSPF \B CGHTN FXGZF<br />
ZPD ET[ FVGY\C QFG OGKF QF ,F[GZKC \ZCGT FRKB \GKRIGZF[ QGGKMP<br />
O\ZCIN LG[PNG FNCYF \PMI \B WKVFN OKNCGYPF NT FKFK ,QGYK\F<br />
FNGEKDN GBKCK[ OF OK[EIF OKVZJXPF .O[VRN KGNKP FC GBZK[ KP \B<br />
ZKMFN OKZIBN Z[VBN OFKNT FKFK \BH ECNP .\RYG\PF FZCIF N[
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
218<br />
\E QKC NECFF LMC .QGYK\F \JK[ \BG FBKZCF \ZJP \B "YGIZP"<br />
OT \NKVR ZIBN OPXTN OEBF KRC GI\KV[ \G\EF QKCN FCFBFG FTV[FF<br />
,\GKRIGMC QKICFN Q\KR OGKM OD ,ZTXF FCZPN .\KRIGZF G\DZEP NBZ[K<br />
OTF KRC NT FKDFRPG \EF \ZKP[ \B \GVMN GKNKCGPG NFYF \GRGKSKRC<br />
.OKRG[F OTF KYNI QKC FBR[F \B FCNPF F[TP ,GNGM<br />
*<br />
QBMP .OHKBGZJNBN OHKBGDBP QGXZF QGYK\ ZPD BGF QGYK\F ZPD<br />
OBF .OEBF N[ GRGXZ LG\P YZ \G[TKFN FNGMK GZCTN \GPEY\F[<br />
?OEBF QGXZ \B \GR[N NMGK QGXKI IGMC [GPK[<br />
KJSKBGDB KGNKPN EIB KJSKBGDB KGNKPP ZCTPC ZCGEP Z[BM ,QMCG<br />
SRGB ,FKKVMP NIF { \BH TXCN \GCZ OKMZE [K .KZ[VB ZCEF ,ZIB<br />
LB .Y[I KZZGTP OGSZV \GTSPN ETG ,NDZFG KPXT TGRM[ LZE ,KGMKEG<br />
FZZGT\F OB .LMN \KPKRV FRMF \[ZER ,OEBF TCJ KGRK[N TDGRF NMC<br />
BN GRN[ ONGTF ZG[KPC KM QKCP BGFG "KKIC OTJF FP" FNB[F OEBC<br />
\ZHTC KM GEPNN OFKNT FKFK .GN TKKSN OKNCGYPF GNMGK ,FCG[\ BXPK<br />
.FCG[\F \B BGXPN NMGK KJSKBGZJNBN KJSKBGDBP QGXZF KGRK[<br />
NB TKDFN KEM GRKKFE ,\KJSKBGDB FZGXC OEBF LMC WGVIK FNKI\C<br />
QGKTZC YPT\P BGF[ ZIBN ."FP[N BN"F CN[ GFHG ,KIXRF KGNKPF<br />
QKCFN JB JB NKI\P BGF ,CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF \B GPXT NT QKPHPG<br />
KJSKBGDB QGC[I NMP LGZT=QKBN FNTR GPXT KJSKBGZJNBF QGKTZF[<br />
."FP[N"F CN[ GFH .GC YGCEN FXGZ BGFG ,KJZV<br />
UGZDBF IGM BNG ZGB<br />
FKFK[ OZJP KJSKRGPGY ZJ[P DKFRFN QKB[ ZPGB KRB[ FP"<br />
FBKEKB \RKICP QM GKFK[ [GZKVF QKB ,KJSKBGZJNB CGZ<br />
UGZKXC \EF \PIP FH GPKKYK[ BGF [GZKVF BNB ,CN WVIC<br />
BGF \EF[ \PIP \GZGEN OKKY\FN FVGS GH FKVMG ZGCXF \TE<br />
."KZYKTF FVGMF<br />
\EGYR KFGH .KRSZFM KJSKBGDBF OEBF TCJC FZMFF BKF LZEF \NKI\<br />
OKKIN QGEKR BGF ,GTCJ \B QY\K BN OB[ OEBF QKCP FCG FZGPD FJNIF
219<br />
OHKBGDBFP FBKXKF<br />
\B GKRC NTG GPXT NT UGMBN OEBF OKMSK FRPP FBXG\M .\GGPP OKTGZD<br />
QGYK\F QP OKKGVXF OKIGGZF ,USGRC .OHKBGZJNBN OHKBGDBP ZCTPF<br />
,LMG .\GPN[G \GKIXR \D[FG OKCGJ OKKI { OEBF N[ GCKN \B OKM[GP<br />
."LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ YGIF OG[KKC NKI\P BGF ,FZKZC ZSGIP<br />
QGKNT IGM TKDP GMNFPCG ,QGXZ ZSGIC F[TR G\K[BZC QGYK\F LKNF\<br />
ONGSF NTC ZCEP FKNT[ FKKVMF KM CN OK[N [K .OEBF QGXZ \B QY\PF<br />
FPGBF YNI GB GFR[P \B EIB ZGE ,G\NGH \B [KB { ZIBF \KKVM FRRKB<br />
QGYK\F KCN[ .GPXT \B OEBF \KKVM BNB { ZIBF FYNI \B EIBF<br />
ZIBNG FKKVMC FNKI\ ,"FZG\F \NCY" ZGBK\C N"HI KZCEC OKBCGP<br />
:QGXZC QMP<br />
\KDKDM ZFF \B OFKNT F"CYF FVM[ EPNP |...~ ZFF \K\I\C GCXK\KG"<br />
OM\ZGCY BF\ O[ GBN OBG CJGP FZG\F OKNCYP O\B OB OFN ZPBG<br />
GPKKY CK\ME ,[GZG[IB KPKC FGNCY |G^ GZHI~ ZeEFz QM KV NT UB |...~<br />
.(B"T IV \C[) "ZCM GNCKY[ FP GPKKY ,OKEGFKF GNCYG<br />
IGMC OKKYN GPXT \B CKKIP BGF ,QGYK\F \CGIN TEGP OEBF[ ZIBN<br />
.\KJSKBGZJNBF FDZEF ,FBCF FDZEN \GMKK[F OKNCGYPF \GXT \B<br />
QY\PF ,CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF \B ZZGTN Q\KR FC[ FEKIKF LZEF KFGH<br />
.KPKRVF QGXZF \B<br />
FENG\ GB ,OEBC BGF TCJ OHKNBKEKBF[ ,GNB OKZPGB ZY["<br />
BN \EF[ QPHF NM[ ,\EFP FZ[K FENG\ BGF[ BNB ,LGRKIP<br />
ZSGP WP[ KNC OKZCZC ONGTF NM FKF ,NGED ZGTK[C ,ONGTC J[V\R<br />
OKZVGMF OTZH G[TR ,OKYNB KECGT GJ[V\R[ ZIB BNB .\GKNM<br />
\GXP OKKYP YZ BGF JSKNBKEKBF[ QVGBC .OKJSKNBKEKB OK[RB<br />
.FGG+X#P KNC GRKKFE ,FPG\K FGXP BNB GK\GCB<br />
NM GMVF\K HB ?ONGTF QP KZPDN NJC\K \EF OB FKFK FPG<br />
UKSGFNP ,OMZE NT CMTK BN ZCE OG[[ OKZKNJKFN \GN[PPF<br />
.ZGTK[ KNC OPT \CGJ<br />
OFK[TPN [K FH NM OT ,OKJRPKJRS OKTEGK QKB \GN[PPC OGKF OD KM<br />
BN ,\EF NJC\K[MG .FRKEPC[ OKJSKNBKEKBF QKCG OPGEF QKC NGCD<br />
BN[ GPM ,OKZB[RF OKJSKNBKEKBF \B ZGYTN OKN[GPFN ’KFK F[Y<br />
.QKNJSNG ZNJKFN F[Y FKF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
220<br />
SKSC QKB JSKNBKEKBF KM ,OKJSKNBKEKBN OKK\E QKC [ZVFFG<br />
.LM CKKIP KPG YEXF ZMCP BGF FPN KPN TRM[N NMGK BN KM ,GK[TPN<br />
OTJ N[ FNP OG[ GN QKB .F[JKR ZCEM ,CN \[NGI BNB GRKB KNGB<br />
.ZNJKFG QKNJS OFKNT GZKCDF LMKVNG .GKVC<br />
."G[VR ZGSPKG ,BGF OKYNB \GXP KM ,\GHTC FRTK K\EF NCB<br />
QGZYT BXPR \K[GRBF FZCIF FPXTN \TCGY[ OKYGIF NM N[ OSKSCC<br />
FZGX F\GB KFGH .KRSZFF GIGM \B OXPXN FZJPC ,G\NCDFG GDBF KGMKE<br />
.F\GIV F\PXGT[ BNB ,ZNJKFG QKNJS KZJ[P GDKFRF[ KGMKEG ZGZJ N[<br />
KEK NT OKGGN[G OKCGJ OKKIN TKDFN GC[I OKXBRF ODG OKJSKRGPGYF OD<br />
.\GPKNB OKMZEC FZCIN ZES N[ FZEIF<br />
\GJK[G OEBF TCJ QGYK\N \G[EI \GJK[ BKXPFN GMK[PK OEBF KRC<br />
OKGGN[ OKKI[ ZCSFN OEBF KRC GCK[YK BN OB ,TKVGFN GVKSGK \GKRIGM<br />
QKC NECFF .CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF \ZHTC YZ GRM\KK WZBF ZGEM KRV NT<br />
KTXPBC BGF FNCYF \PMI N[ F[KDF QKCG \G[GRBF N[ \GRG[F \G[KDF<br />
.UGZDBF IGM BNG ,ZGB :QGYK\N
FNCYFG<br />
FTV[FF<br />
\GRGM\<br />
OHKRGPGYF :OKPTF NMN FPDGE \GBZFN Z[MGP NBZ[K"<br />
Z\GKF OTF LMKVNG ,OEBF IGZN ZKER ZCE BGF KJSKBGZJNBF<br />
.ONGTF NMN FPDGE \GBZFN GPXT NT NCYN LKZX NKXB<br />
FCGJ FPDGE \GKFN NJGP GRKNT :FHN ZICRF OTF GRB FPN<br />
OG[P BNG ,\GPGBF NMP Z\GK OKZ[MGP GRB[ OG[P ,ONGTN<br />
QP GRNCS GRB[ OG[P BNB ,OFP Z\GK OKJSKNBKEKB GRB[<br />
OFP Z\GK OKRMGP GRB QM NTG .\GPGBF NMP Z\GK \GXKZTF<br />
."WZBF QP \GXKZTF FNM\[ FNGCI\ [YCN<br />
JSKBGDBF OTF BGF LM OG[PG ,ONGTN QGYK\F \B BKCFN ZICR NBZ[K OT<br />
NMP Z\GK NCGS BGF FNB \GRGM\C QIKR BGF[ ZIBP .Z\GKC I\GVPFG<br />
G\GB LVGF NCSF .GEKYV\ TGXKCC ZIBP BGF[ OG[P ZCGD GNCSG ,OKPTF<br />
\MZTP \B QKCFN KEM .QGYK\F \B [GZEN Z\GKC Z[MGPF OTF \GKFN<br />
.KRIGZF O[ZG[ NB TEGG\FN GRKNT OKZIBF OKPTF QKCN GRKC OKSIKF<br />
*<br />
FTV[F BKF BZGCF \RGM\ ."\eMN^P#" GKGRKMG NCYN QGXZF BGF BZCRF<br />
BGF QKB QMNG "FRKC"P BGF NBZ[K OT N[ GBXGP [ZG[ ."FR@Ka]" FKGRKMG<br />
KEM \ZC[R FRKCF ."\GMNP"F BGF Q[ZG[[ ONGTF \GPGB OT FRPR<br />
FRKCF \RGM\ NMG\ FZKC[F ZIBN .\GMNPF \B QY\NG \EZN NMG\[<br />
FBKXKF" BZYR LKNF\FG ,\KJSKBGDBF \GMNPF NB ZCI\FN "\NYNGYP"F<br />
."\GNDN<br />
NB \SRMR \NYNGYPF FRKCF \RGM\[ LMN OZGD OKK\[F QKC ZGCKIF<br />
DGRT\ \D[F O[N EIK \GECGT QFG ,\GMNPF N[ DGRT\ NCYN QGXZF LG\<br />
221
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
222<br />
KM OKIKMGP NCYN QGXZF \B BNPN OKR[RG OKZHGIF \GRGKSKRF .QPXTN<br />
\[GI\ \B OD GPKTG QGXZF \B \NJCP QGXZF LG\ NB KGNKP \SKRM<br />
FZMFF .DGRT\G FBRF NCYN QGXZF \PXGT \B FNKVMP UB BKFG ,FBRFF<br />
\KNM\ \GEGB NT \GKF\ OEBC \ZZGTP FRGMR FRKB KGNKPF \NCY \JK[ KM<br />
.OKKIF \GTP[PG FTKDKF<br />
\B BNPN \NGMKF ZSGI \KKTCN EKIKF QGZ\VF ,OKNCGYPF KZCEN<br />
KM GBZG GPTJ" :ZPBR LM NT .KGNKPF \JK[ \VNIF BGF NCYN QGXZF<br />
\RGM\ NB FZHIC YZ QM\K\ KGNKP \D[F ZPGNM ,(J ,EN OKNF\) "’F CGJ<br />
ZSGIP WNIKFN OEBF NMGK LM YZ .FTV[FF \RGM\ NB ,\RYG\PF FRKCF<br />
GPXT \B BNPN QGXZF NTP \GNT\FN ,\KEKP\F \GRYKZF QPG OKRGBF<br />
.\NGHF KGNKPP DGRT\ NCYNG<br />
\EKIK YNGI\ ,USGR OZGD U\\[K OEBF N[ DGRT\F \NCY LKNF\C OB<br />
OEBF FKFK DGRT\F [KDZPG \NGHF FKFK DGRT\F NCYP :OKKR[N F[DZFF<br />
DGRT\F [KDZPN YVSNG \KIXR \GKFN DGRT\F \[DZF NMG\ GH LZEC .GPXT<br />
QGXZF \B NJCP KGNKPF QKB GH FYGNI N[C .OKKIXR OKKI N[ F[DZF<br />
.\KIXRG \NCDGP K\NC FBRFFG ,GKNB<br />
\ZHTC QFC[ NCYN QGXZF \B ONGTF \GPGB NM GRY\K GH \RGM\P KV NT<br />
GRGYK\N ONGTF BGCK ,FTV[FF \DZE NB FNGM \G[GRBF FNT\[M .NBZ[K<br />
.FXZRF<br />
*<br />
\B F[GTF BGF ONGTF \GPGB N[ FH QKCN NBZ[K N[ GDBF DGS QKC NECFF<br />
BGF NBZ[K N[ OHKBGDBF ZGYP .ONGMP TGZDFG KJSKBGDBF OTN NBZ[K<br />
OCXP QKCN FNKVRF KRVN OCXP QKC ZTVF .\GKP[DN \GKRIGZP O\NKVRC<br />
\PGTN .FTV[FP \GRFKN QGXZ { "KRIGZ KJRB" GDB OFC ZXGK FKZIBN<br />
I\V\PF KTCJ OHKBGDB BGF ONGTF \GPGBC JB JB FND\PF GDBF ,\BH<br />
.ZCEPNG KIN ,IPGXN OPGEP :FDZEPF ZESC K[GRBF QKPF KRCC<br />
\GNDF LNFPC O\GZCI\F .FCZ FEKPC FHP FH OKNECR OKDGSF KR[<br />
,NBZ[K OMG\CG ONGTF \GPGB N[ ,U\G[PF GDBF \B BKCFN \Z[VBP<br />
:ZPGBG ONGSF NTC LK[PP QMN .FTV[FN ZPGNM ,QGYK\ KEKN<br />
OKMIP FPF FHNG ,OKKGDN [EI<br />
BN OFC KM ,\GZIB \GPMIC FH<br />
ZCE<br />
QKBG<br />
\\N FMKZX \GEFKF"<br />
,WZBN NBZ[K \CK[P
223<br />
FNCYFG FTV[FF \GRGM\<br />
BGF ZCGEPF BNB .OFKEKPN\ EKP\ GRB QFCG ONGTP GR[EKI<br />
.OF GREKPN\ OKKGDF CGZ FHC[ .OGN[CG YEXCG \EF \PMIC<br />
."GRN YZ \SIGKP GH FPMIG<br />
LVFF ,OKCZ OKPGI\C ONGTF \B NKCGP NBZ[K OT[ FKN[BF \GZPN<br />
OKRGGKM ,\GKTCG \GNB[ ONGTF \GPGBP OKDVGS NBZ[K .QGMRF BGF<br />
FRKCF \RGM\ \GMHC O\GB NNM[N OKCKJKPG ,\GI\V\FN \GRGKTZG<br />
\GPGBF N[ GDBF FC[ QGYK\F LZEC \MNN OGYPC .OCZYC[ FZGC[F<br />
,\GPGBF N[ GDBF \B \\Z[P NBZ[K N[ \KRIGZF FRGM\F ,FRKCN \KKXK<br />
,QGYK\F LZEC NBZ[K OT LNK OB YZ .NGYNYF \B OKZKCDP NBZ[K LMCG<br />
\ZJPN OB\FC ,\GPGBF NM N[ QRGYK\N BKCKG K\KPB NKCGPN LGVFK BGF<br />
.FBKZCF<br />
\GKPKRV QYG\K OEGYP" :ONGSF NTC ZPGB ONGTF QGYK\ ZES QKKRTC<br />
\GKRGXKI[ ,\TEN OKMKZX NCB .\GPNGTF \GKRGXKI LM ZIBG \GPNGTF<br />
,NBZ[KG .\GKPKRVF QGYK\P FNGED Z\GK FDZEP GFH ,GRY\K[ ,\GPNGTF<br />
.’OKPTF NMP OKJTPF O\B KM’ EGS FH[ ,\GPNGTF \GKPKRVP Q[ZG[<br />
|...~ \GKRGXKIF OD QYG\K HB ,\GKPKRVF \B OKRY\P[ FH KEK NT[ BNB<br />
,BXPR .ONGTF \GNNM GRYG\K BNKPP ,NBZ[K NNM LZEC OKJZVF GRY\K[M<br />
FHG .ONGTF \GPGB QYG\K FHF ZGTK[C ,GRPXT \B OKRY\P GRB[ ZGTK[C<br />
UMN GNGM ONGTF NM \BG GPXT \B TKZMP ,FMH’ :N"HI GZPB[ FP EGS<br />
UMN GNGM ONGTF \BG’ KM BNB ,’NBZ[K NNM \B TKZMP’ :GZPB BNG .’\GMH<br />
ZPBP ,"K\TP#r@" ZVS) "\GKRGXKIF \B QY\K \GKPKRVF[ ,N"RM GRKKF .’\GMH<br />
.("ONGTF QGYK\ FKFK OEGYP"<br />
FRMSC<br />
ZES KVN[ OG[P .FRMSC BKF NBZ[K \RKEPC GR\GBKXP NM"<br />
GR\NMNM[ OZJP EGBP FCGZP QPH ZGCTK EGT ,\DFGRF FNMNMF<br />
\GRT\FN QGKSRC EGPTN GNMGK[ EBP OKJTGPG .FCKXK FKF\<br />
.\GZK[TF \GZIB \GXZBN ZDFN FXT OFN [K[ FT[C GRKXZBC<br />
BZYFN KGBZF ZVSP ZB[K BN[ ET NCSFP GIZCK JBN JBNG<br />
.OKCZTF QKC OGN[G SI GTNCKG ,FRKEP O[C<br />
FPGBF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
224<br />
,KPGBN QKCF KJSKBGZJNBF OHKRGPGYF ZJ[PF GNCYK OBG<br />
GTEK[ ,ONGTF \NGBDN EZBDRCB \GKFN YGVKS OFN Q\K[ ECNP<br />
EKZGFN O[VRC JGN[N GNMGK OD BNB .FH OG[P NGCSN KBEM[<br />
FNMNM IKJCK[ ZGTK[C ,FCZF EGCTNG ,G\TC OFKKI \PZ<br />
.FRKEPFN FCKXK<br />
NT FKGRC FP[ O\GBKXP NM[ ,OKXGCKYF ZPGN LKZX QKBG<br />
NBKEKB KM ,GBGCK \GZGEC JTP\FNG \MNN GTCJP[ ,OKNBKEKB<br />
."NMN OEGY FNKI\ GCZIK OF[ YVS KNCG ,F[GZKC Q\KR GRKB<br />
EGTG EGT OGYN GNIF "QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M" \B ONGSF NTC C\M Z[BM<br />
FVX BN BGF .QGGR\FN OKRG[BZF GKFK OF BYGGE KM QTJ BGF LB ,OKXGCKY<br />
FZGXC OPGKY \B LKZB\G OKCZ FM OKVSM OKXGCKYN OKZH\ FRKEPF[<br />
OKXGCKYC \GND\FN GNKI\F LNKBG OK[KPIF \GR[ UGSP ,QMBG .\K\GMBNP<br />
.KXGCKYF NBEKBF OGKYC LK[PFN O\NGMK ZSGIN OKRG[BZ OKRPKS<br />
,OKNGTN OKVETGP OKBR\ \YRTF UZIG FKKNT \JKNYC FTY[FF \GZPN<br />
:KRIGZF NBEKBF BNN WZBC \GKIN Q\KR BN .NBZ[KP OKIZGC OKCZ OKCZ<br />
BNC ,FIGRPC FC OKKY\FN OEBN OKZ[VBP ORKB OKKRIGZF \GIGMF<br />
N[ OVGS KM ,ONGSF NTC ZPGB LM OG[P .KI BGF FP O[N GPXTN ZZCN<br />
BN OB .NNMC FRKEPCG JZVC OKXGCKYC { QGECB BGF OKNBEKBF Z\K NM<br />
G\YKH \B ECBK BGF ODG ,OK[RB N[ QJY JGTKP QBM Z\GGKK ,KGRK[ TXGCK<br />
.KCZTF CGZF LG\C TPJKK[ ET FRKEPNG OTN<br />
QKPKFP ,\GRG[F NBZ[K \GN[PP N[ Q\[KD ,F\T QFG ZCTC QF<br />
QKJGNIN EDGRP ZCEF .OKZIBF OKPTN \GPEKFN [K KM \SZGD ,NBP[FPG<br />
NBZ[K \RKEP \KIMGRF F\ZGXC .\G[GRBF CZYC GREKYV\NG GREGTKKN<br />
ONGTC OKKI OKZIBF OKPTF KM QKCFN GRKNT .FVPF QP ONTKFN FCGZY<br />
BN GRKKFE ,\K\GMBNP ONGTC NBZ[K OT N[ G\GBXPKF LB ,OFN LKK[F<br />
\D[FC FIGRP BGXPN NBZ[K OT NMGK BN ONGTN .KRIGZF G[ZG[ KVN<br />
TCJF QGYK\C YZ BGF GN[ K\KPBF KGNKPF[ QGGKM ,FHF ONGTF \GZJP<br />
FRG[ ,OKPTF QKC ZH NBZ[K KM F[GI\N FCKSF GH .FRKCF \DZEN FZHICG<br />
.GRPNGTC OGYP GN QKB[G ,ONGMP<br />
\BKXK GRKKFE ,\GMNPF LG\ NB FRKCF \NKVR F[TPN KM ,ZKTR FH QKKRTN<br />
.QFN[ NCYN QGXZF \GZCD\FN FPZD[ BKF ,\GPGBF QKC NB NBZ[K
225<br />
FNCYFG FTV[FF \GRGM\<br />
FMG\N FRKCF \NKVR LB ,NCYN QGXZF BKF FPXT KRVC \GMNPF ORPB<br />
NB FRKCF FNVR BNGN ."NCYN \RP NT" FRGGMF \B NCYN QGXZN FVKSGP<br />
\GPNGT"G "\GVKNYF" { \GKRIGZF \GMZTPF \GRCR GKF BN ,\GMNPF LG\<br />
."FBPGJF<br />
QMNG OHKBGDBF \B FNKEDP GRPNGTC NBZ[K \GIMGR ,\GZIB OKNKPC<br />
BKCPF OT NBZ[KC \GBGZ \GPGBF LM OG[P .TZ NM [ZG[ BGF NBZ[K<br />
UB .NBZ[KN QSIKP QKJGNIN FRG[ GHN GH \GPGBF N[ QSIK .ONGMN YHR<br />
QFK\[ NT \PKKBPF FRMS \T[C KZF ,GH \B GH \GBRG[ \GPGB K\[ OB<br />
OGYPP B\GGXC \GJNPRF \GKIN FPGEC ,NXRKFN KEM EIB\FN GPKMSK QF<br />
BGF NBZ[K KVNM SIKF LB ,QKP G\GBN \GMKK[ ONGTF \GPGB NM .FRMSF<br />
GKVNM FPK[BP TCXB \GPGBF GRVK \KNNM FRMS \T[C GNKVB .ZIB<br />
.QPGKY \RMSN FCKSF \B GC GBZKG<br />
,QRKPP GRKB NBZ[K KM FRCFF \[Z[GP \GPGBF N[ QFK\GP[R LG\C<br />
IGM { \GI\V\F CKKIPF FID[FF IGM \B GRPNGTN BKCF[ BGF KMG<br />
EGT NM ZKPIKG LNK NBZ[KN SIKF .FN CKBMPG FNGM \G[GRBF NT WIGNF<br />
YZ ."OKKGDN ZGB"M [P[KG \KIXRF G\PK[P [GPKPC NBZ[K OT NIK BN<br />
.ZICRF OTF N[ G\GKEGIKK \B ONGTF \GPGB GRKCK HB<br />
[EYPF<br />
NM ZKHIFNG [EYPF \KC \GRCN QM\K HB \EF GNCYK OB"<br />
OKGDF NMN NBZ[K \YEX IKMGP FKF KBEG FH[ ,YK\TF ZBVF<br />
FCK[ QM QKB[ FP .OKCZTF NT GNKVBG .O\PEBN O\ZHI NT<br />
OB [GIN [KG ,OKGDF NT O[GZ OG[ F[GT GRKB ,OGKM \KRGNKI<br />
ZPGN LKZX QKBG .OFKMZX NKC[C NBZ[K \GBPXT GZMPK BN<br />
."OKN[GZK \ZHIF NT<br />
\KC<br />
OKZGCKE QMBG ,ONGSF NTC N[ GKZCE \YEX \B FIKMGP GRKPKC \GBKXPF<br />
NBZ[K NNMR \GCZ OKR[ L[PC .FZD[C[ QKKRTN GMVF OKN[GZK \ZHIF NT<br />
\GPGB N[G OFN[ OKNBEKBF KM ET ,OFKNB CZY\FG GKRM[ N[ O\GCZ\P<br />
\GCZ\FG LGRKIF .KNBZ[KF NBEKBF N[ GPGYP \B GSV\ \GZIBF ONGTF<br />
GPINRG OFKEK GPC FRKEPF \B GRC[ OK[RB .ZGZKCC LM NT OKEKTP OGKM
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
226<br />
GPXTN WPBP OT@ GB OEB OB .F\GB ZKHIFN OGKF OKPKMSP ,FZGCTC<br />
JGN[N \NGMK BNC FNBM OKCXPN ZEZEKP BGF ,GN[ FRKB[ \GKPKRV<br />
ECNCG ,KCZT QGJN[ \I\ \GKIN NBZ[K KIZHB GPKMSK FZKZC \KNC .LMC<br />
.GKIK[<br />
.ZGPBM ,FTV[FF YGIN ONGSF NTC \RGGM ,"\EF GNCYK OB" GZPGBC<br />
NCYNG OKEYFN [K[ \EF ,\K\KPBF \EF \GFP BKF "LGPM LTZN \CFBG"<br />
.[EYPF \KC \KKRCN OK[DKR OZJC<br />
"\KC" ."[EYPF \KC" IRGPF N[ \KPKRVF G\GTP[P NT F\T EGPTR<br />
NT HPZP ,"[EGY" QG[NP ,"[EYP" .\GMNPF N[ FK\GP[P EIB BGF<br />
."[EYPF \KC" \BZYR FRKCF \GRGM\C FPXT \B \RY\PF \GMNP .FRKCF<br />
,FTV[FF \E \NCYC GRKKFE ,FRKCF \DZEN FKKNTC NKI\P QGYK\F LKNF\<br />
\BZYRF FNGTVC ,FRKCF \ZHTC \GMNPF \B QY\N Q\KR QMP ZIBN YZG<br />
QGYK\ \D[F BNN \KP[D FKKRC KM QBMP FNGT ."[EYPF \KC \KKRC"<br />
.BN G\G ZBGVP QKKRCC OM\S\ ,FTV[FF \RGM\ ,FRKCF<br />
NGEDF OHKBGDBF N[ KVGSF QGYK\F BKF K[KN[F [EYPF \KC \KKRC<br />
FHC FH GCZT\F[ NBZ[K N[G ONGTF \GPGB N[ OHKBGDBF ,K\KPBFG<br />
\B GPKT BKCP BGF QMNG ON[F QGYK\F GFH .FMGZBF \GNDF LKNF\C<br />
\B GNPKS OKPEGYF [EYPF K\C ."FEKIKF ZGB" { Z\GKC NGEDF ZGBF<br />
FH \B OD NGNMK K[KN[F [EYPF \KC GNKBG ,ECNC NBZ[K N[ GDBF QGYK\<br />
KVM ,OKPTF NMN K\KPB \KC FGGFK BGF LM OG[P .ONGTF \GPGB N[<br />
\GPGB NM .(H ,GR FKT[K) "OKPTF NMN BZYK FNV\ \KC K\KC KM" ZPBR[<br />
QF NBZ[KC KGN\ BGF[ OG[PG ,FH CXPN Q\ZMF=\\C \GVBG[ ONGTF<br />
.TZF QCXPC O[B NBZ[K OT KM \G[I<br />
,OKEGFK ORKB[G OKEGFK ,OKVGD [K FPXT NBZ[KCG ONGTF KCIZC<br />
QGYK\C KGN\ NGMF KM OKRKCP OF QKB .[EYPF \KC \PYFN OKBZGYF<br />
.KRGXKIF F[TPC BNG KPKRVF<br />
NT GRN FR\KR NBZ[K WZB KM ONGSF NTC C\GM "ZFGHF OGKSN ZPBP"C<br />
TP[P "F\GB NCYN" .GRKEKN F\GB GRNCKY OZJ GRB LB ,QGKNTF IGMF KEK<br />
WZB" \BZYRF \KRIGZF FDZEN TKDFNG KRIGZF QGYK\F LKNF\C NKI\FN<br />
\KKRCN BZGCF GR\GB NKCGK \KRIGZF NBZ[K WZB \D[F ZIBN YZ ."NBZ[K<br />
NBZ[K OT NIK Z[BM .GH \KRIGZ FDZEP \D[FN UBG K[KN[F [EYPF \KC<br />
KZCEM ,ONGTF \GPGB NMP FMKP\NG TGKSN FMHK BGF ,GEKYV\ TGXKCC
227<br />
FNCYFG FTV[FF \GRGM\<br />
NT NBZ[K \KC OGNIR\FG ,OPGYP NB OGBKCFG OKPT OGIYNG" :BKCRF<br />
U\M NT LK\GRCG QXGIC LKRC GBKCFG" QMG ,(C ,EK FKT[K) "’F \PEB<br />
.(CM ,JP O[) "FRB[R\<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF<br />
Z[VB[ ,[EI\PF KNBKEKB QGHP OD FMKZX \K[TP FJK[ NM"<br />
BKVGSGNKV ZCM [K QEKE KCDNG .FKVGSGNKV ZPGNM ,GC \GDFN<br />
."FNCY GRKKFE .OKDKFRPN YZ \ETGKP[ BNB ,FRMGP FPN[<br />
\DFRF<br />
\GKRM\N SKSC G[PK[ GRPNGTC GI\GV[ \GCZ \GKVGSGNKVG \GKZGB\<br />
,ZCE BKXPFN LZGX QKB \KRIGZF \GI\V\FN TDGRF NMC ONGB .\GN[GM<br />
QGKNTF ZGBF N[N\[F OFC[ OKGGYF O\GBC YGKEC \ZCGT BKF QM[<br />
\ZCI [BZC OKEPGTF OKNCGYPF .\GBKXPF \BKZCC "FJPN FNTPP"<br />
\GCGYRF \GDZEP Q\GB NB FZCIF \B GNKCGKG ZYIPC GYSTK QGZIBF ZGEF<br />
.FBKZCF \KRM\C [BZP<br />
OZGD FRGMR FRGGMC EGPKN .QGKNTF IGMF ZYIP BGF FNCYF EGPKN<br />
WPGY YZ ,FEKPZKVF FRCP KV NT .UKYPF ZGBF { QGYK\F IGM \MK[PN<br />
QGYK\ .QGZIBF ZGEC OD FKFK LMG ,NTGVC EGPKNC LZGX [I \GP[R N[ QJY<br />
.\GBKXPF ZYIC OKYSGTF OKNCGYPF \GXT OGKYC BNB EGPKNC GRKB NNMF<br />
OPKT FPMSFC BJC\\ FZCIF \DSVC OKEPGTF OKNCGYPC NNMF \MKP\<br />
FTV[FC \NTGVF FPN[ \MZTP ON[G\ LMCG ,FZCIF \GZJP \GZK[CG<br />
.QGZIBF ZGEF KBR\ KV NT<br />
OKYSGT JTP K\P :LM OGKM FKGRC \KJSKBGDBF \K[GRBF FZCIF OD<br />
,OEBF UGDN FPGE ZCEF .GK\GZKVC [GPK[C OKYV\SP Z\KFG ,ZYIPC<br />
NMC ZPGIF \GPM .GRPP \GNGEDF OKKVDF N[ QMZTP CZ IGPF LZT GC[<br />
FTKCXP { OPGEG IPGX ,KI ,ZCEP { OGYKC \GRG[F \GDZEF QP \IB<br />
OKNNMRF N[ OZVSP QJY ,Z\GK FGCD QKPF[ NMM :FPGE SIK NT QM OD<br />
.JZVF \PZC QFG NNMF \PZC QF ZP[R FH SIK .GC<br />
BKCFN FRKB FNCYF \XVF N[ FZJPF QGZIBF ZGEC QFG GRKPKC QF<br />
N[ KNNMF YGIF \ZMFN BNB ,GPXT EGPKNF NB FNGM \G[GRBF \B<br />
O\GB BKC\ \KPKRVF O\GYYG\[F[ OKJTP GKFK ,LMP FBXG\M .\GBKXPF
\ KEK\TF FZCIF \GRGZYT<br />
228<br />
TCJ KV NT ,\GZIB OKMZEC FZCIC GNNM\K[ OKZIB GKFKG EGPKNF NB<br />
.O\P[R<br />
*<br />
IG\KVN ORPH \B [KEYFN G[ZGK QGZIBF ZGEF KZCIP QJY YNI YZ ,ZGPBM<br />
.EIGKP ZG[KBN YYEHK OFKNB UZJXFN FXZK[ KPG ,\KRIGZF FJK[F<br />
,QM NT Z\K .\GMKB OB KM OK[RB N[ NGED ZVSP \[ZGE FRKB \KRIGZ FDFRF<br />
NGEKDN BKC\ BN QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI NB OKVSGR OKZCI N[ O\GVZJXF<br />
IG\KVG ZYIPC OKKGZ[F OKDGFF ,FZCIF [BZC OKEPGTF OK[RBF ZVSPC<br />
.OZVSP \RJYF KEKN BKCK UB ZCEF[ QM\KK { LVFN ;FJK[F<br />
QGIJKC ZSGI OK[I OF ,QJY FZCIF K[RB ZVSP Z[BM KM QKCFN [K<br />
\ZXGR NED NFYF[ NMM LB ,O[BZC OKEPGTF EXP CZ NGVKJN OKYGYHG<br />
QM\KK LM OG[P .GPXT N[P QGIJKCG FPKZH GC \MSGRF FRCP \ZGX GC<br />
.NGED NFY \NCGFN EIB DKFRPC KE[<br />
,"OKNMN \GZGB QKC LGVF LZT"M FNCYF \PMIC ZCSGP FH QGZYKT<br />
GRN NB QMN .K\GPMF IGMN LGVF SIKC BXGK K\GMKBF IGMF KM FZGPF<br />
FEKPZKVF [BZC OKEPGTF ZVSP QKCN NFYF NEGD QKC SIKF KM CG[IN<br />
.ZP[KFN LKZX<br />
*<br />
ZGEC \GDFR\FF KYGI \B TCY\[ BKF \ESKKPF OKNCGYPF \XGCY<br />
\JKN[ \I\ OKRG\R OF[ LMN OKTEGP GKFK OKZIBF OKZCIF NM .QGZIBF<br />
\GNGCD ,\ZDSP KGBZM TGCYN O\NGMKC QKB KM GRKCK OF .NCYN QGXZF<br />
\ZDSP TGCYN OKNGNT OKRYG\P ORKB[ OK[RB .TZN QFG CGJN QF ,OKBR\G<br />
QGXZN GZ[VBK[ OKBR\ OPXTN CKXFN GB ,EPTP YKHIFN KEMP F[YGR<br />
ZPGB LM OG[P .OESVFC OZM[ BXK ,LM GB LM .QGYK\F QP YGPIN NCYN<br />
KNTC N[ OKGSP WPGY BNN QGZIBF ZGEF \B ESKKN Q\KR BN[ ONGSF NTC<br />
.FD[F<br />
FZCIF N[ F\PYFN \RGGMP FRKB "FZCIF KESKKP" IRGPF \GTP[P<br />
BNN .FZCIN OGKY N[G IGM N[ ,\eKI N[ \VJG[ FYVSFN BNB ,ECNC<br />
BN .TGSVN FKNT QBN FZCIF QKC\ BN FD[FF KNTC EXP \KREVY FR@GGM^F<br />
FD[FC GRKKFE ,"GREPN\ OEB \P[R" CXPC BXPR GRKB[ OEB KM QM\KK<br />
NT OGKY BKF G\GFP NM KZF[ ,QGMR EIB ETX OD GNG \G[TN TEK ,\KRIGZ<br />
.GN[ NCYN QGXZF KV
229<br />
FNCYFG FTV[FF \GRGM\<br />
NBP[ ,OKEDGRP \GIGM QKC QGMR CGNK[ NT \SSGCP \KRIGZ \GI\V\F<br />
F[EI FDZEP NMC .FTV[FF \RGM\ BGF QKPKG GDBF BGF NBP[ ;QKPKG<br />
FZCIF NT .FTV[FF \RGM\ KEK NT FRY\N GKNTG ,GDB \VSG\ OEBF NCYP<br />
.OFKRKC QGMRF CGNK[C I\V\FN NMGK[ KEM FMKP\G IGM ,TEK GN YVSN<br />
OKZCEF \B OKRKCPFG FZCIF [BZC OKEPGTF ,OKNCGYPF GPKYK LM O[N<br />
OF LM .G\[NGI QPHC OEBC FMKP\N OKRGRDRP ,\KRIGZF O\D[F LG\P<br />
.FKZCIP EIB NM N[ QGYK\F LKNF\ \B \HZHPF FCKCS GZXKK<br />
IGMF KXGZT NMCG \GETGGF NM [BZC GBXPKK FD[F KNTC OKNCGYP<br />
NT ZTZTN \GZ[VB FKF\ BN .LZEF KMK[PP OFKP GTCYK OFG ,FZCIC<br />
GH FZCIC KJRGGNZ FKFK BN "CGZF \TE" D[GPF .OVKNIFN GB OFK\GJNIF<br />
OKNCGYPF \DFRF KVNM FTRMFF \GCK[I \B QKCPF OEB .JG[VF GRCGPC<br />
ZGEF \ZCIN NCY\FN KGBZF BGF ,QGKNTF IGMF NB GPM FN TRMKFN QMGPFG<br />
OTN FPGEC O\GB GDKFRK OKNCGYPF[ GXZK GH FZCIN OKVZJXPF .QGZIBF<br />
.GZGCTC ’F OT ZCEN F[P \B ING[F<br />
,FZGJJYKEMG F[YGR ZJ[PM QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI \B GBZK \GZH OKKRKT<br />
QKTP FGGF\ FZCIF[ GXZK QGZIBF ZGEF KZCI KM ZGMHN GRKNT ONGB<br />
GH FZCI .OFN[ OHKBGDBF N[ Z\GK NKTKG ZKFP QGYK\N BKCPF [CMP<br />
GRKCK FK[RB .OHKBGDBF NT WIN NTVGP FC[ \ZICGP FEKIK QKTP FKF\<br />
NHZC YGIC ZCGEP KMG ,\KJNIF FTV[F BGF TCJF N[ KNNMF YGIF KM<br />
.(G ,IPY OKNF\) "ZGCTK BNG Q\R YGI" ZPBR[ KVM ,FR\[P GRKB[<br />
GFH .FTV[FF YGI \B OKKYN G\NGMK KV NT \EEPR OEBF \DZEP<br />
\BG FH \B FH FZCIF K[RB GMKZTKG GEEPK GKV NT[ EKIKF QGKZJKZYF<br />
.FNNMC FZCIF<br />
\XGCY[ ,LMC FKFK QGZIBF ZGEF \ZCI N[ F\NTG\G FEGIKK NM ,QM OB<br />
FZCIF .QGYK\F LZEC TGSVN EXKM OKZIBF NMN FBZ\ OKNCGYP OKDKFRP<br />
\CMZGPF ,QG[BZF OEB \P[R { \KNNMF FP[RF FRCPN FPGEC NFGR\<br />
OEKYV\ .GK\GBZGF \B OKTXCPF OKYNIPG ,JKNIPG YEGCF QGKNT YNIP<br />
KNTC GZKEDK[ OKNNMF NT Q\KR[ NMM \GREVYC ZGP[N BGF OKZIBF N[<br />
QM G\G[TC .OFC GYCEKG OKYKEXF KNDZN ZVTM GKFK OF LMC .FD[FF<br />
GKYNI QKC[ EIB UGDM { FNGM \G[GRBFG ,G\P[R [ZG[N OEB NM ZGHIK<br />
.BZGCF NB ZCI\\ { GF[NM [ZVF QKB
\KNBZ[KF<br />
FEKYV\G<br />
FPGBF
ZFGHF ZVS NT "ONGSF" [GZKVN \GJGKJ LG\P ,ONGSF NTC
FPGBF<br />
BKXGF[ "FPBAF" QG\KTC OKRG[BZF OKZPBPF KR[ NT SSGCP FH YZV<br />
OSZGV QG\KTF ."FPGBFG EKIKF"G "GR\PDP" OFK\GP[G ,ONGSF NTC ZGBN<br />
.ZVSF UGSC IVSRM GBGNPC BCGP BGFG 1940 \R[C<br />
QG\KT ,KEGFKF CGIZC [EI ZGXK BGF ’FPBAF’ FH QG\KT"<br />
QG\KT N[ [GZKVF FP ,GNB[\ OBG .’K\DNVP QKC’ BGF G\ZDSP[<br />
\GDNVPF NM [P[N NMGK[ ,QG\KT ZBG\K LKB ?’K\DNVP QKC’<br />
"?OFKRKC[ \GZK\SFG OKEGDKRF NM UB NT EIKC<br />
GR\PDP<br />
,K\DNVP=QKC :OKRG[ OKKGRKMC ZEF\FN OKSRP OKCZ OKC\GMG OKRG\KT<br />
C\MR[ ZGCKI NM .QMG\ KZSI OKKGRKM FNB ONGB { KNZJKR ,K\GN\=K\NC<br />
LGRKIF N[C ,OKK[KB OKCG[KIC EKP\ TGDRF ,OEBF N[ GDBF LG\P TCGR<br />
\B ZCIN YYG\[PF ZCIP YZ QMN .IPX FC[ FCKCSF NNDC GB NCKY[<br />
\GP[RF NM \B \NNGMF \IBF FP[RN ,EIBF KRIGZF [ZG[N ONGM<br />
."K\DNVP=QKC" KGRKMF \B GPXTN SIKKN NGMK[ BGF ,FMG\C \GKJZVF<br />
OK[Y FEKN KNCIC OKZXPF QKC FENGR[ ,FBKZC QKP BGF QMB"<br />
GREKP[FN ONGTF \GPGBN UY\[ FBR[F NTZ LG\P ,OKPGKBG<br />
OEK EGTG ,GRKIBP OKRGKNKP N[ OGKBF QGKNM ,FPEBF KRV NTP<br />
.FKGJR<br />
BN KM ,NGVM QGSBF EGTG .FTC[ TEK BN OFC[ KJSKESF ZXK<br />
.\VNGI \KRPH FTVG\ YZ BGF FH NM Z[B ,GRPXT \GN[FN NMGR<br />
233
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
234<br />
FXZV\F FPGB FHKB OB[ ,FKZGJSKFC Z\GKC GRB OKSGRP[ GPM<br />
.\ZIB FPGBC UKNI\ FN GRBXP ,GRKNT<br />
GR\GB GVKYF[ ECNP KM .KZPDN BGF FRG[P CXPF F\T NCB<br />
,Z\GKC \GNTRF \GPGBF OD KZF ,WZB KGGXY NMP \IB \CC<br />
FNPI N[ BGF[ NM [DZ KNC ,\G\NEF \B GRKETC GNTR<br />
N[ LKNF\F NMC OKEY\ GN QKB[ ,FHM KZHMB QVGBCG .OKPIZG<br />
."Z\GKC OKKZCZCF OKPKC GNKVB ,\K[GRBF FKZGJSKFF<br />
NMC FND\F OKEGFKF \B "ECBNG DGZFN EKP[FN" EPGTF TZF[ ZIBN<br />
OKICGJ OKRPZDF[M ZCE F[GT GRKB ONGTF KM ZZC\F[ ZIBNG ,G\PXGT<br />
NTC .FPGBF KDNV NM \B GKEIK ZCIN \GSRN FT[F FKGBZ ,NGM KRKTN GRC<br />
O\GXNIKF OD QMNG ,BYGGE OKEGFKC KGN\ NGMF KM \GBZFN FXZ ONGSF<br />
NT GB \PKGSP FPGB NT LP\SFN OFN NB .ECNC OFC FKGN\ FZXF QP<br />
,TZN QFG CGJN QF ,\GBKXPC NKTVF EKIKF YNIF[ KRVP ,FNGM \G[GRBF<br />
.NBZ[K OT BGF<br />
.ONGTF \GPGB \P[R \GI\V\FN OB\FC ONGTC FND\P \GKP[KJRBF<br />
\P[RC FKGN\ BKF KM ONGTF \GPGB N[ Q\P[R F[KDZP F\ZMF=\\C<br />
\GI\GVPF \GPGBC BYGGE QMN .\KRIGZ \GKI FN FZKCTPF ,NBZ[K<br />
BNV FH QKB .GNGM NBZ[K OT KVNMG OKEGFKF KVNM KNKN[ SIK I\V\F<br />
FRKEPF BKF ,OKZ[TF FBPF \NKI\C Z\GKC \I\GVPF FRKEPF ,FKRPZD[<br />
\GI\V\P \GPGBF[ NMM .FNGED FM \KP[KJRB \GXZV\F FNNGI\F FC[<br />
FPMSFC FNB ,JY[C FNBG CZIC FNB { GRKNB FBR[ QFC \ZZGT\P LM<br />
.FMKP\C FNBG<br />
YZG ,OKPTF QKC FNKDZ FPGB GRKKF OFC[ ,OEY KPKC CXPF FKF FRG[<br />
\NNYC \GBZN Q\KR LMN FPDGE .GRKNB JCPF QGGM QVGE KBXGK OKZYPC<br />
\GPGBF GTKDF OFCG OKVSGR OKCXP GTZKB FKZGJSKFF N[ FMZGBN .OTNC<br />
\GBZN QFN Z[VB Z[B ,Q\GI\V\FC OKGSP CXPN EIGKPC \GI\GVPF<br />
YGIPN G[YKCG GRKNT GPY OF ,LMP FBXG\M .NBZ[K OT N[ \GKEGIKKF \B<br />
.GRKPKC [IZ\PN FPGE ZCEF QKB LB .GRN[ \GKEGIKKF \B<br />
ZG\C OB ,GRPGKY[ ,OKSR NT LGPSN BN OB ,ZGZC ZCEFG"<br />
.\GPG OKKI N[ OKRHBPF \GVM NT BXPR ,FPGB ZG\C OB EKIK<br />
F\GB GRKKFE ,F[GZEF FNGCI\F \B BXPR OB ,BKF FNXFFG
235<br />
FPGBF<br />
,FRMSF \CZYC \NGH BXPKFN FMZE QKB[ ,FZKCMF FNGCI\<br />
JNYP QBM GRN \\N { ,GR\CGJN UMF \B TKZMFN FIGMC FKF\[<br />
FNXFF OGYP BGF ,NGMF KZCEN[ ,GRKIB KZGHV NMN IGJC<br />
,BGF[ LKB ,GRN FIG\V FKF\ OKKIF LZE HBG .\TM FEKIKF<br />
,FT[F \B WKPIR OBG .OK[YGTPF NM UB NT GRPGKY LK[PFN<br />
\TC OK[GZEF ,OKZKCM OKXPBPC ,EIB [KBM GRNGM OGYR BNG<br />
GRKRVN[ \GECGTF KZF ,WZBC \KZB[ GRN IKJCFN ,FRMS<br />
,GRCKGB QGXZM OKI\V\P OKRKKRTF[ ZIBP ,EBP GRKNT \GPKKBP<br />
.FPEBF KRV NTP GREKP[FN OKZPGBF<br />
OK\I\IF LZEC GRN [GZEF ZKCMF WPBPN[ ,ZGZC FH OD<br />
KZCB NMP ,FENVM \YXGPG FR\KB \GEIB OKMKZX ,GR\PGTN[<br />
\GEMGNP \GZG[C BXR BN OBG .NNMFP BXGK OG[ KNC ,FPGBF<br />
BXPR ,FH GRKMZE NT QJ[N OKEPGTF ,OKR\KBF \GIGMF \BZYN<br />
."TZVPN FEGCBM FRGEKR GRK\GGY\<br />
OKPIGN QKC FZG[F \KTCJ \GEIBN KBEGGC QBM QGGM\P GRKB ONGSF NTC<br />
GB \KP[D FRMS \TC FPGB NMC \ZXGRF GHN GB ,CZYN FBKXK OZJ BCXC<br />
BGZYN G\RGGM .U\G[PF CKGBF NGP NB OKEIB\P NGMF Z[BM ,\KPGBN<br />
BZGCF QGXZ \B ,\RGGMPF ’F EK \B FEP[FF \RMSC \GBZN NBZ[K OTN<br />
OF QKB[ UB .OKKGDN ZGBM O\GKFNG KRIGZF QGYK\N GPT \B CZYN<br />
F[KZE F[TPN BKF NBZ[K NT OKKGDF N[ \PTGHF O\PKY ,LMN OKTEGP<br />
.FNGBDF ZGBN<br />
NT ZP[PG WCGZ ,GR\BP FDNVP NMG EIB NM ,FNB NM ZIBG"<br />
OG[CG ,BGF[ NM ZG\KG KNC FZK\K \GREVYC K\DNVPF G[GMZ<br />
,KPGBN EGIKB KEKN BGCN GXZK BN ,QGMR Z\GK GB ,GNMGK BN OKRV<br />
,\G[KEBC OKTYG[ GRB FMG .GRNGMN[ FRMSF \T [ZGE[ KVM<br />
.FPGBP FZY BN GNBM<br />
\B GRN FBZP FPGB FHKB[ FT[C ,OMPXTC \GPEFN BR GSRG<br />
BN GRPP EIB UB[ ,KBEGC HB FRF ,FNB GRKPKC NKDZM ,\NEF<br />
F\KKF FZXF KM ,GN[ \GK\DNVPF \GMKK[F \B GCN NT FNTK<br />
GRK\GNKCI NGJKN GB QRGD\FN OB ,\IB FSKTN GRNGM \B F[N<br />
GR[DZF KNGNG .OKPKC GB F[CKC O[=KB IGZCNG GRKPM[ NT
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
236<br />
,YVS<br />
OG[<br />
KNC<br />
,OFGPM GRB OD HB KZF ,\GBKXP GPM FRMSF<br />
."K[GY NM KNC KGBZM OKEIGBP ZCM GRKKF<br />
,BKF \IBF FCKSF :\GCKS FPMP "UZGT F[Y OT" FRGMP NBZ[K OT<br />
F[Y\PG HGT Z\KC G\TE NT EPGT BGF QM ,Z\GK I\GVP OT[ NMM[<br />
,Z\GK I\GVP OT[ NMM[ ,BKF FKKR[F FCKSF .\ZIB FTE KRVC TRMKFN<br />
DNV NM[ QGGKMP .FH EDRM FH OKEPGTF Z\GK OKCZ OKDNV GC GBXPKK LM<br />
OKPZHF OK[Y\P ,OKZIBF QKCN GRKC[ NECFF \BG G\GKEGIKK \B FBGZ<br />
.U\G[P FRMPN TKDFN OKRG[F<br />
QP TCGR NBZ[K OTC DGNKVF [ZG[ { BKF \KZYKTFG \K[KN[F FCKSF<br />
KRIGZ [ZG[ [K \GCZ \GDNVPNG OKDNVN OTF \YGNIC .GC[ \GKRIGZF<br />
OTC[ DGNKVF SKSCC EPGTF KRIGZF EGSKF .FP[RF \ZKC[P TCGRF<br />
\GPGBF KRC CZYC[ FHP Z\GK FCZF NGED DGNKV ZXGK[ BGF NBZ[K<br />
."UZGT F[Y" KGRKMC BJGCPF DGNKV ,\GZIBF<br />
OKPTF N[ ONZGD QKCN NBZ[K NZGD QKC USGR NECFN OZGD KRIGZF EGSKF<br />
\GZXGB NT FH OT FH OKPTF OKJJGY\P FKZGJSKFF LZGBN .OKZIBF<br />
.GFR[P NT OT JGN[N OKSRPG FH \B FH OKHHGC ,FPEB KIJ[ NTG TCJF<br />
FKZGJSKFC FKF BN .FJKN[G EGCM ,Z[GT NT \GCSR FNB \GKG[DR\F<br />
IGGZ ZGCTC \ZIB FPGB NT NBZ[K OT NVR\F GC[ EIB FZYP OD GNG<br />
.KP[D<br />
OK[RB ,OKPZHF NMP FRJY FXGCY ,QBM G[DVR GNB \GCKSPC"<br />
.\GBKXPN ZCM FKF GNBM ,OFKCD NT BZGRF JG[F OK[KDZP[<br />
ZGRKX FH FKF\ O\TEN[ .FHF QG\KTF BKXGFN OFKNT GNCYG<br />
GKPZHG GKDNVP NM NT ,GNGM OTF NB OFK[DZF GC ZKCTFN ,QPBR<br />
\GK\DNVPFG OKEGDKRF GNJC\K QM KEK NTG .NNMFP BXGK KNC<br />
OEYGPN OGYP GRVKG GY\\[K[ ,QGMR Z\GK GB .YVGBF \GZX<br />
Z[MGPF ,EIB YXGP UGDN EIB\FN NMGR GRNGMG { ,OFKNB<br />
."GHF FTKZMPF FT[C GPXT NT QRGD\FN<br />
\ZKXKNG \IB FP[RN O\GZCI\F KEKN BKCK OKEGFKF QKC[ DGNKVF NGJKC<br />
EGIKBF IGM EDRM EGPTN NMGK[ ONGTC IGM QKB .KRIGZF EGIKBF IGM<br />
.QGKNTF IGMC { BZGCC GZGYP[ KRVP ,GN YKHFNG KRIGZF
237<br />
FPGBF<br />
,FBZRF KVM ,GH FTKEK ONGB ,GRGPM NMN TGEK GH FRMS[ ODFG"<br />
KNGN KM .BKF[ \GPM FMZX NMC ,ZGCXF NMC FI\V\R BN EGT<br />
,\GK\DNVPF YCBP ZTR\FN QPHP OKMKZX GKF ,FC G[KDZF<br />
QKB ,QM GRKB OBG .GR\GZG[ EGMKNN FTKZVP[ ZGTK[F G\GBC<br />
QMNG { .OKCZ \NIRN FRRKB EGT GH F[DZF[ OG[P BNB FH<br />
,ZP[PF NT EGPTN KEM ,FHF QG\KTF \GBXGF \B GRKNT GRNCY<br />
NM GY\\[K[ ET { ,ZGCXN FRKCFNG ,FZXF NT TKZ\FNG<br />
\GZG[C GRCKGB KRV NCYN NMGRG ,EGZKVF KBKCP OKPZGDF<br />
.ETGP EGTC FPKB\PF FCGD\ GN Q\KN ,\GEMGNP<br />
GRKRKC EGT [KG ,NBZ[K QPNB BN EGT[ ,OKIJCGP GRB :EGTG<br />
FIB\[ ,\INXGP \KRM\ GHKB GRN BKXPFN OKZ[MGPF ,CN KZYI<br />
OK[RB BYGGE[ ,GREPN QGKSKRF KVPG .FPGBC[ OKTZYF NM<br />
\BHN { .OFN QKB OKTPG[G \GKGGH QZYC OFN OKC[GK GNBF<br />
GCGIC B[GR[ ,EIB NMN FHF QG\KTC OGYP Q\KN GRB OKRMGP<br />
FTKP[FNG F\GB OSZVN ,FPGBF EGIKBN IGJC QGZ\V FHKB<br />
."OKCZC<br />
NBZ[K OTC[ \GIGMFG \GTEF NM \B FH QG\KTC SRMN FXZ ONGSF NTC<br />
.FEGIKBP YZG LB BGC\ FPGBF \NXF[ OKRKCPFG EGIKBF QTPN OKNTGVF<br />
NGMK QGKNTF IGMN \GZCI\F KEK NT OEBF N[ GDBF QGYK\ YZ KM TEK[ UB<br />
NM \B NCYN QMGP ONGSF NTC FKF ,FPGBF N[ K\KPB EGIKBN BKCFN<br />
KF[NM FEKPC OGZ\KG LGP\K[ OEB NM \GV\\[FN OKMSFNG \GTEF<br />
.\GPEY\FN<br />
Z[VB FKF BNG ,K\E KJRBF OHKNBKXGSF IZV QPH G\GBC KM QCGP EGT<br />
FN BGZYNG FNCYN GB FZG\N OKZG[YF OKZSPC FPGBF NB \GRVN<br />
ZPBPC ZKCSP ONGSF NTC ORPB .ONGTF BZGC O[ \I\ EIB\FN<br />
EGIKBN GVGSC QGGMP BGF QM OB BNB FPGB EGIKB QM\KK BN[ "OGN[F"<br />
FNXFN FPN[F FISGRF \B \GNDNP YVB\P BGF F\T LB ,BZGCF OT<br />
.JGNYN NMG\[ OKZSPC FPGBF NB FRGVG<br />
NT QDFN ,FHF QG\KT \BXGFC GR\RGGM ,ZMHRF NM NT USGRG"<br />
,FR[ OKVNB L[PF N[ \GI\V\F \C ,GRN[ FYK\TF \GCZ\<br />
,\GPZTF \I\P F\GYRNG F\GNDNG .GRXZB QCZGI KRVNP[
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
238<br />
ZMGK[ KEM { ,\GPGBF QKC GR\GND \GR[ L[PFC FKNT GZCJXR[<br />
IPXK FHPG .QPHF G\GBC GKF[ GPM ,ZGFJF KEGFKF OKVGB OFC<br />
\B Z[YN LKB ,LZE BGXPN NMGR KM .FCG[I KMF \NTG\ GRN<br />
ZGJVRG { ,BKFF FZKFHPF FVGY\F OT GRN[ K\GNDF KGGFF<br />
."OKZH OKPZMC GRPXT \GTZNP<br />
NT[ FISGR F\GBN TKDFN GRKNT ,"GRXZBC K[VGI OT" \GKFN GRRGXZC OB<br />
FZG[F ORKIF \BR[ OGYPC .\GNDN FBKXKFG QCZGIF KRVN GRPKKY\F FKV<br />
GRBXPR GC[ ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ CXPF NB ZGHIN GRKNT GRKRKC<br />
YGIPN BKF ONGSF NTC N[ G\RGGM .BZGCF OT ZGCKICG GRKRKC EGIKBC<br />
.GRKNT F\Z[[ \GNDF \GR[ OKKVNB \ECMF \B<br />
FPGBFG<br />
OB KM ,GKKI KMZX \B BNPN NGMK GRKB BGF .K\ZCI ZGXK OEBF"<br />
.GPGKYN KIZMF KBR\ BGF { OKCZ UG\K[ QMNG .G\NGHP FZHTC<br />
\B EGPNN GRN KEG ,\GPGBF \GGF\F \ZKYIN OGYPF QBM QKBG<br />
ZSI BGF JZVF[ ,BKF FECGT .GRKRKTN BKF[ KVM \GBKXPF<br />
GIZMGF { ,FZCI KKIN YGYH BGFG .GPXTC GKMZX \B BNPN OKRGB<br />
.’FRKEP’ GB ’FPGB’ O[C BZYRF ,EIB EGDKBC EDB\FN OKEKIKF<br />
,EK \MBNPC KPG ,\GBNYIC KP :GTGXYPC EIB NM YSGT FC[<br />
.OFKVM \GZXG\ N[ QKVKNI \KTXPBC OKZ[Y\P OFG .FPGEMG<br />
OKKIC QF ,EIGKP KVGB \B[GR \IB NM[ ,\GPGBF GGF\R QBMP<br />
.OKK\GCZ\F OKKIC QFG ,OKKZPGIF<br />
FPGE FPGB N[ LKNF\F[ ,OKBGZ GRB OKKIF \GVY\[F LG\P<br />
FGG[ FPGBC EKIK NM EKYV\G ,EKIK OEB N[ LKNF\N KZPDN<br />
,EKIK OEB NM UGD[ GPMG .EKIKF UGDC OKZCBF N[ OEKYV\N<br />
OKKRKTF :GKZCB QKC FBKNP FKRGPZF GMG\C BXPK[ CKGIP<br />
OKKEKF HB Z[B ,WTKKNG CG[IN QFKEK NT ZHTR IGPFG ,\GBGZ<br />
NT EIB NM[ ,FPGEMG ,\GMNGF OKNDZFG ,\GPIGN GB \GECGT<br />
UGD \B OKGGFPF OKZCBF QM { GEKYV\N FMIPG EPGT G\ZP[P<br />
,FPGEMG OKNKCGPF ,OKECGTF ,OKEKCTPF ,OKXTGKF :FPGBF<br />
EKIKF
239<br />
FPGBF<br />
KIZMF FHG .FBKNP FKRGPZF LG\P OFKRKC NGTVN OKMKZX<br />
.IGJC OGKYNG FPGBF N[ OKKNBPZGRF OKKIN<br />
QGZSI N[ FBXG\ BKF EKIKF N[ \KTCJF F\KPF[ GPMG<br />
BKF FN[ \KTCJF FTKY[F ,FPGBF QM ,GKZCB QKCP FKRGPZF<br />
GEKTF[ GPM ,FN[ OKZCBF QKC FGGF\R[ FTZVF FHKBP FBXG\<br />
F\KKF[ ,ORI \BR[ KRVP BNB ,OKN[GZK FCZI BN’ ,GRKRGPEY<br />
NMN GZHV\R FKZCBG ,F\PG FPGBF FTGDR HB KM ,’ZGEF F\GBC<br />
."IGZ<br />
.FHC FH FKZCI N[ LZGXF \ZMFG FCFB KEK NT YZ D[GP FPGBF EGIKB<br />
,\GZIB OKNKPC .FHN FH FBR[F \GND\F OT EKP FND\P FPGBF EGZKV<br />
KPKRVF SIKF CKJC OKKGN\ ,F\IKZV GB F\\KP ,FEGIKB GB FPGBF EGZKV<br />
.FCFB GB FBR[ { FKZCI QKC[<br />
,F\GKPKRVP FVK \EMGNP FKF\[ ,FPGB NMN CKGIP KBR\ ,QMN"<br />
FCFB LG\P FHC FH OKYEGFP GKFK FC[ OKEKIKF NM[<br />
Z[GBC GZ[GB \B [KDZK EKIK NM[ ,ECN BNG .\KCKJYRKJSRKB<br />
QMGP OD FKFK[ BNB ,FPGBF \GRGGR\FC G\GRGGR\FG FPGBF<br />
\GMHF ,QM BNGNG .LZGXF \TC FPGBF \CGJN G\G[K NM ZGSPN<br />
.TZVPN BKF FEGCB ,ONGTC FPGB ZG\C ,OFN[ OGKY<br />
OKIZMGP NNMFP BXGK KNC FPGBF KEKIK NM[ ,ZPGB FH QKBG<br />
OKBXPRF ,FPGBF KRC F\GB[ ,BKF FRGGMF BNB ,QM \GKFN<br />
KV NTG ,FPGBF \B OK[GTF OF ,FZGPBF \KRGPZFF F[DZFC<br />
."FN[ OGKY \GMH NMG FPGBF N[ Z[GBF \EP EEPR O\GMKB<br />
O\GB \MVGF FRKB OKGSP OTN OKRGKNKP N[ \KRGXKIF O\GMKK\[F<br />
ZKEDPF BGF EIB NBEKB CKCS OK[RB EIKKPF KPKRVF IGMF ."FPGB"N<br />
OEBF NT FPGBF ZCI \GKFN KEM .FPGBF D[GPC OKNNMR OF YZG ,FPGB<br />
O\GKRGXKIC FPGBN OKMKK\[PF .GN[ FPGBF N[ NBEKBN G[VRC LKK\[FN<br />
."FPGBF KZCI" OKBZYR ORKB ECNC<br />
N[ FPGKYN OKYKVSPF OKJZV N[ OGMS BXPR ZCM[ ZIBG"<br />
OKZCB N[ OKGSP ZGTK[ OD FC BXPKFN NMGK ZCM ,FPGBF<br />
.ZGPBF ZGTK[F NMC FPGBF UGDC OKZCGIP ORKB[ ,OKNENGEP
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
240<br />
OKBXGP GRB QKB ,LMKVN .OETNC ZPG[PG IGJC ZCM SKSCFG<br />
FCZY OFC BXP\ BN[ ,\GZCIG OKEGDKB OKRGPEYF OKRPHC<br />
BKF[ ,\KCKJKPKZVF FCFBF F\GB KM { ,FKEKIK QKC \K\IV[P<br />
OF[ ,\GIV[PC \NGH \BXPR FRKB ,FZCIF OGKYN \KIZMF<br />
."EIB CBN OKRC<br />
FCFB N[ F\PXGTN \GPEKFN FMKZX FPGBF KZCI QKC EGIKBF \PXGT<br />
FRKBG \KTCJM \[DZGP GHM[ FCFB .FIV[P F\GB KRC QKC FZG[F \KTCJ<br />
.FMKP\ GB SGSKC ,KRGKDF ZCSF \[ZGE<br />
\GZ[GYPF \GZCI OKBXPR ZCM ,\GZGEF \GI\V\FC ONGB"<br />
K\IV[P SIK OG[ KNC ,ZPGN KRGXZ .’FRKEP’ N[ D[GP \I\ EIK<br />
,KCKJKPKZV KTCJ Z[Y GRKB ZCM FRKEPN EKIKF Z[Y[ ,KTHD<br />
NNMF OT EIB\P EKIK NM Z[B ,KEEF LZGX LG\P TDGR BGF BNB<br />
N[ IGMF \EP NMC ,\RDP FRKEPFG .FRKEPF BKF[ ,EIB UGDN<br />
.EKIKG EKIK NM N[ G[GMZG GVGD NT ,KRKEP UGD<br />
NB \KTCJF FPGBF QP \GZGEF GZCT[ { ,FHF ZCTPF QMB<br />
FCFB LG\P BCF Z[YF QP GRKKFE ,\K\GMBNPF FRKEPF<br />
GRKB { ,KEEF LZGX LG\P BCF FCFB N[ Z[YF NB \KCKJKPKZVF<br />
\KTCJF FPGBC OKCKGIPF OKBR\F O\GB NMP OGNM TZGD<br />
JNIGP QGJN[C QRGIP BKZC OEB NM[ O[M ,NNMF FHG .\KTHDF<br />
OKTP[R OKZCBF KM .FCFB K[IZ NT YZ SSGCPF ,GKZCB NT<br />
,FRKEPF QM { .OK[RGTP FBZK OG[ KNC FCZ FBRFC GN<br />
FC[ OKEKIKF NM NT JGN[N FMKZX ,OKNNMF FKMZX FRKICP<br />
\KCKJYRKJSRKB \GZSP\FG FCFB NT SSGCPF ,JNIGP QGJN[C<br />
\B TKRFN YKVSPF ,Z\GKC IGRF IGMF BGF .NNMF NB OKJZVFP<br />
.NNMF KMZXN OKJZVF<br />
[NI IGM BGF { ,QK[RGTG FKVM NT \SSGCPF FJKN[ NCB<br />
ODG .NNMF KMZX \ZKP[N YKVSP QVGBC JZV NMN TKRFN ,KE#KP]<br />
NT QDFNG ZGP[N ,G\GCKKI\F OKKYN NMGK BNG [NI\K NNMF<br />
\ZGX OT QBM YST GRN QKBG .GC[ EKIKG EKIK NM N[ G[GMZG GVGD<br />
GB ,KJZYGPE GB ,KJZYGJGB BKF[ QKC KM .FRKEPF N[ ZJ[PF<br />
IGM N[ FSGSKC ZYKT \B OGNM OKR[P OF QKB { ,KVG\K[
241<br />
FPGBF<br />
\B LK[PFN QM[ NMPG ESK\FN FNMG\ BN { ,K\ZCIF EGDKBF<br />
."\K\ZCIF FCFB Z[Y KEK NT BN OB ,FPGKY<br />
LZEC .FZCIF QKCN OEBF QKC FKRGPZF ZGXKN FEKIKF LZEF BKF FCFB<br />
GB OGKB ,WIN KEK NT G\GB \CKKIP FZCIF KM OEBF [KDZK BN FCFBF<br />
GN YKRTK FCFBF IGM .FN OGZ\NG FKVNM G\CGI \B [PPN ZJ[P<br />
[KDZK BGF .GN[ GKCGZYN GPM FN TKV[FNG FZCIN DGBEN FKXCKJGP<br />
.NGCD BNN OGZ\NG LK[PFN GN GZ[VBK OFG ,K[VR YGVKSG QGIJKC ,OGI<br />
UIZP QKB \KEEF FCFB FZG[ FKZCI QKC Z[B FZCI N[ FEK\T NT<br />
.FKRM[P KRGXKI OGKB BNG OKIB \PINP \GPEC KPKRV OGKB BN { OGKB<br />
\KRIGZ FZKP[ FPGBG FPGB NMN \YVSP FKZCI QKC[ \KPKRVF FCFBF<br />
.FRGKNTF FID[FF \MZTP N[<br />
L[PC GRECB[ \GZYKF \GNGDSF \IB[ ,\GEGFN F[GCG"<br />
GRKKF .\GKPGBNF \ZMF \ECB BKF { NMP FCG[IFG ,GR\GND<br />
KJGI KM .FPGBG FPGB NM OKKYPG Z[YPF ,BGFF KTCJF [DZF<br />
KCKJKPKZVG KTCJ LM NM OF[ ,FPGBF \B OKZ[YPF ,FCFB<br />
.ORKBG GZCT GVNI ,GRK\GCNP GY\KRG GRGGR\K ,\GPGBF NMC<br />
FRKB ,\KPGBNF FCFBP GRC ZB[R[ JTPF OD KM ,NMP TGZDFG<br />
OKKY\R[ BNB ,\GPGBF NMC NKDZM ,\KCGKI FRKICP GRC FTGCJ<br />
GRPP EIB NM[ ,U\G[PF NCSF BGF :\KNKN[ FRKICP GRMG\C<br />
\KPGBN FCZYG FZMF GRC TKCJF FH[ ,FPGBF QC ZG\C NCGS<br />
EGTCG .WGIF QP OZGD BGFG .FZXN OKIB { \CZY \RKICP<br />
\KPGBNF FZMF OT DHP\RG ZCI\R FHF KRGXKIF OZGDF[<br />
\KPGBN FCFB QKP ,GHF \CGZT\FP FXRXRG BXK ,GRC[ \KTCJF<br />
.\RCGP K\NCG \KTCJ K\NC ,FZHGP FTVG\C<br />
OGPKIF \EP :FEKYV\N NNM \Z[MGP FRKB[ ,BGF ZYKTFG<br />
,FPXTG IGM KNC NCB ,F\T[N \GCFN\FN YZ FYKVSP FC[<br />
.FPXT \B \B[GRF FPGB ZG\C FEK NT \GRCFNG ZGHIN NMGR[<br />
NM KPGBN EGDKB GRKB ,KRGXKI OZGD LG\P OKKY\PF ,EGDKB KM<br />
.ZYKT<br />
EIB UGDN OKEIGBPF ,OKHGDB N[ NDN FHC OKPGE GRBG<br />
BGFF EGIKBF \EP[ .O\GB EDBPG UJGTF Y[ KEK NT ,WGICP
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
242<br />
NT F[TRF FNY FEGR\ NMG .EMGNP UGDN O\GB F[GT FRKB<br />
FEK NT OKBCG .FHP FH OKEGZKVG \GXXGZ\F OFC EKNGP ,Y[F<br />
QGZSKIF NMG .[EIP OKKYNI OKVGZKXNG OKEGIKBN OTV NMC<br />
EGDKB IGM NMG .OKRVCP KTCJF EGMKNF OFN ZSI[ FP ,BGF<br />
EBP CKBMP FH ZCE { GRB GRRKKRTC .KRGXKI FZYP LG\P BGF<br />
."CNF \B<br />
\GIGM .IZMFF N[C ,NBZ[K WZBC \KRGXKI FRKICP EIB\F NBZ[K OT<br />
JNYP BGXPNG FNGDF \GXZBP IGZCN OKEGFKF \B GIKZMF OKKRGXKI<br />
QGXZ LG\P ,OIZGM NTC OK[RBF QBMN GTKDF CGZ KV NT .NBZ[K WZBC<br />
FCFBC ZCI\FN KPKRV UIE LG\P BNG ,OKKP[DF OFKKI \B NKXFN<br />
.\KRIGZ FZJP BNN ZPGNM ,\EIGBP FPGB ZGXKNG<br />
QPH LZGBN EEGP\FN NBZ[KC OKC[GKN Z[VBP GRKB FH QKPP ZGCKI<br />
YXGP FNB OKPT CZYC KPKRVF Z[YF .OFKNT OKPYF OKZIBF OKPTF OT<br />
\B YKHIPF IGMF QP Z\GK YHI OFKRKC ZCIPF KRIGZF IGMF .Z\GK FCZF<br />
OKC[GKF \B ONGF GRKB "NBZ[K OT" KGRKMF .NBZ[K WZBC OKEGFKF<br />
.OKV\G[P LGRKIG \GCZ\ OFN QKB[ OG[P NBZ[K WZBC<br />
.ZCI\FN KEGFKF OTF KRCN OGZDN NMG\[ BKF ECNC \KRIGZF FBEKBF<br />
OT"N LKK\[FN LZGX OK[KDZPF FNB QKC YZ [PP\FN NMGK ZGCKIF<br />
O[VR[ OK[KDZPG OFN[P \GKGCZ\C OKTGY[F FNBC BNG "NBZ[K<br />
.OKZIB OKPTN \MKK[<br />
\GKRIGZN L[PR[ KP NM KM ONGSF NTC ZPGB "ZFGHF OGKSN ZPBP"C<br />
BN .QBMN L[PRG GPGYP FH KM [KDZP BGF ;NBZ[K WZBN FMK[P [KDZP<br />
WZBC OKZIBF OT EIK G\GB YKHIP ,"OKHGDBF Y[" ,QGXKIF OGKBF<br />
F\KKF QGXKIF OGKBF \I\ FXZB GR\ZHIF .GN[ G\GKPKRV BNB ,NBZ[K<br />
\GNDN \GRPEHFF GRN FR\KR LMG ,QGKNTF IGMF KEK NT KBEGGC \RGGMP<br />
.OTM \GRCKFNG LMN KPKRVF LZGXF \B GRPXTC<br />
BNB ,FZGTK[ NMC GRC FZGP[ EGT \GKPGBNF \NID \PBCG"<br />
LG\P FCGZP FEKPC FYGHKR OD .GRMG\C FNKTV FRKBG FPPT\R[<br />
ZK[TP QKB EGT FH ONGB .ZGPBM ,WGIFP FNCY[ \CGZT\F<br />
.EBP FZP \GBKXPFG .NNM GR\GB
243<br />
FPGBF<br />
KEGSK QVGBC KPGBN LGRI GRPXTN ZESN { BKF FEKIKF FGGY\FG<br />
\KTCJF \KPGBNF FCFB \B CG[ CKFNFNG \GNDN ,[EIP<br />
,OKKPGBNF OKZKZ[F O\GB \GKIFNG ZGHIN ,GRC FPGPTF<br />
OKTXPB KRKP NMC ,FR[ OKVNB FH GRC OKNKTV ORKB[<br />
\GRCFN IGJC ,KTCJ EGSK GRN [K[ TER HB .ZCEN OKPKB\PF<br />
\B \B[N \Z[MGP ,FPGB ZG\C GRKPGKY LK[PFNG [EIP<br />
."ONGTF \GPGB NMM FPXT<br />
\BR[N "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ KRIGZF FCGDF QP NBZ[K OT \NKVR<br />
FPZDG OKPTF Z\KM KJSKBGDB OTN G\GB FMVF OKIBF QKC ORKI<br />
NMC KM ONGSF NTC ZPGB "ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF"F UGSC .GC O\JKN[N<br />
FRGMP \GKRGXKIFG "NBZ[K" FRGMP \GKPKRVF :\GKRGXKIG \GKPKRV [K ZCE<br />
\GKRGXKIF[ LMN FBKCF NBZ[K OT N[ \KRIGZF G\NKVR ."ONGTF \GPGB"<br />
NT GZCD GC[ ONGTF \GPGB GRKKFE ,G\GKPKRV NT FZCD GCZYC[<br />
,LM KEM ET \GKRGXKIF KEK NT BMGE OTF N[ KRIGZF GEGIKK .GC[ NBZ[K<br />
BXPR GRKB GNKBM "NBZ[K OT" ZCTC GRBZYR GKV NT[ KRIGZF [ZG[F[<br />
.NNM GRC<br />
NMGR ,FNCYF \JK[ EGPKN KEK NT GRKKFE ,QGMR LGRKI \ZHTC ONGB<br />
\GKPKRVF \B ZZGTK ZGBF .CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF \B GRPXT NT ZZGTN<br />
FEKPC .ONGTF \GPGBP GRDVS F\GB[ ,GRC[ \GKRGXKIF NT JGN[N GRC[<br />
ONGTC NBZ[K \TE JGN[\ LM ,NBZ[K OT CZYC FH LKNF\ NNGI\K FC[<br />
.OKKGDN ZGBM [P[N GREGTKK \B BNPN NMGRG<br />
\B OKRGC FNKI\P KM .F[TPG FEGCT NMN OEYGP KBR\ FHG"<br />
.GKNT SKPTFN OKXGZ[ ,B[PN YKVSPG BKZC QVGBC EGSKF<br />
QKRC FRGC[ KP NT NCI NCB .QKKRCF \GRCN OKNKI\P FH ZIBG<br />
OD BGF ,OGNM FRGC GRKB[ ECNP KM .KGBZM YXGP EGSK KNC<br />
FNY FEGR\ NMN KM ,GKNB OKMGPSF OKZIB \BG GPXT QMSP<br />
."IGZ NMN GZHV\K GKRCBG QKKRCF NGVKK<br />
OTN LMC \GKFN EKVYFN BNC NBZ[K WZBC NBZ[K \RKEP \B FRCR OB<br />
DKFRK[ LM GI\VNG GRN[ KRIGZF [ZG[F \B QCNN BNC GRKKFE { NBZ[K<br />
FBR[ ZZGTRG FRKEPM BNG OTM BN \GRCKFN IKNXR BN { GRK[TP NM \B
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
244<br />
KPKRVF YNIF BGF NBZ[K OT[ QGGKMP .GRKVNM ONGTF \GPGB EXP OGKBG<br />
G\KKRCN DGBEN [K .BYGGE GRPP NKI\FN GRKNT ,ONGTF KVNMG FRKEPF KVNM<br />
[BZC EGPTN LKZX Z[B BGF OTF LGRKI LM OG[PG ,NBZ[K OT N[<br />
.GRKRKKTP<br />
ODF KM .ZGPBF KPGBNF LGRKIF ZCEC EKP [KDEFN KRB LKZXG"<br />
,JZVC FHN FHP FPGBF KEKIK QKC FZK\K FCFB [KZ[FN K\RGM[<br />
NM OT { ,\KZ[VBF \GNEDF \EP NMC ,NNMC FPGBF \GNNMNG<br />
LM NM BGR[F ,OHK[V GB OHKRKCG[ OT OGNM FFEHP \BH QKB ,FH<br />
KRGXKIF NGXNX KVN[ ODF KM .KZPDN FHP KYR KRGVXP[G .GRKNT<br />
ORKB OHKRKCG[ KZF[ ,GHN GH OKCGZY OF[ FPER ,\GNPF N[<br />
,FHP FH OKYGIZ OEGSKC OZC ,\HZVP \KPGBN FCFB BNB<br />
."QCNFP ZGI[F TCX YGIZM<br />
NT ONGTC \PKGSP FXGCYN CKJKFN OHKXBRFG OHK[VF ,OHKRKCG[F \ZJP<br />
OKBD\P OF .QRGC[I NT UB LZGXF FZYPCG ,\GZIBF \GXGCYF KRV<br />
.O\GFP \B OKEEGP OF OFKV NTG ,FJKN[G IGM ,Z[GT Z\K \D[FC BYGGE<br />
.CZTPP IZHP YGIZM LMP YGIZ NBZ[K OT N[ NBEKBN KPGBNF LGRKIF<br />
.LVFN BNB ,ONGMP FNTR OTM GPXT \B \GBZN LKZX GRKB NBZ[K OT<br />
GEKYV\ .QNGM \GPGBF \B \Z[N BC FHF OTF[ G[GZKV "ZICRF OTF"<br />
FNGEDF \KRIGZF FIKZVF \DZEPN ,BZGCC \GYCEN TKDFN QFN ZGHTN<br />
.BN G\G ,LMN KTXPBM GPXT \B \GBZN GKNT .Z\GKC<br />
\EPN FH \GPEN [K ,NYRC OFKRKC[ NECFF SGV\N KEMCG"<br />
N[ LKNF\F ,ZGPBM KM .EKIKC[ OHKBGZJNBFG OHKBGDBF<br />
GKJZV NMC EKIKF OEBF N[ LKNF\N KZPDN FPGE FPGBF<br />
OKYGIF NM GC QKCFN KNNM I\VP FHG .OKNBGEKCKERKBF<br />
.FZT[F JGIM NBP[G QKPK OFC \GJKR KNCP OKPGBNF<br />
CKGIP KBR\ BGF ,FKKZC NMC TGCJF ,OHKBGDBF \EP[ ,ZGZCG<br />
NECR OXT NNM F\KKF BN GKETNC[ ,FKKZCF N[ GPGKY OXTC<br />
\EPN OGNM ZG\SN LKZX \BH QKB ,FH OTG .FPXT KVN OKKYG<br />
OKYHI \GNGCD CKXFN BGF LZGXF YZ .OEBC[ OHKBGZJNBF<br />
ZGTK[C YZ UYG\ NMC ZP[KFN CKGIP OHKBGDBF YGI :OFKRKC
245<br />
FPGBF<br />
,BGFF ZGTK[ NT UEGTF NMG ,KNBPKRKPF OGKYN TDGR[ FH<br />
."G\NGH \CGJN GKNT Z\GGN FRG\R \G[ZF<br />
KZF[ { GIZGM NTC OEBF NCYP[ KNPKRKP ZGTK[ G\GB OD ,FHM FZYPC<br />
.FNCYN C[IR GRKB { OKKY\FN CKKI QMNG BZCR BGF LM<br />
.NNMFP BXGK KJSKBGZJNBN GC[IN [K ,QM DFGRF NM[ ,QCGPMG"<br />
FHC QMSPG ,G\NGH \CGJN KNBPKRKPF GYNIP OD Z\GGP[ KP QMB<br />
OKKYN Z[VB KB[ ,KZPDN KTCJ K\NC FH ZCM { GPXT GPGKY \B<br />
."OKKIC \IB OTV BNB ,FH<br />
KEM ,GPXT OGKYN DGBEN CKGIP OEB NM .ZGSB ZCEF FNCYF KV NT QMNG<br />
.FRKEPFG OTF \CGJN OGKYN ZCTP[ FP NM \B \\N NMGK[<br />
NNM DBGE GRKB[ ,HZVGPF JSKBGDBF EBP GRN SGBP ORPB"<br />
NMG OKIXGZF ,OKRSPIF OKBC FHF ZPGIP[ ,G\NGH \CGJN<br />
OHKBGZJNBG OHKBGDBC ZCEF QM .OFKRKPN FTZ \GCZ\ KNTC<br />
NMC FTGCJ \GKFN \CKGIP \KPGBNF FCFB OD Z[B ,KPGBN<br />
\KNBGEKCKERKBF \KJSKBGDBF FCFBP \GIV BN FPGBF KEKIK<br />
\ZKP[N YKVSPF ZGTK[C QM OD ,GRKKFE .GPXT GKMZXN EKIKC[<br />
.FPXT \B \B[N NMG\[ ,FPGB ZG\C FPGBF N[ FPGKY<br />
\CGJN [KEYFN Z[VB ,KNBPKRKPF FHF ZGTK[ NT UEGTFG<br />
."THD GB OGBN NECF KNC \GK[GRBF NNMN ,\GKRPGFF<br />
JZV NM NT[ O[M KZF ,"OKGG[ JZVG NNM" KM FZGPF QGZYKTF KV NT<br />
DGBEN LKZX OTG OT NM LM ,GPTN [KEYFN Z\GRF \BG GPXT OGKYN DGBEN<br />
QGIJKCN ,TV[N TKDFN Q\KR LM YZ .\G[GRBN [KEYFN Z\GRF \BG GPGKYN<br />
.DG[D[NG<br />
OK[RB QKCG \GKJSKBGDB \GRKEPC ,KJSKBGDB ONGTC OKKI GRB OGKM<br />
YGI { KJSKBGZJNBF YGIF \B OKKYN FXGZ OEB OB ,LMG .OKJSKBGDB<br />
BGF[ OKRTGJG ,GXZBC[ OKJSKBGDBF GEDRM OKPY EKP ,OKKRIGZF OKKIF<br />
.GN[ GPTN DGBEN OGYPC \G[GRBN DBGE<br />
,HZVGPF KPGBNF OHKBGDBF ,\KNM\C GRN BGR[ ,FH \PGTNG"<br />
ET ,O\NGH \CGJN OGNM OKDBGE ORKB[ \GPGBFP NIF
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
246<br />
FH[ ,OPXT \BRFN \GZIB \GPGB OKIXGZG OKSPGIF<br />
OKPTJP Z[B ,O\GB[ QBMPG .’OHKRKCG[’ O[C BZYRF<br />
OK[TRG KZPDN \GKPGBNP OK[ZGV ,OKKJSKBGZJNB OKKRBPGF<br />
\GKRPGFG \GKPGBNF KM ,OEGSK \GTJC OF ,OKJKNGVGPSGYN<br />
.KZ\SE K\Z\ OGNM ORKB<br />
N[ EGSKF BKF \KPGBNF FCFB[ ,ZGZC QVGBC BXGK QBMP<br />
KVN \PKKYF FKKZC NM EGSK BGF OHKBGDBF[ GPM ,FPGB NM<br />
FCFB QM ,ONGTC OKKY\FN FNGMK F\KKF BN FKETNC[ ,FPXT<br />
NM N[ F\GKPXTN EGSKF BKF ,FPGBF KEKIKC[ \KPGBNF<br />
QMNG .F\CSC \NGH \NJC\P FRKBG \PKKY\P FRKB[ { ,FPGB<br />
."FPGBF \KKI\ LZEC FRG[BZF FDBEF \GKFN FMKZX BKF<br />
NT NCYN IZGJ BGF .QKJGNIN FRG[ FH QKKRTC NBZ[K OT N[ G\GDFR\F<br />
NCYN G\GRGMR \B JKNCFN NE\[PG ONGTF \GPGB N[ OKMZTF \B GPXT<br />
,E[I \ZZGTP GH \GDFR\F BYGGE .ONGMN \GPEKFN KEM FZH \GCZ\ NM<br />
KVN OD KZF[ .\GZIBF \GPGBF N[ QEKXP NBZ[K KVNM FBR[G FKKIE<br />
OKYK\T FM OK[ZG[ \NTC FPGB TGEP QCGP FH QKB BKZC KJSKBGDB QGKDKF<br />
\GCZ\ NM KRVC UVGM\FN FRMGPG FPGBF \P[R \B UKNIFN \RKKRGTP<br />
.\VNGI FRVGBG<br />
LZEC F\GB GRECB KM ,GRCZYC \TM FKGXP FRKB GH FCFB KM"<br />
GXCY\R ,OKEKIK YZG .FR[ OKVNB FH ONGTF \GPGB QKC GREER<br />
\KPGBN FCFB N[ Z[Y OG[ GZCIN EIB QKC QKB[ ,QBM<br />
\ENGPC KR[FG ,\V\G[PF FV[C Z[GYP EIB BNB .FZGFJ<br />
FKZGJSKFC KTKCZFG ,\V\G[PF \EC K[KN[FG ,\V\G[P<br />
EIB NM[ .FEKPF \PB KV NT QBM \GKIN OKXGZG { \V\G[P<br />
FP[[ ,QGC[IC NNM IYGN GRKBG ,BC FRPP[ FPGBC KI FKF<br />
OZJP EGT FPXT FKRC NT \SSGCP ZCM FPGBF F\KKF KZF<br />
\GESK\FC NKTV YNI O[ IYN BNG ,FKNB UZJXRG BC BGF[<br />
.FPGBF<br />
OKRMGP OKZES OG[ QBM QKB[ ,WZBN GBGCC QM QKB[ FP<br />
QBM GRN QKBG ,FPXT \G[ZC FPGB OGKY EKYV\N OKYKVSPF<br />
OKXGZ GRB QKB ODG ,GFRCP NT LGPSN NMGR[ ,ZIB KPGBN ZPGI
247<br />
FPGBF<br />
GRN[ FRCPF NT KZPDN LGPSN QBM OKCKGIP GRB BNB .FHC<br />
KTCJ KPGBN Z[Y OG[ EGT QKB[ ,FT[C FH ZKGXK LKBG .GRPXT<br />
?FHF EKYV\N GR\GB EDBK[<br />
ODF ,FKZGJSKFFG \EFG FV[FP :OKVVGZPF OKZ[YF GNBG<br />
,\KPGBNF O\GCK[IC [KIMK BN [KB[ ,OKCG[I OKMZT OF[<br />
OGKYN EGSK NTM ,OFKNT QT[KFN NNM OKYKVSP ORKB FH NM OT<br />
[K OKZH OK[RB N[ WGCKY YZ UGS UGS KM .FPXT \G[ZC FPGB<br />
FPC FRGC EIB NM[ ,\GPGB OKTC[ N[ \GCZ\ KRC ,QBM<br />
EDBK[ ,KEGSK KTCJ ZCE OG[ [K BNG .GPTJNG GIGZN GPXTN<br />
.EIB [GDN OKRVCP GRNGM<br />
FIKZCF BGF { GRNGMN U\G[P EIB ZCE [K[ ,KRB TEGK<br />
EDBPF Y[N FPGEC ,KRGXKI EGDKB YZ FH QMB .ZPF \GNDFP<br />
ZESN OKMKZX[ ,K\ZPB QMN .FNTPN BCGPM ,OKHGDB N[ FVGY<br />
EIB NMC SKRMFN ,FCIZ FNGPT\ LZEC ,EIGKP LGRKI GRPXTN<br />
QFG ,JZVN JZVP TDGRC QF ,\KPGBN FCFB K[DZ GR\BP<br />
,\KPGBNF FCFBF \B \GNDNG ZGHING ,NNMF NB OKJZVFP<br />
FPGB ZG\C GR\PEB NT GR\GKF HBP GRCZYC FTGJR F\KKF[<br />
.\GPGBF QKC<br />
BKF { ,EGSKF BKF[ ECNP KM ,\ZIB NMN \PEGY GH FEGCTG<br />
GRB[ ,\GNGTV KRKP NMN FINXFG FPGYF ZGTK[ \B OD \R\GR<br />
."GH FE[C \G[TN OKXGZ<br />
EXKM ,GRBC QKBP :GRN[ [ZG[F GFP ZZCNG ZGHIN BNB FZKZC GRN QKB<br />
.ZCTC FPGBF FESGK OFKV NT[ \GRGZYTF OFPG NBZ[K OTN GRK[TR<br />
EIB NM NT .\GEGSK O\GB SKSC NT BKF OGKM EIB\FN FEKIKF LZEF<br />
\BG \GZHF \GKGCZ\F \B GCD KZGIBP LKN[FN :FPK[P \NJGP GR\KBP<br />
QCBN GRN[ U\G[PF EGSKF \B LGVFNG QBMN BKCF[ OKPTF KSGPKR<br />
OK[ZER GRB ,GRK\GP[R KYPTC QGPJF KRIGZ EGSKC ZCGEP[ QGGKMP .FRKV<br />
.ZG\SPF QP GXNIK[ ,QGKNTF ZGBN ,KRIGZ IGMN<br />
\B GRMG\C NGNMN NMGR ,QGMR SKSC NT GRN[ FPGBF \B ESKKR[ ZIBN<br />
,"NBZ[K"M QYG\\ GRC[ \GKPKRVF :FRGMRF FZGXC \GZIBF \GKGCZ\F NM<br />
TV[F J[V\K LM ."ONGTF \GPGB" NMP FNGNM FKF\ GRC[ \GKRGXKIFG
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
248<br />
O[N YZ .\GKRGXKIF NB \GKPKRVF LZE ,FNGM \G[GRBF NB GRMZE QGKNTF<br />
.GRZCT[ LKNF\F NM \B YKEXR LMCG \GNDN GRBXK LM<br />
*<br />
\GIGM ."FPBAF" QG\KT ZDSR FRG[BZF G\ZGEFP ZGBN FBXK[ ZIBN<br />
OKPKGSP OKNFY NT O\JKN[ L[PF \B QMSP ZCEF KM G[KDZF EGZKVF<br />
.\TF C\M \B ZGDSN KJKZCF QGJN[F \B G\KSFG GPY OF QMNG ,ZGCKXC[<br />
\GTEN GK\GTEC CGZYF KJSKRGPGY QG\KTC ZCGEP KM F\KKF O\RTJ<br />
.\KJKKCGSF FKSGZC \GIGGZF
ZFGHF<br />
ZVS<br />
\GND\F<br />
FPEYF"F N[ FVGS NT SSGCP FH YZV<br />
ONGSF NTC \BP "ZFGHF ZVSN<br />
\GZGEN ZFGHF ZVS FNDR FKF BN FPN ,FNB[F \NB[R"<br />
\GZGEP Z\GK FNTPC OKCG[I GKF YVS KNC[ ,OKRG[BZF<br />
BN FPN NGB[N [K FH OT EIKG ,Z\GK GN OKKGBZ GKFG OKRGZIBF<br />
GPEY[ OKNCGYPN BNG ,N"H K"ZBF ET ZFGHF ZVS ZGBKC FNDR<br />
,K"ZBF KZCE ZGBKC GNDR BN FPN ,FRNGM NT FNGTF FKP\FG .GN<br />
KMF ,FNB[F \NB[RG GH GRZGE ET K"ZBF KPKP ZFGHF KZCEG<br />
."|ZGEF Z[MGP OBF~ KZE Z[MB<br />
BS \GB ,ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF<br />
NB TKDFNG QY\KFN OEBN TKKSN BGF FNCYF KC\M N[ EKIKF OEGTKK<br />
\GKYGIF KFP :FNB[F \B ONGSF NTC FNTP LMKVN .FBKZCF \ZJP<br />
,ZFGHF \CK\MN OKPEGYF \GZGEF OBF ?ONGTC FNB OKC\M \GND\FC[<br />
NMP KZF ?QGYK\N OKKGBZ GKF BN ,GRZGEN GRKKFE ,ONGSF NTCN GB K"ZBN<br />
FCZ FEKPC FGCD FKF KRIGZF OCXP KM QKCFN Q\KR OFK\GEGB NT ZGPBF<br />
GRB[ KVMP OKCZ \GIGM TKY[FN OKRMGP GKFG Z\GK OKMH GKF OF :GRN[P<br />
GNNF FNCYF KC\M GND\F GN .\KRIGZ \GI\V\F ZGCTC TKY[FN OKRMGP<br />
BNC ,NYRC ONGTF QGYK\N BKCFN O\NGMKC FKF KM IKRFN ZKCS ,OZGEC<br />
NCS \GBNP \GI\V\F \GR[ KVNB ZGCTN GXNBK GNGM ONGTFG NBZ[K OT[<br />
.OKZGSKKG<br />
KVNB B\[ N[ GPGKY QPH L[PC ,ONGTF KM ,BKF FCG[\FG"<br />
,UGSG LG\ [BZ OK[KN[ ’D GN [K[ ,EIB UGXZV GPM BGF ,KR[<br />
,|\ZBV\ FZGCD ESI~ \"DI ,|\TE FRKC FPMI~ E"CI GRKKFE<br />
249
OKVNB ’C ,GF\ OKVNB ’C N"H GZPB[ FHG .|EGSK EGF IXR~ K"FR<br />
OKVNB ’CC KM (B"T HX QKZEFRS) IK[PF \GPK OKVNB ’CG ,FZG\<br />
,EBP OKJTGP \GZGBF GKF ,E"CIG [BZ \RKIC OF[ OKRG[BZF<br />
.[VRE \GZGB BNB GC QKB[ ,UGD KNC [BZ \RKICN OKC[IR GKFG<br />
,BGF NNMF ,OKNMC KM ,\GZGBN OKNM QKC LGVF LZT [K KM<br />
BGF \GZGBCG ,FNKI\P UGXZV NMC OKNEDR OKRG[BZF OKNMF[<br />
.FNKI\P UGXZVC OK[CN\P OKRG\I\F \GZGB[ ,LVKFN<br />
OKNM GRKKFE ,ECN OKRGKNTF YZ OKNMC QKB[ EGT NM BXPRG<br />
\GZGBF OF[ ,[VRE \GZGB YZ [CN\FN O[ OKEZGK ,E"CIE<br />
OF[ OKRG[BZ OKVNB ’C NT GZPB[ FHG .Z\GKC OKRG\I\F<br />
.GF\ \RKICC<br />
EZK ,OKNME \"DI \RKIC OF[ ,ONGTF N[ OKKR[F OKVNB ’CCG<br />
’C NT GZPB QM NTG .FZG\ EGS BGF[ ,ONGTC IGZF ZGB [CN\RG<br />
.FZG\ OF[ OKTXPBF OKVNB<br />
ONGTC [CN\P QM NTG OKNME P"KFR OF OKRGZIBF OKVNB ’CG<br />
OF QM NTG ,NGED Z\GKF ZGBF BGF[ ,FP[RE ZGB BGFF QPHC<br />
."IK[PF \GPK<br />
BS \GB ,ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF<br />
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
250<br />
.FHF ONGTF "[CN\P" OFKNT[ OKKPKRVF OKNMF NT ZCEP ONGSF NTC<br />
LKNF\C \BH NMG ,QGYK\N G\GB OKNKCGPG FHF ONGTN OKZKBP FNB OKNM<br />
\GND\FC LKNF\F N[ G\K[BZ .FR[ OKVNB \[[ KRV NT L[PRF KZGJSKF<br />
LNKBG GRPP ."OEB" FKF GP[[ [GRB=QCN QGKNTF IGMF N[ FRG[BZF<br />
KRC NM N[ O\BKCC LKNF\F N[ GVGS .\KZCTF OKR[F \ZKVS FNKI\P<br />
.QGYK\N OEBF<br />
.FR[ OKKVNB KRC OK[KN[ F[GN[N \GYNI\P OKR[F KVNB \[[<br />
\GP[RF DGS \B OKZKEDP GNNF OK[KN[F QP EIB NMC OKND\PF \GZGBF<br />
\GZGBF OKR[F KVNB \[[ LNFPC .FVGY\ F\GBC ONGTN \GBCF<br />
O\GND\FG ,Z\GKC NGEDF ZGBN ETG Z\GKC QJYF ZGBFP ,FDZEFC OKND\P<br />
GRPNGTC Z\GKG Z\GK \GKJSKBGDB \GP[R KGNKD KEKN FBKCP \K\DZEFF<br />
FDZEC \GP[RF NM GRPNGTC GND\K BN EGT NM .LKNF\F N[ GMZGBN<br />
F\GI\V\FC[ TZF \ZMFN \G[GRBF TKD\ BN EGT NMG ,Z\GKC FTGZDF<br />
.QGYK\F \JK[ ONGTC FND\\[ LZGX QKB ,\KTCJF
251<br />
ZFGHF ZVS \GND\F<br />
ET \"DI E"CIE OKNMC[ ,KJZV UGXZV NMC BGF LZEF OD"<br />
OKESI ZKBFN OKNKI\P ORKBG ,OKSGMP \GZGBF ,GN[ FHIF<br />
FHIP BNB ,FRGKNT FPMI \ZBF \GND\F ,G[GZKV[ ,OKNGDPF<br />
GNKI\F OZJP[ ,FCSF BGFG .GN[ P"KFRC GRKKFE ,FJPNG<br />
OKVNB ’C OF[ ,ONGTF UGXZVC P"KFRE OKNMF \GND\FN<br />
,JZVC FNCYF \PMIG NNMC ZFGHF \PMI F\KF ,OKRGZIBF<br />
QPH CZY\R ZCM[ K"ZBF QPHC BNB ,ONGTF QP FSGMP<br />
FPMI \ZBF HB F\ND\R ,FJPNG FHIP[ OKNMF \PN[F<br />
FKF[ ,N"H BKZGN YIXK ’Z KYNBF \P[R K"T ,ONTFC FRGKNTF<br />
ZVSC[ OKZYKTF FNKD QM NTG ,FHF NGEDF ZGBF NCYN QMGP<br />
OKRG[BZF NM ,EXC EKPTF[ ET ,FNCYF \PMI ODG ,ZFGHF<br />
."GFGPEY[<br />
BS \GB ,ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF<br />
\GP[R QF ,GRPNGTC[ OKVGDC \G[CN\PG \GP[RF \GBXGK GC[ ZESF<br />
.ONGTF N[ \KNNMF G\GI\V\FC KGN\ ,\GNKDZF \GP[RF QFG OKNCGYPF<br />
.QPHF \[KZE KV NT TCYR FHF ONGTN \GEZGKF \GP[RF EKYV\ OD<br />
BGF[) KZPDN GPN[R BN EGT GNBF OKNMF[ QGKM FH NM OTG"<br />
EGT ONGTF FKF BN QM NT (TEGRM C"N[ OKVNB ’F QPHC ZJVR<br />
KEKIKN QKRY BNB ,OK[GEYF GKZCE GKF BNG .GKZCE GND\K[ KGBZ<br />
."ONGTC O\GNDN \G[ZF OFN FR\KR BN[ .OKJTGP FNGDS<br />
BS \GB ,ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF<br />
.QGYK\F \JK[ \B NCYN QMGP FKF BN QKKET ONGTF[ KRVP ZJVR K"ZBF<br />
"FRK\R QPH" [K ZCE NMC KM ONGSF NTC ZKCSP "ZFGHF OGKSN ZPBP"C<br />
QGYK\F \JK[ \B BKCF K"ZBF ORPB .FHP FH OKEZVR OFG ,"FNCY QPH"G<br />
FNB OKR[ LNFPC .QGYK\F [PGPK[ ET GVNIK \GCZ OKR[ LB ,GRPNGTN<br />
:OKNKCYP OKMKNF\ KR[ G[IZ\K<br />
FKF\[ ET OKNCGYP \GP[R FPM KEK NT ECGT\ FPXT FJK[F<br />
.NFYN F[DFN FRMGP<br />
IZMGPF ZGEN FTKDF ET OHKBGDBC[ TZF \ZMFC I\V\\ \G[GRBF<br />
.\GP[RF QGYK\C NKI\FN<br />
.<br />
.
OKVNB ’C ZPDN ,GRB OKCGZY ZCM[ ZIB ,FH GRZGEC \TMG"<br />
KZCEG ,N"H GKZCE \GNDN \G[ZF F\T FR\KR LMKVN ,OKRGZIBF<br />
LNKBG FH GRZGEP[ QVGBC .EBP CG[I ZGTK[C ,ONGTC ZFGHF<br />
FND\K[ ET ,Z\GKG Z\GK OTV NMC ZFGHF KZCE \GND\FN GNKI\K<br />
."’\K ’F WVIC[ ON[F ZGTK[F NM<br />
BS \GB ,ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF<br />
[GZKV C\M ZCM BGF ORPB[ ZPGB ONGSF NTC[ LMN CN OK[N [K<br />
FND\K[ ET" \GND\FN GK[GZKV OKMKZX QKKET LB ,K"ZBFG ZFGHF KZCEN<br />
."’F WVIC[ ON[F ZGTK[F NM<br />
\GZGE N[ O\NTP ZGT[N WY QKB \PBC[ QKC\ FH KVNG"<br />
N[ QKVGXZVF NMC NNMF FH KM ,OKRGZIBF NT OKRG[BZF<br />
UGXZVF NB FNKI\ ZZCR LHF NM Z[B ,\GP[RF N[G \GPNGTF<br />
,\GP[RFP QMG ONGTFP E"CIE OKNMF FNKI\ GZZCR LMKVNG<br />
QKBN \GFGCD OKRG[BZF OKVNB ’CC[ \GP[RF GKF LMKVNG<br />
QGZSIF \BVP ,ON[ ZGB \PGY NCYN GNMK BN FH NM OTG .WY<br />
\"DI OF[ ,QPXT QFPG ONGTFP OKMGPRF OKYNIF N[<br />
.N"RM P"KFR<br />
NB \"DIE OKNMF GZZC\R[ ,OKTXPBF OKVNB ’CC M"IB QMG<br />
EGT QPXT \RKICP \PBC \GP[RF GKF ,\GP[RF QP QMG ONGTF<br />
FH NM OTG ,E"CIN FCGZY O\NTP \"DIE OKNM KM EGBP ET \GMH<br />
FHIP[ ,OKNMF QGZSI OTJP ,ONGTC OKSGMP \GZGBF GKF EGT<br />
ODF[ ,FH GRZGEC LMKVNG .\GP[RF QP QMG ,ONGTFP FJPNG<br />
BN QM NT KM ,\GBKXPC[ FTGZDF BKF GNNF \GP[RF \GFP[<br />
\B OKPKN[PF FPF FH NM OT ,OGKF ET F[GEYN ZZC\FN GNMK<br />
QKBG ,OKNMF \RKICP ,\GP[RF \GNNM UGXZVG ONGTF UGXZV<br />
OKNMF OKPN[R ZCM[C F\T KM ,OFKEK NT BNB \PN[R FMBNPF<br />
F\T OKM[PR ,UGXZVC UGSG LG\ [BZ OKNMF NM F\T [KG ,K"FRE<br />
OKBEMF NMN ,UGSG LG\ [BZC ,\GZGBF N[ \GPKN[ \GPGY<br />
Q\GPN\[F OT YZ LMKVNG .N"RM ,OKPN[ Q"ZR GRKKFE ,OFN<br />
\GND\FN OKRGKNTF \GZGBF OKNGMK ,GNNF \GMGPRF \GP[RF N[<br />
."QMN OEGYP BNG<br />
DS \GB ,ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF<br />
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
252
KZCE<br />
ZFGHF<br />
K"ZBFG<br />
BN<br />
GND\F<br />
NM<br />
EGT<br />
BN<br />
GEZK<br />
GRPNGTN<br />
\GP[RF<br />
\GZGB LKZXP QRGYK\ Z[B \GTGZDF<br />
.OKNGED<br />
GRKNT<br />
QKCFN<br />
KM<br />
KVNB LNFPC<br />
OKR[F<br />
GNNF<br />
ET<br />
GRZGEN<br />
FH<br />
I\V\F<br />
ONGTF<br />
NTC"<br />
"GIZGM<br />
BGFG<br />
BN<br />
FKF<br />
ETGKP<br />
OG[P .QGYK\C NKI\FN<br />
ET ,LM<br />
FM<br />
GKF BN<br />
OKNGMK<br />
LZGXF \GND\FN<br />
QGYK\C<br />
KTXPBFG<br />
.QGYK\N<br />
\GKPKRV<br />
\GKRGXKIG<br />
ZPGB<br />
NTC<br />
:ONGSF<br />
,TEG"<br />
NMC[<br />
ZCE<br />
[K<br />
\GKPKRV<br />
,\GKRGXKIG<br />
\GNNMCG<br />
ONGTF<br />
OKC[IR<br />
,NBZ[K<br />
TZH<br />
OFZCB<br />
YIXK<br />
,CYTKG<br />
\GKPKRVN<br />
,ONGTF<br />
’TG<br />
,\GPGB<br />
OKC[IR<br />
.ONGTF \GKRGXKIN<br />
QMG<br />
OPXT NBZ[KC<br />
[K<br />
OF[ ,\GKPKRV<br />
KECGT<br />
’F<br />
’\K<br />
,OKPN[F<br />
QMG<br />
[K<br />
,\GKRGXKI<br />
ORKB[<br />
OKZSP\P<br />
\EGCTN<br />
’F<br />
.’\K<br />
QMG<br />
\GPGBC<br />
ONGTF<br />
,OPXT<br />
[K<br />
OF[ ,\GKPKRV<br />
KEKSI<br />
\GPGB<br />
,ONGTF<br />
[KG<br />
\GKRGXKI<br />
OF[<br />
OKSDF<br />
OKYKHPFG<br />
OFC[<br />
.FPGEMG<br />
QMG<br />
KECGTC<br />
’F<br />
’\K<br />
KRCC[<br />
,NBZ[K<br />
[K<br />
,\GKPKRV<br />
OF[<br />
OKMGHF<br />
QKCFN<br />
\P[R<br />
\GKPKRV<br />
FZG\F<br />
,FK\GEGSG<br />
\GKRGXKIG<br />
OF[<br />
O\GB<br />
ORKB[<br />
OKYSGT<br />
BNB<br />
YNIC<br />
F[TPF<br />
.FZG\C[<br />
QMG<br />
NMC<br />
OEB<br />
,NBZ[KP<br />
[K<br />
GC<br />
,\GKPKRV<br />
BKF[<br />
\RKIC<br />
NBZ[K<br />
,GC[<br />
BGF[<br />
EGS<br />
FEGYRF<br />
.CNC[<br />
,\GKRGXKIG<br />
BKF[<br />
\RKIC<br />
\GPGB<br />
ONGTF<br />
,GC[<br />
BGF[<br />
UGDF<br />
.GPXT<br />
BNB<br />
GNKVB[<br />
\RKIC<br />
\GPGB<br />
ONGTF<br />
GC[<br />
OKC[IR<br />
GC<br />
GPM<br />
.OKZD<br />
KM<br />
O\GKFN<br />
OKYGCE<br />
NT<br />
,\GKPKRVF<br />
OF<br />
OKPGE<br />
KZDN<br />
YEX<br />
\GPGBP<br />
,ONGTF<br />
GBC[<br />
GYCE\FG<br />
NNMC<br />
.NBZ[K<br />
\GKFCG<br />
OEBF<br />
NBZ[KP<br />
LKK[F~<br />
FPGBN<br />
* ,|\KNBZ[KF<br />
ZKCDP<br />
ECMPG<br />
\B<br />
\RKIC<br />
BKF[ ,G\GKPKRV<br />
\RKIC<br />
GC[ NBZ[K<br />
QGXZF~<br />
CZY\FN<br />
BZGCN<br />
GP[M<br />
,|NB=Z[K<br />
NT<br />
,G\GKRGXKI<br />
BKF[<br />
\RKIC<br />
\GPGB<br />
ONGTF<br />
GC[<br />
\GRGXZF~<br />
OKKJSKBGDBF<br />
NMN<br />
FP<br />
BXPR[<br />
ONGTC<br />
.|FHF<br />
GRKKFE<br />
Q\GR[<br />
CGZ<br />
G\IZJ<br />
G\TKDKG<br />
NKEDFN<br />
\GNTFNG<br />
\RKIC<br />
\GKPKRV<br />
GC[<br />
\NTG\N<br />
G[VR<br />
QGYK\N~<br />
,|FP[RF<br />
FIZJG<br />
\JTGP<br />
ZGTK[C<br />
IZMGPF<br />
\EKPC~<br />
WGIRF<br />
|ECNC<br />
BGF<br />
Q\GR<br />
OGKYN<br />
\RKIC<br />
\GPGB<br />
ONGTF<br />
,GC[<br />
GRKKFE<br />
KMZXN<br />
UGDF<br />
NMN~<br />
FP<br />
LKK[[<br />
OKKIN<br />
.|OKKP[DF<br />
GRKKFE<br />
GPM<br />
CG\M[<br />
\GCB)<br />
(B"V<br />
F[T<br />
L\ZG\<br />
TCY<br />
L\MBNPG<br />
.KBZT<br />
\GND\F<br />
ZVS<br />
ZFGHF<br />
253<br />
*<br />
\ZTF<br />
:LZGTF<br />
KZCE<br />
\GR[ZVF<br />
N[<br />
ZCIPF<br />
FBCGPC<br />
GH<br />
OKTKVGP<br />
OKKZDGSC<br />
.OKTCGZPF
\GKPKRVC OD ,|\GC[IPC QFG OK[TPC QF~ GK[TPC OZGD HB FRF<br />
KRC N[ ,\GP[RF NM OT ZCGIP[ FH LG\P~ ONGTF \GNNME \GKRGXKIG<br />
BXPRF GYNI QGYK\N OZGD { \IB FP[RN ,ONGTF \GPGB N[G NBZ[K<br />
,FNTP FNTP O\GPN[C OKNGT NBZ[K KRC[ ,|FHN BKCP LMCG ,QFC<br />
KRC LZT \B GCK[IKG GZKMK ,\GNNMC[ \GKRGXKIF OF[ ,ONGTF \GPGBG<br />
GXZK ONGTF \GPGBG \KRIGZ FKNTC GNKI\K NBZ[K KRC[ ,ZPGNM~ NBZ[K<br />
.|OFKNB CZY\FNG OFC LGP\N<br />
\B CK[IPG ZKCDP ,NBZ[KP KJZVF OEBF[ LVKFN OGN[G SI OBG<br />
\B ECMPG QKKRT\P~ GC[ ONGTF \GPGB \RKIC BKF[ ,G\GKRGXKI \RKIC<br />
,|\GKRIGZN FMK[PF BKF[~ GC[ NBZ[K \RKIC NT ,|FHF ONGTF KRKKRY NM<br />
,GC[ \GKRGXKIF GRKKFE ,LCZYC Z[B ZDF (I"M OKZCE) CG\M[ GPMG<br />
\RKIC BKF[ ,\GKPKRVF GRKKFE ,LPXTC ,F\BG ,FNTP FNTP LKNT FNTK<br />
\GKRGXKIF OD[ ,|GRGXZC~ GK[TPC OZGD HB .FJP FJP EZ\ ,LC[ NBZ[K<br />
,|OKP[KJRBF ,ONGTF KT[GV~ ONGTF \GPGB OF[ ,ONGTF \GNNMC[<br />
,ZVTN ET O\GB OKNKV[PG NBZ[K NT OKZCD\PG ,FNTP FNTP OKNGT<br />
OB\FC~ OGN[G SI FJP FJP GEZK ONGTC[ \GKPKRVF OF[ ,NBZ[K KRCG<br />
.|OFN OZD NBZ[K [KB[ FPN<br />
NMN FEKZK GB FNTP GK[TPC OGZDK KJZV OEB[ ,FH NT FP\\ NBG<br />
,OKP \GVJ ’CM OKG[ JZVFG NNMF Z[B ,ZGCTK BNG YGI GFH KM .ONGTF<br />
FP NM OK[GT OKJZVF ,FCZEBG ,JZVC OD DFGR GNGM NNMC DFGR[ NMG<br />
KVNG ,GC[ OKJZVF KGNKD ZIBN BNB NNMF FND\K BN KM .GNGM NNMC[<br />
GB EKZGP ,GMZT KVN JZVF F[TP[ KBEGG .OKJZVF N[ O\GMKBG O\EP<br />
."GNGM NNMF \B FNTP<br />
IS=GS \GK\GB ,ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF<br />
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
254<br />
FCZF FNGED NNMF NT G\TV[F ,NNMF QP Z\GK I\GVP OKGSP JZV Z[BM<br />
NBZ[K KRC[ UB ,QMNG .GKNT I\GVP=BNF NNMF N[ G\TV[FP Z\GK<br />
[ZERF QGYK\F TGXKCN \YVSPF FEKPC FPXGTG IGM OFC [K ,OKJTP<br />
.GNGM ONGTC<br />
GC Q\MKP\G ONGTF QGYK\C Q\GV\\[F ,\GZIBF \GPGBF \GZZGT\F<br />
[KB UKETKG ZZGTK FC[ FEKPC QKJGNIN \GKGN\ QF .ECNC \GKCKSV QF<br />
\GPGB" KRV NT GC[ "NBZ[K" \B ;G\GKRGXKI KRV NT G\GKPKRV \B NBZ[K
255<br />
ZFGHF ZVS \GND\F<br />
KRKKRYN \GYYG\[FF KRV NT \GKRIGZN \GYYG\[FF \B ;GC[ "ONGTF<br />
FZGX NCYK GNGM ONGTF[ LMN \GZK[K OZGD BGF GH FNGTVC .FHF ONGTF<br />
OMG\C[ "ONGTF \GPGB" \B OKZKCDP NBZ[K Z[BM :LVFN QMG ,FPGE<br />
NBZ[K NT GZCDK ONGTF \GPGB[ OKTCGY OF ,OMG\C[ "NBZ[K" KRV NT<br />
.GRPNGTC<br />
QKCG F[TPC QKC ,OGZDN FNGMK FRKB ONGTF \GPGBP FPGB OG[<br />
.ONGTF \GPGB QKCN NBZ[K QKC[ \GIGMF QHBPC GF[NM KGRK[N ,FC[IPC<br />
FZK[K FBXG\ OF NBZ[K \B BMEN \GPGBF \GNCYP[ \NGMKFG QGXZF<br />
\RKIC KRV NT OMG\C[ ONGTF \GPGB \RKIC \B OKNTP NBZ[K[ LMP<br />
KMZT \B ECMN GNKI\K OB ;NBZ[KC KGN\ NGMF .OMG\C[ NBZ[K<br />
,"ONGTF \GPGB" N[ \GZJPFG \GJK[F ,OKMZTF KRV NT "NBZ[K"<br />
NM QKB .NBZ[K KMZT \B QF UB GECMK ONGTF \GPGB { \GZXGKF GMVF\K<br />
.NBZ[KN ONGTF \GPGB N[ QSIK \B \GR[N NMGK[ ZIB KTXPB<br />
KSIKF QYGIKZ GB Q\CZY KV NT \K[TR \GPGB OKTC[N \G[GRBF \YGNI<br />
NM[ QGGKM .F\GSD KV NT GB FPGBF \ejH#KV NT GRKKFE ,"NBZ[K" \RKICP<br />
NBZ[K TCGY[ SIKF[ KZF ,NBZ[K KVNM \ZEDGP OKTC[F QP FPGB<br />
\BG FPGB NM N[ FCXP \B OD ZKEDP \GKRGXKIG \GKPKRV QKC GPXT GMG\C<br />
.QPXT QKCN \GPGBF QKC[ OKSIKF \GMZTP<br />
SIKC \PKGSP FPGB N[ F\DZE KFP G\GKPKRVC TCY NBZ[K[ ZIBN<br />
KPKRVF GCXP[ FPXGTCG KVGBC \GZIBF KVNM GH FPGB FPY EKP ,\GZIBN<br />
KCIZC \GND\PF \GKTCFG \GZXF NM ,ZPGNM .F\GB CKKIP NBZ[K N[<br />
BXGK .NBZ[K N[ \GKPKRVF NT \GKRGXKIF \VETFP QF UB \GTCGR ONGTF<br />
NM[ QGGKM ZCE TGCYN ONGTF \GPGB N[ Q\GZ[VBC QKB KM ,ZGPBF NMP<br />
.NBZ[K N[ G\VETFP ECNC FBXG\ QF QFK\GNGTV<br />
ZFGHF ZVSC YSTF LG\P[ ,ZFGHC B\KB[ FP LN ZBC\K FHCG"<br />
FPKN[ FNGBDN \GNDF LG\P \BXN GMHK ,\PBF \PMICG<br />
O\NGBDN ZFGHF EGPKN QKRT FP ,FZGBMN[ .(’G ’Y\ UGS OKRGYK\)<br />
."\GPGBF QKCP NBZ[K N[<br />
IS \GB ,ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF<br />
QGYK\C NKI\KG G\GKRGXKI KRV NT G\GKPKRV \B NBZ[K OT FNTK OB<br />
.GTCJP KJSKBGZJNB BGF KRIGZF IGMF .KRIGZ IGM [GMZK BGF ,KRIGZF
KM ,QKGMKECG \GPGBF Z\K NT NBZ[K N[ FJKN[C ZCEF BJC\K BN LMKVN<br />
.NBZ[K TXCK[ KRIGZF QGYK\F LKNF\C \GV\\[FN Q\MK[PC OB<br />
\GKRGXKIG \GKPKRV FC [K FZG\F OD KM ,CJKF QCGP ZBGCPFCG"<br />
GNB GN [K ,FZG\C YSGTF OD LMKVNG ,GNGM ONGTF \GNNM GPM<br />
."\GDZEPF ’C<br />
JS \GB ,ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF<br />
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
256<br />
[K[ LMN ONGSF NTC N[ G\RGGM QKB ,"FZG\F \GKRGXKIG \GKPKRV" GZPGBC<br />
\GP[RF \B QY\PF BZGCF ZGB .\KRGXKI FZG\G \KPKRV FZG\ OGN[G SI<br />
OKRGGMP FZG\F \GKRGXKIG \GKPKRV OKIRGPF ."FZG\" BZYR Q\GB BNPPFG<br />
,J[VGP ZGB BGF OK[GCNF LG\C KGXPF ZGBF ZPGNM ,"FZG\F K[GCN" NB<br />
.Z\GK KRGXKI GB Z\GK KPKRV [GCNC GDK[FN NGMK OEBF[ BNB<br />
Z\GK KPKRVF G[GCNC .ZGBF \PXGT \B OK[KNIP OKKRGXKIF OK[GCNF<br />
ZGBF \PXGT \B \KIVP KRGXKI [GCN LB ,\KTCJF G\PXGTC ZGBF KGXP<br />
QGGKM ,[GCN BNN OEBF NB TKDFN NGMK GRKB ZGBF .OEBF [GPK[N BCF<br />
FXGZ BGF GC[ [GCNF \B ZGICN OEBF NT .J[VGP ZGB GFH [GCN BNN[<br />
.GKRVN TKVGK ZGBF[<br />
OKRVGBF NM BGF QGXKIF [GCNFG FNCYF \PMI BGF KPKRVF [GCNF<br />
FNCYF \PMI [GCNC TKDPF ZGBF[ QGGKMP .FZG\F \[DF N[ OKZIBF<br />
\KCZPF FPXGTF NTC KTXPBF BKF FNCYF \PMI ,Z\GKC YHIF BGF<br />
\GP[RF ,GRKPKC GRKKFE ,OKR[F KVNB \[[ UGSC ,ZGPBM .OEBF QGYK\N<br />
[GPK[ BNN TXC\FN NMGK BN QRGYK\ .QGYK\N \GZZGT\P Z\GKC \GTGZDF<br />
.Z\GK YHIF KTXPBC<br />
GRKKFE ,\GKRGXKI KRV NT \GKPKRV UKETFN NBZ[K OT NT[ O[M ,QMNG<br />
TDGRC OD BGF LM ,FHF ONGTF KRKKRY KRV NT G\P[R QGYK\N YYG\[FN<br />
,KPKRVF KTXPBF \B UKETFN NBZ[K OT NT .QGYK\N KTXPBC FZKICN<br />
,BZPDF ,FR[PF EGPKN QGDM ,OKZIBF OKTXPBF KRV NT ,FNCYF \PMI<br />
\ZHTC \KPKRVF FZJPN \KPKRVF FRGGMF ,LMG .QFC BXGKMG \GEKSIF<br />
,FPKTRG FZKFP LZEC GNGM ONGTC KGRK[ G[TK[ KBEGGC KPKRVF KTXPBF<br />
.WGI KVNM OKRVCP<br />
KZF ,\GKPKRVF NT UETG\ \GKRGXKIFG LVFF FZYK OGN[G SI OB<br />
,OTC :\GPZFP \IB NMC FKF\[ \GKPKRVFP \GKMVFF \EKP KVN[
257<br />
ZFGHF ZVS \GND\F<br />
\GPGB GNCSKG NBZ[K OT NGCSK ,F\D[FN KTXPBCG OKKIF \ZJPC<br />
ONGTF \GPGB N[ QFG NBZ[K OT N[ QF ,OKZCJXPF OKZGSKKF .ONGTF<br />
O\CGI \B QKCFN NBZ[K \B ZCE N[ GVGSC GIKZMK ,GKNT GPGYK[<br />
.FHF ONGTC<br />
FZG\F \GKPKRVC G\IZJ ZKCDP G\GKFCG" :LM \BH ZB\P ONGSF NTC<br />
OF[ ,ONGTF \GKPKRV \NTP[ FHF ZGTK[C OZGD BXPR ,FK\GEGSG<br />
,ONGTF \GPGB OF[ ,ONGTF \GKRGXKI NT FNTP FNTP FNT\ ,NBZ[K<br />
CG\MF OKGYK[ ET ,OFKNT NBZ[K N[ OIC[C GZKMKG GEGK \GPGBF NMG<br />
NBZ[K \KC OGNIR\FG ,OPGYP NB OGBKCFG OKPT OGIYNG (E"K FKT[K)<br />
FRF ,OKYNB ’F ZPB FM (J"P FKT[K) CG\MF QM GPMG .’GDG ’F \PEB NT<br />
NT LK\GRCG ,QXGIC LKRC GBKCFG KSR OKZB OKPT NBG ,KEK OKKGD NB B[B<br />
.FRB[R\ U\M<br />
\GKPKRV \NTP NKV[P ,NBZ[KP OEBF[ ,LVKFN OGN[G SI OB NCB<br />
NM[F YNIC QMG ,QFK\GDZEPG GRK\GP[R KMZEC FREF ,FK\GEGSG FZG\F<br />
.ECNC F[TPF YNIC FREF FZG\F \GKRGXKI \NTP KVNM ,FGXP KPTJG<br />
\JTGP FT[ FN CKXYP GFKZF ,FZG\F \GKPKRVC OTV YSGT OB GNKVBG<br />
LZGX QKB[ ZCE ,OGN[G SI F\KF[ GPM ,FNKN BNG OGK BN[ FT[C ,GRPHP<br />
,ONGTF \GKPKRV \B FJP FJP EKZGFNG NKV[FN ,FHC OZGD BXPR BGF ,GC<br />
\GPGB OF[ ,OFKNT ONGTF \GKRGXKI \B ZKCDFNG ,NBZ[K KRC OF[<br />
ZCE GKF[ GPM NBZ[K \B GCK[IKG ,NBZ[K KRC \B GHCKG GNKV[KG ,ONGTF<br />
.OGN[G SI OFC WVI ONGTN QKBG .ONGTC Z\GKP<br />
\ZCD\P ONGTF \GPGBC[ \GKRGXKIF GNKVB[ ,FHC OKPZGD BNB ,EGT BNG<br />
OKYKHPF OF[ ,ONGTF \GPGBC[ OKTGZDF KM ,QPXT QFN[ \GKPKRV NT<br />
OF[ ,OFN[ \GKPKRVF NT FNTP OKNGTG OKZCD\P ,ONGTF KCKZIPG<br />
,OKPGKBF \GJKI[FG \GRCZGIF NM OK[GT OF HBG ,ONGTF \GPGB KEKSI<br />
.LNKBG QBMP GRZP[K O[F ,OFN FKBZ KET GKF GRZGE KRC[<br />
ZFGHF EGPKNC KGN\ ,NBZ[K \NTP NMG NBZ[K \NGBD[ ,LKRKTN KZF<br />
,NBZ[K KRC N[ O\EKZK NMG \GRCZGIF NM ,LVKFNG ,FZG\F \GKPKRVCG<br />
,FJP FJP F\NTP GNKV[FG ,FZG\F \GKPKRV \B GCHT[ \PIP OF<br />
.NNM GC LZGX QKB[ ZCE OGN[G SI F\KF[ GPM F\GB G[TG
FHG<br />
GZPB[<br />
OKRGYK\C<br />
QGYK\)<br />
’N<br />
CK\R<br />
(BRKR\<br />
FHG<br />
:GRG[N<br />
|...~<br />
GPGY<br />
GZZGT\FG<br />
NKC[C<br />
FRKM[F<br />
,F[GEYF<br />
KZF[<br />
[K<br />
QMN<br />
CN<br />
QYKZ<br />
KNC<br />
FRKC<br />
\TEN<br />
DK[FNG<br />
,F\GB<br />
UB<br />
NT<br />
KV<br />
BKF[<br />
.OMMG\C<br />
|...~<br />
EGSG<br />
,ZCEF<br />
GPM<br />
CG\M[<br />
FKT[K)<br />
(’P<br />
NGY’<br />
ZPGB<br />
,’BZY<br />
NGY[<br />
YVGE<br />
GCNC<br />
N[<br />
NM<br />
EIB<br />
EIBG<br />
NBZ[KP<br />
\GZYN<br />
NNV\FNG<br />
\PZFN<br />
FRKM[F<br />
BKF[ ,F[GEYF<br />
\GNNM<br />
N[ \GP[R<br />
NM<br />
NBZ[K<br />
BKCPG)<br />
CG\MFP FKBZ<br />
BZY<br />
\ZPGB FRKM[F NCB .(FNKV\ G[GZKV FBKZY[ ,LRGT [KF BR<br />
,’BZYB FP’<br />
QKB ZPGNM<br />
KC<br />
IM<br />
\B OKZFN<br />
,ZVTP KPXT<br />
NKC[C<br />
NM[’<br />
,’ZKXI Z[C<br />
ONGM<br />
FPF<br />
\GPFCM<br />
KNMGB<br />
C[T<br />
,ZKXIG<br />
OK[GT[ ZPGNM<br />
\GXPF<br />
KNC<br />
\TE<br />
GPM<br />
.\GPFC<br />
NMG’<br />
GESI<br />
WKXM<br />
,’FE[F<br />
NM<br />
OKESIF<br />
,OK[GT[<br />
OPXTN<br />
OF<br />
,OK[GT<br />
ZPGNM<br />
QKB[<br />
O\RGM<br />
\GXPC<br />
,OK[GT[<br />
FRKKF\[<br />
KEMC<br />
TKV[FN<br />
\IR<br />
IGZ<br />
OZXGKN<br />
BNB<br />
YZ<br />
\NTG\N<br />
OPXT<br />
OF<br />
OK[GT<br />
.\GXPF<br />
|...~<br />
GNKVBG<br />
OKCGJF<br />
,OFC[<br />
GZSP[<br />
ORPH<br />
NT<br />
YST<br />
,FZG\F<br />
BN<br />
G[T<br />
,FH<br />
BNB<br />
\NTG\N<br />
OVGD<br />
.OPXT<br />
KNC<br />
FRGM<br />
,FKGXZF<br />
KEMC<br />
TKV[FN<br />
\IR<br />
IGZ<br />
.OZXGKN<br />
|...~<br />
\TC<br />
,BKFF<br />
ZPBR<br />
NT<br />
,ZGEF<br />
IGZ<br />
LNGF<br />
BNG<br />
,CG[K<br />
,ONGTFN<br />
GRKKFE<br />
IGZ<br />
,IK[PF<br />
LKZXF<br />
NGBDN<br />
\B<br />
NBZ[K<br />
NMP<br />
OFK\GZX<br />
ET<br />
FNGBDN<br />
FPN[F<br />
OKKYN<br />
,CG\MF<br />
FBNPG<br />
WZBF<br />
FTE<br />
\B<br />
’F<br />
,’GDG<br />
IGZF<br />
FHF<br />
YN\SR<br />
GN<br />
,LNFG<br />
GRKBG<br />
ZKBP<br />
.ONGTC<br />
|...~<br />
KGB<br />
OFN<br />
O\GBN<br />
OK[RB<br />
N[ GIGZ[ ,OKPZGDF<br />
IK[P<br />
YN\SK<br />
LNKG<br />
GN<br />
,ONGTFP<br />
BNG<br />
NMGK<br />
CG[N<br />
FZG\F \B OK[GTF OF ,FPF[ ,ONGTN<br />
,F[CKN<br />
,ZPGNM<br />
KNC<br />
GF[P<br />
\KIGNIN<br />
N[<br />
NM[<br />
,\TEG<br />
KM<br />
OKPXPJXP<br />
YZ<br />
YNIC<br />
N[ K[TPF<br />
.FZG\F<br />
ORKBG<br />
OKXGZ<br />
NE\[FN<br />
QKCFNG<br />
\PMIC<br />
,FNCYF<br />
TEKN<br />
NKM[FNG<br />
\GEGSC<br />
FZG\F<br />
KPTJG<br />
.FGXP<br />
|...~<br />
KGB<br />
,OFN<br />
OF[<br />
OKPZGD<br />
OFK[TPC<br />
,GNNF<br />
GKFK[<br />
\GKRT<br />
CZIG<br />
SPIG<br />
FHKCG<br />
\GDKZFG<br />
\GEP[FG<br />
.ONGTC<br />
ET<br />
QBM<br />
.GRG[N<br />
OTJG<br />
OFKZCE<br />
,BGF<br />
GPM<br />
,GRZBC[<br />
\GKFC[<br />
NM<br />
KYSGT<br />
,FZG\F<br />
OKNHNHP<br />
\GKPKRVC<br />
,OFN[<br />
\GKPKRVCG<br />
,FZG\F<br />
OKIKRPG<br />
,F\GB<br />
GPM<br />
ZCE<br />
QKB[<br />
LZGX<br />
GC<br />
,ONGTC<br />
GYSTKG<br />
FC<br />
YZ<br />
FT[C<br />
BN[<br />
OGK<br />
BNG<br />
,FNKN<br />
FPFG<br />
,FC<br />
OKZGTM<br />
OK[[DP<br />
.ZKY<br />
,FHC[<br />
FPF<br />
OKZKCDP<br />
\B<br />
O\GKRGXKI<br />
,OPXT<br />
GRKKFE<br />
\NTG\<br />
,OVGD<br />
QMG<br />
\GKRGXKI<br />
,FZG\F<br />
FPF<br />
OKCK[IP<br />
NT<br />
\GKPKRV<br />
FPGBF<br />
\KNBZ[KF<br />
EKYV\G<br />
F 258
259<br />
ZFGHF ZVS \GND\F<br />
\GKRGXKIF \GRKIC NM[ ,GNNF OFK[TPC OKPZGD FPF HBG ,FZG\F<br />
NM ,ONGTC[ \GKPKRVF KYNI NM NT QPXT \B \GZKCDP ONGTC QR[K[<br />
.F\GFP KVN \IB<br />
\ZCD\P ,OFC[ \GXZBF KPT GRKKFE ,NBZ[K NNMC[ \GKRGXKIF KM<br />
\GKRGXKIF QMG .FZG\F KNGED OF[ NBZ[K NNMC[ \GKPKRVF \B \NJCPG<br />
\B \NJCPG \ZCD\P ,OFC[ QCZGIF KNTC OF[ ,ONGTF \GPGBC[<br />
,ONGTF NM \GKRGXKI QMG .ONGTF \GPGB KEKSI OF[ ,OFC[ \GKPKRVF<br />
\GKPKRV OF[ ,NBZ[K KRC \B \NJCPG \ZCD\P ,ONGTF \GPGB OF[<br />
.ONGTF<br />
OKXGZG ,[BZ OKPKZP ,ONGTF \GPGBC[ QCZGIF KNTC NM ,FHM ZGECG<br />
\GPCK) N"H GZPB[ GPM GRKKFE ,NBZ[K KRC \B DZFNG EKP[FN ZYKTC<br />
CG\M[ GPM GRKKFE .NBZ[K NKC[C BNB ONGTN FBC \GRTZGV QKB (D"S<br />
\GEP[FG \GDKZFG EG[G CZIG \GKRT OKPZGD OF[ N"RF OKRGYK\C<br />
.GNGM ONGTC<br />
.N"RF OKRGYK\C ZGPBF NMN FKBZ KET GRK[TR OKCZF GR\GRGTC[ ZIBG<br />
N"H GZPB[ GPM .GRC[ OKCGJFC BYGE FTDV QKEF \EP[ BNB EGT BNG<br />
FKF[ ZBVF NMPG .FNKI\ OKYKEXF QP BNB \NI\P FRKBG (’S Y"C)<br />
OKEKZ[F BNB GRN ZB[R BN ,’GMG ,BJKNG QKNGV \GXZBC NBZ[K NNMN<br />
QY\N ,FJKNVF \KZB[ GRKNT YZ NJGP F\TP FRF .F[GEYF GRXZBC[<br />
NT NCYK ,FJKNVF KEKZ[ GR\BP EIBG EIB NMG ,FHF ZGPIF \GGTPF \B<br />
Q\KNG FZG\F \GKPKRV \B LNKBG QBMP ZKCDFN ,GEGBPG G[VR NMC GPXT<br />
.FZG\F \GKRGXKI \NTP NT F\GCK[IM ,KGBZF FPGYP \B FN<br />
GRKKFE ,GPXT G\GKPKRV \NTP ZKCDFN GR\BP EIBG EIB NM FMHK HBG<br />
BKF[ ,GPXT G\GKRGXKI \RKIC NT [VRF KMZX BKF[ ,GC[ NBZ[K \RKIC<br />
NNM NT OD FHF IM TKDKG .UGDF KMZX BKF[ ,GC[ ONGTF \GPGB \RKIC<br />
N[ FNTPFG IC[F \B GTEKG GZKMK ,GRC[ \GXZBF KPT[ ET GNGM NBZ[K<br />
.OFN G\KKXKG OFN GTP[KG ,OFKNT NBZ[K KNGED<br />
GTKRMKG GZCD\K ,ONGTF \GPGB KEKSI OF[ ,ONGTF \GPGB \GKPKRV QMG<br />
OF[ ,ONGTF \GKPKRV QMG .QCZGIF KNTC OF[ ,OFN[ \GKRGXKIF \B<br />
.\GPGBF OF[ ,ONGTF \GKRGXKI NT O\NTPG OIC[ NMC GZCD\K NBZ[K<br />
.OFKNT NBZ[K \NTPC GEGKG GZKMK ONGTF \GPGB NM HBG
,OPGYP NB OGBKCFG OKPT OGIYNG (E"K FKT[K) CG\MF GPKKYKG<br />
LKRC GBKCFG (J"P FKT[K) QMG .’GDG ’F \PEB NT NBZ[K \KC OGNIR\FG<br />
FHG C"T EMY UE B[R ZFGHC ZPBR[ FHG .FRB[R\ U\M NT LK\GRCG QXGIC<br />
B\GND QP FKC QGYVK ’GMG ZFGHF ZVS GFKBE LNKE BZGCKI KBFC :GRG[N<br />
\GNDF QP GC GBXK ’GMG ZFGHF ZVS BGF[ LN[ FHF ZGCKIC~ KPIZC<br />
."Z"KMB .ZBGCPM GRKKFE ,|OKPIZC<br />
BT=JS \GK\GB ,ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF<br />
FEKYV\G<br />
\KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />
260
QGNKP<br />
OKIRGP<br />
NMC<br />
\GBKXPF<br />
QKB<br />
ZCE<br />
ECNP<br />
BZGC"<br />
,"BZCRG<br />
ZGB"<br />
."KNMG<br />
\GBKXPF<br />
\NNGM<br />
KR[ BGVB<br />
OKCKMZP<br />
ECNC<br />
{<br />
QGKNT<br />
.QG\I\G<br />
KC\M<br />
FNCYF<br />
OKNNGM<br />
\GP[<br />
OKKGRKMG<br />
OKETGKPF ,OKCZ<br />
[KDEFN<br />
OKRG[ OKEEX<br />
.OFKRKC[ OKSIKC<br />
QNFN<br />
OKKZYKTF<br />
:OFC[<br />
.<br />
IGM<br />
,QGKNTF<br />
ZGB<br />
,QGKNTF<br />
,QGKNT<br />
,ZGB<br />
,BZGC<br />
,OKYGNB<br />
,\GYGNB<br />
,’F<br />
,F"CYF<br />
\RGM\<br />
,FTV[FF<br />
IGM<br />
,FTV[FF<br />
QGXZ<br />
,TKV[FN<br />
QGXZ<br />
,\GRF#N<br />
QGXZ<br />
,\\N<br />
TCJ<br />
,QGKNTF<br />
TCJ<br />
,OHKBGZJNBF<br />
TCJ<br />
,KRIGZF<br />
\RGM\<br />
,FRKCF<br />
,Q\GRF<br />
,IKD[PF<br />
,DKFRPF<br />
.NKXBPF<br />
.<br />
,KNM<br />
,QG\I\ ,BZCR<br />
,\GRFKN QGXZ ,NCYN QGXZ ,FNCYF \RGM\ ,FP[R<br />
TCJ<br />
,QG\I\F<br />
TCJ<br />
,OHKBGDBF<br />
TCJ<br />
,KP[DF<br />
\RGM\<br />
,\GMNPF<br />
.NCYPF<br />
OKNKECP OKNCGYPF<br />
QKC<br />
,OKRVGB<br />
OKZYP<br />
,OKRG[ \GNGTVG<br />
EXP QF<br />
QGKNTF<br />
QFG<br />
EXP<br />
,QG\I\F<br />
OKZKEDPG<br />
NM<br />
EIB<br />
OFP<br />
O[C<br />
.GN[P<br />
OF<br />
OK[GT<br />
\BH<br />
KEM<br />
TKKSN<br />
KNDPN<br />
ONGTF<br />
QGKNTF<br />
BXP\FN<br />
.GC<br />
ZVS<br />
FH<br />
C\MR<br />
ZGCTC<br />
OKBZGY<br />
QKKET[<br />
ORKB<br />
OKKGXP<br />
\D[FC<br />
ONGTF<br />
,QGKNTF<br />
OG[PG<br />
LM<br />
BN<br />
O[GF<br />
[DE<br />
NT<br />
\GRICF<br />
FNB<br />
OKKGRKMFG<br />
OKBCGPF<br />
GC<br />
OKNKCYP<br />
NT<br />
KV<br />
CGZ<br />
FH<br />
.FHN<br />
NMN<br />
IRGP<br />
KNCY<br />
[K<br />
OK[GZKV<br />
OKCZ<br />
OKTCYRF<br />
KVN<br />
OGYP<br />
G\NGTV<br />
KVNG<br />
GKZ[Y<br />
OT<br />
NM<br />
KCKMZP<br />
\GBKXPF<br />
.OKZIBF<br />
,LMKVN<br />
\GZEDFF<br />
\GBCGPF<br />
QGNKPC<br />
OKIRGPF<br />
OMKRVN[<br />
\GETGKP<br />
LZGXN<br />
\RCF<br />
B[GRF<br />
ZVSC[<br />
FH<br />
.ECNC<br />
261
OHKBGDB<br />
QGXZF<br />
NCYN<br />
BGF[<br />
NM<br />
ZPGI<br />
,FBKZCF<br />
QKB[<br />
GC<br />
CGJ<br />
QKBG<br />
GC<br />
,TZ<br />
BXPRF<br />
[GPK[C<br />
K\ZMF<br />
FRGGMC<br />
\GRFKN<br />
GPXTN<br />
NT)<br />
\RP<br />
.(NCYN<br />
FRGGM<br />
GH<br />
\PZGD<br />
TZ<br />
\NGHN<br />
QKVKYTC<br />
GB<br />
.QKZ[KPC<br />
OEB<br />
QGXZF<br />
NCYN<br />
DK[PF<br />
\B<br />
\RGM\<br />
FTV[FF<br />
FGG\[PG<br />
,BZGCN<br />
ZGBN<br />
QG[NP ,QGKNTF<br />
Fl&c#B&"<br />
"QfKN^T&N^<br />
GFKT[K)<br />
,EK<br />
.(EK<br />
OEB<br />
QG[BZF<br />
FP[RF<br />
GB)<br />
(\MZTPF<br />
\KNNMF<br />
\NNGMF<br />
\B<br />
NM<br />
\GEZGKF \GKJZVF \GP[RF<br />
\G[CN\PG<br />
OKVGDC<br />
N[<br />
KRC<br />
OEB<br />
ONGTC[<br />
.FHF<br />
OEB<br />
ONGTC[<br />
FHF<br />
QGXZF<br />
NCYN<br />
BXPRF<br />
CXPC<br />
Z\SFF<br />
BZGCFP<br />
QMNG<br />
NGJR<br />
NM<br />
FRGGM<br />
GKVNM<br />
{<br />
NT<br />
\RP<br />
NCYN<br />
GRPP<br />
GB<br />
NT<br />
\RP<br />
TKV[FN<br />
.GN<br />
\CFB<br />
BZGCF<br />
\GYYG\[F<br />
BZCRF<br />
OGZDN<br />
DGRT\<br />
BZGCN<br />
NMC<br />
OKTXPBF<br />
OKRVGBFG<br />
OKEPGTF<br />
.G\G[ZN<br />
\CFB<br />
\NGHF<br />
\GYYG\[FF<br />
BNPN<br />
\B<br />
NM<br />
KMZGX<br />
\NGHF<br />
BNC<br />
OG[<br />
QGC[I<br />
.KPXT<br />
\GPGB<br />
ONGTF<br />
\GRGXZF<br />
OKRYG\P=BNF<br />
.OEBC[<br />
ZGB<br />
NKTVPF FTV[FF IGM<br />
.\GP[RF NM \B BNPPFG<br />
ZGB<br />
QGKNTF<br />
;\GYGNB=)<br />
IGM<br />
(QGKNTF<br />
\RGM\<br />
FTV[FF<br />
FDKFRPF<br />
\B<br />
NM<br />
.\GBKXPF<br />
ONGTC[ OKKJZVF OKYGIF NM \B FMG\C \NNGM<br />
QGKNTF<br />
.GRPNGTCG<br />
ZGB<br />
ZKHIPF<br />
;CJGPN<br />
ZGB<br />
;UKYP<br />
ZGB<br />
QGYK\<br />
IGMF<br />
QY\PF<br />
\B<br />
TCJF<br />
KJSKBGDBF<br />
FNTPG<br />
G\GB<br />
\RGM\N<br />
.FTV[FF<br />
ZGB<br />
ZHGI<br />
\RGGM<br />
OEBF<br />
TKV[FN<br />
.BZGCN<br />
ZGEF<br />
GZIBF<br />
Q 262
263<br />
OKIRGP QGNKP<br />
\GG\[F \EKP KVN BZCRC QGKNTF ZGBF KGNKD<br />
.GPKT FZGXF<br />
.\GBKXPF NM \B FDKFRPF FTV[FF \RGM\<br />
ONGTC[ OKKJZVF OKYGIF NM \B FMG\C \NNGM<br />
.GRPNGTCG QGKNTF<br />
\GP[RF NM \B DKFRPF NNGMF FTV[FF IGM<br />
\RGM\ \B QKZYP .GKNB \GG\[FN GTKDK[ KEM<br />
.OKNCYPN \GYGNBF<br />
BNG \NGHN \GRF#N FRGGMC QYG\PF NCYN QGXZF<br />
.\NGHN TKV[FN QGXZF .GPXTN FBRF NCYN<br />
TKV[FN OKYYG\[PF OK[RB QKC OKSIKF \MZTP<br />
N[ CXPN TKDFN FZJP LG\P BN[ ,FHN FH<br />
.BZGCN IGZ \IR \TV[F<br />
NMP FBXG\M TKDFN OEBF LKZX FKNB[ FDZEF<br />
NT[ FDZEF ."FBZG BGC" QG[NP ,GN[ OKRGYK\F<br />
.GPXTC DK[FN GRKKFE ,\GBZNG BGCN OEBF<br />
\RGM\<br />
N[<br />
\GKEGIKKFP<br />
.BZCRC[ TKV[FN QGXZF<br />
BZCRF<br />
\GNTV\F<br />
.FTV[FF<br />
.OHKBGDBC[ TZF \ZMF \[DZF<br />
OB\FC NCYN QGXZC FTV[FF \RGM\ \GND\F<br />
.NCYN QGXZF NT KGXPF LSPF NEGDN<br />
OKVGDC Q\G[CN\FC \GZCGT \GP[RF[ OKCXPF<br />
.FHF ONGTC[<br />
.BZGCF QKCN BZCRF QKC FZGXF \GG\[F ZPD<br />
.FTV[FF \RGM\ \[DZF<br />
KPKRV ZGB<br />
\GYGNB<br />
;QGKNTF ZGB=)<br />
(QGKNTF IGM<br />
OKYGNB<br />
OHKBGZJNB<br />
KJSKBGDB OHKBGZJNB<br />
BZGC<br />
FRKC<br />
FZJPF \GNED<br />
OGRKFKD<br />
BZGCF KGNKD<br />
\GP[R KNGDND<br />
QGYK\ ZPD<br />
QET QD
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
264<br />
.GPXTN \GRFKN QGXZF<br />
.BZGCN BZCRF QKC FZGXF \GG\[FP FBXG\F<br />
OEB \MZTPC \GNNMRF \GP[RF NM GC[ CXPF<br />
.NNGMF QGYK\N \GTKDP QG[BZF<br />
\[DZFP FBXG\M OKBCF \GI\V\FF KCXP<br />
.BZCRF N[ GCXPC[ CBMFG QGZSKIF<br />
\[DZFP FBXG\M OKBCF \GI\V\FF KCXP<br />
.FZJPF \GNED<br />
EIK \GZCGIP FC[ \GZKVS Z[T N[ \MZTP<br />
GH \MZTP .FNCYF \GRGM\G FTV[FF \GRGM\<br />
\GG\[FN Q\GB \PEYPG \GP[RF NT FTKV[P<br />
.FTV[FF \RGM\ \[KMZN GRKKFE ,FZGXF<br />
\GI\V\FN FYKHPM GPXTN NCYN FRGGMF \D[F<br />
.BZCRF N[ \KRIGZF<br />
UGXZV .\GNKXBF ONGTC[ QKVRB ZKTH UGXZV<br />
KVNM FZGXF \GG\[FN FPDGE FGGFP FH<br />
\B FMG\C \NNGMF ,\GNKXBF ONGTE \GMNP<br />
.\GP[RF NM<br />
OKJZVF NM \RCF) FRCFC[ \KVGSF FDZEPF<br />
.(CXPC[<br />
FHC GN OGZDN FRGGMC BZGCFP DGRT\F \NCY<br />
.IGZ \IR<br />
OGYPC OEBF KEK NT FTV[FF \RGM\ \[KMZ<br />
.GC[ FNCYF \RGM\<br />
FBXG\M BZCRC \ZZGT\PF NCYN QGXZN \VSG\<br />
.GN KGXZF \B DK[FN G\TKDKP<br />
\GKP[D<br />
\GYCE<br />
QGZIBF ZGE<br />
OKZGSKK LZE<br />
FZG\ LZE<br />
’F<br />
TZF \ZMF<br />
F"CYF<br />
(BGF LGZC [GEYF)<br />
FD[F<br />
BZGCN FTV[F<br />
FZGXF \GG\[F<br />
\GYYG\[F
265<br />
OKIRGP QGNKP<br />
G\GYIZ\FC FRGZIBF FDZEN NCYN QGXZF \TDF<br />
.FTV[FF \ZGXP ,BZGCFP<br />
ZPGIF ONGT \GGF\F<br />
.\GKPKRVF<br />
\GRGM\C<br />
\GZCI\F<br />
\GNNM\F<br />
(NNMR)<br />
\B FPXT NT \NCYP \IB FRGM\ GC[ LKNF\<br />
FMZE NGTVN KEM \ZIBF FRGM\F N[ F\ZGX<br />
.\PKGSP FNGTV<br />
\G[CN\F<br />
([CGNP ,[CN\P)<br />
\RGGM BNB GPXT NCYN QGXZF BN GRKKRT FH IRGP<br />
NGEDF ET QJYFP ,\GRGXZF NM .QGXZC [GPK[F<br />
DK[P OEBF[ FEKPC .OEBC OKKGXP ,Z\GKC<br />
GK\GRGXZC [P\[FN FXGZG FTV[FF \RGGM \B<br />
OKZZGT\P \GRGXZF ,BZGCN TKV[FN FRGGMC<br />
BKFG ,FRGGMC BKF \GI\V\FF ,ZPGNM .GC<br />
.OKVSGR \GRGXZC [GPK[ \Z[VBPF<br />
NCYN<br />
QGXZF<br />
\GI\V\F<br />
IGZ \IR TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGMF \GI\V\F<br />
.FTV[FF \RGM\ \GI\V\F ZPGNM ,BZGCN<br />
\KRIGZ<br />
\GI\V\F<br />
.FNEDG \MNGF FEKPC FTV[FF \RGM\ \D[F<br />
BZGCN<br />
\GCZY\F<br />
.QGZIBF ZGEC[ \GP[RF QKC[ OKSIKF \MZTP<br />
\KEK\T(F)<br />
FZCI(F)<br />
.NCYN<br />
QGXZF<br />
ZPGI<br />
.GCXP \GR[NG TGRN NCYN QGXZC[ FKXCKJGPF<br />
FIGRPN YYG\[P NCYN QGXZF G\BKZC TCJP<br />
TGXKCN FKXCKJGPN YGYH BGF QMN ,\JNIGP<br />
.FTGR\<br />
YNE<br />
ZPGI<br />
\GBKXPF NM \B UKYP FH YGI .FTV[FF YGI<br />
\GG\[FN TKDFN \GBKXPF KYNI NM \B CKKIPG<br />
.GKNB<br />
KNNMF<br />
YGI
[GI<br />
K[K[F<br />
,FP[R<br />
\RGGM<br />
,FTV[FF<br />
LSP<br />
{<br />
KNM<br />
KRIGZ<br />
NCYPF<br />
[KDZPG<br />
\B<br />
IGMF<br />
QGKNTF<br />
KVN<br />
\EKP<br />
\GG\[F<br />
FZGXF<br />
.GPKT<br />
BJI<br />
OEB<br />
QG[BZF<br />
(FZKC[=)<br />
FRGGMF \GGF\F<br />
.GPXT BZCRC[ ZGBFP \GRFKN<br />
QGZSKI<br />
\GNTV\F<br />
QGXZF<br />
NCYN<br />
KGNKPFP<br />
OZJ<br />
.G\NCY<br />
\PMI<br />
FNCYF<br />
KGNKD<br />
\MZTP<br />
OKSIKF<br />
QKC[<br />
ZGBF<br />
QKCN<br />
KNMF<br />
NMC<br />
\GDZE<br />
\GI\V\F<br />
KNMF<br />
{<br />
\NKI\P<br />
\BKZC<br />
\GBKXPF<br />
ETG<br />
ZPD<br />
.FRGYK\<br />
\YGNI<br />
\P[R<br />
OEB<br />
QG[BZF<br />
\YGNI<br />
FP[RF<br />
\KNNMF<br />
\GP[RN<br />
,\GKJZV<br />
GRKKFE<br />
\GRGXZN<br />
.OKEKIK<br />
Z[BM<br />
NMC<br />
\GRGXZF<br />
\P[RC[<br />
OEB<br />
QG[BZF<br />
F\KKF<br />
FRGGM<br />
\V\G[P<br />
TKV[FN<br />
,BZGCN<br />
OF<br />
GEIKK\F<br />
QGXZM<br />
.EIB<br />
FMVF\F Z[BM<br />
\GRGXZF \RGGM<br />
FBRFN<br />
,\KPXT<br />
[KDZF<br />
NM<br />
QGXZ<br />
\B<br />
GPXT<br />
EZVR<br />
QP<br />
,OKZIBF<br />
LMCG<br />
FYNI\F<br />
FP[RF<br />
.\KNNMF<br />
’J<br />
\GRG[BZ<br />
(Z"J)<br />
\T[\<br />
KRVGB<br />
FTV[FF<br />
.BZCRC[<br />
TCJ<br />
QGKNT<br />
QGXZF<br />
.TKV[FN<br />
TCJ<br />
QG\I\<br />
QGXZF<br />
.NCYN<br />
CGJ<br />
CKJKPG<br />
SIK<br />
BZGCF<br />
.BZCRN<br />
FTKDK<br />
GXPBP<br />
N[<br />
QGXZF<br />
CZYN<br />
\B<br />
DGRT\F<br />
.GKNB<br />
NBZ[K<br />
QGXZF<br />
OEBC[<br />
QGGMPF<br />
\GYCEN<br />
\RGM\C<br />
,FTV[FF<br />
QG[NP<br />
.NB=Z[K<br />
FRGGM<br />
[GPK[<br />
QGXZC<br />
NCYN<br />
OEBC[<br />
\CGJN<br />
GPXT<br />
GB<br />
\CGJN<br />
.G\NGH<br />
ZGEF<br />
GZIBF<br />
Q 266
267<br />
OKIRGP QGNKP<br />
.\GBKXPF NM \B FDKFRPF FTV[FF \RGM\<br />
OKKJZVF OKYGIF NM \B FMG\C \NNGM<br />
.GRPNGTCG QGKNTF ONGTC[<br />
.KGNKPF \NCYN OGYP<br />
.\NGHN TKV[FN KEM KGNKPF \B NCYP[ OGYP<br />
.\NGHN FTV[FN KTXPB<br />
N[ OKNMC \[DZGPG \SV\R \GBKXPF \RGP\<br />
OKRYG\PF OKNM OF OKKPKRV OKNM .BZCRF<br />
\GBKXPF \[DZF \B OKBKCP OFG OMZGX NM<br />
OKRYG\P OKNM OF OKKRGXKI OKNM .\KPKRVF<br />
\RGP\ \B OKBKCP OFG ,KVGS BNG KYNI QVGBC<br />
QGYK\F \EKP KVN ,FYGIZF ,\KRGXKIF \GBKXPF<br />
\GBKXPF LM Z\GK QYG\P KNM[ NMM .OFC[<br />
QYG\P KNM[ NMMG ,Z\GK FCGZYM GC \[DZGP<br />
.Z\GK FYGIZM GC \[DZGP \GBKXPF ,\GIV<br />
N[ TKV[FN QGXZF .BZCRF FRCPC BZGCF DKXR<br />
FZKVSF BKF Z\MF[ BZCR G\GB KVNM BZGCF<br />
.GN[ FRG[BZF<br />
.BZCRF KVNM BZGCF \NGTV<br />
KRV NT (LSP) FRG[BZF FTV[FF \RGGM \NCY<br />
.BZCRF \GRGM\<br />
\RGM\ \ZGX \[DZGP OFC[ FRGGMF QGYK\ KCN[<br />
.FTV[FF<br />
.\GZGXF NMN EGSKFG [ZG[F<br />
.KRIGZF ONGTF QKCN FHF ONGTF QKC NGCDF<br />
,FBKZCF \ZJP \B \NNGMF FBKZCF \CKS<br />
.BZCRF N[ \KVGSF G\ZGX \B GRKKFE<br />
QGKNTF IGM<br />
(\GYGNB ;QGKNTF ZGB=)<br />
KNM<br />
KRIGZ KNM<br />
,OKKPKRV OKNM<br />
OKKRGXKI OKNM<br />
Z\M<br />
GKBZCRN CKJKFN<br />
\KRIGZ FEKN<br />
FD[FF \GDZEP<br />
\GFP<br />
OGSIP<br />
FBKZCF \C[IP<br />
GKBZCRN CKJKFN
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
268<br />
GRKKFE<br />
QGXZC<br />
,FPN[F FZGXC GKBZCRN CKJKFN<br />
.BZGCF EPTPN TKDK BZCRF[<br />
GB<br />
NCYN<br />
QGXZC[<br />
YGVKSF \[DZF<br />
.TKV[FN<br />
.BZCRC[ NCYN QGXZF<br />
KEK NT BZCR[ \GBKXPF NM N[ KNNMF QGXZF<br />
.QGKNTF ZGBF<br />
.BZCRC[ FTV[FF IGM \GZCD\F<br />
FTV[FF IGM \GJTP\F .NCYN QGXZF \GGF\F<br />
.BZCRC[<br />
QGXZF KRV NT \CMGZF \NGHN FTV[FF \RGGM<br />
.BZCRC[ NCYN<br />
(\GMNP) BZCRC[ KZK[TF YNIF \GNNM\F<br />
FBKCP (Z"J) \GRG[BZF \GRGM\F T[\C<br />
FH TEKP .NCYN QGXZF NT TEKP FNB \GRGM\N<br />
OB\FC KZK[TF YNIF NB SIKK\FN QFN Z[VBP<br />
.FID[FF \MZTP O[C FRGMP FH SIK .GTCJN<br />
GC[ ZGBFG NCYN QGXZF OKKGXP GC[ CXPF<br />
\C[IPC JNIGF[ KVM \KEEF FTV[FC<br />
.FBKZCF<br />
.FTV[FN FNCYF \RGM\ QGYK\<br />
FZGX \GG\[F N[ \PKGSP FEKP DK[PF BZCR<br />
.BZGCF OT<br />
.BZGCF OT GN[ Z[YF \B FNDPF NCYN QGXZF<br />
KEK NT GC \KRCRF BZGCF KVNM BZCRF \[DZF<br />
.LSPF<br />
FBKZCF \ZJP<br />
KGNKP<br />
\eMN^P#<br />
UGS=QKBE \GMNP<br />
(UGS=QKB ONGT N[ \GMNP)<br />
FNTPN FJPP<br />
FJPN FNTPP<br />
LSP<br />
FID[FF \MZTP<br />
FRGKNTF \MZTP<br />
FGGXP<br />
NCGYP<br />
BZCR<br />
IGZ \IR
269<br />
OKIRGP QGNKP<br />
FTV[FF \GRGM\C NCYN QGXZF \GNNM\F<br />
K\NC ZGB \NCY \[GI\ NCYN QGXZN FBKCPF<br />
.\NCDGP<br />
\KTCJF<br />
F\NGMKC<br />
.QGKNTF IGMF \B ZKMFN \GZZGT\FF<br />
G\RGM\<br />
\NCDGP<br />
.TKV[FN QGXZF<br />
.BZCRC[ NCYN QGXZF NEGD<br />
KVN<br />
K\NC<br />
NCYN<br />
QGXZC [GPK[<br />
.\KJSKBGDBF<br />
FP[R GC[ CXPF<br />
.BZGCN TKV[FN<br />
,\GRGKNTF \GRGM\F T[\C NCYN QGXZF \GNNM\F<br />
.FTV[FF \GRGM\<br />
FRGGM NM ZSI Z\GRF Z\GKC QJYF NCYN QGXZF<br />
.GN \GRF#N GB GRPP \GRFKN ,QGKNTF ZGBF KVNM<br />
OKKRVGDF OK[GIF \[PIC \[DZGPF \GBKXPF<br />
.OEBC[<br />
FZGXF \GG\[FN TKDPF OEBN FND\PF CXPF<br />
.QGKNTF IGMF NB FP=\EKPC<br />
.NCYN QGXZC \[DZGPF \GBKXPF<br />
GK\GRGM\ \BGG[FC OEBF ZCGT[ OKCXPF<br />
.FTV[FF \RGM\ ,QGKNTF IGMF \RGM\N<br />
ET \GKRIGZC BZCRF ZCGT[ OKCXPF \[GN[<br />
.FPN[F QGYK\F \EKPN GTKDF<br />
/\NGHN DGRT\ \VSG\ OGZDN FNGTVC FRGGM<br />
.BZGCN<br />
\GKIXR<br />
CNC[ FEGYR<br />
FP[R<br />
\GKCT<br />
FZKCT<br />
UGS=QKB ONGT<br />
BCF ONGT<br />
FHF ONGT<br />
KZPGIF ONGT<br />
;QGKNTF ONGT<br />
KRIGZF ONGT<br />
GRN[ ONGT<br />
\GPNGT<br />
\GNEDG \GRJY ,ZGCKT<br />
(QKIGPG FYKRK ,ZGCKT)<br />
TKV[FN \RP NT
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
270<br />
.GPXTN DGRT\ \VSG\ OGZDN FNGTVC FRGGM<br />
FZGXF \GG\[FN TKDFN \GYYG\[PF \GP[R<br />
.BZGCN<br />
ONGTF \KKSGNMGB K[RBP OKHGIB FZ[TM<br />
,OEB KRC QKC FTV[F \GNGTVN OKYYG\[PF<br />
NT BZGCN FTV[FN TKDFN FZJP GB Z[Y BNN<br />
.FNB \GNGTV KEK<br />
OKYNIF \T[\ .BZCRC[ OKYNIF \Z[T<br />
YNIFG ,GC[ ZGBF \GRGM\ OF OKRG[BZF<br />
.GC[ NCYN QGXZF BGF KZK[TF<br />
FRGKNTF FDFRFFG FID[FF \MZTP QKC NGCDF<br />
BSZVF .FKEK NT OKNTVGPF OKBZCRF QKCN<br />
,FBKZC \GPNGTN \GNKXBF ONGT QKC \BXPR<br />
.FK[TG FZKXK<br />
\GNTGVF BZCRF N[ \GZKVS Z[T NNGMF FRCP<br />
.QGKNTF ZGBN FZGXF \GG\[FC<br />
.\[CN\P BKF GKNT[ ZPGI BNN FTV[FF \ZGX<br />
.NCYN QGXZF NCYP[ FTV[FF \ZGX<br />
.FTV[F GB FNCY N[ OKRVGB<br />
.DGRT\ NCYNP GPXT \B NKCDFN QGXZF \NGTV<br />
FNKCDPF ,FTV[FF \GRGM\C QGXZF \NGTV<br />
.O\KB ZCI\FNP G\GB<br />
\ZCIC[ FTV[FF \ZGXN OKRYG\PF OKSIKF<br />
,LN[ { KN[" QGZYKTF KVN ,QGZIBF ZGEF<br />
."LN[ { LN[<br />
.FC [DZGP[ FP NMG FTV[FF \RGM\<br />
NCYN \RP NT<br />
NBZ[K OT<br />
KJSKBGZJNB QGZK[T<br />
\GZKVSF Z[T<br />
BSZV<br />
UGXZV<br />
\J[VGP FZGX<br />
ZPGIC \[CGNP FZGX<br />
(\GKRC\=) \GZGX<br />
OGXPX<br />
’C OGXPX<br />
KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGY<br />
\GKRIGZ
271<br />
OKIRGP QGNKP<br />
WGIP NB ,ZH GF[KPN FBRF OGZDN FRGGMF<br />
.TKV[FN QGXZ .QGXZN<br />
NCYN QGXZF (C) .QGKNTF ZGBF N[ GTCJ (B)<br />
NT [GPK[N FRGGMF KEK NT QYG\PF OEBC[<br />
.BZGCN/\NGHN TKV[FN \RP<br />
.DGRT\G FBRF NCYN QGXZF<br />
GPXT \B BNPN KTCJF QGXZF .OEBF N[ GTCJ<br />
.QGKNTF ZGBF KEK NT BZCR[<br />
TEKP KB\ .FRGGMF KEK NT O[GPKP OZJ \GRGXZF<br />
.[PPN EK\T OEBF[ \GZGXFG OKCXPF NT<br />
.GPXT BZCRC[ ZGBFP \GRFKN FRGGMF \GGF\F<br />
.QG[BZF OEB \MZTPC FP[RF OGYP<br />
.BZGCN FZGXF \GG\[FC BXPR[ BZCRF CXP<br />
.FTV[F GB FNCY N[ OKRVGB<br />
I\V\PF NCYN QGXZC [DZGP[ LKNF\F<br />
.BZGCN FZGXF \GG\[FC<br />
NMC \GND\FN EPGTF NNGMF QGKNTF ZGBF<br />
.OEBC[ OKRYG\PF \GRGXZF<br />
.TKV[FN QGXZN OEBC[ NCYN QGXZF KGRK[<br />
.FTV[FF \RGM\<br />
.FNCYF \RGM\<br />
[DZGP .NCYN QGXZC[ \GRYG\PF \GRGGMF OGMS<br />
.BZGCF \RGP\M QGXZC<br />
\GRF#N QGXZ<br />
TKV[FN QGXZ<br />
\GRFKN QGXZ<br />
NCYN QGXZ<br />
\GPK[Z<br />
BJI=) FZKC[<br />
(QG[BZF OEB<br />
FP[RF [ZG[<br />
\GPN[<br />
(\GZGX=) \GKRC\<br />
FBKZCF LKNF\<br />
FZG\<br />
QGYK\<br />
BZGCF \RGM\<br />
BZCRF \RGM\<br />
BZGCF \RGP\
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
272<br />
.NCYN QGXZF KGNKP \BXG\<br />
OHKBGDBP GN[ TCJF QGYK\N OEBF QGXZ<br />
.OHKBGZJNBN<br />
D"KZ\P CMZGP OEBC[ KJSKBGDBF NCYN QGXZF<br />
\RGGMC \GRGXZF D"KZ\ NM QGYK\ LKNF\ .\GRGXZ<br />
.\GGXP D"KZ\ OGKY BZYR FTV[FF<br />
DGRT\<br />
FNKV\<br />
\GGXP D"KZ\
,104 ,89 ,88 ,87 ,61 ,33 ,29 ZGB<br />
,226 ,166 ,161 ,136 ,128 ,109<br />
256 ,228<br />
,104 ,63 ,55 ,29 CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGB<br />
,212 ,176 ,152 ,144 ,139<br />
243 ,220 ,219 ,218<br />
,157 ,153 ,110 ,56 QGKNTF ZGB<br />
247 ,227 ,197 ,188 ,173<br />
201 ,167 ,30 ,29 QGYK\F ZGB<br />
,164 ,162 ,121 ,98 ,29 UKYP ZGB<br />
227 ,177 ,175 ,174<br />
,94 ,87 ,85 ,72 ,54 ,20 ,15 ,13 Z[GB<br />
,150 ,145 ,144 ,118 ,101 ,100<br />
239 ,183 ,164 ,161 ,151<br />
198 ,153 ,114 ,66 ,32 ,10 ,9 QGHKB<br />
,239 ,238 ,237 ,236 ,235 ,96 EGIKB<br />
241 ,240<br />
,128 ,114 ,86 "EIB CNC EIB [KBM"<br />
178 ,133<br />
91 JZCNB ,QKKJ[RKKB<br />
UGS=QKB ONGT FBZ UGS=QKB<br />
,152 ,150 ,119 ,88 ,62 ,61 ,48 OKYGNB<br />
181 ,168 ,163<br />
,175 ,154 ,62 ,37 ,29 ,25 OHKBGZJNB<br />
,218 ,211 ,210 ,202 ,197 ,193<br />
245 ,244 ,219<br />
175 KJSKBGZJNB QGZK[T<br />
,80 ,78{75 ,72 ,66 ,63 ,56 ,54 \PB<br />
107 ,93 ,91 ,85 ,83<br />
78 ,76 ,75 ,65 ,63 ,62 ,56 \PBF YGI<br />
I\VP<br />
273<br />
B<br />
214 ,181 ,137 ,134{132 OFZCB<br />
,124 ,115 ,103 ,76 ,74 ,25 ,8 OHKBGDB<br />
,196 ,182 ,180 ,166 ,156 ,134<br />
,225 ,218 ,211 ,210 ,209 ,199<br />
QGXZ OD FBZ ,250 ,245 ,229 ,226<br />
TZF \ZMF ;FNCY ;NCYN<br />
,134 ,122 ,91 ,70 ,39 ,37 ,11 GDB<br />
229 ,220 ,216 ,202 ,141 ,139<br />
85 OHKBGDBF \GGF\F<br />
,192 ,127 ,85 ,52 ,51 QG[BZF OEB<br />
\KNNMF FP[R OD FBZ ,194<br />
,166 ,164 ,144 ,127 ,81 ,17 FCFB<br />
,241 ,240 ,239 ,210 ,195 ,194<br />
247 ,245 ,244 ,243<br />
,121 ,117 ,88 ,72 \NGHF \CFB<br />
210 ,194<br />
,78 ,73 ,67 ,63 "LGPM LTZN \CFBG"<br />
,150 ,146 ,133 ,97 ,90{86<br />
,189 ,183 ,179{177 ,163 ,151<br />
,226 ,219 ,216 ,210 ,193 ,190<br />
243 ,238<br />
183 ,164 ,163 FCFBF YGI<br />
,201 ,180{176 ,133 ,97 ,96 ,13 FPGB<br />
248{232 ,223 ,204<br />
,181 ,180 ,134 ,96 ONGTF \GPGB<br />
,226{221 ,212 ,211 ,203 ,201<br />
,253 ,247 ,246 ,243 ,236 ,234<br />
257 ,254
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
274<br />
182 ,88 ,38 ,31 ,29 ,16 KVGS CXP<br />
227 ,138 ,132 ,8 FBKZCF \KRM\<br />
,205 ,169 ,160 ,104 ,85 ,43 OKNGDND<br />
206<br />
,221 ,212 ,211 ,135 ,134 ,133 \GND<br />
,248 ,247 ,241 ,238 ,226 ,222<br />
260 ,255<br />
,133 ,132 ,85 ,48 ,47 ,46 \GYCE<br />
,210 ,203 ,201 ,186 ,177 ,174<br />
244<br />
,97 ,56 ,32 ,8 Za+E#P^G KI IPGX ,OPGE<br />
227 ,222 ,188 ,161 ,139 ,119<br />
,124 ,121 ,120 ,12 \ZCI ,QGZIB ZGE<br />
229 ,227 ,205 ,183 ,169 ,154<br />
187{184 EGCM \G\GB<br />
229 ,228 ,227 ,193 ,187 FDFRF<br />
,193 ,189 ,175 ,169 \GVZJXF<br />
,216 ,215 ,198 ,197 ,194<br />
229<br />
203 ,192 OKPTF \GVZJXF<br />
193 ,191 ,189 FZCIF \PYF<br />
185 \NGHF \[DZF<br />
196 ,194 ,193 JV[PG YGI<br />
,193 ,190 ,187 ,186 ,184 LGRKI<br />
216 ,197 ,196<br />
228 ,215 ,168 ,167 FZCIF KESKKP<br />
217 ,216 ,215 LZEF KMK[PP<br />
191 FZCIF \CKHT<br />
198 FJKNY<br />
187 OKKIF \PZ<br />
94 ,86 ,43 ,8 QGBMKE<br />
,220 ,218 ,176 ,119 ,79 ,43 KGMKE<br />
256 ,255<br />
,189 ,182 ,179 ,174 FTV[FF \E<br />
226 ,218 ,203<br />
183 OKYGI<br />
D<br />
E<br />
,80 ,78 ,77 ,64{58 ,56 \PBF \EKP<br />
148 ,114{110 ,86<br />
\G[GRB<br />
205 ,9 \KRKTZD FPIGN<br />
,210 ,209 ,156 ,141 ,9 ,8 ,7 ZC[P<br />
211<br />
,122 ,21 ,13 \G[GRBF \EP[F \RMS<br />
,189 ,175 ,138 ,135 ,124<br />
235 ,210 ,205<br />
,67 ,61 KHRM[B BKZGN YIXK ’Z ,K"ZB<br />
253 ,252 ,251 ,249 ,102<br />
,39 (["CZF) OGN[ LGZC CZF ,DN[B<br />
205 ,125 ,117 ,53<br />
89 OHKB\B<br />
C<br />
,31 ,29 ,28 ,26 ,25 ,19{17 ,8 BZGC<br />
,128 ,63 ,61 ,60 ,55 ,52 ,37 ,32<br />
,214 ,213 ,210 ,204 ,162 ,152<br />
235 ,229 ,221 ,217<br />
,67 ,64 ,37 ,36 ,30 BZGCF \GCK[I<br />
161 ,157 ,147<br />
153 ,149 \GRDZGC<br />
,112 ,97 ,56 ,43 ,38 ,19 ,18 FZKIC<br />
199 ,193 ,159 ,148 ,147 ,143<br />
,165 ,124 ,96 ,92 ,77 ,44 ,13 QGIJKC<br />
,228 ,210 ,209 ,206 ,205 ,177<br />
245 ,241<br />
226 ,224{221 ,90 FR@Ka]<br />
226 ,225 ,180 ,135 ,133 [EYPF \KC<br />
227 FBKZC<br />
152 ,138 ,75 ,33 ,20 ,7 FBKZCF ZPGI<br />
,32 ,31 ,28 ,17 ,8 FBKZCF \C[IP<br />
,135 ,131 ,88 ,73 ,55 ,38 ,37<br />
212<br />
,29 ,27 ,18 ,16 ,10 FBKZCF \ZJP<br />
,128 ,99 ,86 ,85 ,55 ,41 ,35<br />
,158 ,157 ,150 ,147 ,134<br />
249 ,223 ,201 ,192 ,167 ,164<br />
,99 ,88 ,59 ,32 ,29 ,25 QYG\P CXP<br />
154 ,145 ,142 ,126
\G\E<br />
,15<br />
,16<br />
,62<br />
,63<br />
,179<br />
,182<br />
,183<br />
,203<br />
,204<br />
,217<br />
218<br />
\GZXGGKF<br />
\G\EF<br />
180<br />
F<br />
SKHJSGBKPGF<br />
,32<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
QGHKB<br />
,ZNJKF<br />
UNGEB<br />
,173<br />
,219<br />
220<br />
FKZGJSKF<br />
,8<br />
,12<br />
,20<br />
,21<br />
,45<br />
,55<br />
,58<br />
,75<br />
,80<br />
,87<br />
,93<br />
,100<br />
,123<br />
,132<br />
,149<br />
,153<br />
,168<br />
,179<br />
,202<br />
,234<br />
,236<br />
,246<br />
250<br />
\ZMF<br />
TZF<br />
,12<br />
,52<br />
,64<br />
,87<br />
,88<br />
,99<br />
,103<br />
,134<br />
,138<br />
,139<br />
,144<br />
,155<br />
,165<br />
,169<br />
,175<br />
,180<br />
,197{195<br />
,202<br />
,218<br />
,250<br />
251<br />
FYKJYNBKE<br />
197<br />
FBRF<br />
,7<br />
,11<br />
,20<br />
,25<br />
,38<br />
,39<br />
,41<br />
,100<br />
,119<br />
,125<br />
,126<br />
,127<br />
,152<br />
,222<br />
,240<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
DGRT\<br />
FTV[F<br />
,32<br />
,35<br />
,38<br />
,63<br />
,64<br />
,66<br />
,89<br />
,114<br />
,115<br />
,119<br />
,131<br />
,141<br />
,144<br />
,150<br />
,153<br />
,155<br />
,163<br />
,174<br />
,185<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
QGXZ<br />
;TKV[FN<br />
FRK\R<br />
YGI<br />
FTV[FF<br />
,65<br />
,66<br />
,67<br />
,75<br />
,76<br />
,77<br />
,78<br />
,81<br />
,151<br />
,152<br />
,155<br />
,158<br />
,190<br />
,192<br />
,193<br />
,226<br />
229<br />
FTV[FF TCJ<br />
196 ,177 ,158 ,20 ,19<br />
IGM<br />
FTV[FF<br />
,29<br />
,33<br />
,34<br />
,39<br />
,75<br />
,142<br />
,150<br />
,153<br />
154<br />
\RGM\<br />
FTV[FF<br />
,29<br />
,39<br />
,125<br />
,131<br />
,134<br />
,205<br />
,210<br />
,211<br />
,221<br />
229<br />
FZGXF \GG\[F<br />
,154 ,149 ,73 ,55 ,35 ,33<br />
193 ,182 ,179 ,177 ,167 ,157 ,155<br />
YGI<br />
\GG\[F<br />
FZGXF<br />
,32<br />
61<br />
\GYYG\[F<br />
,16<br />
,17<br />
,19<br />
,29<br />
,43<br />
,62<br />
,66<br />
,71<br />
,84<br />
,86<br />
,88<br />
,144<br />
,147<br />
,148<br />
,159<br />
,162<br />
,185<br />
,212<br />
,216<br />
,227<br />
,255<br />
256<br />
\GNNM\F<br />
,97<br />
,110<br />
,128<br />
,135<br />
212<br />
H<br />
,ZFGH<br />
ZVS<br />
,12<br />
,138<br />
,182<br />
,201<br />
,226<br />
,242<br />
243<br />
\GND\F<br />
260{249<br />
QPH<br />
,17<br />
,31<br />
,35<br />
,41<br />
,42<br />
,44<br />
,45<br />
,103<br />
,104<br />
,123<br />
,137<br />
,146<br />
,153<br />
,155<br />
,167<br />
,177<br />
,182<br />
,198<br />
,206<br />
,211<br />
,212<br />
,249<br />
251<br />
I<br />
FCKCS/FZCI<br />
KTXPBM)<br />
\GI\V\FN<br />
(\KRIGZ<br />
,30<br />
,36<br />
,37<br />
,41<br />
,42<br />
,44<br />
,46<br />
,53<br />
,146 ,143 ,142 ,139 ,73 ,64 ,54<br />
,147<br />
,148<br />
,155<br />
,160<br />
,161<br />
,162<br />
,167<br />
,196<br />
199<br />
FZCI(F)<br />
\KEK\T(F)<br />
,9<br />
,12<br />
,87<br />
,174<br />
,179<br />
,184<br />
,186<br />
,187<br />
,190<br />
,194<br />
,198<br />
,206<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
ZGE<br />
QGZIB<br />
ZPGI<br />
,32<br />
,33<br />
,42<br />
,51<br />
,65<br />
,67<br />
,110<br />
,137<br />
,150<br />
,153<br />
,157<br />
,188<br />
227<br />
ONGT<br />
ZPGIF<br />
,7<br />
189<br />
TV[<br />
ZGYP)<br />
TV[F<br />
ONGTC<br />
(ZPGIF<br />
187<br />
ZPGI<br />
YNE<br />
,34<br />
,60<br />
,62<br />
,63<br />
,87<br />
,152<br />
,153<br />
,157<br />
,162<br />
,176<br />
,177<br />
210<br />
YGI<br />
\GI\V\FF<br />
,13<br />
,31<br />
,36<br />
,41<br />
,42<br />
,44<br />
,45<br />
55<br />
YGI<br />
JV[PG<br />
YGI :QGZIB ZGE FBZ<br />
JV[PG<br />
YGI<br />
KNNM<br />
,56<br />
,61<br />
,62<br />
,63<br />
,65<br />
,78<br />
,81<br />
,152<br />
,189<br />
,190<br />
,227<br />
229<br />
QCZGI<br />
,20<br />
,80<br />
,81<br />
,83<br />
,86<br />
,91<br />
,93<br />
,115<br />
,119<br />
,133<br />
,134<br />
,135<br />
,150<br />
,180<br />
,237<br />
,257<br />
259<br />
LGRKI<br />
,8<br />
,10<br />
,79<br />
,92<br />
,98<br />
,107<br />
,110<br />
,112<br />
,113<br />
,136<br />
,174<br />
,184<br />
,190<br />
,194<br />
,195<br />
,205<br />
,209<br />
,217<br />
,225<br />
,233<br />
,244{242<br />
,247<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
ZGE<br />
:QGZIB<br />
LGRKI<br />
\PMI<br />
FNCYF<br />
,7<br />
,10<br />
,16<br />
,18<br />
,33<br />
,45<br />
,140 ,137 ,104 ,102 ,70 ,55 ,52<br />
,147<br />
,180<br />
,205<br />
243<br />
I\VP<br />
275
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
276<br />
204 ,168 ,108 ,94 ,8 [GBKK<br />
,125 ,105 ,88 ,63 ,35 ,21 ,20 OKZGSKK<br />
,192 ,175 ,155 ,145 ,144 ,143<br />
249 ,206<br />
OKMZE K\[ :QGYK\ FBZ OKZGSKK LZE<br />
257 ,159 ,128 ,116 OKZGSKKF \ZJP<br />
134 ,123 ,61 OKZGSKKF \CKS<br />
,222 ,221 ,212 ,211 ,201 ,13 NBZ[K<br />
,253 ,247 ,243 ,226 ,225 ,224<br />
\GKRGXKIG \GKPKRV OD FBZ<br />
,242 ,226 ,222 ,212 ,138 NBZ[K WZB<br />
246 ,243<br />
253 ,203 ,104 NB=Zr@K@ \RKIC<br />
254 ,253 ,134 ,133 NBZ[K KRC<br />
,225 ,221 ,212 ,180 ZICRF OTF<br />
244<br />
243 ,225 ,224 ,223 NBZ[K \RKEP<br />
236 OTC DGNKVF \CKS<br />
,138 ,137 ,134 ,89 ,61 NBZ[K OT<br />
,235 ,234 ,223 ,218 ,180<br />
257 ,246 ,244 ,243<br />
QGXZF \GI\V\F :NCYN QGXZ FBZ EGCM<br />
122 ,109 ,81 ,67 ,63 ,61 FMK[PF IGM<br />
,128 ,63 ,62 ,53 ,17 ,7 QGKNT IGM<br />
,147 ,142 ,139 ,137 ,136 ,131<br />
,182 ,176 ,155 ,153 ,151 ,149<br />
250 ,236 ,227 ,217 ,203{201<br />
224 ,223 ,189 ,141 ,136 ,123 FNMNM<br />
,254 ,118 ,91 ,56 ,53 ,51 ,26 NNM<br />
ZGCKX OD FBZ<br />
254 ,245 ,215 OKGG[ JZVG NNM<br />
,173 ,161 ,143 ,126 ,65 ,35 FKKVM<br />
,198 ,197 ,195 ,177 ,176 ,174<br />
,218 ,217 ,216 ,210 ,206 ,199<br />
240 ,219<br />
M<br />
P<br />
204 \GKXJKEP<br />
249 ,211 ,89 ,67 ,29 ,12 FNCYF KGNKD<br />
104 ,94 \GKGD[ \GIGGZ \GTE<br />
9 ZCTC FNCYF \Z\SF<br />
,105 ,101 ,98 ,90 ,9 FNCYF \XVF<br />
,205 ,203 ,201 ,138 ,128<br />
227 ,217 ,207<br />
,177 ,128 ,123 ,21 FNCYF \GKEGIKK<br />
256 ,220 ,203<br />
,85 ,80 ,79 ,78 ,75 ,65 ,55 ,54 ESI<br />
,110 ,109 ,108 ,107 ,93 ,91 ,86<br />
249 ,113 ,111<br />
J<br />
,62 ,57 ,32 ,28 ,16 ,10 ,9 ,8 ,7 TCJ<br />
,161 ,150 ,145 ,141 ,131 ,125<br />
;QGHKB OD FBZ ,199 ,188 ,168<br />
;\GI\V\FF YGI ;SKHJSGBKPGF<br />
KNNM YGI<br />
236 ,151 ,76 TCJF \GZXGB<br />
,131 ,90 ,63 ,12 ,9 ,7 TCJF YGI<br />
,192 ,164 ,163 ,158 ,154<br />
229 ,193<br />
156 ,81 ,71 TCJF \ZKYI<br />
TZF \ZMF OD FBZ ,53 ,52 ,51 TZG CGJ<br />
135 ,104 ,85 JNIGP CGJ<br />
86 ,76 ,20 FKDGNGRMJ<br />
220 ,209 ,122 ,94 ,8 ZGZJ<br />
,147 ,126 ,112 ,84 ,60 ,58 ,41 ,19 FTKDK<br />
222 ,166 ,163 ,162 ,161 ,154<br />
QGXZF \GI\V\F :NCYN QGXZ FBZ TEK<br />
,122 ,121 ,101 ,95 ,93 ,69 ,21 EKIK<br />
FBZ ,244 ,239 ,238 ,177 ,176<br />
JZV OD<br />
,101{95 ,72 ,53 ,51 ZGCKXG EKIK<br />
248{238 ,189 ,118<br />
,119 ,118 ,117 ,116 ,115 ,97 \GKEKIK<br />
120<br />
73 ,72 ,71 \GKEKIKF YGI<br />
K
277<br />
I\VP<br />
,176 ,163 ,100 ,85 ,52 ,43 ,8 FIV[P<br />
240 ,209 ,194 ,193 ,177<br />
145 ,52 ,32 ,31 ,18 ,8 BZCR<br />
,92 ,84 ,83 ,81 ,80 ,79 ,78 OKN[IR<br />
112<br />
220 LKZEKZV ,F[JKR<br />
152 ,76 ,74 ,71 ,70 NGXKR<br />
,76 ,40 ,38 ,37 ,16 ,10 ,9 \GKIXR<br />
,202 ,174 ,166 ,154 ,128 ,119<br />
222 ,219 ,206 ,204<br />
200 ,43 ,19 CNC[ FEGYR<br />
,127 ,114 ,86 ,52 ,51 \KNNMF FP[R<br />
OEB OD FBZ ,229 ,146 ,144 ,128<br />
QG[BZF<br />
,147 ,132 ,86 ,85 ,38 FZKC[<br />
221<br />
,182 ,157 ,117 ,55 FP[RF [ZG[<br />
233 ,229 ,205 ,204 ,194<br />
,95 ,63 ,58 ,56 ,39 ,34 ,9 ,8 ,7 FRK\R<br />
,151 ,148 ,142 ,125 ,113 ,107<br />
OD FBZ ,202 ,185 ,175 ,152<br />
TKV[FN QGXZ ;FTV[F<br />
LZGXF KVN FNCYG \NGMKF KVN FRK\R<br />
,89 ,66 ,63 ,62 ,61 ,59 ,58<br />
245 ,192 ,175{173 ,112<br />
R<br />
S<br />
\GI\V\FN KTXPBM) FCKCS/FZCI FBZ FCKCS<br />
(\KRIGZ<br />
,75 ,63 ,56 ,55 ,40 ,36 ,35 ,8 NCS<br />
,155 ,145 ,139 ,123 ,96 ,90 ,88<br />
,221 ,206 ,192 ,168 ,159 ,158<br />
257 ,249 ,241 ,223<br />
,217 ,156 ,89 ,60 ,59 OHKNBKXGS<br />
237<br />
220 ,219 UKSGK ,QKNJS<br />
204 OKVGDKS<br />
209 ,94 ,86 ,8 OKPS<br />
,101 ,100 ,97 ,92 ,53 ,21 FRKEP<br />
,190 ,178 ,149 ,138 ,124{121<br />
245 ,240 ,238 ,219 ,192<br />
,86 ,81 ,73 ,62 ,61 ,33 ,20 ,9 ,7 TEP<br />
,144 ,134 ,124 ,103{101 ,90<br />
209 ,205 ,204 ,164 ,154<br />
FBZ ,203 ,116 ,18 ,16 OKKIF \GFP<br />
\ZJP :FBKZC ;OGKYF \NB[ OD<br />
FBKZCF<br />
182 \GGP<br />
\GI\V\F :NCYN QGXZ FBZ \GNM[GP<br />
QGXZF<br />
,122 ,109 ,96 ,74 ,45 ,32 FC[IP<br />
,176 ,164 ,163 ,161 ,157 ,155<br />
255 ,254 ,213 ,187 ,185<br />
,176 ,124 ,123 ,88 ,77 ,13 ,9 FPINP<br />
241 ,207 ,177<br />
226 ,224 ,221 \eMN^P#<br />
,61 ,33 ,32 ,31 ,25 ,18 ,17 ,8 \GBKXP<br />
,214 ,180 ,161 ,156 ,117 ,90<br />
YGI ;SKHJSGBKPGF ;QGHKB OD FBZ<br />
KNNM YGI ;\GI\V\FF<br />
,145 ,28 ,27 ,26 \GBKXPF KTGZKB<br />
163<br />
,17 ,12 ,11 FPN[G \K\KPB \GBKXP<br />
65<br />
81 ,65 ,18 ,11 \GBKXPF \[DZF<br />
227 \GBKXPF ZYI<br />
154 ,47 \KRIGZ \GBKXP<br />
193 ,163 FRGKNT \GBKXP<br />
98 ,96 ,10 \GBKXPF \RGP\<br />
97 ,96 ,12 ,7 \GBKXPF \SKV\<br />
,105 ,104 ,67 ,17 ,16 ,11 ,7 OKNCGYP<br />
,162 ,154 ,150 ,143 ,134 ,131<br />
,197 ,196 ,181 ,174 ,167 ,163<br />
251 ,249 ,222 ,213 ,212 ,206<br />
,186 ,173 ,169 ,98 FZCIF \DFRF<br />
229 ,228 ,227 ,215 ,193<br />
,156 ,121 ,36 ,21 OKNCGYPF \GXT<br />
227 ,219 ,167<br />
157 BZGCF KIKN[<br />
197 ,121 ,65 ,64 QGZYKT ,YI[P
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
278<br />
Y<br />
T<br />
FNCYF \PMI FBZ FNCY<br />
,56 ,52 ,43 ,42 ,38 ,36 (\KPXT) FNCY<br />
,120 ,119 ,114 ,113 ,66 ,64 ,58<br />
,152 ,150 ,143 ,141 ,131 ,125<br />
QGXZ OD FBZ ,245 ,221 ,177 ,154<br />
TZF \ZMF ;OHKBGDB ;NCYN<br />
,89 ,86 ,66 ,62 ,60 ,59 OHKRGPGY<br />
,201 ,176 ,157 ,156 ,152{149<br />
216{214 ,211 ,209<br />
,173 ,171 ,65 KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGY<br />
,192 ,189 ,179 ,178 ,177 ,175<br />
224,221,218{214,209,197,195<br />
224 ,216 ,152 ,149 ,89 OKXGCKY<br />
,244 ,243 ,242 ,140 ,32 ,28 \GKRIGZ<br />
FCKCS/FZCI OD FBZ ,254 ,249<br />
(\KRIGZ \GI\V\FN KTXPBM)<br />
204 FRGMR FZEDF<br />
,146 ,140 ,134 ,132 ,40 ,37 FZ\SF<br />
159 ,158 ,148<br />
,63 ,48 ,47 ,38 ,34 ,33 ,18 QGKNTF<br />
108 ,66<br />
,76 ,48 ,45 ,42 ,17 \KRIGZ FD[F<br />
,198 ,197 ,193 ,190 ,181 ,133<br />
229 ,228 ,213<br />
49 ,45 ,36 ,34 ,33 ,31 \GI\V\F<br />
134 ,18 ,17 \KRIGZ FZMF ZSGI<br />
204 ,148 ,37 ,15 [GVKI<br />
,104 ,86 ,85 ,51 ,48 ,47 ,33 ,18 KNM<br />
,160 ,136 ,133 ,126 ,119 ,109<br />
252 ,251 ,250 ,228 ,183<br />
140 \KRIGZ FEKN<br />
,113,88,76,75,49,47,45,37 \GDZEP<br />
257 ,227 ,213 ,182 ,162 ,120<br />
202 ,201 ,168 \KRIGZ FMVFP<br />
,140 (\GKRIGZN \GKP[D QKC) OGSIP<br />
185 ,168<br />
Z<br />
79 \GECT<br />
79 KRZEGPF EGCT[F<br />
,164 (OHKBGDBN/NCYN QGXZN) \GECT<br />
199 ,165<br />
164 (TKV[FN QGXZN \GECT) ’F \GECT<br />
,120 ,65 ,47 ,45 ,21 ,17 UGS=QKB ONGT<br />
182 ,166<br />
181 BCF ONGT<br />
,67 ,47 ,45 ,21 ,18 ,11 ,7 FHF ONGT<br />
,137 ,132 ,125 ,120 ,104 ,85<br />
,181 ,166 ,153 ,151 ,147 ,141<br />
254 ,205 ,185<br />
21 ,11 QGKNT ONGT<br />
,113 ,81 ,76 ,75 ,65 ,39 ,7 GRN[ ONGT<br />
218 ,146<br />
QGXZF \GI\V\F :NCYN QGXZ FBZ Z[GT<br />
V<br />
205 ,181 ,61 ,16 FKVGSGNKV<br />
,190 ,168 ,117 ,105 ,92 ,91 FEKPZKV<br />
228 ,227 ,210 ,191<br />
181 SZGD\KV<br />
260{253 ,243 \GKRGXKIG \GKPKRV<br />
,95 ,74 ,58 ,56 ,54 ,53 ,51 ,26 JZV<br />
,126 ,123 ,122 ,118 ,98 ,97<br />
,238 ,210 ,204 ,191 ,156 ,127<br />
EKIK OD FBZ ,254 ,247 ,240<br />
X<br />
,86 ,84 ,83 ,79 ,75 ,65 ,55 ,54 YEX<br />
194 ,114{107<br />
,111 ,102 ,95 ,93 ,91 ,59 ,21 ZGCKX<br />
,187 ,177 ,176 ,175 ,173 ,122<br />
EKIK :EKIK OD FBZ ,206 ,197<br />
NNM ;ZGCKXG<br />
218 ,215 ,212 ,194 ,173 ZGCKXF \TE<br />
237 ,192 ,177{173 ZGCKXF CGZ
279<br />
I\VP<br />
,81 ,80 ,78 "LN[ { LN[ ,KN[ { KN["<br />
176 ,174 ,173 ,93 ,91 ,84 ,83<br />
,175 ,173 "LN[ { LN[ ,LN[ { KN["<br />
176<br />
,193 ,136 ,63 ,42 ,39 ,38 ,36 FJKN[<br />
QGXZ OD FBZ ,256 ,243 ,240 ,216<br />
QGXZF \GI\V\F :NCYN<br />
,40 ,38 ,37 ,26 ,21 ,17 ,11 ,9 \GPN[<br />
,166 ,128 ,119 ,117 ,85 ,76 ,63<br />
219 ,206 ,202 ,185<br />
,177 ,138 ,134 ,96 ,88 ,86 FBR[<br />
,233 ,218 ,211 ,201 ,198 ,180<br />
246 ,243 ,239 ,238 ,234<br />
\<br />
,114 ,73 ,62 ,41 ,29 ,18 ,9 QGYK\<br />
,157 ,154 ,152 ,142 ,140{132<br />
,221 ,214 ,210 ,206 ,205 ,176<br />
260{250 ,229{226<br />
218 ,186 ,116 ,114 ,59 ,29 QGYK\F ZPD<br />
196 ,28 ,26 QGYK\F \GFP<br />
,174 ,138 ,137 ,132 QGYK\F \JK[<br />
251 ,250 ,218 ,217<br />
,158 ,99 ,91 ,88 ,55 OKMZE K\[<br />
177 ,167 ,164<br />
,147 ,92 ,84 ,72 ,58 \GENGP \GRGM\<br />
213 ,184<br />
,35 ,33 ,29 ,25 ,20 ,17 ,11 ,7 DGRT\<br />
,165 ,148 ,127 ,126 ,125 ,104<br />
FBRF OD FBZ ,222 ,221<br />
144 ,47 ,46 ,45 FNKV\<br />
,225 ,209 ,183 ,136 ,134 ,9 ,8 \GCZ\<br />
247 ,246 ,242 ,238 ,237<br />
(\GI\V\FF KCN[) \GNEDG \GRJY ,ZGCKT<br />
48 ,45 ,34 ,31<br />
27 ,25 EGIKKF \NGTV<br />
181 SRFGK ,QKNMKGZ<br />
,149 ,93 ,66 ,65 ,60 ,59 ,58 FKSGZ<br />
,192 ,173 ,161 ,157 ,152 ,150<br />
248 ,217 ,216 ,215 ,209<br />
202 ,168 SRSRZ<br />
,128 ,125 ,114 ,45 ,37 TKV[FN QGXZ<br />
OD FBZ ,214 ,166 ,165 ,153 ,132<br />
FRK\R ;FTV[F<br />
NCYN QGXZ FBZ \GRFKN QGXZ<br />
,29 ,25 ,20 ,7 (DGRT\G FBRF) NCYN QGXZ<br />
,126 ,110 ,61 ,41 ,39 ,35 ,33 ,31<br />
,166{164 ,161 ,153 ,132 ,128<br />
OD FBZ ,221 ,214 ,212 ,210<br />
TZF \ZMF ;FNCY ;OHKBGDB<br />
,65 ,62 ,43 ,31 ,20 QGXZF \GI\V\F<br />
135 ,100 ,70 ,69 ,67<br />
[<br />
,116 ,98 ,66 ,18 ,15 OGKYF \NB[<br />
222 ,218 ,204 ,203 ,140<br />
118 ,114 ,112 ,111 ,92 ,84 QGKGG[<br />
,108 ,96 ,71 ,32 ,28 ,20 (URTG) [ZG[<br />
,221 ,211 ,180 ,115 ,112 ,110<br />
243 ,236 ,224 ,223<br />
,153 ,152 ,125 ,92 ,63 ,60 ,59 ZM[<br />
,184 ,182 ,174 ,161 ,160 ,154<br />
210 ,185<br />
,86{83 ,80 ,79 ,77 ,75 ,65 ,54 ,10 OGN[<br />
,118 ,114{107 ,102 ,101 ,96{89<br />
223 ,209 ,176 ,128 ,124{121
OKRKKRTF<br />
QMG\<br />
285 .................................<br />
’ 288 FCK\M QPH ’ 287 QGZIBF ZGEF :O[F ZGYP ’ 286 OKC\MF QMG\<br />
QGKTZ OGEKYN ONGSF NTC N[ G\GNKTV ’ 291 OKC\MC OKZMHGPF OK[KBF<br />
.293 ZGBN OKC\MF \BXGF<br />
’<br />
291 OHKBGZJNBF<br />
294 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\eZCT]" IGN<br />
295 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
OKZGXKYG \GCK\ K[BZ IGN<br />
297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
311 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CGKI<br />
315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
321 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
323 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
FNKN[<br />
IGMKG<br />
\G[EI<br />
325 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GJGKJG \GVSG\<br />
.343 ZBGBFRVG[N ONGSF NTC QKC OKNECFF<br />
345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
’ 346 OKJPJSGV ’D ’ 345 NM[N OKPEGY OK[TP ’ 345 ZGEF N[ OKDKFRP<br />
\TEC[ NGYNYF ’ 346 ZGCKXF \TEG EKIKF \TE ’ 346 ZY[G \PB<br />
QKC F[TR[ EGDKRF ’ 347 OHKNBKXGSFG FKJZYGPEF ZGYP ’ 347 ZGCKXF<br />
ONGT QKKRC<br />
’<br />
348 ’\K GPT JYBJRGY<br />
’<br />
347 OHKNBKXGSFG FKJZYGPEF<br />
’<br />
350 \IBF FXTF<br />
’<br />
349 FKRPZD \ENG\ FRKB OHKXBR<br />
’<br />
348 [EIP<br />
\GFP ’ 351 ?H"FGTN WGIP GFP ’ 351 H"FGTN WGIP ’ 350 OHKNKFKR<br />
OKNGYNYF \GFP ’ 353 ONGTF \SKV\ ’ 352 ZGCKXF KDKFRP ’ 352 \EF<br />
OEBM KCKJKPKZV BGF QKKRP CGZ ’ 353 QKKRC CGZG QKKRP CGZ ’ 353 ORGYK\G<br />
’ 354 OKRGBDF ’ 353 \EF BKF FZKFP Z\GKF FNGTVF ’ 353 KRGPEYF<br />
OKCGJ OK[TP ’ 356 FZG\ LZE ’ 355 FZKICG \GK\CKS ’ 354 FKDGNGBNJ<br />
OKEGCT[ ’C ’ 358 OKKIFP \KNM\F ’ 357 OKKIF \PDP ’ 356 \GGXPG<br />
.358 ONGTC<br />
359 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
359 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B TJY<br />
.359 \GNTPF<br />
’<br />
359 KJPDZV OHKRGPGY<br />
BGCP<br />
FPEYF<br />
B YNI<br />
C YNI<br />
D YNI
360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C TJY<br />
’ 360 QKKRC CGZ :ZGCKXF \TEC[ NGYNYF ’ 360 ZGCKXF \TEG EKIKF \TE<br />
KZV BGF OHKXBR ’ 361 KRPZD JRJV GRKB OHKXBRF ’ 361 [EI QKKRC<br />
’ 363 ZY[G \PB ’ 362 OKKIF \PDP ’ 362 OHKJPDZV ’ 361 OHKNBKXGSF<br />
’ 363 \GGXP F[TP ’ 363 K[VR LZGX ’ 363 K\EF QGZYKTF ’ 363 LZGXF<br />
OHKBGDBF ’ 364 \E YZ FRY\ QKB KZGCKX OHKBGDBN ’ 364 SGPKR \GKZSGP<br />
\ZB[F ’ 364 ZBGBV CKJGP ’ 364 NGVM \GK\NTG\ ’ 364 KTCJF<br />
\GKNNZV<br />
’<br />
366 ZCJXP [GMZG ,SGSYGN<br />
’<br />
365 OK[GI ’F<br />
’<br />
365 [VRF<br />
’<br />
367 \GK\NTG\<br />
’<br />
366 ONGTC[ \GKGTJF NM ZGYP<br />
’<br />
366 \KHKV=GMKSV<br />
.367 FTKEK ’ 367 NVZGTP LKCS\<br />
369 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
369 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B TJY<br />
370 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
C TJY<br />
373 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D TJY<br />
.374 QGPFC FRGPB ’ 373 ’D \KRMG\ ’ 373 ’C \KRMG\ ’ 373 ’B \KRMG\<br />
377 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
’<br />
380 ?QKPKN GMN[GF FPN<br />
’<br />
380 ?SYZP \BGCR FPKY\RF<br />
’<br />
377 \KI[\ NC<br />
\GEPTP ’ 381 \[CG[PF \GKRKEPF ’ 380 GPXT G\ZG\C ZGCY CNMF<br />
’ 384 \GKRKEP N[ FRGZIB FNKP ’ 383 NBGDF \BKC ’ 383 NXTG HKZH :[EIP<br />
:FNG[KC QPH ZFPN ’ 386 JNIGP \PB ’ 385 FBEKB N[ OKRV UGXZV<br />
.386 \GK\EC<br />
387 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
E YNI<br />
F YNI<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF KC\MN I\VP
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF<br />
KC\MN<br />
BGCP<br />
ONGSF NTC N[ \GPK[ZG OKZPBP OKNKMP "QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M"<br />
OKRKKRTC OKRE OKC\MF .ZGB GBZ OZJ ONGMM OCGZ Z[B (1954{1884)<br />
OFKRVC[ FNB \BG \G[GRBF F\GGI[ OKZJ[PF \B OKI\RPG OKK\ZCI<br />
NMN .FKKVGBNG \KNBZ[KF FPGBF EKYV\N [DE Q\P LG\ ,\EPGT BKF<br />
OHKXBRF \TVG\C FCIZFC ONGSF NTC YSGT OKC\MF N[ OMZGB<br />
.F\GGF\FN OKPZGDF \B \KRMVFPG \KEGIKK \KGGHP I\RPG<br />
\G[GRBF N[ \KJYNBKEF F\GI\V\F \B OKZYGS "QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M"<br />
EPGT KTCJF \GI\V\FF YGI KM TKZ\P ONGSF NTC .OKCZ OKJCKFP<br />
,OKKJSK[VG OKKXBR OKZJ[P ONGTF KCIZC GPGYK GC[ CXP NB GRBKCFN<br />
BGF .\GVSGR ONGT \GPINPC K[GRBF QKPF CGZ \EIMF KEKN GBKCKG<br />
I\V\FN FNGNT OKCZ KRKTC QVGEF \BXGKG FDKZIF FTVG\F KM ZKFHP<br />
:EGTG EGT<br />
ECNC BKRPZD \ENG\N OHKXBRF \B OKC[GIF \GTJC ONGTF"<br />
GTGGDK OKXBRF[ NNM FGY\ QKBG FHC OKG[ \GPGBF NM |...~<br />
QKSYBHBNDRBF GNCYK ZIP KM ,\KZCF KNTC N[ QGIXRF OT<br />
."OHKXBRF \B |OKSYS=GNDRBF~<br />
BKRPZD F\TG BKNJKB OKRVNP ,OGK OGK NGEDG FCZ\P OHK[BVF"<br />
."’GMG ’GMG USF NT \EPGT BYKZPB QMG BKRNGV ZIPNG<br />
\B OKJZV KJZVC DKXPG ,JGNKP LZEG BXGP \G[GRBN TKXP ONGSF NTC<br />
\G[GRBNG { [KBG [KB NMN BKCFN G\TEN NMGK[ EKIKF K\ZCIF FRCPF<br />
.Z[GBG OGN[ ,FGGN[ ,QGIJKC ,YGVKS KBNP OKKI { EIBM FNGM<br />
285
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
286<br />
NTC N[ \GRGZIBF GK\GR[C GC\MR KM FBZR OKC\MC ZGPBF KV NT<br />
1933=C OSZGV[ "OGN[F" SZJRGYN ZK[K L[PF OKGGFP OFG ,ONGSF<br />
,OFC[ KZYKTN EGIKKCG { "FPBAF" QG\KTC 1940=C GPSZGV[ OKZPBPNG<br />
FPGBF EGIKB \NB[N QGZ\VG F[EIF \GBKXP ZGBN OHKSYZPN \ZGYC"<br />
OKC\MF N[ ORMG\G ,L[PFC EGPTR GKNT[ ,O\CK\M QPH ."FKPZH NT<br />
\Y\ZPF G\R[P N[ K[TPF FPGMKS \B OFC \GBZN Q\KR KM OKZGP<br />
.ONGSF NTC N[ UYKFF=\CIZG<br />
OKC\MF QMG\<br />
FZXYC ZB\R QNFN .OKYNI F[KPIN OKYNGIP "QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M"<br />
.OFP EIB NM YSGT FPC<br />
OKB[GRF QKC .OFP \KXIPM SVG\G OKC\MC KHMZPF YNIF BGF B YNI<br />
EPTPG OKXGZIF EPTP ,OHKBGZJNBG OHKBGDB :YSGT BGF OFC[<br />
KJSKBGDB OHKRGPGYP ,KVG\K[ ZJ[P NGP KR[GMZ ZJ[P ,OKN[IRF<br />
FNCYF \JK[C [GPK[F ,\KPGBN=QKCF \KVG\K[F FZCIF ,OHKXBRN<br />
.\KJSKBGZJNBF \KEK\TF FZCIF \ZKXKN ZK[MPCM<br />
OK[TP :GRMG\ \B FRPBR GZB\K FH YNIC \GKGXPF \GZ\GMF { C YNI<br />
QKC F[TR[ EGDKRF ,ZGCXF \TEG EKIKF \TE ,ZY[G \PB ,NM[N OKPEGY<br />
\ENG\ FRKB OHKXBR ,[EIP ONGT QKRC ,OHKNBKXGSFG FKJZYGPEF<br />
QKRP CGZ ,ZGCXF \TEC BGF ORGYK\G OKNGYNYF \GFP ,OHKNKFKR ,FKRPZD<br />
,FZKICG \GK\CKS ,KRGPEYF OEBM KCKJKPKZV BGF QKRP CGZ ,QKRC CGZG<br />
.OKKIFP \KNM\F<br />
KVG\K[F ZJ[PF \ZGXC QE ’B TJY .OKTJY KR[N YNGIP D YNI<br />
\GZ\GMF QKC .OKRG[ OKB[GRC YSGT ’C TJY .GK\GNTPCG KJPDZVF<br />
\PB ,OKKIF \PDP ,OHKJPDZV ,OHKNBKXGSF KZV BGF OHKXBR :GC \GBCGPF<br />
.[VRF \ZB[F ,KTCJF OHKBGDBF ,K[VR LZGX GFP ,LZGXF ,ZY[G<br />
FTV[FF QGZYTC YSGT ’B TJY .OKTJY F[GN[N YNGIP E YNI<br />
.FTV[FF KYGI KV NT FKGRCF FZCIF \GRGZYT \B ZB\P ’C TJY .\NGHN<br />
,GNGM ONGTC "OHKBGZJNBF \E" J[V\\ GC[ QVGBF \B ZB\P ’D TJY<br />
\EC OB KM ,Z[VB KB ,OHKXBRF \I\ ZG\IN" :ONGSF NTC ZPGB GCG<br />
."OHKBGZJNB N[
287<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF KC\MN BGCP<br />
?SYZP \BGCR FPKKY\RF :FH YNIC \GKGXPF \GZ\GMF QKC { F YNI<br />
,NXTG HKZH { [EIP \GEPTP ,\[CG[PF \GKRKEPF ?QKPKN GMN[GF FPN<br />
.JNIGP \PB ,\GKRKEP N[ FRGZIB FNKP<br />
BKCFN FEKIKF LZEF KM ZPGB "QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M"C KHMZPF QGZYKTF<br />
\E" KEK NT BKF \PN[GPFG \KIZMFF OGKYF \ZGX NB [GRBF KRC NM \B<br />
FD[R NCNG KGBZM FH IRGP QKCFN KEM .FNCYF \JK[ { "FTV[FF<br />
\E" :FNB OKC\MC OKTKVGPF OKZIBF GKKGRKMP FPM ZKMHR ,G[GZKVC<br />
,"LTZN \CFBG N[ \EF" ,"ONGTF NMN FG[F \EF" ,"\GPGBF NMN NNGM<br />
."FCFBF \E" ,"OHKBGZJNB N[ \E"<br />
Z[BC [GRBF KRC NMN "FTV[FF \E" \GKBEMC FCIZFC QE ONGSF NTC<br />
:QKKRTC \GCZF GK\GZKPBP OKK\[ BKCR .ONGTC F\GJ[V\F KMZECG OF<br />
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291<br />
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OKSYS=GNDRB<br />
:TKDZRTB<br />
FKDZRB<br />
:STKXKHBVB<br />
\GKXKHGVGB<br />
:QTJBZYBPTE<br />
OKJZYGPE<br />
:TKZBJSF<br />
FKZGJSKF<br />
:BYKRMTJ<br />
FYKRMJ<br />
:KRZEBP<br />
KRZEGP<br />
:QTJSKSYZBP<br />
OKJSKSYZP<br />
:TYKJBPK\BP<br />
FYKJP\P<br />
:QTRKGNKP<br />
OKRGKNKP<br />
:OKZTRGKNKP<br />
OKZRGKNKP<br />
:T[JKR<br />
F[JKR<br />
:NBRBKXR<br />
NRGKXR<br />
:OKJTKCGS<br />
OKJKKCGS<br />
:QKNTJS<br />
QKNJS<br />
:\GKNBJRPKJRTS<br />
\GKNJRPKJRS<br />
:JBKZJV<br />
JGKZJV<br />
:QTJTRBNV<br />
\GJRNV<br />
:TKDGNGMKSV<br />
FKDGNGMKSV<br />
:OHKRGPBY<br />
OHKRGPGY<br />
:OKJSKRGPBY<br />
OKJSKRGPGY<br />
:TKRGPBY<br />
FRGPGY<br />
:KJSKNTJTVBY<br />
KJSKNJKVY<br />
:TKXYBKZ<br />
FKXYBZ<br />
:QTKRTKXGNGCTZ<br />
OKZRGKXGNGCZ<br />
:TKZBK\<br />
FKZGB\<br />
KC\M<br />
ZGEF<br />
GZIBF<br />
Q 294
IGN<br />
K[BZ<br />
\GCK\<br />
OKZGXKYG<br />
:B"B<br />
KB<br />
Z[VB<br />
S"B<br />
:F"C<br />
UGS=QKB<br />
LGZC<br />
BGF<br />
:’B<br />
EIB<br />
:M"BB<br />
BNB<br />
OB<br />
QM<br />
:’ZVPKB<br />
OKJSKNBKZVPKB<br />
:’VPB<br />
OHKNBKZVPKB<br />
:V"TB<br />
UB<br />
NT<br />
KV<br />
:’KVB<br />
GNKVB<br />
:N"XB<br />
QKB<br />
LZGX<br />
ZPGN<br />
:E"C<br />
\KC<br />
QKE<br />
:’C<br />
,\GRDZGC<br />
KRDZGC<br />
:’DZGC<br />
,\GRDZGC<br />
KRDZGC<br />
:H"FHC<br />
FHC<br />
QPHF<br />
:’KIC<br />
,\RKIC<br />
FRKIC<br />
:T"VC<br />
KRVC<br />
GPXT<br />
:M"D<br />
OD<br />
QM<br />
:T"D<br />
QD<br />
QET<br />
:O"IXE<br />
,OPGE<br />
,IPGX<br />
,KI<br />
ZCEP<br />
:’KF<br />
,FKF<br />
GKF<br />
:\"K[F<br />
’F<br />
LZC\K<br />
:’KFG<br />
,FKFG<br />
GKFG<br />
:["H<br />
FH<br />
,CG\M[<br />
FH<br />
GZPB[<br />
:H"BH<br />
FH<br />
\B<br />
FH<br />
:’KFK<br />
,FKFK<br />
GKFK<br />
:’\K<br />
LZC\K<br />
:M"M<br />
NM<br />
,LM<br />
GPM<br />
QM<br />
:B"GBM<br />
NM<br />
EIB<br />
EIBG<br />
:["PM<br />
GPM<br />
,ZPB[<br />
GPM<br />
CG\M[<br />
:H"IBN<br />
ZIBN<br />
FH<br />
:V"FMN<br />
NMN<br />
\GIVF<br />
:T"VN<br />
KRVN<br />
GPXT<br />
:H"KVN<br />
KVN<br />
FH<br />
:’KRVN<br />
GKRVN<br />
:["P<br />
FP<br />
,ZPB[<br />
FP<br />
CG\M[<br />
:["MP<br />
NMP<br />
QM[<br />
:R"SP<br />
\GZKSP<br />
[VR<br />
:M"B[P<br />
FP<br />
QKB[<br />
,QM<br />
FP<br />
OB[<br />
QM<br />
:P"R<br />
BYVR<br />
FRKP<br />
:Z"R<br />
\IR<br />
IGZ<br />
:’YR<br />
,BZYR<br />
\BZYR<br />
:E"T<br />
NT<br />
LZE<br />
:M"T<br />
NT<br />
,QM<br />
NT<br />
GIZGM<br />
:V"T<br />
NT<br />
KV<br />
:H"ET<br />
NT<br />
LZE<br />
FH<br />
:C"FGT<br />
ONGT<br />
BCF<br />
:H"FGT<br />
ONGT<br />
FHF<br />
:’KT<br />
QKKT<br />
:H"MT<br />
OT<br />
NM<br />
FH<br />
:V"MT<br />
NT<br />
NM<br />
OKRV<br />
:H"VT<br />
NT<br />
KV<br />
FH<br />
:Z"VT<br />
NT<br />
KV<br />
CGZ<br />
:F"[T<br />
QKKT<br />
O[<br />
CJKF<br />
:’KV<br />
,[GZKV<br />
G[GZKV<br />
:’Y<br />
,OHKRGPGY<br />
KJSKRGPGY<br />
’Y<br />
:’DB<br />
OHKRGPGY<br />
KJSKBGDB<br />
’Y<br />
:’JNGB<br />
OHKRGPGY<br />
KJSKBGZJNB<br />
’Y<br />
:’NB<br />
OHKRGPGY<br />
KJSKBGZJNB<br />
:’K[GY<br />
FK[GY<br />
:E"Z[Z<br />
,FKBZ<br />
,FTKP[<br />
,IKZ<br />
ZGCKE<br />
:["NN[<br />
BN[<br />
FP[N<br />
BN[ :V"NPTN[<br />
NT<br />
\RP<br />
NCYN<br />
SZV<br />
:’KF\<br />
FKF\<br />
BGCP<br />
KC\MN<br />
ZGEF<br />
QGZIBF<br />
295
"QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M" ,ONGSF NTC
FPEYF<br />
N[P<br />
FZCIN<br />
OKCTZ<br />
OKBPXG<br />
OKTG\F<br />
,ZCEPC<br />
FRFG<br />
EIB<br />
OFP<br />
BXP<br />
OGYP<br />
CG[K<br />
NMC<br />
,CGJ<br />
NKI\F<br />
ZMHR<br />
GKIBC<br />
,OKNNPGBF<br />
ORPB<br />
ZCM<br />
Y\TR<br />
OFP<br />
FCZF<br />
ET<br />
BN[<br />
TEK<br />
OGYP<br />
.OBXPF<br />
FP<br />
F[T<br />
NKI\F<br />
YGTXN<br />
NGYC<br />
NGED<br />
TGY\NG<br />
,ZVG[C<br />
KNGB<br />
GTP[K<br />
GKZKCI<br />
OKCTZF<br />
OKNNPGBFG<br />
\B<br />
GNGY<br />
GCZY\KG<br />
GKNB<br />
GBGCKG<br />
M"D<br />
CG[KN<br />
BGFF<br />
BNPF<br />
NMP<br />
.CGJ<br />
QM<br />
ZCEF<br />
,GRKRVN[<br />
FRF<br />
GRKT\<br />
ZCEPC<br />
BZGRF<br />
EIK<br />
OT<br />
NM<br />
\G[GRBF<br />
F\TG<br />
GRBXP<br />
ZXGB<br />
NGED<br />
BNPF<br />
NMP<br />
CGJ<br />
GRKKFE<br />
KZVSF<br />
FNCY<br />
,ZXGBC[<br />
OKTKC[P[<br />
GRK[VR<br />
\GYYG[F<br />
BNPPG<br />
GR\GB<br />
Q[E<br />
\IRG<br />
GRTC[G<br />
,GRZ\GFG<br />
BNB<br />
QGZMH<br />
OKZKCIF<br />
GRN[<br />
GZB[R[<br />
ZCEPC<br />
BZGRF<br />
KECGB<br />
,\GXT<br />
ORPB<br />
YIZPF<br />
CZ<br />
GRKRKC<br />
QKBG<br />
OKZCEF<br />
OKTP[R<br />
,GRK\GRKC<br />
LMKVNG<br />
GRMZT<br />
\B<br />
ZVG[F<br />
FHF<br />
TGY\N<br />
\GNGYC<br />
KNGB<br />
GTP[K<br />
GRKIB<br />
GCZY\KG<br />
GRKNB<br />
GKFKG<br />
OKZ[GBP<br />
.GRK\GPM<br />
GTE<br />
GRKIB<br />
,GRKZ[C<br />
KM<br />
\PMI<br />
FNCYF<br />
NM<br />
FZYT<br />
BGF<br />
\GTKEKF<br />
LKB<br />
OGZPP ONGTF N[N\[R<br />
.GRK\GNV[N F\BKC ET KPKP[F FFCD<br />
\GBKXPFG<br />
FHF<br />
FKF<br />
IZMGP<br />
OG[P<br />
UGS"[<br />
F[TP<br />
FC[IPC<br />
"FNKI\<br />
G\C[IPG<br />
’\K<br />
\NTGV<br />
UMK\<br />
KM<br />
GRKB<br />
LKZX<br />
KNMN<br />
F[TP<br />
,GRK\GPM<br />
LMKVNG<br />
GRBXK<br />
FNKI\P<br />
S"BC<br />
F"C<br />
1<br />
OT<br />
NM<br />
\GPN[F<br />
O[PG<br />
ET<br />
ONGTN<br />
FHF<br />
{<br />
LMKVNG<br />
NY<br />
EBP<br />
BGXPN<br />
NM<br />
OKRGYK\F<br />
OKEK\TF<br />
BCN<br />
LG\P<br />
\GPNGTF<br />
OKPN[F<br />
GPEY[<br />
.GRN<br />
LG\PG<br />
FH<br />
GRB<br />
OKTEGK<br />
LKBF<br />
QY\N<br />
GRKMZE<br />
QBMP<br />
BCFNG<br />
GPM<br />
\NTP<br />
OEBF<br />
NT<br />
,FPFCF<br />
IGZ"[<br />
FPFCF<br />
EZGK<br />
,"FJPN<br />
ZPGNM<br />
GRKB[<br />
\KBGZ<br />
BNB<br />
FRPP<br />
FBNFG<br />
QKBG<br />
FN<br />
NM[<br />
FRKCG<br />
\GBZN<br />
ZCTFP<br />
GKNT<br />
KEM<br />
QY\N<br />
,EK\TF<br />
USGR<br />
FKNT<br />
OEBF<br />
IGZ"[<br />
OEBF<br />
FNGT<br />
,"FNTPN<br />
ZPGNM<br />
,ZCTFN<br />
297<br />
1<br />
S"B<br />
:F"C<br />
UGS=QKB<br />
LGZC<br />
.BGF
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
298<br />
QM ,GKPDV \B QY\N FBGZG FBZPC NM\SPF OEB GPM ZCTFC NM\SPG<br />
.BCFNG QBMP NT GKMZE \B QY\PG GKNT ZCTFC FBGZ NM[F<br />
OGYPF G\GB NT OKEPGT QKKETG FPFCF QKPN \GI\V\F QKB LMKVNG<br />
OKMZEF QY\N LKB FMG\P QKCFN FBZPF OFN QKB[ OG[P ,GBZCR[<br />
ET OGK OGK I\V\PG LNGF OEBFG .OEBF GPM JBN JBN I\V\FNG<br />
2<br />
.CMZK OKRGKNTF QTJTRBNVF NT EGT[ \[DZGPG \IJCGP G\NTP[<br />
\GBKXPFC[ TCJF GRKKFE GRPP WGIP[ OKTCJF KMZEC ZGPB FH NMG<br />
NKTGP FH NT[ ,OKRGXKIF KRKRKTG GRK\GRGHP GRKKFE ,GRK\CKCSC[<br />
.KTCJF NM[F ZGPD \GYV\SFC<br />
GRB NCB \XYPN OKI\V\P GRB[ ODF ,GRKPXTG GRK\GKPKRVC M"B[P<br />
K"T (BDZTJ=B=HKG) GRKZGIBP \GVKIE \PIP OKIC\[PG OKI\V\P<br />
FBZP DK[FN FNGCI\ OG[ GRN QKB[ OTJP BGFG .OKPE \GMKV[G QKZGSK<br />
\G[VRF \GKPKRVC N"XBG ,GZCT[ \GZGEFC GKF[ OEBF \GKPKRVC \GBZN<br />
GRN GKFK BN[ OGKFM BZGR QCZGIN GBCG GN[N\[R[ LKB \GPNGTFG<br />
OKR[C \GRG[P \G\KPG ICJN OKEPGTG OKRMGP FKFRG ,GRKKIC \GIGJC<br />
.FH TGRPN FXT OG[ OFN QKB[ OKEGP NMF[ ET ,\GCGZYF<br />
3<br />
FKF[ KZGJSF ZVS FHKB GBXP\ ’GKF OB ,N[PN OMPXTN GPE\G<br />
KM ,FR[ OKVNB \Z[T ZIB FKFK[ OKRGZIBF \GZGEF \B OMN ZKKXP<br />
\GJKI[FG OKZGSKF N[ IYNF YKVSK IJC OK[KDZP O\BG GRB[ GPM<br />
.OKCGJ OKZESC CJGPN O\GB ZKHIK[<br />
FIJCF YKVSFN OFN OK[P[PF OKCGJ OKZES OFKRVN KZF ,GNB OK[RBG<br />
.FGN[G JY[FC \KPGKPGKF OFKKI \B IKJCFN \GIVF NMN \GRRB[FG<br />
\PMIP FHF ZVSF \B GRN BKXPF[ OMI FHKB FKF OB ,YVS KNCG<br />
LKB FVGZ\F NM GBXPK GRN[ OKDKFRPF GKF HB ,EKIKF KMZEPG \GRKEPF<br />
4<br />
OKNJC\PG ,"GRK\GCGIZC FIGX QKBG \BXGK QKB"G O\GPM OKKIF \B ZESN<br />
.OGN[C BGCK GPGYP NT NMFG OKBZGRF QKZGSKFG \GJKI[F GKF<br />
CG\M GC[ ZVSF FH QGZBC NJGPG LGZT OMKRVN KZF ,K\GCZ F\T<br />
UGSC GKFK Z[B ZGCXFG EKIKF KZES NMG \GRKEPF \PMI NM [ZGVPG<br />
5<br />
GBXK[ OKRYG\PF \GPNGTF OKZEGSP GC[ ,FNCY KZVSF GRKKFE OKPKF<br />
OEGY \GPKN[F<br />
OF"<br />
:CG\KMF<br />
TKVGF<br />
,QBM<br />
NKI\PF<br />
.\GJRNVF<br />
.OGKF<br />
.EK ,EPY OKNF\<br />
JSYJF EXC ,EKF C\MC<br />
."\GPKN[ K\NCN<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5
299<br />
FPEYF<br />
GRB M"IB FRG[BZC \GPKN[F BXGK \"K[FP[ N"RM ,\GPKN[F OT<br />
BXGKF QGKNTF ONGTC OKKYG IRGPF \GPKN[N OKBCG O\GB OKRY\P<br />
ON[FP[ OTJPG ."FNKI\ FC[IPC { F[TP UGS" LZEC F"C S"BP<br />
M"TG ,KRIGZC ZETF QKBG FDZEF LZEC BNB ON[ K\NC UMK\ L[PR BN<br />
\GJZVG \GNNMC OPNXG OKKGPE NMC OKZKKGXPG OKPKKY ONGM OKZB[R<br />
.FNCYF \PMIC<br />
\KZIBC GND\K[ OKCGJF OKZES NM GBXP\G GNNF OKZVSF GI\V<br />
OMKMZEM OGKF OD OKZCEF ZESN LKB CGJF IYNF GNCY\ OMG\PG ,OKPKF<br />
OKRY\P GRB FRPPG \ZCGTF FKZGJSF \B EGPNN Z[VB[ ,H"FGTF KRKRKTC<br />
.FBCF FKZGJSF \B<br />
FNCY EGPNN FNGDS KRCN FBKZY<br />
Z\GKC OKRKKGXPFP KRRKB[ KPGYPG KPXT \B JTP ZKMP C\GMF KMRBG<br />
OKHGRDF OKZVSFC FH NM BXPG TDK OGKF KRGPM OEB OBG ,OEBF QKPC[<br />
6<br />
GTKD\K ZGEC[ FNGDS KEKIK OB[ G"Y N[ GRC QC G"Y KZF GRN[ \GRGZBC<br />
.GNGM ONGTF NMNG OFN QMGP CGJFG Z[GBFP FPM ,FNBF OKZVSFC<br />
?BC FPN ZVG[C[ KNGY<br />
\GNDN KNXB OMSGFG ,EGT YVB\FN NGMK KRRKB[ ET KCN NB K\P[ FH NMG<br />
QGYK\F KMZE KEM OFF OKZVSC CG\M K\BXP[ FPPG K\GNM\SFFP<br />
KVN Z[B FHF ZVG[C ONGTF KRCN BZYBG BXBG ,GRN JNIGPF EK\TF<br />
\GDFNG EGPNN GNKI\K[ FNGDS KRC NM \B WCYN YKVSK K\MZTFG K\TE<br />
.\GMH UMN ONGM ONGTF NM \BG OPXT \B GTKZMKG ,OKZVSFC<br />
.ZPGIG NY :G"Y<br />
6
"QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M" ,ONGSF NTC
B<br />
YNI<br />
KGRK[ BGFG ,BZCR NMC TCJGPF NCYN QGXZF BGF ,KZGBKC NMN SKSCF<br />
KGRK[ KM ,UGDP EZVRF ZCBM FP[RF GRPP FEZVR M"TG ,BZGCFP FZGX<br />
.\GKP[DC EKZVP QHZD GPM BGF \KRIGZC FZGX<br />
OKZHGI GRB HB[ ,FZGXF \BG[F BGF ,GR\BP FXGZ ’F FP ZGZC QBMPG<br />
.BZCR[ OZJPM GC OKYCERG<br />
\GEPF FR[R[ GRKKFE ,’GMG "OGIZ BGF FP ,GK\GEPC YCEF" ["HG<br />
.TKV[FN YZ BGF[ BZGCF N[ \GEPF \IYNG ,NCYN QGXZF BGF[ GRN[<br />
,GR\NGMK NMC OFN NKTGFNG GR\NGHN TKV[FN YZ FKFK GR[TP NM[ QV‘ BC<br />
.FZGXF \BG[F BGF[ GC YCEFN FZJPFN OKBC GRIRB FHCG<br />
OGPKRKP ZGTK[C GRKKFE ,IZMFC GPXT KMZXN F[GT OEB[ FPG<br />
KM ,FZGX KGRK[N C[IR GRKB FH ,G\IV[P OGKYNG GPGKYN IZMGPF<br />
.ICG[K BNG FRGDK BN IZMFF<br />
,IK[PF \GPKC BNB G\GPN[ NMC FND\K BN[ NGEDF KGNKDF GFHG<br />
.FPN[F FNGBDN FMHR HB FHF EGPNF GNCYK Z[BMG<br />
LZE GB FZG\ LZE GB ,\GPN[F KGNKDN OKMZE ’C [K[ ,FHP K\ZCE ZCMG<br />
GBXP[ ET OEB KRCN BYKRMTJF \B Q\RG F"CYF CCKS LMKVNG ,QKZGSK<br />
7<br />
KNNMF QCZGIF ONGTN ZGZC BN EGT OB[ ,QGPKP N[G OJB N[ FXXVF<br />
GB \K[KN[ ONGT \GPINPN ET GMIK ,ONGTN BKCFN OKEK\T OF[<br />
ZIB GZB[K[ \KZB[FG ,OFN[ \B \GXXVF G[TK HBG ,G"I \KTKCZ<br />
QF[ { GHF FEGCT OPXT NT \IYN BNB \ZIB FXT OFN FKFK BN ,QCZGIF<br />
OPGKYN OKMKZX[ FPP Z\GK OPXT NKC[C GEGCTK BN FPGB QFG EKIK<br />
ONGTF \GPGB NM OBG .O\NGH \CGJN GKFK OFK[TP NM ZB[G KIZMFF<br />
.QPKP 7<br />
301
GPKMSK<br />
,FHN<br />
HB<br />
GNJC\K<br />
\GPINPF<br />
QP<br />
,ONGTF<br />
KZF[<br />
NM<br />
[KB<br />
BN<br />
DBEK<br />
NNM<br />
\CGJN<br />
OPXT<br />
BNB<br />
\CGJN<br />
,O\NGH<br />
QKBG<br />
OGYP<br />
.O\NGHN<br />
FZG\G<br />
GH<br />
N[<br />
\BG[F<br />
FZGXF<br />
BKF<br />
G\ZG\<br />
N[<br />
.IK[P<br />
NTG<br />
FH<br />
:ZPBR<br />
8<br />
FKFG"<br />
\KZIBC<br />
OKPKF<br />
’GDG<br />
GMNFG<br />
OKGD<br />
OKCZ<br />
GZPBG<br />
GMN<br />
FNTRG<br />
’GDG<br />
KM<br />
QGKXP<br />
BX\<br />
FZG\<br />
’GDG<br />
JV[G<br />
QKC<br />
OKPT<br />
,"OKCZ<br />
GRKKFE<br />
IK[PF[<br />
EPNK<br />
O\GB<br />
\EGCT<br />
’F<br />
\BG[FC<br />
,FZGXF<br />
BGF[<br />
FZG\<br />
JV[PG<br />
N[<br />
IK[PF<br />
FIMGFG"<br />
OKGDN<br />
,"OKPGXT<br />
GRKKFE<br />
IKMGK[<br />
OFN<br />
OB[<br />
BN<br />
GNCYK<br />
OFKNT<br />
\EGCT<br />
,’F<br />
GEP[KK<br />
NM<br />
OKGDF<br />
K"T<br />
\GPINPF<br />
OBG<br />
GNCYK<br />
,G\ZG\<br />
ZPBR<br />
HB<br />
G\\MG"<br />
OFK\GCZI<br />
"OK\BN<br />
.’GDG<br />
OBG<br />
GMN\<br />
LZEC<br />
FZG\<br />
GNCY\G<br />
QKNC\F<br />
,CJGP<br />
OBG<br />
GBN<br />
GMN\<br />
LZEC<br />
,OKZGSK<br />
GRKKFE<br />
GND\K[<br />
\GPINPF<br />
N[<br />
\GXXV<br />
OGJB<br />
QPKPG<br />
ONGTC<br />
HBG<br />
G[VIK<br />
ONGTF \GPGB NM<br />
LKB FXT<br />
,\GPINPP JNPFN<br />
IK[PF NB GBGCKG<br />
OKN[GZKN<br />
BGFG<br />
EPNK<br />
O\GB<br />
\B<br />
FZG\F<br />
.\BHF<br />
*<br />
OZJ<br />
KTDR<br />
QKRTC<br />
OKEYB<br />
FPEYF<br />
FZXY<br />
\GEPC<br />
KRC<br />
.OEB<br />
ZPGBG<br />
KM<br />
KRC<br />
OEBF<br />
OKYNI\P<br />
NT<br />
’C<br />
:OKDGS<br />
OKJSKBDB<br />
.OKJSKBGZJNBG<br />
OKJSKBDB<br />
,G[GZKV<br />
NM[<br />
FP<br />
OF[<br />
OK[GT<br />
BGF<br />
\NTG\N<br />
.OPXT<br />
OBG<br />
OK[GT<br />
OTV<br />
\NTG\N<br />
\PN\[P FZGP\ OFN TKDK[ OKMKZX OF O\NGH<br />
,O\EGCT NT FVK<br />
OB<br />
USM<br />
GB<br />
EGCM<br />
.FPGEMG<br />
OKJSKBGZJNB<br />
OKCKZYP[ ,G[GZKV<br />
NM<br />
OFKPK<br />
\NTG\N<br />
KEM OPXT OFKMZX EKP\ OKIKRHP[ BNB ,FZGP\ OG[ KNC O\NGH<br />
ZGHTN<br />
.O\NGHN<br />
BNG<br />
,EGT<br />
BNB<br />
[K[<br />
,OFP<br />
OKZSGP[<br />
O[VR<br />
OEGBPG<br />
\NTG\N<br />
,O\NGH<br />
GPM<br />
GRKXP[<br />
OKCER\PC<br />
\BXN<br />
FPINPN<br />
\NTG\N<br />
KRC<br />
.O\PGB<br />
ODG<br />
GRKXP<br />
OKJSKBGZJNB<br />
Z\GK<br />
,OKNNGM<br />
GRKKFE<br />
OKZSGPF<br />
O[VR<br />
OEGBPG<br />
KEM<br />
ZGHTN<br />
N[ OKN[IRN<br />
NM<br />
\GPGB<br />
,ONGTF<br />
GPM<br />
,OKJSKRGPBYF<br />
OKPIGNF<br />
\NTG\N<br />
KBMGEP<br />
NM<br />
\GPGB<br />
,ONGTF<br />
OKRMGPG<br />
ON[N<br />
ETC<br />
FH<br />
OFKKIC<br />
.OEGBPCG<br />
FRFG<br />
OHKBDBF<br />
IRGP<br />
TCJC<br />
NM<br />
,OEB<br />
GPM<br />
NMC<br />
KNTC<br />
.OKKI<br />
NCB<br />
OHKBGZJNBF<br />
BGF<br />
EDRM<br />
TCJF<br />
N[<br />
KRC<br />
.OEB<br />
OTG<br />
NM<br />
FH<br />
OKRRGIP<br />
KEKIK<br />
FNGDS<br />
TCJC<br />
,FHF<br />
KRB[<br />
FRMP<br />
O\GB<br />
.OKJSKNBKEKB<br />
NCB<br />
NM<br />
FRKEP<br />
GB<br />
FZCI<br />
BKF<br />
FCGZ<br />
FNGMM<br />
KRCP<br />
Z[C<br />
OEG<br />
,OKJG[V<br />
GRKKFE<br />
.OKJSKBDB<br />
KC\M<br />
ZGEF<br />
GZIBF<br />
Q 302<br />
8<br />
FMKP<br />
,E<br />
.E=B
OKJTGPG<br />
OF<br />
OKBXGK<br />
QP<br />
NNMF<br />
\GKFN<br />
,OKJSKBGZJNB<br />
NMN<br />
,Z\GKF<br />
GKFK<br />
FZ[T<br />
OKHGIB<br />
QP<br />
.FZCIF<br />
F\TG<br />
ZCEB<br />
.QKRTN<br />
KM<br />
OTJP<br />
,ZGPBF<br />
OKJSKBGZJNBF[<br />
OKJTGP<br />
OF<br />
NMC<br />
,FZCI<br />
LMKVN<br />
OKJSKRGPBYF<br />
OKRG[BZF<br />
GKF[<br />
KRVN<br />
GRPH<br />
N[<br />
NZBY<br />
,SYZP<br />
BN<br />
GIKNXF<br />
,OFK[TPC<br />
J[V\\[<br />
OHKRGPBYF<br />
,ONGTC<br />
OD\VM<br />
,ONGTF<br />
ZGVX[<br />
\IB<br />
BN<br />
F[GT<br />
.WKY<br />
BNG<br />
EGT<br />
BNB<br />
GKF[<br />
OFP<br />
GESKK[<br />
GNKVB<br />
OKC[GP<br />
,OKKVG\K[<br />
NT<br />
LZE<br />
OKXGCKYF<br />
,GRXZBC[<br />
BNG<br />
GIKNXF<br />
,OFC<br />
KM<br />
BN<br />
GNMK<br />
OKKY\FN<br />
YKHIFNG<br />
.EPTP<br />
FKFG<br />
,FH<br />
,OTJP<br />
KM<br />
OD<br />
KRC<br />
FZCIF<br />
\KVG\K[F<br />
OKMKZX<br />
ONGM<br />
\GKFN<br />
OKJSKNBKEKB<br />
,OKJSKBGZJNB<br />
GPM<br />
OKESKPF<br />
.OPXT<br />
OKT[\[ QGKMG<br />
OKHGIB<br />
NMP<br />
,FZCI<br />
GNKVB<br />
FZCIP<br />
\I\GVPF<br />
,Z\GKC<br />
OF<br />
,OKJSKBDB<br />
NT<br />
QM<br />
BN<br />
GNMK<br />
EGPTN<br />
KZESC<br />
FZCIF<br />
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BKF[<br />
FTCJC<br />
YZ<br />
.\KJSKBGZJNB<br />
L[PRG<br />
FH<br />
ET<br />
QPH<br />
NZY<br />
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\KRM\<br />
\INXGP<br />
EBP<br />
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,OHKRGPBYF<br />
GRKKFE<br />
UG\[N<br />
OKBMGEPF<br />
OPXT<br />
\PINPC<br />
,OHKRGPGYF<br />
GPINK[<br />
OFPT<br />
EIKC<br />
OT<br />
ZJ[P<br />
KJSKNTJTVBYF<br />
,KRDZGCF<br />
LG\PG<br />
OKBMGEPF[<br />
OKRKRGTP<br />
FPINPC<br />
GH<br />
YZ<br />
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GRKKFE<br />
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OKPTJP<br />
,OKKJSKBDB<br />
GNCY<br />
EKP<br />
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,OFP<br />
OHKRGPBYFG<br />
J[V\R<br />
OG[P<br />
FH<br />
\GCM[ NMC<br />
OKN[IRF<br />
.OKBMGEPFG<br />
OKN[IRF[ LG\PG<br />
OF<br />
CGZ<br />
FZCIF<br />
QKB<br />
BNV<br />
OHKRGPBYF[<br />
IKNXF<br />
OGKFM<br />
UKYFN<br />
[KN[<br />
.ONGTF<br />
NCB<br />
DGGH<br />
FH<br />
N[<br />
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OKJSKBGZJNBF<br />
OT<br />
QGKZJNGZVF<br />
9<br />
OKJSKBDBF<br />
FKF[ V"TB<br />
INXGP<br />
EBP<br />
NKVFN<br />
ZJ[P<br />
KR[GMZF<br />
BGR[F<br />
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OT<br />
NM<br />
,FH<br />
QKB<br />
DGGHF<br />
FNGT<br />
FVK<br />
NNM<br />
OKKYN<br />
KVG\[ ZJ[P<br />
OT<br />
FYGNI<br />
,\YEGX<br />
BGFG<br />
OTJP<br />
JG[V<br />
,EBP<br />
KM<br />
QKB<br />
OEB<br />
F[GT<br />
FHKB<br />
,FTGR\<br />
BNB<br />
OB<br />
,QM<br />
[K[<br />
GN<br />
FHKB<br />
,BKF[ FZJP<br />
G\CKKIPF<br />
\G[TN<br />
FTGR\<br />
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Z[B<br />
F\GB<br />
FZJPF<br />
\[P[P<br />
GN<br />
IMN<br />
UIGE<br />
\KK[TN<br />
,FTGR\F<br />
GPM<br />
YNE<br />
[P[PF<br />
IM<br />
UIGE<br />
.FRGMPN<br />
TKRP OEB QKB ,N[PN<br />
OGYPP GEK<br />
OGYPC[ C[GI[ OTJP BNB OGYPN<br />
KR[F<br />
FKFK<br />
Z\GK<br />
IGR<br />
GN<br />
\B O[ IKRFN<br />
,GEK<br />
OGYP [YCP[ ,\BHF FZJPFG<br />
IGR<br />
Z\GK<br />
NKC[C<br />
,GEK<br />
BKF<br />
ZPIF<br />
,YNE<br />
UIGEF<br />
\B<br />
GEK<br />
OGYPP<br />
FH<br />
OGYPN<br />
.BGFF<br />
QKBG<br />
LKZX<br />
ZPGN<br />
NTGVF<br />
ECGTF<br />
NM<br />
BGF[ ,OGKF<br />
CKGIP<br />
ZPIN<br />
YNE<br />
GK\GTGR\N<br />
\G[YF<br />
BGF[<br />
F[GT<br />
BKFG<br />
FZGP\F<br />
NCYP[<br />
ETC<br />
,G\EGCT<br />
YNI<br />
B<br />
303<br />
9<br />
QNFN<br />
FPM<br />
\GZEDF<br />
IRGPN<br />
:"QGKZJKNGZV"<br />
EPTP<br />
,OKNTGVF<br />
ZGCKX<br />
,OKZKM[F<br />
K[RB<br />
,NPTF<br />
EPTP<br />
.OKECGTF
,NCYP[ FZGP\F[<br />
BGF<br />
ZPIF<br />
YNE<br />
UIGEF<br />
G\GB<br />
G\EGCTN<br />
.F[YF<br />
BC<br />
QV‘<br />
OB[<br />
BN<br />
GR\K<br />
GN<br />
FZGP\<br />
ETC<br />
,G\EGCT<br />
QKB[ GB<br />
GN<br />
LZGX<br />
G\GBN<br />
,FZGP\F<br />
BN<br />
NMGK<br />
,EGCTN<br />
KM<br />
FKFK<br />
GPM<br />
BN[ FRGMP<br />
GR\R<br />
FC<br />
ZPI<br />
QKB[ ,YNE<br />
K\V<br />
,ONGTC<br />
CG[IK[<br />
FRGMPF[<br />
HGH\<br />
.FPGYPP<br />
LMKVN<br />
ZJ[PC<br />
KJSKRGPGY<br />
,YFCGP<br />
NTGVF[<br />
TEGK<br />
BN[<br />
GVKSGK<br />
GN<br />
OB<br />
EGCTK<br />
,Z\GK<br />
BNG<br />
GTZDK<br />
GRPP<br />
OB<br />
ECTK<br />
,\GIV<br />
NMPG<br />
QM[<br />
KVN<br />
BPSKSF<br />
,\PN[GPF<br />
NM["<br />
EIB<br />
EGCTK<br />
KVM<br />
GIM<br />
NCYKG<br />
KVM<br />
,"GKMZX<br />
BXPR<br />
QKB[<br />
GN<br />
NTGVN<br />
OG[<br />
FZGP\<br />
ETC<br />
G\GXKZI<br />
FZ\KF<br />
QKBG<br />
GN<br />
EIV<br />
NNM<br />
KRVP<br />
\GN[Z\F<br />
,GN[<br />
HB<br />
QKB<br />
GN<br />
ZPI<br />
YNE<br />
UGIEK[<br />
G\GB<br />
,FEGCTN<br />
HBG<br />
EZK<br />
QGKZV<br />
O\EGCT<br />
N[<br />
OKNTGVF<br />
ET<br />
,SVBN<br />
ETG<br />
GCKZIK[<br />
\B<br />
ZJ[PF<br />
.GNGM<br />
OG[G<br />
LGRKI<br />
ONGTC[<br />
BN<br />
NKTGK<br />
LGVFN<br />
TCJ<br />
,OEBF<br />
NMGK[<br />
EGCTN<br />
KNC<br />
ZPI<br />
,YNE<br />
GRKKFE<br />
KNC<br />
.FZGP\<br />
BXGKF<br />
NNMP<br />
FHF<br />
BGF<br />
JSKNBKEKBF<br />
JSKBGZJNBF<br />
,FEKNP<br />
GNKC[C[<br />
FZGP\F<br />
Z\GKF<br />
FVK<br />
,BKF<br />
\CGJ<br />
,G\NGH<br />
ZPI[<br />
YNE<br />
KJSKBGZJNBF<br />
FHF<br />
YKVSP<br />
GN<br />
KZPDN<br />
IMN<br />
,FEGCT<br />
GPM<br />
FZGP\F<br />
\KJSKBDBF<br />
NMN<br />
KRC<br />
.OEBF<br />
QMB<br />
OKJSKNBKEKB<br />
OF<br />
,OKJTGP<br />
OZVSPG<br />
GRKB<br />
YKVSP<br />
FZCIF[<br />
SSC\\<br />
.OFKNT<br />
LRFG<br />
FBGZ<br />
OHKRGPGY[<br />
OHKBGZJNBG<br />
GRKKF<br />
.LF<br />
TEGKG<br />
[K[ ,KMRB<br />
\GXT<br />
IKZMFN<br />
\B<br />
GPKN[K[ OKECGTF<br />
YNI<br />
,O\EGCT<br />
GNKJK[<br />
OFKNT<br />
.OKIYVPF<br />
GRKKFE<br />
K"T<br />
O\GB<br />
OKDFRPF<br />
OKDFGRF<br />
ZJ[PC<br />
,KR[GMZF<br />
NM[<br />
EIB<br />
NCYK<br />
GZM[<br />
KVN<br />
QGKZV<br />
.G\EGCT<br />
EGTG<br />
USGR<br />
NT<br />
,FH<br />
NKJFN<br />
OK[RGT<br />
OK[Y<br />
OKZPG<br />
NT<br />
,OKN[Z\PF<br />
DFGRM<br />
\GXZBC<br />
.OKJTKCGSF<br />
ORPB<br />
QKB<br />
FH<br />
OHKRGPGY<br />
,NNM<br />
QKBG<br />
LKZX<br />
,ZPGN<br />
QKB[<br />
FH<br />
QDF<br />
QET<br />
FGYPF<br />
ZJ[PP<br />
,KJSKRGPGYF<br />
FKFK[<br />
KBEM<br />
ZGSPN<br />
\B<br />
[VRF<br />
.GNKC[C<br />
BCZEBG<br />
ZJ[P[<br />
,FHM<br />
BGF<br />
TGZD<br />
QKBN<br />
LZT<br />
Z\GK<br />
Z\GKG<br />
ZJ[PP<br />
,KR[GMZF<br />
OKPTJP<br />
OKYFCGP<br />
GPM<br />
FBZB[<br />
.QNFN<br />
OBG<br />
NT<br />
NM<br />
OKRV<br />
FKF<br />
ZJ[P<br />
FKVMF<br />
FHF<br />
\RKICC<br />
CN[<br />
NB<br />
’Y<br />
,\PN[GPF<br />
EGT<br />
FKF<br />
Z[VB<br />
GNCYN<br />
NGCSNG<br />
,G\GB<br />
NCB<br />
GRKB<br />
,QM<br />
KM<br />
OG[<br />
LGRKI<br />
ONGTC[<br />
BN<br />
LGVF\<br />
\B<br />
TCJ<br />
OEBF<br />
QP<br />
OHKBDB<br />
,OHKBGZJNBN<br />
LMKVNG<br />
ZJ[P<br />
FKVMF<br />
DFGRF<br />
OKJTKCGSC<br />
BGF<br />
ZJ[P<br />
QKB[ KIXR<br />
G\GR[N<br />
.ONGTN<br />
GXZK[ K\PG<br />
G\GR[N<br />
KVG\K[ ZJ[PN<br />
,K\KPB<br />
NHBK<br />
ZPIF<br />
YNE<br />
QP<br />
,OKECGTF<br />
BNG<br />
GNMK<br />
,EGCTN<br />
GCKZIKG<br />
\B<br />
.ZJ[PF<br />
OKJSKBDB[ KZF<br />
KJRBG<br />
OKJSKRGPGY<br />
GRKKF<br />
.LF<br />
OFG<br />
.\GFH<br />
KC\M<br />
ZGEF<br />
GZIBF<br />
Q 304
BNG<br />
,EGT<br />
ZJ[P[ BNB<br />
KJSKRGPGY<br />
LZEC<br />
,FKVM<br />
GRKB<br />
QC<br />
BPKKY<br />
,KZPDN<br />
QKB KM<br />
\GMH<br />
OGKY<br />
LPSRF ZJ[PN<br />
NT<br />
OKRGEM<br />
,ECNC<br />
UGSG<br />
UGS<br />
CGZF GPGYK<br />
ZGCX<br />
GKNT<br />
.GFGNJCKG<br />
BNG<br />
ONGTN<br />
GNMK<br />
FZ[T<br />
OKHGIBF<br />
,OKJSKNBKEKBF<br />
JGN[N<br />
NT<br />
OKT[\<br />
OKHGIBF<br />
OKJSKBDBF<br />
KJRBG<br />
,OKJSKRGPGY<br />
NT<br />
LZE<br />
GRB[<br />
OKBXGP<br />
OKJTKCGSC<br />
\GRKEPG<br />
.IZHPF<br />
EGTG<br />
Z\GK<br />
,FHP<br />
GNKVB[<br />
G\GB<br />
WPGYF<br />
OKJSKNBKEKBF<br />
OKJSKRGPGYF<br />
OKEPGTF<br />
OGKF<br />
\GRKEPC<br />
GNBF<br />
[BZC<br />
,FNFRFF<br />
ORKB<br />
OKIJCGP<br />
GZB[K[<br />
QM<br />
,\GZGEN<br />
KM<br />
OKNBKEKB<br />
ORKB<br />
OK[KZGP<br />
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V"TBG<br />
\GCBF[<br />
OF<br />
OKJSKNBKEKB<br />
OG[ QKB<br />
OKRCF[ QGIJC<br />
GMK[PK<br />
.OFKZIB<br />
M"BG<br />
QKBP<br />
GRN<br />
,QGIJCF<br />
\GNFRF[<br />
N[<br />
ZGE<br />
KR[F<br />
GB<br />
K[KN[F<br />
FRKKF\<br />
EKC<br />
OKJSKRGPGY<br />
OKJSKNBKEKB<br />
GPM<br />
.OGKF<br />
KNGBG<br />
ZPB\<br />
CGZ[<br />
ZGCXF<br />
ZICK<br />
O\GB<br />
EKP\<br />
QKCP<br />
,ZGCXF<br />
\GTJ FH<br />
,NGED<br />
KM<br />
QKB<br />
CGZ<br />
ZGCXF<br />
KJSKBDBF<br />
ZIGC<br />
BNB<br />
\B<br />
OKCGZYF<br />
OIGZN<br />
BNG<br />
\B<br />
OKEDR\PF<br />
.OFKNB<br />
NMFG<br />
OKTEGK<br />
OD[<br />
\GNFRF<br />
N[<br />
,OGKF<br />
ORKB<br />
KZICR<br />
ZGCXF<br />
.NNM<br />
M"BG<br />
KP<br />
KZICR[ ,ZGP[K<br />
ZGCXF<br />
GKFK<br />
EKP\<br />
OKJSKNBKEKBF<br />
?ZGCXC[<br />
FT[CG<br />
OKJSKBDBF[<br />
GTKDK<br />
,QGJN[N<br />
KNC<br />
YVS<br />
GNJCK[<br />
UMK\<br />
ZJ[PF<br />
,FHF<br />
GB<br />
NT<br />
NM<br />
OKRV<br />
GFGMVFK<br />
QKPN<br />
NBRBKXR<br />
,OKJSKRGPGY<br />
QTZTFG<br />
10 .ZTYNTV<br />
FRFG<br />
NM<br />
FH<br />
K\ZPB[<br />
BGF<br />
KVN<br />
K\VY[F<br />
,KPXT<br />
GRKKFE<br />
GPM<br />
K\IMGF[<br />
OHKRGPGY[<br />
OHKBGZJNBG<br />
GRKKF<br />
LF<br />
QMG<br />
OHKBDB<br />
KJRBG<br />
OHKRGPBY<br />
GRKKF<br />
.LF<br />
,OPXT OKJSKRGPBYN NB[\ OB NCB<br />
LN G[KIMK<br />
KM ,UYG\ NMC \BH<br />
,GZPBK<br />
LVKFN<br />
GRB"<br />
OKYGIZ<br />
NMP<br />
ZSGP<br />
,KRDZGCF<br />
QKBG<br />
GRN<br />
NM<br />
\GKNBJRPKJRTS<br />
BNB<br />
YZ<br />
YEXF<br />
GRB<br />
BN[ ,OK[YCP<br />
GNXRK<br />
[KB<br />
\B<br />
."GFTZ<br />
GRKKFE<br />
NT<br />
LZE<br />
FEPF<br />
KN["<br />
KN[<br />
LN[G<br />
."LN[<br />
BGF[<br />
\PBC<br />
\EP<br />
.OKJSKBDBF<br />
LMKVNG<br />
[K<br />
KN<br />
NM\SFN<br />
NT<br />
KRV<br />
OKZCEF<br />
KVN<br />
O\[KV\<br />
,OF<br />
ZYCRG<br />
\B<br />
YEXF<br />
FHF<br />
FPF[<br />
,OK[YCP<br />
OKZSGPG<br />
O[VR<br />
.GKNT<br />
,\K[BZ<br />
KVN<br />
\GI\V\F<br />
OKZJ[PF<br />
,OKJSKRGPGYF<br />
KRB<br />
,BXGP<br />
O\GB[<br />
OKZEDF<br />
"OKRDZGC"<br />
,"QGKZJKNGZV"G<br />
ZCM<br />
ORKB<br />
OKYKVSP<br />
ZBCN<br />
BKZGJSFF<br />
\KNMNMF<br />
GRBG<br />
OKMKZX<br />
OKZEDN<br />
Z\GK<br />
.OKNNGM<br />
Z\GKG<br />
QGMR<br />
YNIN<br />
\B<br />
FZCIF<br />
EPTPN<br />
N[<br />
OKXGZI<br />
EPTPNG<br />
N[<br />
,OKN[IR<br />
Z[B<br />
KZJ[PC<br />
:OKRDZGCF<br />
"OKXGZI"F<br />
OF<br />
OKJSKNTJTVBYF<br />
,OKRGRKCFG<br />
"OKN[IR"FG<br />
OF<br />
OKECGTF<br />
OKNPTF<br />
.ONKC[C<br />
KZJ[PCG<br />
:OKJSKRGPGYF<br />
"OKXGZI"F<br />
OF<br />
OKNFRPF<br />
,OKIYVPFG<br />
,BKXRTDKNJRKBFG<br />
"OKN[IR"FG<br />
OF<br />
OKECGTF<br />
YNI<br />
B<br />
305<br />
10<br />
OKPT<br />
N[<br />
.OKRGEB
OKNPTF<br />
.ONKC[C<br />
CGZG<br />
NM<br />
FZCI<br />
EKP\<br />
OF<br />
,OKN[IRF<br />
OKXGZIFG<br />
BN<br />
GTKDK<br />
OK[N[N<br />
OKHGIB<br />
.FZCIFP<br />
YGIG<br />
KTCJ<br />
,BGF<br />
EPTP[<br />
OKXGZIF<br />
GNXRK<br />
NMC<br />
\EP<br />
O\NMK<br />
\B<br />
EPTP<br />
,OKN[IRF<br />
GPM<br />
OKDE<br />
,OKC[<br />
YHIF[<br />
TNGC<br />
\B<br />
.[NIF<br />
QKBG<br />
[ZVF<br />
FHC<br />
OB<br />
OKXGZIF<br />
OF<br />
OKJSKNTJTVBYF<br />
,OKZIGSFG<br />
GPM<br />
ZJ[PC<br />
,KRDZGCF<br />
GB<br />
OB<br />
OKXGZIF<br />
OF<br />
OKNFRPF<br />
OKIYVPFG<br />
BKXRTDKNJRKBFG<br />
,OKYNIPFG<br />
GPM<br />
ZJ[PC<br />
.KJSKRGPGYF<br />
KM<br />
UGS<br />
UGS<br />
OKXGZIF<br />
GNXRK<br />
\B<br />
OKN[IRF<br />
,OKNPTF<br />
KVM<br />
\EP<br />
,O\NGMK<br />
BNG<br />
GSGIK<br />
OFKNT<br />
,NNM<br />
OKXGZIF<br />
GCB[K<br />
EKP\<br />
\B<br />
\RP[F<br />
,FBPIG<br />
KPG<br />
CNIF<br />
OK[GIMF<br />
GZKB[K<br />
OKECGTFN<br />
.OKNPTF<br />
YZ<br />
FNB[F<br />
,BKF<br />
FP<br />
ZB[R<br />
OKNPTFN<br />
ZIB<br />
NGXKRF<br />
KZHMBF<br />
OKXGZIF[<br />
OKNXRP<br />
,O\GB<br />
FPMG<br />
ZGTK[<br />
.OFKNT OKNKJP OKXGZIF[ EGCT[F<br />
[VGI FPMG<br />
OKXGZIF K[GRB \GZKIG<br />
OK[ZP<br />
.OFN<br />
YZG<br />
KVN<br />
ZGTK[<br />
OKZK[F<br />
GNNF<br />
OKXGZIF[<br />
OKIKRP<br />
,OKN[IRFN<br />
,ZJ[P NM ZBCN GRN [K<br />
,ZJ[PN ZJ[P QKC NKECFNG<br />
ZGICNG<br />
FHKB<br />
ZJ[P<br />
.UKET<br />
ZKMHRG<br />
CG[<br />
FP<br />
GRZPB[<br />
OEBF[<br />
GRKB<br />
NGMK<br />
EGCTN<br />
KNC<br />
FHKB<br />
,FZGP\<br />
BGF[<br />
GKNB<br />
GPM<br />
ZPI<br />
YNE<br />
.FRGMPN<br />
ZJ[PCG<br />
KJSKRGPBY<br />
K\NC<br />
,KJSKBGZJNB<br />
OKIZMGP<br />
\\N<br />
OKNTGVN<br />
ZM[<br />
ETC<br />
O\EGCT<br />
OK[RGTG<br />
OKZGPI<br />
ETC<br />
.O\GN[Z\F<br />
ORPB<br />
OKMKZX<br />
OKIYVPN<br />
OKCGZP<br />
GZP[K[<br />
,OFKNT<br />
KM<br />
QKBC<br />
FID[F<br />
KGBZM<br />
BN<br />
,GYKVSK<br />
,QCGPM<br />
ZM[F<br />
OK[RGTFG<br />
,OGNM<br />
,NCB<br />
EGPTN<br />
NT<br />
OK[RB<br />
OZSKNG<br />
,OTDKNG<br />
QKB<br />
LN<br />
FEGCT<br />
F[Y<br />
,\BHM<br />
KM<br />
QKB<br />
OG[<br />
OEB<br />
FXGZ<br />
\GKFN<br />
.QKKN\<br />
LMKVNG<br />
GNKVB<br />
OB<br />
OKEKPTP<br />
,OKIYVP<br />
OKRGPPG<br />
NT<br />
,OKIYVPF<br />
EGTG<br />
OKRGPP<br />
OKFGCD<br />
OKZPG[<br />
,OFKNT<br />
ONGM<br />
EIK<br />
GIKRHK<br />
\B<br />
,O\ID[F<br />
BNG<br />
GZSKK<br />
BNG<br />
GEKCTK<br />
\B<br />
OKNTGVF<br />
KGBZM<br />
KVN<br />
.LZGXF<br />
QKBG<br />
FXT<br />
FHN<br />
BNB<br />
\GCZFN<br />
ZPIF<br />
YNE<br />
NB<br />
OKEKYVF<br />
ZGTK[C<br />
FHM<br />
YKVSK[<br />
ETC<br />
FEGCT<br />
F[Y<br />
,FHM<br />
GRKKFE<br />
\EGCT<br />
.QKKN\<br />
,ZPGNM<br />
\\N<br />
OFN<br />
ZM[<br />
KV<br />
FPM<br />
NT<br />
NTGV<br />
.JG[VF<br />
LMKVNG<br />
NB<br />
FP\\<br />
OB<br />
OKPN[P<br />
BKSGZC<br />
OKEKYVN<br />
KVP<br />
FZ[T<br />
ET<br />
KV<br />
OK[PI<br />
Z\GK<br />
ZM[P<br />
NTGV<br />
.JG[V<br />
KM<br />
O\TKDK<br />
FNGED<br />
Z\GK<br />
NTGVP<br />
JG[VF<br />
KVP<br />
FZ[T<br />
ET<br />
KV<br />
,OK[PI<br />
OBG<br />
BN<br />
GR\K<br />
OFN<br />
FZGP\<br />
\YVSP<br />
OF<br />
OKIZMGP<br />
IKRHFN<br />
,O\ID[F<br />
FRKEPFG<br />
.CZI\<br />
KC\M<br />
ZGEF<br />
GZIBF<br />
Q 306
307<br />
B YNI<br />
NTGV ZM[[ ,N[PN ZPBRG .GRXZB N[ TCJPC CG[I\G BX F\TG<br />
GNCYK Z\GKC OKMGPRF OKEKYVF[ BXPR .[EGIN K"N FBP BGF JG[V<br />
UNB C"K ZGCXK FR[ L[PC[ BXPRG ,FZ[T KV GRKKFE [EIN K"N UNB<br />
OKHGIB FZ[T TZDR OBG .K"N UNB OKZ[TG FBP OKR[ FZ[T L[PCG K"N<br />
GC[IN [K[ FBZRMG .K"N UNB FRGP[G FBP GN ZB[K ,G\NMNMN FHP<br />
FHKBC[ QV‘ BC .OKFGCDF OKEKYVF QM[ NMPG .ECGMP JSKNTJTVBYN<br />
BNB ,QGMKS OG[ KNC ,OKZTRGKNKPN \GKFN OKEKYVF GMVF\K OKR[ \GZ[T<br />
YNIN QKB ,OGKF N[ QGKSRF KVN[ ,K\ZPB[ GFHG .OKNPTF NGXKRP Z[K<br />
.OKN[IRG OKXGZIN BNB ,QGKZJNGZVNG OKRDZGCN EGT FZCIF<br />
GRKKFE ,YFCGPF OHKRGPGYF NB CN[ YZ BGF FH NM[ ZPB\ KNGBG<br />
KVN EGCTK [KB NM"[ ET OKRGPFF \B GMRIK ZGCXF \TEG LGRKI K"T[<br />
BGF FH .OKIKD[PG OKIYVP OKMKZX GKFK BNG "GKMZX KVN NCYKG GIM<br />
,GKMZX KVN NCYKG GIM KVN EGCTK EIB NM[ \BHF BPSKSF KM .NGED \GTJ<br />
NMGK EIB NM[ ,OKZCEF NMCG .\YFCGP \KJSKBGZJNB BPSKS BGF<br />
QM OB BNB ,NNM \KTCJ LZE FRKB ,YNE ZPI KNC FZCIF \CGJN EGCTN<br />
.K\IMGF[ GPM ,G\EGCTN YNE ZPIFG FCSF FKF\ OHKBGZJNBF<br />
[G[IN [K[ ,FCZEB BNB ,FCGJN KGRK[ OG[N \GGYN QKB H"KVNG<br />
[BZC OGKF OKEPGTF OKJSKNBKEKBF OKJSKRGPBYF WPGY G\GB[<br />
ZCD\K JBN JBN KM ,OKZIB OKJSKNBKEKBN O\NFRF G[KZGK BN ,FDFRFF<br />
HBG .KJSKBDBF OIGZ KVN FRGKNT FNFRF GZICKG ,KJSKBDBF OTF IM<br />
QKPN OHKRGPGYF GMVFK ,\GIVF NMNG .OHKNJTVBYF \JK[ GZKHIK<br />
11<br />
BN KM .["PK ZNJKF F[T[ GPM ,YNBV QTZTFG ,OHKRGPGY NBRGKXBR<br />
FKFK OB ,O\BRFN OKZIB OKPT NXRNP O\GB TRP\[ FCKS OFN FKF\<br />
.IM OFN<br />
QGPFF TCJ LVFN Z[VB ZGCXF \TEG LGRKI K"T[ ZPB\ KNGBG<br />
\G[TN NDGSP GRKB LGRKIF KM ,NGED \GTJ OD FH .OKJSKBGZJNB O\G[TNG<br />
FHC\G OKJSKBGZJNBF \B ECM\ ZGCXF \TE[ GRKKFE ,ZGCXF \TEP Z\GK<br />
OHKBGZJNBF NT ZGP[\G EGPT\ ZGCXF \TE[ QPH NMG ,OKJSKBDBF \B<br />
OBGR FHKBG ,QPH BCK OB NCB .LGRKIF NKTGK ,QGKHCFG EGCMF KTXPBC<br />
\GR[N NMGK[ YVS KNC ,ZGCXF \TEP LVKFN OGK OGK OGBRK INXGPG FSGRP<br />
.GRGXZ KVM ZGCXF \TE<br />
.OKRGEB OT<br />
11
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
308<br />
OT LVF ,["PK T[Z G\GB LKB ,BKZGJSKFC FHM ZP QGKSR GRN [K ZCMG<br />
OGK GK\G[ZE K"T ,UZJ \GKIN O\GB F[TG ,OKRPZDF GPM CJKF LRGIP<br />
\GBP FPMP OMGRKI NM ,\KZGC \KIGVN[ GPM ONTRG TYV HB Z[B .OGK<br />
FP NT LGRKIN EGT QKBG ,ZGCXF \TE FR\[R[ KRVP ,FH FKFG .OKR[<br />
.ZGCXF \TE N[ FMKP\ KNC OKKY\FN NGMK LGRKIF QKB KM .LGPSN<br />
QKBG ,FHF FKVMF ZJ[P \GR[N KGMKS OG[ QKB[ NKNTC LKRKTN KZF<br />
NM ,BPSKSF KVN K\KPBF OHKRGPGYN ,OTV TKDK QGPFF[ FGGY\ OG[<br />
ZB[FN OKIZMGP OKNPTF BNB ,GKMZX KVN NCYKG GIM KVN EGCTK EIB<br />
OKIYVPFG OKNFRPFG ,OKIYVPFG OKNFRPF N[ BZGRF JC[ \I\ IXRN<br />
BN OB OKRDZGCF OKJSKNJKVBYF LZE NT OKNPTF OE \B EKP\ GXXGPK<br />
OFN QKB ,OKJSKRGPGYF N[ FKVMF ZJ[PC KZF[ .OFP Z\GK FCZF TGZD<br />
EKP\ O[BZ NT OKKGN\ CTZFG CZIFG ,F\KC[ \GMH GNKVB OKNPTN<br />
YVS QKB FKVMF ZJ[P OTV GNJCK OBG .KJTKCGSF QGKSRF QP TEGRM<br />
.OKECGTF QP YNEF ZPI NHBK HB KM ,FZCIF SZF\ UMK\[<br />
KRVP ,NGCSN QGKZJNGZVN KBEM ,KJSKRGPBY ZJ[PC[ ,OKZPGB ... FRFG<br />
KTXPBG [GMZFG OKVEGTF NM N[ OKNTCF OF KM ,OPXT NKC[C OKNCGS[<br />
BNB OFN QKB ,KRDZGC ZJ[PC M"B[P .O\GB NXRK BN [KB OG[G ,ZGXKF<br />
\GBR FPG .OKJSKNBJTVBYF OFN GNCYK OKVEGTF NMG ECN OYGI OIN<br />
,\PB N[ CGJZGY GNB OKZCEC [K OB ,QMB .O\GKIJ[ KVN GNNF \GNP<br />
GBNC[ ,OKNFRPFG OKEKYVF OF[ ,OKXGZIF KVNM OKZGPB OKZCEF GKFK<br />
KZPDN \GCGCR \GNP OF NCB ,BGF OFN[ ,FKVMF ZJ[PC[ FBRF NM KMF<br />
.OKNPTF OKN[IRF KVNM ZPGNM ,QGKZJNGZVF KVNM<br />
GRKKFE ,FRKEPF [GMZ BGF[ ,GRN[ NHZC \GNSPF N[PN IYR<br />
OBF ,NBG[ KRB .FRKEPF KIZHB NM N[ BGF NHZCF \NSP NT \GNTCF[<br />
OBG ?NHZCF \NSP NT GN[ \GNTCF \GMH \B GR\BP IZHB FHKB [KDZP<br />
TGSRNP ,\PBNGP NHZC \NSPC TSGR[M Z\GK FBRF \CGJ GF[P GN [K<br />
QGKZJKNGZV \GNTC N[PN IYR GB .KJZV KJSKNBJTVBY NHZCF \NSP NT<br />
.ECNC OKNTGVF N[ \GNTC \I\ BGF[ ’GMG "FRGC NNGS"F GPM ,ZGFJ<br />
OF[MP FZ\K FBRF \CGJ OFN[ [GMZC OKECGTF OKNTGVN [K OBF<br />
FCZF ,ZH QNCY NXB ECGTF[ [[GI KRBG .ZH KJSKNJKVY [GMZC OKECGT<br />
GN [K[ V"TB ,FRGC NNGSC ECGT[ KPP ,\KCCM GPXT [KDZP Z\GK<br />
.FKNT \GNTC NGMKCM
309<br />
B YNI<br />
KPGBNF [GMZ OT OK[GT OFG ,\GNTCF NM OFN ,OKNFRPF WPGYN YZG<br />
O\GB NGB[N KJZV IZHB OG[N GNKVB \G[Z QKBG ,OFKRKTC CGJM FHF<br />
NM FBRF OG[ OK[KDZP QGKZBJKNGZVF QKB LM ,"GNTV\ FPG G[T\ FP"<br />
OKNFRPF KEK \I\ BGF[ ZGXKF KTXPBG FRKEPF [GMZ NMP BGF[<br />
GFP M"BG .WZBF ZVTM O\GB OKNKV[PG ,EKP\ O\GB OK[DGRF OKEKYVFG<br />
?OYGI OINP Z\GK ,KJSKRGPGYF FKVMF ZJ[PC OFN [K[ UEGTF<br />
FKVMF ZJ[PC GBXPK[G OKBXPRF QGKZBJKNGZVF \B NNM BRYP KRKB<br />
GNMGK KM ,OKIYVPFG OKEKYVF N[ F[YF ONGT \I\ KJSKRGPBYF<br />
ZGCXF \TEP F[GC OG[ KNC \GKZHMB KRKP NMC OFKNCSC O\GRTN<br />
FKFK BNG .OKEKYVF N[ OFKEKC BGF OGSZVF KTXPB NM KZF[ ,ONGTFG<br />
NM ,FH NT USGRG .OKCZC OKTZF OFK[TP FNDK[ ,KPN \GZ[VB OG[<br />
FRKEPN FRKEPP \BXN NMGK BN[ ,OFKEK \I\ NGCM FKFK EIBG EIB<br />
,OKZXPC OKBGNM GRK\GCB GKF[ LZE NT [PP ,OFP JNPFN NMGK BNG<br />
IKRP NTGV NM[ OG[P ,\GZKIN O[P \BXN NGMK FKF BN ECT OG[[<br />
OGYPN \BXN G\GB GR\K LKBG ,FRKEPF NKC[C GN[ ZGXKF KVEGT NM \B<br />
.GN[ OKVEGTF \B EKSV\ FRKEPF[ \TC ,ZIB<br />
EKP\ \GKFN IZMGP KJSKBGZJNB K\NC KJSKRGPGY ZJ[PC ,\IB FNPC<br />
,BKXRDKNJRKBFG OKEKYVFG OKNFRPF OF[ ,OKXGZIF EPTP ,\GEPTP ’C<br />
.FZCIF N[ FCGZ OF[ ,OKZXGKF OKNPTF OF[ ,OKN[IRF EPTPG<br />
QGY\ KRVP GRKKFE ,OIZM NTC OBG O\TEP OB ,OKIZMGP OKXGZIF EPTPG<br />
KNCG OIZ KNC OKNPTF EPTP \B NKV[FNG ZSKKNG EKCTFN ,FRKEPF<br />
GKFK[ KRVP ,OKRDZGCF O\GB OKNXRP[P OK\TC[ O\GB GNXRKG .F[GC<br />
OFN FKFK BNG .F\KC[ \GMH OFN FKFK BN KM ,KZPDN QDP KZSGIP<br />
BN KZPDNG .OKCZC OKEKCTPF N[ OKTZF OFK[TP \GNDN \GZ[VB<br />
.OKEKYVF OFN G[MZ[ ZGXKF KTXPB N[ \GNTCC GIP[K<br />
\B QY\N ECN BN NJGP OHKRGPBYF NT KM .ZYKTF BGFG ,ZCE EGT :C<br />
,OKNBPKRKPF ONGTF KRC KKI OGKY NT ZGP[N OD BNB KNMNMF ZESC ONGTF<br />
.F\GTZ \B FPGB CKZI\ BN[ \GPINPF TGRPN GRKKFE<br />
12<br />
SZJRGY" KZVSC D"XZ\ \R[C EGT FH NT BKMGZMM K\IGGX ZCMG<br />
ONGTF KKI OKRMSPF GRKPKC OKEPP GNCY \GPINPF[ K\ZFHFG ,"OGN[F<br />
ZJ[P \B \GPGBF NM GNCYK[ K"T BNB KM ,FH TGRPN FXT QKBG .GNGM<br />
,OGKFM ZPGN LKZX QKBG .KJSKBGZJNBF GRKKFE ON[GPF KJSKRGPBYF<br />
.1933 :D"XZ\<br />
12
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
310<br />
,\GKRPKPF \GXXV KGNKDG \GKPGJBF \GXXVC [GPK[FG KGNKDF ZIB<br />
OK\[ GB \IB FPINP KZIB[ YVSC EGT NJGP ZCEF QKB[ ,FBZRM<br />
.EKZ[ ZKB[FN KNC ,\GK[GRBFG BKXBHKNKCKXF NM CZI\ [N[G<br />
KM .ONGTC OGN[ IKJCFN GIMC QKB KJSKBDBF KRZEGPF OHKRGPGYFG<br />
EGT ,FHF KJSKRGPGYF ZJ[PF \B ONGTF \GPGB NM GNCYK OB GNKVB<br />
ZPICG ZGXK KTXPBC \GZK[TF \GPGBF[ ,\CKKIP FCS OG[ FKF\ BN<br />
KTXPBCG OND ZPIC \GKRTF \GPGB OT GYNI\K BKXBHKNKCKXCG OND<br />
OKKIF \PZ \GG[FN GXZK BN FYKZPB KPT N[PNG ,FG[C FG[ ,ZGXK<br />
.BVGZKB KPTN GNKVB GB ,BYKZVBG BKHB KPTN OFN[<br />
OKRGRKCG OKZK[T N[ OKKIF \PZ \GG[FN IM [K ,\IB FPGBC OBG<br />
OKRGPFF \\SF K"T GRKKFE ,QGKZBJNGZVF OT FG[C ,ZGXKF KTXPB KNTC<br />
\B OFN GIYKG OKRGRKCFG OKZK[TF GEKP[K[ ,FZCIF CGZ OF[ ,OKKRTF<br />
\B YNI\[ FZK[TF FPGB IKZMFN ,NNM NKTG\ BN GH FXT FRF ,O[GMZ<br />
ZCM FZK[TF FPGB KM ,FKRTF FPGB OT FN[ ZGXKF KTXPBG [GMZF<br />
.\GKRTF FK\GRM[ KRVP FPXT \B ZGP[N \GXXVG QKH KNM FN FRKMF<br />
ZIBP ,ONGTC OKHRGPGYF ZJ[P \RY\C OKPMI GNKTGF FP QM OBG<br />
KNC ,KR[GMZF ZJ[PC BGF[ GPM [PP ,\GPGBF QKC FBRYF CXP ZKB[\[<br />
BN ,FPXT KRVC \KJZV FPGB NMC[ \YEGXF FYGNI KM .BGF[ NM FNYF<br />
OKKIF[ \TC ,LMKVN .FPGBN FPGB QKC \YEGX FYGNIN GF[P UB TKKS\<br />
O\GB N[ QPHF NT NCI ,LM NM FCGZY FRMSC OKBXPR OKNBPKRKPF<br />
FXT FHKB GSMJK[ OFN CJGPG ,KNMNMF ZJ[P \B IKC[FN OKYSGTF<br />
.KNBPKRKPF \GK[GRBF KKI \B NKXFN LKB ,QPHF G\GBC ,FNGCI\G<br />
KRVP BGF ,OGKF N[ ’YF KZJ[PC FZXF NM[ ,\TEN \KBZF FRFG<br />
N[ FEGCTF QGKZV IMN YNE ZPIF BGF[ ,\PB\GPF FZGP\F QGZSI<br />
N[ YNE ZPIC BNB ,FINXFC OEKCTFN Z[VB KB LM OG[PG .OKECGTF<br />
,OKNFRPG OKIKD[PG OKIYVPN ORPB OKMKZX FH OG[P Z[B ,[RGTG ZM[<br />
WGXPNG ,OKNTGVF NT EGPTN ,FHF F[Y FEGCT OPXT NT GNCYK[<br />
K[GYC EKP\ OFKKI OFN ZZPNG ,OKNTGVF N[ THKFG OEF \GKZHMBC<br />
FZGP\ OFN OD \\N OKIZMGP ,GHF F[YF FEGCTF ZM[C Z[B .EGCT[F<br />
GXZK BN KM ,OKZTRGKNKPN O\GB \G[TNP ,\GIV BN BGF[ ,\PN\[P<br />
GRB[ GPM ,FHP \GIVC K[VIF ORGXZP OEB KRC N[ OKRKKN\ \GKFN<br />
.OKJTKCGSF WZBC OKBGZ
311<br />
B YNI<br />
OKJSKPKJVGBF[ GPM ,OTV FR\[K FHF OKPKBF ZJ[P[ \GGYN QKB ODG<br />
TCJ \B \GR[N GNMGK ,ZGCKXF \TEG LGRKI BNG ,OKRGEKM BN KM ,OKIKJCP<br />
FNNY BGF LMKVNG .OKB\P YNE ZPI KNC K[VIF GRGXZP EGCTK[ ,OEBF<br />
\\N OKECGTF GNEIK ,FKVMF ZJ[P GNJCKG GZKCTK[ K\P KM ,\GZGEN<br />
CNC BKCFN BNB FHN FXT QKBG .FRKEPF OGKYN YKVSK[ ,O\EGCT QGKZV<br />
K"T Z[B ,\GPGNT\ TEGKF OKP[F QP KRIGZ [RGTG ZM[ \RGPB ECGTF<br />
YKVSP YNE ZPI FKFK KRIGZF [RGTG ZM[ G\GB ,\PB\GP FNGPT\G LGRKI<br />
.OFKNT GEPTK[ OKIKD[PG OKNFRPN EGT GMZJXK BNG .O\EGCT QGKZVN<br />
KEM ,Z\GKG Z\GK FXVI [VRC FZCIF NKC[C EGCTK EIBG EIB NM BNB<br />
13 .OKP[F QP GZM[C \GMHN<br />
CGKI<br />
EGCTN" UGSF EKTP H"T (14/1) .KZSGP ZPGNM ,FBKEKB BGF ’YF (1/) .B<br />
."LZGXF KVM NCYNG \NGMKF KVM<br />
BGF ,ZGCXF \TEG LGRKIFG .(14/2) GCKKIPF SKSC (1/2) LKZX ZSGP NMN .C<br />
.ZNJKFP FIMGFFG ,EBP [NI SKSC<br />
N"XBG ,ZGCX CGZFN (14/3) IJCGP ,FTEC (1/3) QGIXR NM[ QGKM .D<br />
OKCKGIP M"B .ZGCXF CGZ K"T BGF QYG\PF ’YF N[ NTGVN FBXGFF<br />
’YF \B IKJCKG CKKIK[ SKSC NT ZGCXF CGZ N[ \KZSGPF FPZ EKPTFN<br />
OEBC \JNYGPF FBKEKBF FYKVSP FRKBG .ONGTN NYNY\K BN[ QYG\PF<br />
.ZGCXF CGZC LZT NGJRG QJY JGTKP O\GKFN ,FEKNP<br />
FPZ \GNTFN IGJC OZGD FKFK[ ,EKIKF (4/1) SKSC BGF ,\EF .E<br />
KVN NCYNG \NGMKF KVN EGCTN" NNMFN TKDFN ,ZGCXF N[ \KZSGPF<br />
."LZGXF<br />
BGF[ ,"LN[ LN[G KN[ (14/4) KN[" N[ OKSVF (4/4) QP ’YF \IYN [K .F<br />
GRKKFE ,"LN[ LN[G LN[ KN[" N[ OKSVF NB GZKCTFNG ,OGES \EP<br />
QPHF HB ,NTGVC GH FZG\ NCYK ZGCXF CGZ[MG .KJGNGSCB OHKBGZJNBN<br />
NTGVM EGCTK B"GBM OB ,BGF FRPKSG<br />
14 .X"NNG F"NN NNMN TKDFN<br />
.\GRNCYC<br />
,C<br />
TJY<br />
,FH<br />
YNI<br />
UGSC \GBCGPF \GVSG\C QKKTN WNPGP QBM ZPBRN Z[YC<br />
.328 ’PT<br />
.LZGXF KVN NCYNG \NGMKF KVN EGCTN :X"NNG F"NN<br />
13<br />
14
OKBNFN ZGSB (14/5) ,GHF \KZSGP (2/10) FPZN TKDK ZGCXF[ OZJP .G<br />
FKFK BN ,ZGCXF CGZC IGJC KZSGP OZGD OKKY GRRKB[ EGT NM KM .[GMZF<br />
.FEGCTN YNE ZPI OFN<br />
UGSCN LKZX ’YF \ZDSPG (2/1) ,BKF (3/1) \IB FIV[P ONGTF NM .H<br />
JBN BGF K[TPF LKNF\ ORPB .ONGMN FG[ OKKI \PZC ONGTF NM UKYFN<br />
QV‘ BC OKSKSCF OFKNT NCY\ FC[ ZGCX CGZ[ FPGB NM GRKKFE ,JBN<br />
.’YF \ZDSPC UMK\ GSRMK ,YNE ZPIN IGJC OZGD OFN FKFKG ,K[TP<br />
NMN \IB BKF ,’YF \IJCP[ FEPC (2/2)\K\EFG<br />
,\KNMNMF FZGXF .I<br />
,OKDFRP ZB[G ,FNMNMN \GTDGR QRKB[ \K\EF \GZGXP WGI<br />
15 .\GPGBF<br />
.YGKEC F\GR[N QKB[ ,T"VC FZGX EIB NMN FKFK<br />
QGYK\ ONGTFN OKIKJCP[ OZJP (4/2) \EF<br />
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
312<br />
KRKRTC ONGTF QY\N QKB .J<br />
.KNMNMF<br />
OKXGIRF OKYGI ZB[G N"RF (2/3) OKYGIF NMP JZGVP \KRM\ \G[TN .K<br />
.OKRGPB TC[FN LKZX ’YF \ZDSPN SRMRF NMG ,FH QKRTN<br />
OKJSKBGZJNB GKFK (2/4) GZGCX CGZ[ QJY ESGP \G[TN [K FNKI\ .BK<br />
ET FZ[TP OD ,\GRNCYC GPM \GXKZIC GECTK[ GRKKFE N"RF ZGTK[C<br />
N[ \GZGXF NM GC FKFKG<br />
16 .X"NKG M"NK B"BMG ,Z\GKG OGKC \GT[ C"K<br />
NM FCZYC NKM\ FHF ESGPF \ZDSP OB GNKVB[ ET ,FRKEP \DFRF<br />
\GR[N LZGX FKFK BN ,UGZDBF ZJ[P NKNM NJC\K HB Z[B ,GNGM ONGTF<br />
\KHMZP FEGYR QKTM FKFK FHF ESGPFG .FDFRFC QKCG FEGCTC QKC ZCE<br />
SRMRF NMG .ONGTF UGS ET \GRKEPG OKPT GVKYKG GMNK FKNT[ \KPNGT<br />
GPM GKFKG ,HMZPF OT \IB FDFRFG \IB \KRM\ OFN GKFK ’YF \ZDSPC<br />
.\GBXG\NG OKESVFNG OKIGZN [PP EIB OT<br />
KJV[P ESGP FHKBC [P\[K[ ,ESGPF KRCN (2/5) ZGPI ZGSKBC ZGSB .CK<br />
GTKZMK \GZK\SF NM BNB .IMF ZJ[PC \GBXPRF \GZGX NMP ,FPGEMG<br />
FRDPF ZGCXF \TEG .ZCEC OKTDGRF OKEEXF QKC ZPGNM ,OPXT QKCN ORKC<br />
.G\NTG\N GZKCI \YEX NXRK[ ZCE NTCF \B FRDK OHKBDBF \B<br />
OKMNGF OFG .\GPGBF (7/1) CGZ NT OKBGR[ OKEGFK[ BKF BECGT .DK<br />
OFN[ ’YF QFG OFN[ \GKRGNKIF QFG OFN[ FKSRMF QF O\GB OKJTPPG<br />
FBZ "ONGTF NMN OKGG[F \EF KYGI" NTG "\GPGBF NM N[ \K\EF FZGXF" NT<br />
.338 ’PT ,BK TJY ,FH YNIN \GVSG\C QNFN<br />
.GKMZX KVN NCYKG GIGM KVN EGCTK EIBG EIB NM :X"NKG M"NK B"BM<br />
15<br />
16
313<br />
B YNI<br />
CNC KPHKBGZJNB K\KPB ZSGP BKCFN BNB FH EDRM OINFN FXT QKBG<br />
.OHKNJKVGPSGYN ET \GPGBF<br />
NXRN FN \Z\GP (3/2) FPGB FPN ,GKZCI NXRN ZGSB EKIK OB .EK<br />
.FK\GZCIP Z\GK WZBFP FRF\[ FPGBN FYEX Q\GR FYHI FHKBG .FK\GZCI<br />
.KPGBN QKC ’Y ESKN [K H"KVNG<br />
F[GZKC OB ,FZYPC OB \GXKZIC (3/3) OB GMH[ OKEKIK [K[ GPM KM<br />
FPN M"BG ,\GPGBC [PP QM OKN[GZPF QGC[I NT Z\K YNIN GK\GCBP<br />
.\GPGBF NTP Z\GK OKEKIKF NT FPINPF NED\<br />
LZEC OB KM YGIF LZEC OZESN (4/3) NMG\ BN[ OKBZV KBC \KKF OB .GJ<br />
\RKICP QM ?FH \B FH GEKP[K[ O\GB CHGTG FHC YVYVP \KKFF ,\E<br />
LZEC BN OB OFKNT NCGYK[ FNGCI\ OG[ QKBG ,OKBZV ONGM OHKBGZJNB<br />
.QPKKP \GXXVC H"BH GEKP[K[ ET O[VRN OCHTN SSFK KP .\E<br />
,\GIMGF ,\GYG[\ YGVKS { FRGPBF (5/1) \GJ[V\FN OF \GEGSK ’D .HJ<br />
17<br />
:FNGPT\G<br />
\ZBV\ FKFK[ KPGBN ZM[ QMG .ZM[ ,[VRF \ZB[F GPM QF ,\GYG[\<br />
.FPGBF<br />
...F OGJBF KPKC ["MP ,G\NGH ONGTN OGKY QKB[ QF ,\GIMGF<br />
.\GXKZIC BKF OB M"D FIMGF OGYPC [P[N FNGMK ,FNGPT\<br />
Z[VB KB KJSKBGZJNBF ’YF Z[B BXPR ,[GMZF \GB\ \PIP .HK<br />
\GZCIF NM GIKMGF[ GPM .KJSKBDBF ’YF (4) \PEYFC \NGH (4/4) FRCK[<br />
[KN[[ ZIB F\T BNB .OHKSYZBPF OZJP KJSKBGZJNB ’BY ESKN GXZ[<br />
NKI\FN Z[VB ,KJSKBDB ’Y ZJ[P NT OFK\GEGSK GIKRF ZCM ONGTF<br />
.K\E SKSC NT BPKKY ZC KJSKBGZJNB ’Y ESKN<br />
NM [KB" BNB ,IMF \N[PP (2/6) KZPDN NJCN GVGS ’JNBF ’YF .IK<br />
GRKPBF BN QM KM ,FH NT YVYVNG FGP\N QKBG ."F[TK GKRKTC Z[KF<br />
ONGTF CGZ OGKFM[ ET OKNCGI NYPC BNB FZCSFC OKENK LRIN Z[VB[<br />
IM OFN QKB[ OKENKC ZGPB FHG .OKENK NT IMF \N[PP JTPN FH GNCY<br />
\GRNCSG \TE KNTC OK[RB WGCKYC ["MPG \TE OFN QKBG \GRNCSF<br />
.IM N[ ZJ[P OFN LZGX FKFK BNG ,OHKBGZJNGBC OKMRGIPG<br />
\N[PPN UGVM G\GKFP Z\GK OEBF \B FHCPG NKV[P ZCE QKB \PBCG<br />
.KBNJZTF IMF<br />
,CK<br />
TJY<br />
,FH<br />
YNI<br />
UGSC<br />
\GBCGPF<br />
\GVSG\C<br />
QKKTN<br />
WNPGP<br />
QBM<br />
ZPBRN Z[YC<br />
.340 ’PT<br />
17
GNKVBG<br />
K\CN<br />
JV[P<br />
BN<br />
GKFK<br />
,OKMKZX<br />
BNB<br />
OB<br />
TZBK<br />
FHKB<br />
FZYP<br />
BXGK<br />
NNMFP<br />
OKRM[F[<br />
BN<br />
GNTVK<br />
NT<br />
OEB<br />
BXGK<br />
,QVGE<br />
HB<br />
GYYEHK<br />
GN<br />
OKMRIP<br />
OKIPGP<br />
G\GJFN<br />
OKIGMKGC<br />
\ZCSFCG<br />
O\CGJ<br />
N[<br />
FZCIF<br />
ET<br />
GZKHIK[<br />
G\GB<br />
NB<br />
.FZG[F<br />
OBG<br />
TZBK<br />
FHKB<br />
OEB<br />
Q[YT<br />
NM[<br />
FH<br />
BN<br />
NKTGK<br />
GN<br />
HB<br />
G[ZVK<br />
GRPP<br />
ZGCXF<br />
GPM<br />
QP<br />
FEGRP<br />
ET<br />
FKFK[<br />
IZMGP<br />
ZCI\FN<br />
KYGIN<br />
.FZCIF<br />
BXGKF<br />
FHP<br />
ZIB[<br />
ESG\[<br />
WGCKY<br />
EIB<br />
’YP<br />
,’JNB<br />
BXPKG<br />
GC<br />
CGZ<br />
GNCY[<br />
OFKNT<br />
O\GB<br />
OKYGIF<br />
NTGVC<br />
UMK\<br />
GNCYK<br />
OFKNT<br />
BN[<br />
BKCFN<br />
[KB<br />
\B<br />
GZKCI<br />
OG[N<br />
\KC<br />
JV[PF<br />
GB<br />
KRMGSN<br />
,FN[PPF<br />
GB<br />
IMN<br />
FHKB<br />
BGF[<br />
BNB<br />
NMF<br />
FZCSFC<br />
FMZ<br />
.N"RM<br />
\PIPG<br />
FH<br />
QKB<br />
OKNCYP<br />
[KB<br />
FZCIN<br />
OZJP<br />
YECK<br />
OB<br />
GRKB<br />
[KB<br />
SD<br />
,Z\GKC<br />
GRKBG<br />
NDGSP<br />
LGRKIN<br />
.OHKBGZJNGBF<br />
.JK<br />
CGJ<br />
,QY\N<br />
BN[<br />
FKFK<br />
OG[<br />
OEB<br />
TCG\ (2/7)<br />
GKMZX<br />
,FZCIFP<br />
BNB<br />
GKFK<br />
OKZICR<br />
ZGSIP GZYIK[ ,LMN<br />
NM<br />
EIB<br />
GYNIKG<br />
Q\GB<br />
NMN<br />
EIB<br />
.EIBG<br />
\TEG<br />
ZGCXF<br />
TKYGK<br />
\B<br />
TCG\F<br />
GPXTN<br />
FHKB<br />
LZGX<br />
[KBN<br />
SD<br />
NGGRPG<br />
GPM<br />
CRD<br />
QNHDG<br />
N[<br />
.OGKF<br />
LMKVNG<br />
FRKKF\<br />
GK\GC[IP<br />
N[<br />
B"GBM<br />
\GRG\R<br />
LB<br />
TKV[FN<br />
.G\NGHN<br />
TCJM<br />
NM<br />
LGRKI<br />
C[IPF<br />
\B<br />
,FH<br />
OZJP<br />
[KDZK<br />
\GRGZSI<br />
.GPXTN<br />
OB<br />
OKXGZ<br />
WGVYN<br />
NT<br />
QIN[ (1/5)<br />
OKMKZX<br />
QKMFN<br />
OPXT<br />
WGVYN<br />
FCZF<br />
FNTPN<br />
QP<br />
QIN[F<br />
HBG<br />
GVGS<br />
WGVYN<br />
NT<br />
.QIN[F<br />
NCB<br />
OB<br />
FXZK<br />
WGVYN<br />
YZ<br />
NT<br />
\PZ<br />
QIN[F<br />
HB<br />
NGVK<br />
.FJPN<br />
.M<br />
[K<br />
\GEGFN<br />
’Y[<br />
’BDB<br />
BGF<br />
CN[<br />
,YEXN<br />
NT<br />
LZE<br />
BN[P"<br />
FP[N<br />
OKBC<br />
."FP[N<br />
BNB<br />
KRB<br />
,ZPGB (5/2)<br />
ZCM[<br />
TKDF<br />
\T<br />
CN[N<br />
’CF<br />
BGF[<br />
’Y<br />
,KJSKBGZJNGB<br />
QMB<br />
OKMKZX<br />
GDKFRFN<br />
WZBC<br />
\IB<br />
,BPDGEN<br />
KM<br />
HB<br />
KBEG<br />
GFGNCYK<br />
KNTC<br />
CN[<br />
.’BF<br />
QGHVIFG<br />
CG[I<br />
,EBP<br />
KM<br />
\GRGZSIF<br />
[GP[FG<br />
IMC<br />
’YC[<br />
’BDBF<br />
OKYKIZP<br />
CGZ<br />
ONGTF<br />
KNTC<br />
\GCZ\F<br />
FJK[P<br />
GH<br />
.FNNMC<br />
LMKVNG<br />
OKMKZX<br />
\GBZFN<br />
ONGTN<br />
\B<br />
’YF<br />
,\PN[GPF<br />
HB[<br />
KNC<br />
YVS<br />
GFGNCYK<br />
CGZ<br />
KNTC<br />
\GCZ\F<br />
.ONGTC[<br />
[KG<br />
[G[IN<br />
EBP<br />
BN[<br />
GPKEYK<br />
’ZVPKBF<br />
NJCN<br />
\B<br />
’YF<br />
QP<br />
.ONGTF<br />
QMB<br />
OB<br />
OSZV\\<br />
GR\JK[<br />
\PN[GPF<br />
,NTGVC<br />
KBEGGC<br />
GZB[K<br />
’ZVPKBF<br />
LNPM<br />
KNC<br />
.NKI<br />
KC\M<br />
ZGEF<br />
GZIBF<br />
Q 314
315<br />
B YNI<br />
\GZK\SF[ \NGH FCKXKG (4/6) FRKY\ FZCI KKI QM\K BN[ ZGZC .BM<br />
Z[VB KB[ GRN ZZCP FHG ,CGZF K"T \GTZMR FRKKF\ FZCIF KRCC[<br />
FCGJ FZCI[ QV‘ BC .CGJ BGF CGZF OB \NGH FZCIC CGJ ZJ[P FKFK[<br />
OF FC[ CGZF[ F[GZKV FTZ FZCIG ,OKCGJ OF[ CGZ FC [K[ F[GZKV<br />
K[RB CGZ[ OZJP ,’Y ESKKN QKB[ ,’D \GB NKTN K\ZPB[ FHG .OKTZ<br />
.TKV[FN QGXZC OF FZCIF<br />
\GZGE NT IMC ZJ[P IKJCFN (10/5) FNGMK FNGPT\ OG[ QKB .CM<br />
\MNN OTCJP[ ,ZGCXF \TE BNG LGRKI QBM NKTGK BNG .OKEK\TF<br />
O\GB[ ,QGKSRC OKBGZ GRBG ,YHI\FNG \MNN GTCJP[ \EP WGI ,[NI\FNG<br />
OKPKKYP OFKZIB \GZGECG ,FKVMG SRGB K"T ,\EF FNKI\ GNCY[ OKPTF<br />
.GKNT O[VR OKZSGP[ BNB EGT BNG .QGXZG FZKIC LG\P O\GB<br />
KJSKBGZJNBF ’YF (4/7) OFKNT GNCY (10/6) \GCBF[ V"TB[ ,QKCFN [KG<br />
GMK[PK OFKZIB OFKRC[ QGIJC OG[ EGT QKB OKJSKNBEKB OF[ \PIP<br />
DGFRM SRGBG FKVMC FGNCY \GCBF OD OB ZPGN LZGX QKBG .FHF ZJ[PC<br />
GKNT GZCD\K UGS UGS BNB \GZGEN FH OKKY\K BN[ ,KJSKBDB ’YC<br />
.GFGNJCKG<br />
.\EF \GGXP LZEC OB KM ,\GZGEN FKVM N[ ZJ[P \GVMN QKBG<br />
CGZ FKFK[ OZJP ’Y ZJ[P (4/8) DKFRFN QKB[ ZPGB KRB[ FP .DM<br />
BNB ,CN WVIC FBKEKB \RKICP QM GKFK[ [GZKVF QKB ,KJSKBGZJNGB<br />
FVGS GH FKVMG ZGCXF \TE UGZKXC \EF \PIP FH GPKKYK[ BGF [GZKVF<br />
.KZYKTF FVGMF BGF \EF[ \PIP \GZGEN OKKY\FN<br />
\GPINPFG \GJKI[FG KRGTF KNCIG OKZGSKF NM (5/2) ZGMHN [K .EM<br />
’YP FNGBD OK[YCPG ONGTC OKZZG[F OKPG\KFG \GRPNBFG<br />
NKXFN KEM GKKI NM ZGSPNG \\N OEBN F[YK BN HBG ,KJSKBGZJNGBF<br />
GCN OJPJ BN EGT[ ZKTX OEB ["MPG .OKBZGRF OKCBMFG QGKNMP O\GB<br />
.GEGBPG G[VR NMC FHN ZGHTK[ KBEG ,GPXT GK\GRGZSIP<br />
FNKN[<br />
OZJP GRKKFE ,LMN QMGP ZGCXF[ (1) OZJP (8/1) FPBNF OK[GT OB .B<br />
FPGE ,FEGCTN YNE ZPIN IGJC OZGDG IGJC SKSC EIB NMN FKFK[<br />
.ZIB \KC \GRCN OKTXPBF GN [K[ OZJP QJYF G\KC Z\GSN
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
316<br />
OKINXGPFG OKZ[MGPF \GG[FN ,[GZKVF (8/2) QKB :ZGCXF \BG[F .C<br />
[GZKVF BNB .[PP ZGCXF QCZGI GFH KM OKBMERFG OKN[GZPF \PZN<br />
,OKN[GZPF OD[ .OKRGRKCF N[ OKKIF \PZ ZGCXFP ’B NMN \\N BGF<br />
.OKRGRKCF GPM OKKIF \GEI GNCYK<br />
CGZN YKHP GRKB OB ,ZP[R (2/8) \GKFN LKZX JZVF N[ [VGIF .D<br />
.YKHP K\NC G\G[TNG .NNM OIZN QKB OKYKHPF NTG .ZGCXF<br />
GKF[ ,F[BZC[ (8/3) OKJSKNBKEKBF \GMHC OKKY\P KG[MTF ’YF .E<br />
V"T OKDKFRP GZICK[ KR[F ZGE NCB ,’Y G[TR[ OZJP OKJSKNBKEKB<br />
ZGHIK[ GB ,OKHKXR \ZGX NCYKG ,NJC\PG LGNF LNK ,ZGCX CGZ \GTE<br />
\GZIB \GPGB NXRNP O\GB TRPK[ ,OZGD OFN FKFK BN KM ,\GR[GMZN<br />
.\GN[GZPF<br />
NM SKSC KM ,\GPINP TGRPN (9/1) OZGD OG[ GC QKB ’BF ’YF .F<br />
,F\ZCI QCZGI NT \GRCFN \KXGZ \IB NM[ FKIPF IJ[ BGF \GPINPF<br />
NT SSGCPF ’YFG .Z\GK GN [K \ZIBF[ FP NT FBRYC OBG YEXC OB<br />
,GHC GH \GPGBF \BRY NNM ZKSP GRKB ,FG[ FYGNI \ZDSPC "KN[ KN["<br />
\GZK[TF \GPGB[ FGY\ QKB OD .FKIP IJ[C FPGBF N[ ZGSIPF ["MPG<br />
CKKIP GRKB "LN[ LN[G KN[ KN[" KM .\GKRTF OT \GG\[FN QYNIP GR\K<br />
."LN[ LN[G LN[ KN[" N[ ’YF YZ ZG\VK BN FH NMG ,FH \B<br />
’YF \GXZBF NM [CMG ZCD\R[ (9/2) KPNGT IM [K[ GRKBZ OGKF OD .G<br />
,OKRGPEY \GPGBC BKZGJSFF LZEM [PP GRKKFE .GN[ LG\CM OFC F[GTG<br />
GRB ZCMG .OKBCC ,OKYNIN NXV\K FHF IM[ YVS KNCG .’GMG KPGZG QGGK@j<br />
NT ’SGZ N[GP FPC KM .H"CH GPINK KBEG GNXV\K[MG .GJKJ \B OKBXGP<br />
18<br />
.\GZIB NT GB .\KRIFG CZIF IMC BN OB ’MG[J<br />
QGKZV NKEDFNG ECGTF N[ FMKZXF (8/4) JTPN OKXGZ OKEKCTPF ’YC .H<br />
,NTGVF N[ FMKZXF \GCZFN OKNTGVG OKXGZ OKEKCTPF ’PBCG .G\EGCT<br />
.FMKZXN \GG[FN G\EGCT QGKZVG<br />
OKZXP \GND QKPM ZGXKN OVGS (13/1) OKIYVPFG OKJKN[F EPTPF .I<br />
EPTP EKN GN[ OKVEGTF IKRP ECGT NM[ OG[P ,OKECGTF EPTP NT<br />
ECGT OG[N GR\K BN M"T .[BZC YNI GRPP OKIYGNF OFG ,OKJKN[F<br />
OKZP[RG OKBGNM OKECGTF GKFKG ,\ZIB FRKEPN OFKEK \I\P JNPFN<br />
.OKZXPC FTZV NXB NBZ[K GPM<br />
.FKYCGNSGM’X NT FKSGZ :’MG[J NT ’SGZ<br />
18
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27 ."\GEPTP<br />
BGF QMG .ONGTN OFKRCP FIPK BN GH FHT FBR[[ ,OKRDZGCF FZCIF<br />
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26<br />
27
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28 ."TEPF<br />
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BN .’TEPF’ QP OB=KM ,\EF QP TCGR GRRKB FH ’TCY=CXP’ .(213 ’PT ,endgültig)<br />
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28
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29<br />
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(10/3)<br />
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330<br />
37<br />
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OKRNHDFG OKCRDF NT OKXCGZ OK[RGT N[ FR[ OKVNB FPM KM<br />
NMF DK[FN OKMZE OFN [K[ V"TB OTCJ \B GRK[ BN H"MTG OKBPZFG<br />
OKCRD ONGM[ FZCI BXGP[ KPN ,QEKE KVNM FPGE ZCEFG .Z\GPF LZEC<br />
:IM K"T YGIF LZEC ONKCDFNG ODKFRFN FXGZG OKEEG[G OKIXGZG<br />
.WXGV\FN IZMGP[<br />
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N[ NTGVN FBXGFF ["MPG ,CGZFN IJCGP FTEC QGIXR[ QGKM (14/3)<br />
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.ONGTN NYNGYK BN[ QV‘ BC ZGCX CGZ N[<br />
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GRKKFE ,"LN[ LN[G LN[ KN[" N[ OKSVF NT ’YF ZKCTFN OKMKZX (14/4)<br />
[KB NM" OKKY\K ,FHN TKDK ZGCXF CGZ[ ZIBG .KJGNGSCB OHKBGZJNGB<br />
."GKMZX KVN NCYKG GIM KVN EGCTK<br />
.[GMZF OKBNFN ZGSB ,FHM ZSGPF \PZN TKDF ZGCX CGZ[ OZJP (14/5)<br />
.N"RF OKPTJP<br />
E TJY<br />
G\KC Z\GSN FPGE LMN QMGP ZGCX CGZ[ OZJP ,FPBNF OK[GT OB (8/1)<br />
.YHI \KC \GRCN OKTXPBF GN [K[ OZJP TGTZF<br />
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.OKZ[MGPF NB OKN[IRF \GG[FN BNB .ZGCXF QCZGI<br />
.F[BZC[ OKJSKNBKEKB \XGCY \GMHC F\T OKKY\P ’DBF ’YF (8/3)<br />
OKZ[MGPC BNB OKJSKNBKEKBC ZIGC ZGCXF QKB ,OKBCF \GZGEC NCB<br />
.OHKXR N[ FZGX ’YF NCYK HBG ,O\NKCDP FRKB FBKEKBF[ ,Z\GKC<br />
\GCZFNG ,ECGTF N[ FMKZXF JTPN OKEKCTPF OKXGZ ’BDBF ’YC (8/4)<br />
GRPP ICG[PG .YKVSK OB YVSC EKP\ FKFK[ ,G\EGCT QGKZV<br />
,NTGVF N[ FMKZXF \GCZFN OKXGZ OKEKCTPF[ ,OKJSKNBKZVPKBF<br />
.FMKZXN G\EGCT QGKZV \GG[FNG<br />
FTKDKN IM GN EEGPG UGD NMN TKRPG NTGVF IM BGF[ FZJP=IM" :ZBGBV CKJGP<br />
.(ONGSF NTC N[ "OGN[F" SZJRGY LG\P FIGYN FZEDFF) "FRGMPC YNEF EKYV\M<br />
37
331<br />
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,BKZGJSKFF ZBCN OKYKVSP QKB ZCM QGKZBJKNGZVG KRDZGC OKZEDF (8/9)<br />
.OKN[IR EPTPNG OKXGZI EPTPN :BNB<br />
GPM ,OKN[IRF EPTP \B GNXRK OKXGZIF EPTP[ BGF KTCJ YGI (8/6)<br />
OKRDZGC OF OKXGZIF OB [ZVF QKBG .[NIF \B TNGC YHIF[ OKC[ OKDE<br />
OF OKKIF \GGEIG \GZKI FPM BKF FNB[F BNB ,’YF \N[PPF KEKYV GB<br />
.OKN[IRFN OKZKB[P<br />
OF ,OFP OKDFRGPF OKN[IRF EPTPG ,OKHGIB 10 OF OKXGZIF EPTP<br />
.FZCIFP OKHGIB OKT[\<br />
O\GB \B (8/) OPXTC GZICK OF QM OB BNB ,OKN[IRN QGY\ QKB (0/0)<br />
\GKFN OVGS HB ,FHF IM OFKEKC QKB OBG .OFKNT GN[PK[ OKXGZIF<br />
.OKXGZIF K"T NGCD KNCN OKNXGRP<br />
G TJY<br />
\GND ZGXKN OVGS ,OKIYVPFG OKJKN[F GRKKFE ,OKXGZIF EPTP (13/1)<br />
OKXCYP OKJKN[F[ OG[P ,OKECGTF OF[ OKN[IRF EPTP NT OKZXP<br />
QMG ,[BZC YNI OFP OKIYGNF OFG ,OKECGTF N[ OKVEGTF NM OEKN<br />
FRKEPN OFKEK \I\P JNPFN ECGT OG[N GIKRK BN ,ZGCXF \CGJ OTJP<br />
OFP BXGK ECT QKB[ ,OKZXPC NBZ[K GPM OFKNT GZP[KG \ZIB<br />
.\GZKIN<br />
ORKBG OKNMGB[ ,OKRYHFG OKMRF NM G\KPK ,OVGSC ,OKXGZIF EPTP (13/2)<br />
\TZN BGF[ QGKM .EGCTN GNMGK[ FPP Z\GK OKNMGB OB GNKVB GB ,OK[GT<br />
.TEGRM ,OFN QKB OKJRTPKJRTSG :FZCIF<br />
OKRGYF GMVF\K OKYNIPN GMVF\K OKZSVSFG OKZIGSF[ FT[C (13/3)<br />
ZGTK[C GB ,OKYNIPF KESI KVN L\IK ONZGDG ,OFKEKP FYEXN KNCYPN<br />
.FHC QKRT OFN FKFK OB ,OKIYVPF KRVP FBZKF<br />
,FRKEPFN LKK[F FKRB N[PN ,\GFH ORKB FJKN[FG \GNTCF[ QGKM (13/4)<br />
BNB ,FP[ NDZF \SKZE GN QKB FH NM OT ,FKNT \GNTC GN [K IZHB NM[<br />
\N[PP FKF\ OB GNKVB QM GPM FKNT OKJNG[F OKNFRPF N[ ORGXZ KVN<br />
FPP FN[PPF KSMRC Z\GK \GVKET OG[ OFN FKF\ BN ,QGKZBJKNGZV<br />
,OKNFRPN YZ OFC[ FJKN[F NM KM .OKRDZGCF KSMRC F\T OFN [K[<br />
.OFN OKPGEF GB ,F\T N[ OKRDZGCF OF[
QGZIBF<br />
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332<br />
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GPM GCK[IK FRKEPF K[RB NM Z[B \JNIGP BZGJBJYKEC BKMZDKNGB<br />
NFRP NM N[ GCN \ZKZ[ KVM ,OKKZHMB OK[RGTN OFKEKC OKRG\R GKFKG ,SVB<br />
.FRKEPF N[ OFKMZX OGKY GIKJCK BN ZIB QV‘ BC KM .NFRPG<br />
FZKIC FKF\ BN[ DGBEN FN[PPF FMKZX FHM ZJ[PC (13/6)<br />
.’Y KJRB OF ZGCX CGZ[ \PIP ,\KJBZYBGPE<br />
OGYPC BCZEBG ’JKNGZVF \B OGNM ZZI[P GRKB ’BDBF ’YF (8/5)<br />
OKNFRP EPTP GEKPTK OKECGTF OT IGRC OKMNGF[ OKRDZGC OKEKCTP<br />
NGXKRFG OKZPG OK[Y OK[RGTC FKVMC ’JKNGZVF \B ECT[K[ OKIYVPG<br />
\CGJN BGF NGXKRF[ FP OGNM OFN NYK BNG ,OFKNT GNVMGK KGMKEFG<br />
GR\K OKNPTNG ,OKBMEPFG OKEKCTPF GNCYK \RP[F UGS UGS KM ,FRKEPF<br />
OKTGZDF OK[RGT GB KEKP\ \GGP EIVC OKBXPR FH \I\G<br />
38 .TYJKGGZTSF<br />
.\GPP<br />
,\GBZN OKNFRPF OKIZMGP ,’Y KJRB NT GJN[K ’YF[ ,GHM FRKEPC (8/8)<br />
ZIB KM ,OFN[ KGMKEFG NGTF \GNDN FRKEPF KRCN \GZ[VB ’KF\ BN[<br />
NTG ,GSVEK BN[ OKSKVEPF NT GZHDK HB ,O\G[ZC FRKKF\ \GEGCTF NM[<br />
GKFK[ BNB ,OFK[TP NT \ZGYKC OG[ GNDK BNG GZCEK BN[ OKPBGRF<br />
TEGGK\ BNG .\GPEB KNT QET QD ZKKXNG OFKNT \GVING ZY[N OKCKGIP<br />
OG[P OKNFRPF KRKTC QI GBXPK BN[ OKJGTKPF ["MPG .ONGTN O\ZX<br />
TEGK[ FBZK KNCG F[GC KNC ONGTP OZKCTFN GNMGK BGF[ OTJ FHKB<br />
?O\GB OKBRG[ ONGTF KRC CGZ[ OKEGFK OT FKFK FPG .WGIN<br />
\PN[GPG FCGJ FZCI FKF\[ Z[VB KB[ BGF ZGPD \PB ORPB (8/7)<br />
FNFRFFG ,FZCIF CKJ \ZKKXP FNFRFF KM CGJ BGF FC[ CGZF M"BB<br />
OKTZ KM .FTZ BKF FNFRFF OD IZMFC ,TZ OCGZ OBG ,ZGCX CGZP \ZICR<br />
.OIGZ \ZGPN GKFK[ OKN[GP OFKNT GPK[K BN<br />
\GNGCI\C FPF KM \GKRZTEBPF \GKJBZYGPTEF QP \G[YFN QKBG<br />
,OFN[ \GPZGTF GRKCKG GPMI\K[MG .OKZIGCF ZGCX \B OKPZP \GRG[<br />
FPC OFN \EPGT FPZTF ZYKTG .OIGZ KVM FNFRF CGZF GZICK IJC HB<br />
OB FPMIC OB O\GB OKPSZVPG ,CGJ O[C OK[RB FNKI\P OK[EYP[<br />
OKKY\P GRKB ZY[ NCB .O\GB OKZIGCG OKRKPBP OKRGPFF HBG ,\GYEXC<br />
.ONGTN<br />
.OK[GIMF CNIF KP<br />
38
333<br />
B YNI<br />
FZY FP ,BGF TCJF KBNVP ’B KM .OHKZTNJKFN ZCSF BXPR FHCG (0/0)<br />
OGB\VG ,OKNTR Z\GKF FKXBHBKNKCKX KNTC OKPTP GC[IR[ ,OKRPZDN<br />
OKPT QKP Z\GKC TGZDF ,OEB KBZV OT G[TRG GMVFR EIB OGKC<br />
CGZ KV NT ZICR ZNJKF[ ;EGT BNG .ONGTP GKF ZCM[ ,OKCKJKPKZVF<br />
QZGS[ ,ZGCXF CGZN FTE OG[ QKB \PBC KM .EBP JG[V BGF ZGPBFCG<br />
39<br />
CGZ \B OKPZP[ BNB .Z\GKC TJZKHKNGCKXF OKPTC GNKVB ,TZ<br />
FDFRF \GKFN NGMK TZ BGF ZGCXF CGZ[ GNKVB LMKVNG .N"RM ZGCXF<br />
.FCGJ<br />
OT OKNFRPF OK[GT[ \GBPZF \B \GNDN Z[MGPF TZ OEB BC OB NCB<br />
FZKICN OKGBZF OK[RB O\GB FBZPG ,OKZXGK OF[ OKPSZGVPF OK[RB<br />
40<br />
OG[ QKB ,( TYXBZJG QKR]TN+ QMG) ZTNJKF F[T[ GPM ,ORGXZG OIGZ KVN<br />
.OIGZ KVN OKT[Z OKDKFRPC OKZIGCG OKBPZF NM OKMKN[P[ BNV<br />
.ZGCXF CGZ GC EIK\R[ KJZYBPTE ZICR \PBC ZTNJKF FKF LMKVNG<br />
GRGXZM OKPTC F[TG FBKEKB KNTC OK[RBF NM ZTKCG TKRMF H"IBG<br />
.OTF QGXZMG<br />
GJN[K ZGCXF CGZ[ FZY BN EGT ONGT \GPKP KM [GEKIF NM GFHG<br />
41<br />
ZGTK[ FHKB OFC [K UGS UGS[ ,OKJBZYGJGBF GB BNB ,FRKEP GHKBC<br />
ZGCXF CGZ NCB .N"RM OKBPZF OKJZYPTE GB ,BKMZDKNGB GB .ZSGP N[<br />
.["PK ZTNJKF KPKC BNB GJN[ BN JG[VF<br />
ET NNMF \CGJ OKZFG .OKZH OKPT KVNM \GT[ZF OKZF FH NT USGRG<br />
YGZVN OGYP OFN OKR\GR OB[ OKJSKEBSF [VR QKCF KM .[VR \ZKSPN<br />
.O[VRC OD FH ETC GPN[K ,OHKEBSF \B<br />
H TJY<br />
KNTC GB OKXGZIF \GPGBF KM .\GPINP TGRPN GIMC QKB ’DBF ’YF (9/1)<br />
.\GN[IRFG \GKRTF \GPGB OT YNI\FNG \GG\[FN GXZK BN ONDF ZPGI<br />
\GPINPF KRVP FZKP[F IMC BNB OGN[F NT \GGYN QKB CG[ M"TG<br />
\GPGBF N[ FBR[FG FBRYF KRVP ZP[FN ,QKKH KNM \GRMFC GRKKFE<br />
.OGKF GPM [PP ,\GN[IRFG \GKRTF<br />
.FFGCDF FKXKHKNKCKXF KNTC<br />
\GTE FDGF ,KSGZ KEGFK QMVFP ,(1940{1879) KYXGZJ ’WKCGEKGE (CN) QGBN<br />
.KJKKCGS DKFRPG JSKRGPGY<br />
QGJN[C .NCDGP=K\NC IGM GNG EIB JKN[ [K FC Z[B N[PP \JK[ :FKJZYGJGB<br />
.KRGKGG[ GRKBG KJZYGPE GRKB G\ZEDFC QGJN[F { OTF \GRGCKZC FZMF QKB FH<br />
39<br />
40<br />
41
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
334<br />
,N[PN \GBKEKB KGRK[ \PIP \GPINP GVSGG\K OD BNB ,EGT BNG (9/2)<br />
.OHKRGKX ,OHKBGJKJ<br />
42<br />
KM K\ZFHFG BKMGZMM K\IGGXG D"XZ\C FHP K\C\MG K\ZCE ZCM (9/3)<br />
\GXXVF ZIB F\T NCB .GRKPBF BNG .ONGTF GCKZIK OGKF N[ \GPINPF<br />
\GPINPP NXRKR BN OB KN GRKPBK NMF[ C[GI KRB \KPKPFG \KPGJBF<br />
.ONGTF WY ’KFK<br />
I TJY<br />
,\GPGBF NM KVNM \YEGX BKF ,FPGB NM KVNM \YEGX BKF OB ,’YF (3/2)<br />
Z\GK ,FEKIK FPGBN WZBF N[ OND ZPI NT [K \GNTCG \GMH FHKB KM<br />
FPN QMG .OKRGEKMG \GCZIC GFGRY[ ["MPG FYHIF YGI YYI KP .ZB[NP<br />
FNPC .EKIK NMN YEGX GRKB FH ZCE OB ,F\ZCI \B \IB FPGB NXR\<br />
YZG .FPGB NM KVNM YEGX BGF QM ,EKIKN [GMZ NGJKC YEGX[ GPM ,\IB<br />
FRKB (3/3) F[GZKF YGIG FYHIF OB ,LPXT NT FP\G .WZBC OGN[ FKFK HB<br />
FYGNI[ GPMG ,FPN[ FPGBN FRYP FKFK FPN ,EKIKN QKRY \GMH FRYP<br />
:KPGBN QKC \YEGX FYGNI \GKFN FMKZX QM ,FPGBF KEKIKC \DFGR \YEGX<br />
\GPGBF NMN ZCJXPF [GMZ QKCG ZGXKF KTXPB QKCG ,OND ZPIF QKC<br />
43<br />
[PP .KCKJKPKZVN KJZHKNKCX QKC ,ZGI[N QCN QKC [ZVF KNC FG[C<br />
.\IB FPGB N[ OKEKIK QKC DFGRM<br />
\GPGB NM QKC GB ,\IB FPGB ,OKEKIK QKC YNIN QKB QVGB OG[CG (9/4)<br />
.\GPINPF GYSVK BN ,[ZVF (0/0) FHKB FKFK[ EGT NMG ,ONGTF<br />
BYKZTPB GNKVBG .KPGBN QKC ’YN FGY\ OG[ QKB KJSKBDB ’YP (0/0)<br />
OZGD OG[ EGT QKB .’Y ZJ[P (9/6) GNCYK QKSG GEGF ODG ,’Y ZJ[P NCY\<br />
GEGFG BYKZVB KRC OT OFN[ OKKIF \GPZ \GG[FN BYKZPB KRC IKZMK[<br />
,QKR]TN+G SYZP N[ \GVGZ\F NM GNKTGK BN QBMG .OKCKJKPKZVFG OKBZVF<br />
ZK[TF EPTP KM ,ZK[TF EPTP \B GNHDK[ ,KRTF EPTP \B FS[N GRKKFE<br />
.FZKP[N OKNM OFN GRKMF ZCM<br />
.ZYKT NM \GPINP GTRPK BN KM ,YKZNG BG[N ’DBF ’YF NM KZF ,NKTGK BN OBG<br />
J TJY<br />
OTJP OB \E OTJP OB \GPGBF NMP OKBGR[ NBZ[K[ BKF BECGT (7/1)<br />
.’GMG OKJKNBVBPSBY OTJP OB ’Y OTJP OB ’JTVBY OTJP OB THD<br />
.1933 :D"XZ\<br />
.FKXHKNKCKX QC<br />
42<br />
43
335<br />
B YNI<br />
KVN G\BR[ Z\GV EIB NM[ BNB ,OKPTJF NMN \PEGY FBR[F KM (7/3)<br />
KJSKBGZJNB ’Y BKCFN BNB FHN FXT OG[ NKTGK BNG .GN[ TKDGNGMKSVF<br />
(NGVM 7/2) .OKKGDF NM QKC KZSGPF KPGBN QKC<br />
NMN FNKI\ KPGBN QKCF ’JNBF ’YF NCYN NJGP NBZ[K NT (12/2 G 12/1)<br />
OG[P KM .FHF ZJ[PC[ KVGKFG CGJF \GBZFN NPS \GKFNG \GPGBF<br />
OFG .\GPGBF NMP Z\GK OKZJ[PC[ \GXKZTFP GNCSKG OKNCGS OF[<br />
NCYN ONGMP Z\GK OKZ[MGP LMKVN .OKZCBN FNKI\ FGMKRF CNF GPM<br />
.FNKI\ QKY\F ZJ[PF<br />
ZES KVN[ OG[P .FRMSC BKF NBZ[K \RKEPC GR\GBKXP NM (11/1)<br />
FKF\ GR\NMNM[ OZJP EGBP FCGZP QPH ZGCTK EGT ,\DFGRF FNMNMF<br />
FT[C GRKXZBC \GRT\FN QGKSRC EGPTN GNMGK[ EBP OKJTGPG .FCKXK<br />
GIZCK JBN JBNG .\GZK[TF \GZIB \GXZBN ZDFN FXT OFN [K[<br />
G"I GTNCKG ,FRKEP O[C BZYFN KGBZF ZVSP ZB[K BN[ ET NCSFP<br />
.OKCZTF QKC<br />
YGVKS OFN Q\K[ ECNP ,KPGBN QKCF ’NBF ’YF ZJ[PF GNCYK OBG<br />
44<br />
BNB .FH OG[P NGCSN KBEM[ GTEK[ ,ONGTF \NGBDN EZBDRCB \GKFN<br />
ZGTK[C ,FCZF EGCTNG ,G\TC OFKKI \PZ EKZGFN O[VRC JGN[N GNMGK OD<br />
.FRKEPFN FCKXK FNMNM IKJCK[<br />
,OKNBKEKB NT FKGRC FP[ O\GBKXP NM[ ,OKXGCKYF ZPGN LKZX QKBG (0/0)<br />
,F[GZKC Q\KR GRKB NBKEKB KM ,GBGCK \GZGEC JTP\FNG \MNN GTCJP[<br />
.NMN OEGY FNKI\ GCZIK OF[ YVS KNCG<br />
K TJY<br />
ZCIF N[ \KZSGPF FPZF \GNTFN IGJCF EKIKF SKSC BGF \EF (4/1)<br />
.GKMZX KVN NCYKG GIM KVN EGCTK EIB NM[ ET<br />
... QCGP K\NC (4/2)<br />
BN[ ,OFKKI NKXFN NMG\ BN Z[B ,OKBZV N[ KBC \KKF OB (4/3)<br />
YVYVP \KKFF ,\EF KEK NT \NGH ,FBZGR \GKZHMBC OPXT \B GEKP[K<br />
QP EP[\ BN[ GHF FPGBF \GBKXP NKXFN YKVSPF \E OFN ZESN FHC<br />
.ONGTF<br />
ZJ[P NKJFN FNGCI\ OG[ QKBG ,OKBZV NMF KJSKBGZJNB ’Y KCDNG<br />
(4/7) OKRCC QGXZ \K[TR \K\E FKVM KM ,\EF LZEC \NGH ONGTF NT FHM<br />
.WGNIF=NKI G[GZKV EZBDRCB<br />
44
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
336<br />
QM QKB[ FP .SRGBG FKVM \PIP \E GNCY[ \GPGBC QGKSRC GRKBZ[ GPM<br />
\MNGF BNB ,OKRCN F[GZK FRKB[ ZGCXF \TEG LGRKI K"T FKVMC<br />
NKJ\ NBG FH \B FH GEKP[K ONGTF NM[ CJGP ZPB\ M"BG .JTP\PG<br />
FHKB[ QKPBFN F[Y .Z[GBF NBG OKKIF NB ONKCGFN IGJC OZGD FKNT<br />
.FHC SSFK \TE ZC<br />
FCGZ[ FZCI K"T K\NGH FCKXK \KJZYBPTE FZCI Z[VB KB[ QGKM (4/6)<br />
OBG CGJ OB ,CGZF K"T BKF FZCIF \DFRF[ \PIP .FZ[KG FCGJ<br />
FHN QMGP ZGCX CGZ M"BB KJSKBGZJNB ’Y ZJ[P ESKKN QKB LMKVN ,TZ<br />
V"TB[ ,BGF \EF TCJP KM .(4/8) \E K"T OB KM FH IKJCFN QKBG ,\GZGEN<br />
.QGXZC BGF GVGS SRGBC BGF G\NKI\P[<br />
FNMG\ BN FBKEKBF[ GPM KM ,FH \B FH OKPKN[P FBKEKBFG \EF (0/0)<br />
GRKB[ KCKJKPKZVF CGZF NT Z\GKC \JNG[ FRGPBF QM ,CGZF \NIR \GKFN<br />
.FBKEKBN NDGSP<br />
Z\GK NCYNG GZKCIP \GIV EGCTN QMG ,[GMZF \GGB\ \PIP (4/4)<br />
BNB ,KJSKBDBF ’YF J[V\P[ OZJP ’JNB ’Y \GRCN Z[VB KB ,GZKCIP<br />
IM UGZKXC Z[VB ,’BDBF ’YF \B NCKY ONGTF [KN[ ZCM[ ZIB ,F\T<br />
.KJSKBGZJNB ’Y ESKKN \EF<br />
OKPTJ O\GB FGNK[ KNC OK[CK OKGGXC YV\SFN NMGK BN OEBF (4/5)<br />
.\KVGSGNKV FJK[ ,ZPGNM .OFF OKDFRPF OKYHIPG OKMNGFF OKKRGKDF<br />
’Y BGF[ ,TKV[FN QGXZF NT FPN[ BKVGSGNKV \RMGP ZCM QEKE KCDNG<br />
K[TPC GEK NT YHI\FNG GKPK NM GC \GDFN OEBN YKVSPF KJSKBGZJNB<br />
.FTV[FF<br />
BK TJY<br />
\RGP\C BNB ,KZPDN OHKXR \ZGX \IYN GVGS ’DBF ’YF (3/4)<br />
OK[TP NMP \IBN UB TKZVP FHF O[ UGNKI QKB[ ,OHKRBPBY=NBRGKXR<br />
45<br />
ONGTF NMG YNBV QKZTFF GKFK OKSGZF[ QV‘ BC .ZNJKF N[ OKRJ[F<br />
46<br />
(8/3 ’KT) .ZNJKF ISGRC OFN OKTXZR OKECT<br />
,K[VGIF \GZI\FF BKF FINXFN YNEF ZPI ZYKT ,KRDZGCF ZJ[PC<br />
OKMGH K\NCNG EBP OKTR OKMGHNG ,FC GYI[K OKZIGSFG FK[T\F KNTC[<br />
.EBP ZP ONZGD<br />
.OKRGEBF OT<br />
.330 ’PT ;323 ’PT ;316 ’PT NKTN FBZ<br />
45<br />
46
337<br />
B YNI<br />
BNB ,FHF YI[PC YNI NCYP GRKB[ ,QGKZJNGZVF EPTP BGF OFKRKCG<br />
,FIGJC GKKI \PZ NCB ,EZGK GRKBG FNGT GRKBG ,OFKRKC KNBZJKKR GPM BGF<br />
.GKEKC [K[ F\KC[F IM \PIP<br />
OKKGBZ ORKB OKN[IRF KRDZGC ZJ[PC QFG ’Y ZJ[PC QF UGS UGS (13/7)<br />
QP OKDKFRP ZGICN OKIZMGP[ BNB ,ZGCX CGZF OF[ V"TB ,FDFRFN<br />
GNXRK BN[ FGGY\ OFN [K OFKEK NT OKZICR OF[ QGKM H"MT ,OKXGZIF<br />
.LM NM O\GB<br />
,ZGCX CGZ KVP OKZICR OKNFRPF QKB[ ’DBF ’YF ZJ[PC QKB[ FP<br />
,ECNC ’YP BNB OKZICR IGN QKB[ ZB[G BKSGZC GPMG .’Y KJRB O\GKFN<br />
.FDFRFC DKXR OG[ QGKZJKNGZVN QKB KM EBP FZP ONZGD LMKVN<br />
OKJSKRGPBY KJRB OF QGKZJNGZVF[ ,NNMF KVN BGF ZGPBF NMG<br />
,OKN[IRF FZCIF CGZ OFG ,QJSKNBKEKB ORKB QGKZBJNGZVF KM .OTCJP<br />
OT FG[C FG[ GYNI\K[ G[GZKV "\YEGX" FYGNI O\TE KVN Z[B<br />
.FHC GXZK BN ONGTN OKXGZIF Z[B ,OKXGZIF<br />
,FZCIF CGZ OF[ (14/1) OKN[IRF NB GRKKFE ,QGKZJKNGZVN YZ OF KZCE (0/0)<br />
QFG ’Y ZJ[PC QF \RP[F \B EKP\ GCB[K OF ’XRTDKNJRKBFG OKXGZIN KM<br />
ZJ[PC ,OFP NGED YNIN ,Z\GK OFN CJKK BZCSF KV NTG .KRDZGC ZJ[PC<br />
... \GB N"RM .\ZGYC KRVP GBZKK BN[ KRVP ,’Y<br />
,’YF ZJ[PC \KNM\C TGZD FKFK OMN OKN[IRF QGKZBJNGZVF OMN YZ<br />
.N"RM<br />
HBG ,OKIYVPG OKNFRP GRKKFE ,ZIB O[ GNCYK OKXGZIF EPTP NCB<br />
,OKRDZGCC OKNNI NKVPF \GZI\FFP GZJV\K KM ,CGJ Z\GK OFN FKFK<br />
.FIGGZFCG \GTKCYC OFN[ GNCYKG<br />
\GPINPF EIVP GBXK[ OKN[IRF NB FNGCI\G FXT OG[ QKBG<br />
OKRVGP KZCE QKB LMKVN .KJSKBGZJNGBF ’YF BNB ,\GNV[FG FNJCBFG<br />
QGKZBJKNGZVF YZ BNB ,KZCE GNCYK BN IJC KM ,TKXRTDKNJRKBFG OKXGZIN<br />
NT OKSIF O\GBN ODG .ZCEP KRB OFKNBG K\GB QKCFN GNMGK OF OKN[IRFG<br />
.OZTXC OKV\\[PG OKN[IRF<br />
GPM EIB OGYPN ZG[Y FKFK BN[ BGF OEBF \GKGZKIP EIB (0/0) (14/2)<br />
\CKGIP FRKEP NM LMKVN .G\YKRK OGYP CGHTN KB[Z GRKB[ IPGXF<br />
OKMKZX FH OTG .\ZIB FRKEPN BCN OKIZHBF NT CMT\ BN[ IKJCFN<br />
47<br />
13/1 ’KTG .OKZDFPG OKZD KRVP FKZT[ ZGDS\ BN FRKEP NM[ ,IKJCFN<br />
.331 ’PT ;316 ’PT NKTN FBZ<br />
47
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
338<br />
’Y ZJ[P TGCYN QKB G\NGHN TKV[FN QMGP ZGCX CGZ[ OZJP (2/10)<br />
.KJSKBGZJNGB<br />
\PZ FKF\ ONGTF NMNG ONGTF NM \B UKYFN BGF ’JNBF ’YF UGS (2/1)<br />
ZGCX CGZ[ FPGB NM[ ,JBN JBN BGF K[TPF LKNF\ ORPB .FG[ OKKI<br />
QKCF ’YF \ZDSPN [BZC GSRMK G\NGHN FTV[FN LRI\R ZCM FN[<br />
.KPGBN<br />
OKKI \GPZ OFN GKFK KPGBN QKC ’Y \ZDSPC GSRMR ZCM[ ,\GPGBF NMG<br />
OKKIF \PZ GIC[K FXGZIF GB FZK[TF FPGB N[ OKVEGTF[ QV‘ BC ,OKG[<br />
.ZGXK KTXPBCG OND ZPIC FKRTF GB FN[IRF FPGB N[<br />
FKZCI \B FRG[BZC CKKIN FMKZX \GPGBF NM N[ \K\EF FZGXF (2/2)<br />
\CFBG" N[ (GKKIN OKPEGY GZCI KKI[) FZGXC G\NGHN FTV[FF \B<br />
NMN NNGM \E GFHG .N[IRF ZCIP Z\GK FZCIFP FRFK BN[ "LGPM LTZN<br />
\MNN FPGBF NM FNGMK FHP WGI NCB .’YF \ZDSPC GBGCK[ \GPGBF<br />
.F\ZCIC CZT\FN \IBN QKBG ,FN[ \ZGSPCG BKF F\EC<br />
:OF ONGTF NMN FG[F \EF KYGI (2/11)<br />
FKFK OB G\NMKP Z\GKG G\NMK KVM OEBF KRC \CGJ NKC[C EGCTK[ .B<br />
.ONGTF NMC BPXG CTZ FKFK BN[ ET LZGX<br />
BGF[ KPP Z\GK FZCIFP FRFK BN WGZI ECGT BGF[ V"TB .C<br />
.[VR NMN FG[ OKKI \PZ FKFK[ QV‘ BC ,N[IR<br />
NM[ .\E V"T EGCM \G\GB UKSGFN [K \E [K[ V"TB H"MT .D<br />
.Z\GKC CG[I EGCM \GB NCYK Z\GK FZCIFN FRFPF<br />
KYGI KVN [RTK FZCIF \CGJN G\GXKZI \EP \GNDNP CMTPF NM .E<br />
.FZCIF<br />
N[ OKKI \PZ OKZFN \EF KV NT WPB\FN CKGIP EIBG EIB NM .F<br />
\GEI OFN ’KFKG OFKKIP GRFK ONGT KBC NM[ QV‘ BC Z\GKG Z\GK ONGTF<br />
.Z\GKG Z\GK OKKIF<br />
FHC YGSTN CKGIP EIB NM BN \GKRIGZC BNB \GKRIGZC QM GPMG .G<br />
.LZGXF KVN OKEIGKP OK[RB BNB<br />
NT G\EGCT Z[GM YNI \\N FXZK[ KP NMG ,QGKNT E"C GPM FKFK .H<br />
.FHF E"CP \G[Z NCYN CKGIP OKKRIGZ OKKI<br />
.OKXGIRF OKYGI Z\K JZVN QMG
339<br />
B YNI<br />
\TGC[ TC[N CKGIP ’JNBF ’YF \ZDSPN ,ZGCX GB EKIK ,SRMRF NM (2/3)<br />
.QM FGX ’F[ OTJP ,FH NM OKKYK[ OKRGPB<br />
GN YKVSP[ ZPGB[ KPG .QM FGGX ’F[ GKRCN ZGSPN CKKI\K V"MT GB<br />
.GNCYN Z[VB ,\PB BGF OBG .BGF \PB OB G\GSRNG GNCYN [K ,FBKEKBF<br />
O\GB ZGSPK BNB ,GN[ FZKVMF LZEP GKRCN ZGSPK BN[ IKJCK V"MTG<br />
.FRKEPF LGRKIN<br />
GKZKCI \B NYNYK KM .NNM GNCYN QKB ,FH BNG FH BN FXGZ GRKB OBG<br />
.GESVFC GZM[ BXKG<br />
KVM EGCTN OKRMGP GKFK GC[ ZGCX CGZ[ ,QJY ESGP \G[TN [K FNKI\ (2/4)<br />
.\GRNCYC ECGT GPM \GXKZIC GECTKG .\E OTJP OMZX KVM NCYNG O\NMK<br />
\DFRF N[ \GZGXF NM GC FKFK QMG .\GT[ 8 N[ FEGCTF \EPP Z\GK QMG<br />
YKVSP FKFK BKFF FRJYF FZCIF N[ ZESF NM[ \IB FNPC .FPN[ FRKEP<br />
.UKSGFN KNCG TGZDN KNC ,ONGM ONGTF \GPGB NM NKC[C \ZDSPN<br />
OKPT NT \CIZ\PG \MNGFF \KHMZP FEGYR QKTM FKFK FHF ESGPFG<br />
FDFRF F\GB GKNT NCYK BKFF \ZDSPN SRMRF NMG .ONGTF UGS ET \GRKEPG<br />
ESVFG IGKZN EIB OT FKFK ONGTF NM[ QVGBC ESGPF N[ \KRM\F F\GBG<br />
.\GBXG\NG<br />
NM[ BNB ,FHF ESGPFP KZPDN NJCK IMF NT LPSRF JV[PF (2/5)<br />
ZCEC OKTDGRF QKC \GZ\VR FRKKF\ FZCIF KRC QKC FRKKF\[ \GZK\SF<br />
\TEP FRGDK GPXT \CGJN G\[NGI GB GZKCI \YEX NXRK[ KP NMG .GPXTC<br />
.KNNMF ZGCXF<br />
OEB QKC GBGCK[ \GYKVSF \B ZZCN YZ [P[KG TGCY E"C FKFK ,H"MT<br />
\TEP FRGDK E"C \TEN CZSPFG .IM OG[ NT LPSR FKFK BN NCB .GZKCIN<br />
.BN G\G ,ZGCXF<br />
OKENK LRIN Z[VB[ GRKPBF BN QM KM ,YKVSP FH OB YVYVN QKBG (2/6)<br />
TKXBHKNKCKXF CGZ OGKF[ ET .OKNCGI NYPC YZ BNB ,BEKZD FZCSFC<br />
FJK[CP Z\GK IKNXP FHF LGRKIFG ,OKENK \GMFN BN[ OPXT NT GNCY<br />
.\PEGYF<br />
LPSRF JV[P KRVN GBKCFN QKB ,FZCIFC QVGE BXGK FHKB BXPK OB QM<br />
G\GB GZKHIK[ ET ,ZGCXF \TEG OKIGMKGG OKZCSF K"T BNB .IM NT<br />
.CJGPN
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
340<br />
GPM FZCIF KRC GRPP G[ZVK HB GN GNKTGK BN \GNGCI\F NM OBG<br />
.FZCIFP OKZIB NYNYN NMGK BN HBG ,FEGRPP<br />
OKRGPP GKFK[ BNB ,FZCIFP GKMZX TC\K BN OEB OG[[ QY\N CGJ (2/7)<br />
.OPXTP GN GBKXPK OFG EIB NM KMZX ZGYIN OKI\VF NT GZHIK[<br />
YYHR FKFK BNG G\NGHN TKV[FN YZ EIB NM \GC[IP FKFK[ ,QV‘ BC<br />
.GPXT GMZXN CG[IN ONGTN<br />
,KIF NMN OKG[ GRB FMKZXF \EPC[ OKBGZ GRB[ QGKM :FH NT SKSCF (0/0)<br />
OKBGZ GRB LVKFNG .FMKZXF QP OKBC ONGTC[ OKGHCF OK[TPF NM QMG<br />
.G\NGHN FTV[FF \EPP OKBC ONGTC[ OKZ[GBPF OK[TPF NM[<br />
\GBNPNG GPXTN FMKZX N[ \GC[IPF \GIENG WPYN GRN [K LMKVN<br />
.N"RF QV‘ BC QM\K FH[ .G\NGHN FTV[F N[ \GC[IPC YZ GRK\C[IP<br />
FZCIFN YKHP GRKB[ QPH NM ZP[R \GKFN LKZX JZVF N[ [VGIF<br />
OG[C GCMTN QKB \ZIBN \MNNG FZCIF \B CGHTN FXGZ[ KPP WGI<br />
NM SZF\ BN[ QV‘ BC FH ODG .FZCIFN YKHP FH[ GNKVB ,ONGTC[ OKRV<br />
.FZCIF<br />
CK TJY<br />
FNGPT\<br />
.\GIMGF .C .\GYG[\ YGVKS .B :\EF \GJ[V\FN QF \GEGSK ’D (5/1)<br />
.FNGPT\ .D<br />
K\NC WGXKR [K K[VIC GNKVB OEB NMC KM BGF :\GYG[\ YGVKS .B<br />
GC ZZGTP OKYZVN ZZGT\P BGF[MG .OKYNB OT \GEIKK\F TCG\F ,TEGR<br />
KP BXPK OBG .LF GRKKFG OKYNBC ZGVMN GB OKYNBF \B \TEN FYG[\<br />
.NMFN OKMSK ,GH FYG[\ YGVKS GC ZZGTK[<br />
EGCM QMG .BCF ONGTN ZM[G [VRF \ZB[F QKRT FH NT UKSGFN [K<br />
.FPGBF EGCMG JZVF<br />
\XXVG OGJBF KPKC ["MPG ,G\NGH ONGTN OGKY QKB[ .\GIMGF .C<br />
.QPKKPF<br />
.ZGCXF QKC N"RF OKZCEF WKVFN OK[RB ZGM[N .FNGPT\ .D<br />
GN [K[ ZIBP KM ,KJSKBGZJNBF ’YN OEYGP BGF ’DBF ’YF (6/1)<br />
\PIP FKFK [GMZ NGJKCF[ LRIN Z[VB .[GMZF NGJCN OKKIC FJKN[<br />
.G\NGH \CFB
341<br />
B YNI<br />
KM OTJP ,KJSKBGZJNB ’Y BGF[ ,’YF N[ KR[F CN[N ZFPN [K (5/2)<br />
.FJK[F NMP ONGTF \B OKYKIZP ’DBF ’YF N[ IMC [GP[FG \GRGZSIF<br />
[K[ ,KJSKBGZJNBF ’YF N[ KVGSF CN[F \GBZFN QPHF TKDF LMKVNG<br />
GZZGT\K BN[ EBP [G[IN [K OD .KVGE OG[ GC QKBG OTGRF NMP FC<br />
.ONGTF QP ’YF NM TNGCK QV KM ,\K[KN[F FPINPF OEGYP<br />
’Y \ZGX GPM ,KR[GMZF ZJ[PN F[Y Z\GK FPGNFP QKB \IB FNPC<br />
.N"RF LZE NT \PN[GP<br />
N[ QGKZJKNZVF ODG BGF YHI KR[GMZF ZJ[P[ FKBZ KET GRB ZCM (0/0)<br />
IMFG FKVMF KRVP FH NMG .’YF ZJ[PC OKSBPP \GKR[GMZF \GRKEPF<br />
QKB LMKVN .’Y KJRB FZCI NT ’Y N[ WGCY \JKN[ OTJP ,FC \CKGIPF<br />
NTGV QPHF LVKFN FCZEBG .GKNBP NJC\P ZJ[PF[ NNM \GVXN<br />
GC[ EGCT[FG FKVMF GND\K ONGTF UKYK ’YF ZJ[P EGT NM KM ,O\CGJN<br />
.\KNM\C OFC SBPP KRGRKC OEB NM[<br />
.G\GZI ETC Q\K OEBN Z[B NM KM<br />
\GXZBC BNB TKXBHKNKCKXF \GXZBC J[V\P GRKB ’YF[ QGKM .ZCE EGTG<br />
\PZ OT \GZK[T \GRKEP \ZCI ZCE N[ GVGSC BXPR FKFK \GKCKJKPKZVF<br />
FMGPR OKKI \PZ OT \GKRT \GRKEP \GZCIG ,KR[GMZF ZJ[PC FGCD OKKI<br />
.’YF ZJ[PC<br />
SBPKG GRPP TGP[N FXZK BN QKZGI QC OEB OG[[ ’YF NT QKEF L\IK HBG<br />
.OFKKI NMN OKZGMP OKECT N[ ZJ[PC OGKF OKSBPP[ GPM G\GB<br />
FNGPT\G \GJ[V\FN (5/2)<br />
BNB QGY\ OFN QKB ’GMG \GJKI[FG KRGT KNCIG OKZGSKF NM[ ZGMHN [K<br />
.GKNT G[VR ZGSPNG \\N OEBN F[YK BN HBG ,KJSKBGZJNB ’YC<br />
\CK[P OKMIP FPF FHNG ,OKKGDN [EI ZCE \\N FMKZX \GEFKF (7/1)<br />
QFCG ONGTP GR[EKI BN OFC KM ,\GZIB \GPMIC FH QKBG ,WZBN NBZ[K<br />
.OGN[CG YEXCG \EF \PMIC BGF ZCGEPF BNB .OFKEKPN\ EKP\ GRB<br />
.GRN YZ \SIGKP GH FPMIG .OF GREKPN\ OKKGDF CGZ FHC[<br />
FRKEPG .GH FCK[ NJC\K FNKNI OB ,NJC\FN GVGS \GRGKXF NM (11/1 ,7)<br />
FPF JBN JBN YVS KNC[ FCZF NGCSN OKEK\T FKC[G\G ,EBP FKRT GH<br />
GVGS[ ,NJGCP ZVSP YZ ZB[K BNG WZBF QP ZGYTN OKEK\T OFKRC GB<br />
.OKCZTF QKC TPJKFN
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
342<br />
EIB \GKFN \GPGBF NM EIBP[ FP ECNP[ ’JNBF ’YF YZ FHN FXTFG<br />
ZYKTFG ,EIBG EIB NMN \GRNCSF IM \R\GR OD FRF ,FHN FH GTKKSK[<br />
QGZSI OKN[K FEGCTF QGKZV[ QV‘ BC FEGCTN FCGZP IM \R\GR ’YF[<br />
.\GKRTF<br />
48<br />
,YK\TF ZBVF NM ZKHIFNG Y"PFKC \GRCN QM\K HB \EF GNCYK OB (4/)<br />
GNKVBG .O\PEBN O\ZHI NT OKGDF NMN NBZ[K \YEX IKMGP FKF KBEG FH[<br />
,OKGDF NT O[GZ OG[ F[GT GRKB ,OGKM \KRGNKI FCK[ M"B[P .OKCZTF NT<br />
.OFKMZX NKC[C NBZ[K \GBPXT GZMPK BN OB [GIN [KG<br />
.OKN[GZK \ZHIF NT N"XBG<br />
49<br />
.EIV NKJP FKF OKYKNBJBYF NT GNKVBG<br />
DK TJY<br />
NM ORPB .LF GRKKF ’Y KJRBG ’DB QMG LF GRKKF ’JNBG ’Y[ K\ZBC QBM ETG<br />
FVC \BH G[KIMK ,OPXT ’YF K[BZN NB[\ OB NCB .KPXT K\JK[ BGF FH<br />
,KRDZGCF ZSGPPG \GKNJRPKJRS NMP OKYGIZ OF[ GZPBK KM ,LVKFNG .BNP<br />
."LN[ LN[G KN[ KN[" LZE NT ,ECNC YEXF K[YCP FPF BNB<br />
(QGKZBJKNGZVF OT GZCI\R[ ZGCKIF KRVP OFN F\NT FH NMG)<br />
FHF YEXF \B ZYCRG .OF O\[KV\ KVN OKZCEF KRV NT NM\SR LMKVNG<br />
.OK[YCP OF[<br />
QGKZJKNGZVG KRDZGC OKZEDF O\GB OGKF N[ OKZJ[PF \GI\V\F KVN<br />
,OKNNGM Z\GK OKZEDN OKMKZX KM .BKZGJSKFF ZBCN OKYKVSP ORKB ZCM<br />
,’JKVBYF OF ’CF ZJ[PC[) OKXGZI \GP[F \I\ O\GB ZGEDN KGBZG<br />
.OKN[IRG (’GMG ’YF ZJ[PCG<br />
GKFK OKHGIB 20=M GRKKFE ,OKN[IRG OKXGZI NT \YNIR FZCI NM KM<br />
GNXRK OKXGZIF EPTP[ BGF KTCJ YGIG .OKN[IR OKHGIB 80=G OKXGZI<br />
QKBG .[NIF \B TNGC YHIF[ OKC[ OKDE GPM ,OKN[IRF EPTP \B<br />
OKNFRP OF[ GB OKJSKNBJKVBY OKRDZGC OF OKXGZIF OB FHC [ZVF<br />
GCB[K OKXGZIF OKHGIB OKZ[TF O\GB UGS UGS ,TKXRDKNJRKBG OKIYVPG<br />
FNB[F BNB .OK[GIMF CNIF KP \B OKNPTFN GZKB[KG ,\RP[F EKP\<br />
\B Z\GK OKNXRP OKXGZI QKP FHKBG .OKN[IRF \B OKNXRP OF FPM ,BKF<br />
.OKIYVPFG OKNFRPF QKP GB ,OKRDZGCF QKP OB OKN[IRF<br />
.[EYPF \KC :Y"PFKC 48<br />
.OKNG\YF 49
343<br />
B YNI<br />
EK TJY<br />
FRKB[ \KP[DFG \KRIGZF FBKZCF ZPGI KGNKD BGF ,ZGBKCF NM N[ SKSCF<br />
.[KP [K L[PR NCYP FH ZPGIF[ FP NCB .QKBP [K BGF[ ,NCYN QGXZ BNB<br />
\BG[F BNB GRKB ,GR\BP [ZGE ’F FPG CGJ FP ZGZKCC TGEK QBMPG<br />
TKV[FN BNG ,NCYN QGXZ BNB GN QKB G\BKZC TCJP GRN[ UGDF KM .FZGXF<br />
KPP KM ,NNM NCYN BNG TKV[FN GNGM[ ’\K BZGCFP LVKFF BGF[ .NNM<br />
GRKGJXR QM NTG ’\K BZGCF QP FBKZCF FEZVR GH FZGX KGRK[CG ?NCYK<br />
KEM ,GZCIN TKV[FN QMG \GXPG FZG\C GZXGKN Z"R \G[TN OK[TP \G[TN<br />
.FBKZCF OEYGPM ’\K BZGCC YCE\RG ZGHIRG FTV[FF \ZGX NCYN<br />
50<br />
:ZBGFRVG[N KRKC OKNECFF<br />
FZGXN G\GB SVG\ KRBG ,GPXTN BGF[M OXTN G\GB SVG\ BGF .B<br />
L[PR BGF ,FKFK[ FP FKFK NCB ,TEGR K\NC BGF \GFPF ORPB .BG[RNG<br />
.[KP [K<br />
FN OK[N NMG\ BN FZJP OG[[ ,FVKB[N ,QGXZF OXT SVG\ BGF .C<br />
NCYN NCDGP BGF KNXBG .\YSGV K\NC FVKIEG \KEKP\ FNVTF BNB ,WY<br />
\NEDP FZJPF \D[F BNB .FPDP GRKKFE ,FTKC[ GN [KG OKPKGSP OKZCE<br />
FKF QMN OEGYP NCB<br />
51 ."OK\BP FXGZ FRP GN [K" E"T .NCYN QGXZF<br />
QV‘ BC .OK\BP FXZ BNG ,ECNC FRP \D[FC NCDGP NCYN QGXZF<br />
QGXZF OXT GRKBG ,QGXZC[ \GCIZ\F FZYP BGF \KEKP\F FVKB[F[<br />
.NCYN<br />
YZ KNXBG ,NCYN QGXZ QKCG TKV[FN QGXZ QKC YNIP GRKB BGF .D<br />
ZGB BGF GC[ TKV[FN QGXZF M"B[P ,FKZCF OXT BGF NCYN QGXZF<br />
.BZCR BNG BZGC \RKIC BGFG ,KYNB<br />
FZGX GPM CK[IP BGF FXGZ[ FPG ,OXTN GPXT QGXZF SVG\ BGF .E<br />
QGXZF GRKKFE ,QGXZF N[ FZGXF NT BYGE BGF [DEF KNXBG .OXTC FZYPG<br />
.TEGR K\NC \GFP BGF NCYN QGXZF \ZGX N[ B[GRF NCB ,NCYN<br />
QGXZ FHKB ZKEDFN IZMGP BGF ,B[GRF \B QGXZC FBGZ[ QGKM .B<br />
FPG ,ZPGIN \YSVR K\NCF FVKB[F \B ZIGC M"TG ,FZGX KNC NNGM<br />
.FZGXF BGF FXGZ[<br />
52<br />
.KRPZD UGSGNKV ,(1860{1788) ZBGBFRVG[ ZG\ZB<br />
.CN ,B F[ZV ,FCZ \NFY<br />
.ZGYPC EKF C\MC BGF[ KVM BCGP K\KC=UNBF ZESF<br />
50<br />
51<br />
52
NCB<br />
\PBC<br />
QKB<br />
FVKB[ QBM<br />
K\NC<br />
,\YSGV<br />
BNB<br />
QGXZ<br />
NED\PF<br />
NED\PG<br />
ZIB<br />
,FPDPF<br />
BGFG<br />
FZGX<br />
FZYPG<br />
.QGXZC<br />
.B<br />
FKEKEN<br />
,OXT<br />
KEKENG<br />
53 .FZGX<br />
.C<br />
FKEKEN<br />
FVKB[<br />
K\NC<br />
,\YSGV<br />
KEKENG<br />
NEDGP<br />
.FPDPC<br />
.D<br />
YGNKI QKB FKEKEN<br />
QKC<br />
TKV[FN<br />
QKCG<br />
,NCYN<br />
QGXZF KEKENG<br />
TKV[FN<br />
BKF<br />
WGXKR<br />
.BZGC<br />
.E<br />
FKEKEN<br />
FVKB[F<br />
BKF<br />
,ZPGI<br />
\GMKBG<br />
FNCYF<br />
BKF<br />
,FZGX<br />
KEKENG<br />
\GMKB<br />
FNCYF<br />
BKF<br />
ZPGI<br />
,FBKZCF<br />
B[GRFG<br />
\GMKBN<br />
BGF<br />
K\NC<br />
,TEGP<br />
LKBG<br />
,BGF[<br />
BGF<br />
[K<br />
.[KP<br />
KC\M<br />
ZGEF<br />
GZIBF<br />
Q 344<br />
53<br />
FKEKEN<br />
KEKENG<br />
G[GZKV<br />
G\JK[N<br />
.K\JK[NG
YNI<br />
C<br />
OKDKFRP<br />
N[<br />
ZGEF<br />
OKRGPFF<br />
OTCJP<br />
QKPBFN<br />
DKFRPN<br />
QKB[<br />
GN<br />
OG[<br />
\GC[IP<br />
OKSTZJRKBG<br />
N[<br />
GPXT<br />
BNB<br />
[KEYF[<br />
ZKYVFG<br />
NM<br />
G\GKJZV<br />
NKC[C<br />
\NTG\<br />
,ZGCXF<br />
KM<br />
\PBC<br />
QM<br />
LKZX<br />
.\GKFN<br />
OBG<br />
DKFRPF<br />
F[GT<br />
FTZ<br />
EIBN<br />
ZGCXFP<br />
LG\P<br />
STZJRB<br />
KJZV<br />
KZF<br />
FH<br />
EDGC<br />
QZY[G<br />
GTEK[ TDZCG<br />
\BH<br />
ZGCXF<br />
GRSPZK<br />
ET<br />
.ZVT<br />
ORPB<br />
[K<br />
OEBN<br />
’C<br />
KRKP<br />
OKSTZJRB<br />
:OKJZV<br />
’BF<br />
BGF<br />
OKSTZJRB<br />
.OKKZPGI<br />
’CF<br />
OKSTZJRB<br />
.OKK[VR<br />
GNBPG<br />
OKSTZJRB<br />
OKK[VRF<br />
QKB<br />
LN<br />
DKFRP<br />
ONGTC<br />
BN[<br />
NK[MK<br />
ONKC[C<br />
\B<br />
.ZGCXF<br />
N[PN<br />
BGF[<br />
,QPIZ<br />
NKC[CG<br />
FH<br />
BN<br />
ZTCK<br />
\B<br />
K[GT<br />
TZF<br />
BNG<br />
TKZ\K<br />
.OFKNT<br />
KZF<br />
NKC[C[<br />
STZJRB<br />
KJZV<br />
CKZIP<br />
.ZGCXF<br />
GB<br />
EIVP[<br />
KRVP<br />
\GPYR<br />
’KVBG<br />
\GPYR<br />
BZGCF<br />
NKC[CG<br />
FH<br />
DKK\SK<br />
GPXT<br />
BNG<br />
F[TK<br />
OKRGYK\<br />
.OKMZXRF<br />
QVGBC<br />
OB<br />
NJCK<br />
OKSTZJRB<br />
OKZPGI<br />
EGT<br />
BN<br />
FXZK<br />
NJCN<br />
OKSTZJRBF<br />
OKNBEKBF<br />
GB<br />
OKK\EF<br />
\NTG\N<br />
ZGCXF<br />
V"TB<br />
OF[<br />
YZ<br />
OK[DZF<br />
GN[<br />
,OKKJZVF<br />
ZGCXFG<br />
GNGM<br />
QKB<br />
OFN<br />
YST<br />
OFPT<br />
KM<br />
FPF<br />
ORKB<br />
OKRKICP<br />
YZ<br />
FNPC<br />
"\NTG\"F<br />
,ECN<br />
KM<br />
QKB<br />
OFN<br />
ZCE<br />
GN<br />
KNBKEKB<br />
EGPTK[ Z\GKC<br />
KRVC<br />
.\NTG\F<br />
OK[TP<br />
OKPEGY<br />
NM[N<br />
GPM<br />
QGXZC<br />
FCFBG<br />
FTKDKF<br />
ZIB<br />
WVIF<br />
EKNGP<br />
ZYK<br />
FCFBG<br />
,WVIFN<br />
QM<br />
OK[TPF<br />
OKCGJ<br />
OKEKNGP<br />
FCFB<br />
’FN<br />
FCFBFG<br />
FEKNGP<br />
\GYCE<br />
\GYCEFG<br />
EKNGP<br />
NM[<br />
.\TEG<br />
345
KCKJBKNCDTZ<br />
OFG<br />
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
346<br />
54<br />
OKJBPJSGV ’D<br />
. 55 QKT[B GNBM ,\GPNB QC GNBM ,QKZGI QC GNBM<br />
.Z\GKC FNTRF CGJN (ZSGP) \KK[TP FRGM\N<br />
ZY[G \PB<br />
56<br />
:EIB QKRT N[ STKXKBYKVKEBP ’C OF QGXZFG ZPGIFG FC[IPF[ TEGR<br />
,ZY[G \PB BGF KHKVF ZETFG FKGF QP BKDGNGMKSVF FY\TF[ BXPRG<br />
SKHT\K\RB BGF ZETFF GPM ZY[FG .SKHT\ BGF FKGF GPM \PBF[ QVGBC<br />
.FXZRF SKHT\RKSF ENGR OFKR[ QKCPG<br />
57<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
ZGCXF \TE EKIKF \TE<br />
OK[TPF N[ \GRGP\F NM OKNCGYP GC[ FBZP QKPM BGF EKIK \TE GPM<br />
GN ZZCPG \GRGKSRF O\GBC NM\SP OEBF[ OKYKHPF OT OKK\NTG\F<br />
IGP FRGMPF) GN GYKHF[ OK[TPF \B FIGEG OKK\NTG\F OKCGJF<br />
EKSVF[ \GZGIS KRKP NM QGZMHF IGPC FYI\P ZIGSF N[PNM ,(QGZMHF<br />
OFG OKIGZ GBKCF[ \GCSFG \GZGISF KRKP NM H"ETG \GCSFG OFC<br />
\B ZZCPG LNGF H"IBN[ ,\GRGKSRF N[ FBZP QKPM GIGPC OKZE\SP<br />
OEB NM H"ETG .INXGPG CGJ ZIGS F[TR[ ET OKYKHPF FIGEG OKNKTGPF<br />
.GN[ OKKIF \GRGKSRC<br />
O[[ ,U\G[P FPEPFG QGZMHF IGPG U\G[P IGP ZGCXFN [K H"ET<br />
OKK\NTG\F OEB NMP NNMFNG ZGCXFN SIKC G[TR[ OK[TPF NM OKYYIR<br />
OKK\NTG\F OK[GTFG OK[TPF \B OKZIGC FPF ODG ,OKYKHPFG<br />
IGPC OKYYIR QMG ,O\GB OK[GTF NM OFC GEKP\K[ OKYYG\[PG<br />
,NNMFN OKYKHPF OKTZF OK[TPFG OK[GTF NM OFN[ FPEPFG "QGZMH"F<br />
.OFP ZJVFN \GNGCI\N OKYYG\[PG O\GB OKSBPP OFG<br />
,F[KZE G[GZKV Postulate .OKCZ QG[NC Postulate FNKPN FRGGMF[ QM\KK<br />
FBZR .ZESP ,QY\P ,QGGMP G[GZKV Regulative .FPGKSYB ,EGSK=QGZYT ,FIRF<br />
GZVSC JRY NBGRPT KZCEN SIKC OKZPBR FH UKTSC ONGSF NTC KZCE KM<br />
QGKNTF CGJN OKCKJNGDZF OKJNGJSGVF .KR[ YZV ,"\K[TPF FRGC\F \ZGYKC"<br />
.OKYNBF OGKYG G\GK\GPNB ,OEBF \GZKI OF<br />
C\M CXPP TCGR ZCEF .\KBEG FRKB KM [KDEFN KEM KGJR QVGDC \BCGP GH FNKP<br />
.EKF<br />
.FZGX KGRK[ :FKXYKVKEGP<br />
NKI\P EKF C\MC KM FZGP "[EI EGPTN ZCTP" QGKXF QNFN QMG FH OGYPC<br />
.[EI TJY GB [EI EGPT<br />
54<br />
55<br />
56<br />
57
347<br />
C YNI<br />
OTKRFN KEM OKK\NTG\F OK[TPFG OK[GTFN OKIC[PG OKNNFP LMKVN<br />
QKKJSBNKEKBFG OKNBKEKBF GBXKG GENGR QBMP[ Z\GKG Z\GK GNB OK[TPC<br />
.ZSGPF \PMIG \GCGJ \GEP NMG<br />
ZJVFNG TGRPN KEM OKYKHPF OK[TPFG OK[GTF \B EBP GRDK LVKFNG<br />
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GB OHKRGKZVSYBC OB ZGICN \G[ZG OTJ EIB NMN KBEG [K T"VN OB<br />
\NGH ZGCXF DKFRFN \G[Z OFN QKB ,QSZF KYKHIP ORPB .OKHKRGKSZVPBC<br />
BN KM .OHKRGKZVSYBF \JK[ KVN GRKKFE ,KJTPDBZVG KCKJKHBV LZEC<br />
\GZGFN NMGK BN N[PN ,GN[ KJZV STZJRKB NKC[C ZGCXN YKHFN NMGK<br />
EKSVK FH NKC[CG GPXT N[ OHKRGKSTZVPKBF \RCF NKC[C ZGCXN FRGPB<br />
.ZJV\FN GN CJGP GPXT NT JNG[ GRKB OBG .ZGCXFP ZSGPFG SGPKRF<br />
.GN[ OKNBEKBF OT ZGCXN YKHFN BNG<br />
"FKDGSN \K\EF FKGGIF" GZVSC .KRYKZPB UGSGNKV ,(1910{1842) SPKK’D OBKNKG<br />
N[ G\NTG\G QKPBPF EKIKF KCDN F\NTG\ ,\EF N[ FK\GNTG\" :SPKK’D ZPGB<br />
OBKNKG) "FC \PB KM Z\GKC \GCGJF \GKBZF QF FNB { ONGTF KCDN GPXT EKIKF<br />
,|1949~ J"[\ OKN[GZK ,OEBF TCJC ZYIP :FKDGSN \K\EF FKGGIF ,SPKK’D<br />
OK[GZEF OKNBF OF OKNDGE GRB OP[C[ OKNBF" KM ZPGB BGF EGT .(300 ’PT<br />
FYKH GRC ZZGTN FKG[T[ \KDGNGBK\ FRGPB NM |...~ GRKMZXN OKPKB\PG GRN<br />
FNGSV KFKZF ,QKB OBG ;GH F\NGDS OXT NNDC GRKNT BKF FRPBR FH NBEKBN<br />
.(216 ’PT ,O[) "GRKRKTC<br />
.KRPZD UGSGNKV ,(1804{1724) JRY NBGRPT<br />
.C"T R OKISV<br />
73<br />
74<br />
75
353<br />
C YNI<br />
ONGTF \SKV\<br />
76<br />
V"TG KZG\SFF OHKNKZJBPF E"T \GK\CSC \GI\V\F K"T BZCR ONGTF<br />
77<br />
.SKHT\RKSG SKHTJKJRBG SKHT\<br />
78 .NDF N[ BYKJYNBKEF<br />
79<br />
GB FBGCRN ET O"IXEP \"K[F OT [DZFN \K\KNM\ BGF QMB<br />
.’F \TEN<br />
ZGTFN WGIP [DZFG SKHTJKJRBF BGF QKZGSKFG ,SKHTJF BGF DGRT\F<br />
.SKHTJRKSF BGF<br />
ZGCXF \TEC BGF ORGYK\G OKNGYNYF \GFP<br />
YST NT GEKPTPG OKIGZFG OKESVFF QKC GN ZZGCF BGF EKIKF \TE GPM<br />
NT OEKPTPG \GKRKEPF KZESC ZZCP ZGCXF \TE QM :Z\GKC INXGPF<br />
.QKRC CGZG QKRP CGZ [K QMB ,Z\GKC INXGPF<br />
\TE<br />
\B<br />
QKRC CGZG QKRP CGZ<br />
OKZZCPG OK[GT (QKVKY\F OF[) QKRC CGZ \TE GKF F\T ETG<br />
.JV[PFG ZSGPF NM M"TG GNGM ZGCXF<br />
.FZCIFP 80% OF[ QKRPF CGZN YKHFN G[P[ \EFG<br />
KRGPEYF OEBM KGKJKPKZV BGF QKRP CGZF<br />
KZESF OT [P[N GN FSKR BN KM KRGPEYF OEBM KGKJKPKZV BGF QKRP CGZF<br />
GTKDF BN GNB NM[ KBEG ORPB .GN BN FRF ET G[P[[ ZSGPG \EG JV[P<br />
CGZF Z[B .KJYTNBKEG \GK\CSF LZEC OKCZ QKZGSK K"T \NGH KGFF CXPN<br />
.O[VG\N NMGK BN BNKPPG NNM GKNB GCN O[ BN QKRP<br />
\EF BGF FZKFP Z\GKF FNGTVF<br />
FXT QKB NKTGPF QVGBC QKRP CGZFC [EIP ZGCXF \TE NKTVFN KEMCG<br />
FNTRF K"TG GF[PC NCYN QGXZ NM N[ SGBKPF K"TG .\EF K"T \NGH FZKFP<br />
.FCGZP FEPC TKV[FN QGXZF N[ KVGKFG<br />
N[ "KJSKRGPGYF JSVKRP"C \JZGVPF \KZGJSKF FZKYS :KZGJSKF OHKNBKZJP<br />
\B OKI\VPF OKKNMNMF \GIGMF QKC TRPR K\NC YCBP \ZB\PG SYZP NZY<br />
.[GMZFG EPTPF { OKK\ZCIF \GIGMF QKCN ZGXKKF \GMZTP<br />
N[ LZEC \GI\V\FF LKNF\ \B FBGZF \KVGSGNKV FVY[F :FYKJYNBKE<br />
\ZXGR QMP ZIBNG ,(FH\ KJRB) GMGVKF \B EKNGP (FH\) QGKTZ NM .OKEGDKR<br />
.(FH\RKS) OKEGDKRF \GEIB<br />
.KRPZD UGSGNKV ,(1831{1770) NDF LKZEKZV ONFNKG DZGBKD<br />
.ZCEP ,KI ,IPGX ,OPGE :O"IXE<br />
76<br />
77<br />
78<br />
79
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
354<br />
H"MT OKNTNZBV FPF KHKVGMKSVF[ ODF KM BYGE OK[TP K"T FH NMG<br />
.KMKSVN OEGY BGF KHKVF<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
HBKRTDF<br />
80<br />
GPXTN LKZX GRKBG TKV[FN FCZ FKJR GN [K[ ,ZGEF KZV BGF HBKRTDF<br />
LK[PPG ,GKNBP GC YCE\PG O[F OT FZGXF \BG[F GN [K FHCG .OGNM<br />
.\GK[GRBFN TKV[PG ,DGRT\G FPMI GRPP<br />
Z"R TKV[FN G[GZKV[ ,O\TEP OKECGT GB :OKDGS ’CN OKYNIGP OFG<br />
:O\TEP BN[ OKECGT GB .\GK[GRBN OKTKV[P GH FPDP OG[PG OZXGKN<br />
,\TEP BN[ GC OKYCEG ,O[FC OKYCE[ OKTEGKG OK[KDZP ORKB[ GRKKFE<br />
.\GK[GRBFN YZ OKTKV[P OFG<br />
,TKV[FN QGXZF OTKCJFN YZ \GK[GRBN FPEKY QKB ,FHF EGSK V"TG<br />
.ONGTC OKRGBDF FCZ\KG<br />
81<br />
TKDGNGBTNTJ<br />
\GPNGTF[ \GKZJRTXGVGZJRB \JK[ V"T ,FNCYC BKF \CKGIP TKDGNGBTNTJ<br />
N[ OFK\GP[RC LNPR \"K[F[ QMG \KNM\F OFG NBZ[K NKC[C GBZCR<br />
.OKYKEX<br />
82<br />
LN QKBG "O[F \B FTE WZBF FBNP"G FBGCRFC \KNM\F BCGP QMG<br />
.YFCGP Z\GK \KNM\<br />
\"K[FN GN [K[ ZPGBG ,TKDGNGBTNTJSKE \JK[ ZIB FJGR O"CPZF<br />
QKCFN GN F[Y KM ,OEBF QKP \NGH OKZIB OK\KNM\ OD FBKZCFC<br />
GRN[ JTRBNVF[ OKCMGMF \MZTP OT FNGED M"M FBKZC BZC \"K[F[<br />
\GPN[ \KNM\N YZ FH NM ’KFKG ,NEZI ZKDZD GPM G\GBKXPC NJC<br />
?OEBF<br />
KVNG ,FTE ZSI BGF \KNM\ KNC NTGVFG NM[ ZC NMN CKGIP \KNM\F<br />
FZKXKF ZKIC BGF ZCEPF[ ,O"IXEC ONGTF BZC[ GFGRZMF GK[TP<br />
\"K[FN [KDZP[ BKCRF OFKNT USGRG ,GFTKV[PG G\NGH [KDZP G\GKFN<br />
.FNGEDF FBKZCF NMC G\KNM\G ’\K GN DGRT\N QCGP FH[ ,GFZKMPG<br />
.OKRGBDF<br />
,ON[GP { "SGBNJ" FNKPC ,\KRGGKC FNKPF ZGYP .\KNM\F \ZG\ :FKDGNGBNJ<br />
.FBXG\ ,UGS { "SGNJ" FNPC FZGYP[ ,ON[<br />
.J ,BK FKT[K<br />
80<br />
81<br />
82
355<br />
C YNI<br />
OKKGCKZ GPM TCJFC \KNM\ KNC \GKZC IZMFC [K KZF ,NDF N[ ’K[GYFG<br />
OFPT [P[P GRKB OEBF Z[B WY QKBN OKJRNV KGCKZG GRN[ JRNVC[<br />
\B ZK\SK BN TEGP K\NCF[" YGIF KVN ,BKF FCG[\F ?NNM<br />
NMC O"IXE [K KNGBG<br />
83 ."\GBGZ GKRKT[ FP YZ QKKEN GN QKB"G "TEGPF<br />
.TEGP K\NCF QP FPGEMG .ZCEPF G\KNM\ :JTRBNV NMCG ,QTJTRBNVF<br />
.FBGCRF LZEC ZMGPG TEGPF \B FH ZG\SK LKBG<br />
GPT Q\PG B[PN Z[MGK[ JYTKCB BGZCN BZGCFN DGRT\[ JG[V GFHG<br />
QKMPGS GRBG GRKP GRKB[C QKPP DGRT\ [K QMG .FPGEMG \GTEF \VNIFNG<br />
.FBGCRF NT KZPDN<br />
FZKICG \GK\CKS<br />
84<br />
OKYGIF K"T ,"\TEP BN[ QKTZVR[ ,QKZGSK LZE" OF FZKICG \GK\CKS<br />
EGT NM FKGFF OGKYG ZETFF HGRD FMG\C [K FKGF NM[ .OKKJYTNBKEF<br />
CKZIP BGF SKHT\KJRBF I\V\KG FND\K[MG ,FC[ ZETFF FNDR BN[<br />
F\GKFN ,FRG[BZFP \PN[GP Z\GKF FKGF FPGYPC BKCPG ,SKHT\F \B<br />
(FKGFN OEGY BGF ZETF NM KM) .FPEGYF SKHT\KJRBF N[ QGYK\F \NNGM<br />
\ENGRG \NNGM BKF[ ZPGNM ,"SKH\RKS" O[C FKR[F FKGF FRGMP M"TG<br />
.B"T BNY BZ\C BCC<br />
:LM BGF ZPGB (1933) D"XZ\C ONGSF NTC OSZV[ "OGN[F" SZJRGYC<br />
\GCB \MSPC FPG\S FR[P QKCFN GRIGZF ,NKTN ZGPBF NM \B GRTEK[ ZIBG"<br />
QGCZTC QG\R NMF ,ZPGB FKF (BCKYT KCZ) BGF’ :FRG[N FHG .(H"J FR[P ’D YZV)<br />
EKFG IG\V SYRVFG ,UKYP KRGRIFG FIG\V \GRIF .OKKIF NM NT FSGZV FEGXPG<br />
QKTZVRG OGK NMC ZKE\ QKZKHIP OKBCDFG ,FGNKG BCK \GGNN FXGZF NMG ,\C\GM<br />
NMFG \PB QKE QKEFG ,GMGPSK[ FP NT OFN [KG ,G\TEP BN[G G\TEP OEBF QP<br />
|...~ .’FEGTSN QYG\P<br />
OKBCDN OKRICR ’\K G\EGCTC YSTF KEK NT OKTKVGP[ OKKNGDSF \GIMF[ O[MG<br />
QM ,GBGNP NT TZVR[ ET GPGKC OGK ZCE ZKE\ QKZGTK[N CGIF OKCGDF OKRPBR<br />
OKRPBR OKBCDN M"D OKRICR \GI\V\FF YGIC OKTCJGPF OKR\KBF \GIM [PP<br />
,GZPB FH[ ,GBGNP NT TZVR[ ET ,GPGKC OGK ZCE ZKE\ QKZGTK[N CGIF OKCGDF<br />
YGNKI OFKRKC [K ORPB .’OEBF QP OKTZVRG OGK NMC ZKE\ OKZKHIP OKBCDFG’<br />
K"T FCDR OCGI Z[B EIBF DGS Z[B ,’G\TEP BN[G G\TEP’ GRKKFE ,CZ YIZPG<br />
OKZTGS OKND BNB ,’O\TEP BN[’ OCGI OKTZGV OKBXPR ,\GI\V\FF N[ OKBCDF<br />
OFKZGIBP O\GB OKVIGEF \GI\V\FF N[ FYHI IGZ KEK NT OFKNT OKBC<br />
OKNGED OKZGSKC OIZM NTC TZVR CGIF[ KZF .FPKEY TGSVN \GKZCF OKIKZMPG<br />
DGSF ONGB .OFKZGIBP FVKIEC O\GB OKVIGEF TZF \GIM N[ OKKGNKDF KEK NT<br />
O\GKFC ,OPXT ORGXZP ’O\TEP’ FZJPF \D[F BGF[ OCGI OKTZGV ,KR[F<br />
|...~ TZF \ZMF [GI \GI\V\F \B \GZFPPF \GKNGDSF \GEGCTF KZIB OKZHGI<br />
ZGBF QGZ\KM ,O\TEP BN[ OKTZVRN O\TEP OKTZVRF QKCP CZ YIZP LKRKTN KZF<br />
."OKTZ OKCGBMPG QKZGSK N[ \GM[IF NT DGRT\G OTGR N[<br />
83<br />
84
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
356<br />
\MNGF H"ETG .F[EIF GH FKGF NB GPEGY[ FZETFG FKGF OF[ ,OFKR[P<br />
SKHTJ ,ZETFG FKGF OF[ "QKZGSK LZE"F K"T EKP\ \PN[GPG \GK\KPBF<br />
FH\RKSF FNDP[ ET OKK\KPB Z\GK SKHT\RKS EKP\ OKEKNGPG ,SKHT\KJRBG<br />
?\GPN[F GFP NCB .FPN[F<br />
WVI NT YZ N"RF QKZGSK LZEF ZBC\P \KZG\SF OHKNTZJBPCG<br />
’KV SKHT\K\RB NMG G\T[N YEGX ZJ[P G[GZKV SKHT\ NM[ ,KNMNMF<br />
\B C[KKPF ZJ[P BGF SKHT\RKS NMG ,FNMNMFC \YEGX K\NC FYGNI<br />
ZETFF I\V\P[MG ,ZETFF HGRD FC OD M"TG ,Z\GK BNG FND\R[ FHK\RBF<br />
FYGNIF FND\K[ ET ,FNKNI ZHGIG M"D BKFF FH\RKSF \B CKZIP<br />
.\YEGXF<br />
"FZG\ LZEFG"<br />
85<br />
WYF \B ZFPP GFH[ OKBMERF EKN NZGDF \RK\R BKF "FZG\ LZEFG"<br />
FZKICF F\TP KM "FZKIC" ’YR GFHG .ZCEF NT GIKD[K OKBMERF[ FEPC<br />
.ZCEC OKTDGRF KEKC BGF<br />
FNGTV BKF "FZG\ LZE"G ,\KCKJYTKCGB FNGTV "QKZGSK LZE"[ KZF<br />
.ZCEC OKTDGRF KEKC NZGDFG \KCKJYTKCGS<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
OKKI OGPKRKPN :FCGI ZJ[P :FDFRFF ,G\NGHN FTV[F :QGZYTF<br />
GFH .’\K G\GYCE :FZJPFG \KNM\F .FZCIFN OKKI \PZN \GGXP K[TPG<br />
.EGT GMG\C HGRD ZETFF QKB[ QGZIBF SKHT\RKSF K\TEN<br />
\GXPG OKCGJ OK[TP<br />
87<br />
86<br />
,ZPB ’RKV[ QMG .OK[GIFC OEGYP ’KFK BN[ NM[FC ZCE QKB ZPB YfN<br />
FXGZ KRB[ NKC[C CGJ BGF[ BNB CGJ BGF[ NKC[C ZCEF FXGZ GRKB[<br />
,OK[TPFC OEGY ’KFK BN[ OK[GIFC ZCE QKB[ H"T UKSGFN [KG .ZCEF<br />
.FRCFF OKEKNGP OK[GIG OK[GI OKEKNGP OK[TPF[ QVGBC<br />
FVKYFG F[CI FID[FF[ OKMZE KR[" :ONGSF NTC ZPGB "\GZIF" ZPBPC<br />
GRKNB OZGDF OKZGSK LZE :OF[ ,\K\KNM\F FZJPF NB GRBKCFN KEM ,GR\GB<br />
\GI\V\F GRKNB \PZGDF ,FPMIG FZG\ LZEG .GR\TEP BN[ \BHF \GI\V\F<br />
."OKZGSKG IZMF OG[ KNC ,GR\TEP \BHF<br />
.KNDRB UGSGNKV ,(1704{1632) YfN QG’D<br />
.KERNGF KEGFK UGSGNKV ,(1677{1632) FHGRKV[ LGZC<br />
85<br />
86<br />
87
357<br />
C YNI<br />
GTKV[K[ OZJP FTV[FF KGCKZ NT GDRT\K[ [GIN Z[VB KB[ N[PN<br />
FTV[FF N[ FNGEDF G\GCK[I NKM[FNG QKCFN Z[VB KB QMG NTGVC<br />
.OK[GIFC G\GB OKPTGJ[ OZJP<br />
OKCGJ OK[TP FCZK[ OZJP \GYCEP DGRT\ OGTJN Z[VB KB H"ETG<br />
GRKKFE ,GN Z"R \G[TN KBR\F N[ FZGPD FZKP[C GRKKFE FHN OKNDGSPF<br />
DGRT\F [DZF ZIBG .FGXPF \K[TC ’\K GKNB OZD[ \IRF NT DRT\FN<br />
DGRT\N ... OBG .FHF DGRT\F ZGTK[C G\GB QKCFN Z[VB OK[TPC CGJF<br />
... \TEN FMHK HB GKNB Z"R \PKZDP KEKP\G KIXR<br />
,ECN \GK\NTG\ BGF[ "FP[N BN[" ’B \EC \GPDP ’C [K[ NKTN ’KTG<br />
GH FPDP GDK[FC BXPRG GPXT \NTG\N ZSGPF CJKF SSCN KEMC GRKKFE<br />
.YGVKSF GN [K ZCM<br />
,"FP[N" ’YR GFHG .GC YCEFN K[VR LZGX BGF[ \EFC ’C FPDP [KG<br />
."FP[N BC FP[N BN[ LG\P"G .N"RFN \GMHN OK[TP K"T NGMK BGFG<br />
OKKIF \PDP<br />
GB ,’\K G\GYCEN \GMHN ,\GKRPBKEKB GB ,ZYIPCG OKZVSC \GTE ’D [K<br />
GB ."\GK\NTG\" OHKJKNKJKNKJGK ’YRF ,STZDBZVNG FPEYN \GMHN KEMC<br />
88<br />
.OHKRBZKY GB OHKRBEKKF ’YRF KR[GIG KZ[C DGRT\<br />
OKCGBMPF[ BGF FZXF NCB \PB F\KF KBGNG OHRKEKKF \JK[ FRFG<br />
ECNPG .OFC DRT\FN OEBFN Z[VB[ OK[GIF DGRT\ JTP NT OKCGZP<br />
.F\KPF OGK N[ ODVF<br />
FNB[ QBM [K ,ONGTC FPEYG STZDGZV BKCFN KJKNKJGKF \JK[G<br />
M"M FCGZP FZGP\ ON[P KRB Z[B ... ON[F STZDTZVFN FMHK KP FNGED<br />
.QKZGSKG OKCGBMPC<br />
K"T[ OEBF N[ GZ[BN BGF FPDPF[ \GKRBPBEKKBF YZ FBZR LMKVN<br />
.G\GP ZIBN CGJ O[NG GKKIC EGCMN FMGH [VRC[ \GIMF NM NGNM[<br />
FZGFG \KJSKBDB FPDP NT ZSGPF \ZG\ SSCN GH FJK[ NT DNDN JRBYG<br />
89 .V"YN[ P"T \G[TN<br />
LZGXN YZ BNB N"RF OHKNKJGKF \B Z\GK GN ZIC KRZTEBPF TEPF<br />
OD ?FH FXZK KPG V"YN[ P"TN FPGE FH ODG .TKV[FN GRKKFE .NNMF<br />
FH NKC[C[ \GZGEFN STZDTBZVFG FPEKYF NM BKCK FP N"RF FNB[<br />
.OHKRGEF<br />
.SZV NCYN BN[ \RP NT :V"YN[ P"T<br />
88<br />
89
M"MC EGCTB<br />
TKV[FN KEM QKZGSK<br />
V"MT .\BH<br />
FXZRF GFP TEKN YEXF KN [K<br />
FPEKYFP<br />
KPG<br />
FRFK<br />
F\GBP<br />
?FPEKYF<br />
KPG<br />
K\V<br />
ON[K<br />
FZGP\<br />
FNGED<br />
M"M<br />
BNG<br />
TEK<br />
FP<br />
?TKV[K<br />
NM<br />
FZXF<br />
BKF<br />
DGRT\F[<br />
ZXY<br />
OKPK<br />
QKZGSKFG<br />
\MKZBC<br />
.OKPK<br />
\KNM\F<br />
OKKIFP<br />
NMP<br />
ZGPBF<br />
BXP\<br />
\PDP[<br />
OKKIF<br />
BGF<br />
\GMHN<br />
G\GYCEN<br />
OTJP<br />
\NTG\<br />
\"K[F<br />
GECN<br />
.\GREVYC<br />
GB<br />
\GMHN<br />
\B<br />
GTKDK[ OKCZF<br />
G\GYKCEN<br />
.’\K<br />
’C<br />
OKEGCT[<br />
ONGTC<br />
90<br />
’C<br />
OKEGCT[<br />
,ONGTC<br />
GB<br />
EGCT[<br />
BZGCF<br />
GB<br />
EGCT[<br />
GK\GKZCN<br />
\IBG<br />
OFP<br />
,IZMGP<br />
KM<br />
GNKVB<br />
LNP<br />
BK[RG<br />
ECGT<br />
\GKZCF<br />
.IZMFC<br />
QKBG<br />
ORPB<br />
OTJ<br />
QC<br />
QKZGI<br />
ZGPD<br />
BNB<br />
ECTG[PF<br />
BZGCFN<br />
GECN<br />
BNG<br />
OG[N<br />
FKZC<br />
.ONGTC<br />
EGCT[F<br />
:IZMGP<br />
KM<br />
NCYPF<br />
FRGDP<br />
\GKPFCG<br />
.BKF<br />
TKV[FNG<br />
{<br />
[K<br />
FNB[<br />
?KPN<br />
KC\M<br />
ZGEF<br />
GZIBF<br />
Q 358<br />
90<br />
\GBF<br />
’C<br />
\BCGP<br />
QVGDC<br />
NGED<br />
Z\GK<br />
KVM<br />
F\KKF[<br />
C\MC<br />
EKF<br />
.ZGYPC
YNI<br />
D<br />
TJY<br />
B<br />
OHKRGPGY<br />
KJTPDBZV<br />
\NCY<br />
\EF<br />
N[<br />
\CFBG"<br />
."LTZN<br />
GJG[V<br />
.GTP[PM<br />
FYGNI<br />
\YEGX<br />
N[<br />
OKIGZF<br />
NM[<br />
EIB<br />
EGCTK<br />
KVM<br />
GK\GRGZ[M<br />
{<br />
NCYKG<br />
KVM<br />
.GMZX<br />
[GMZF<br />
,OKGYP<br />
YZ<br />
OKNTCF<br />
ZGSB<br />
GN<br />
NCYN<br />
OKIGZP<br />
Z\GK<br />
KVMP<br />
.GKMZX<br />
DGS<br />
’B<br />
N[<br />
OKR[GMZF<br />
’KFK<br />
OT<br />
IGYV<br />
,ZGCX<br />
DGS<br />
’C<br />
\GRPBRC<br />
GPXT<br />
GB<br />
K"T<br />
.OKSYRV<br />
OKNJCGPF<br />
GNCYK<br />
OFKMZX<br />
FG[C<br />
OT<br />
.OKYGSTF<br />
OKKIF<br />
LZEC<br />
TKRGPBY<br />
GNCYK<br />
O\GB<br />
OKPGMSF<br />
OKECGTFM<br />
KNTCF<br />
,OK\C<br />
\BG<br />
GIKGZK[ IGKZF<br />
K"T<br />
KKI<br />
\GV\G[F<br />
G[TK<br />
OFP<br />
[GMZ<br />
KZGCX<br />
\GMKK[C<br />
KJZV<br />
G\GBN<br />
.WGCKYF<br />
\GNE\[F<br />
\GRCN<br />
KKI<br />
TKRGPBY<br />
OD<br />
OKNTGVN<br />
.\GZKKTC<br />
\GNTPF<br />
OKECGTF<br />
["MPG<br />
OKEIVPF<br />
KRVP<br />
NGJKC<br />
FEGCT<br />
KBEG<br />
GNCYK<br />
OFKNT<br />
\EF<br />
{<br />
GDK[K[<br />
QGIJC<br />
.OFKKIC<br />
DGS<br />
OKR[GMZ<br />
OKKNBKEKB<br />
GNCYK<br />
M"D<br />
.\EF<br />
K"T<br />
FVJF<br />
NT<br />
SKSC<br />
K\E<br />
[K<br />
SSCN<br />
\TE<br />
ZGCXF<br />
Z[B<br />
NCYPF<br />
Z\K<br />
GKMZXP<br />
BGF<br />
FPGE<br />
KDZGFN<br />
,\G[VR<br />
Z[BC<br />
GNKC[C<br />
IZMGK<br />
ONGTF<br />
L[PFN<br />
\GIKXZC<br />
KSGPKRCG<br />
ZTNJKF<br />
\GPINPCG<br />
,\GBZGR<br />
H"KTG<br />
G[TK<br />
\G[VR<br />
\GCZ<br />
.OHKRGKPGYN<br />
359
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
360<br />
GNCYK[ OKR[GMZF N[ OFKKI ZZPN Z[VB \G\KC[G OKHGI N[ YIGE K"T<br />
.OKIGZC YZ O[GMZC OKTDGR GRKB[ LG\P ,\EF \B OFKNT<br />
\K\E FTV[F K"TG USM K"T \GRYN Z[VB KPGBN QKC ’KFK \EF[ LG\P<br />
\IB FEGDBN GRPT \GV\G[C \EF GNCYK[ ,OKCZTF QKM’T[F CN \B<br />
.OKCZTF OKR[GMZFG OKECGTF QKC \G[VR G[TKG<br />
FCFB :CKKIP[ \EF GNCYK[ ZIBP KM ,\GRGKXN FCGJ IPXK FHP<br />
NHD NT ORKT GZXKK BN M"B \IB FEPC EIK \GK[GRBF NMN FTV[FG<br />
.BGF ’FN WZBF[ GRKCK KM ,WZBF<br />
FHG ,OKEGFKF N[ OKKIF \PZ OT FG[ ’KFK ,OKCZTF N[ OKKIF \PZ<br />
.OFKRKC \G[VR \KK[TN NGED [K[YC FKFK<br />
91<br />
C<br />
TJY<br />
ZGCXF \TEG EKIK \TE<br />
OK[TPF NM OKY\TR O[[ GN[ JGVK[F IM BGF[ EKIKF \TE [K[ GPM<br />
FIGEG OKNKTGPF ZIGCG LNGF FBZPC NM\SP[ GPMG OKYKHPFG OKNKTGPF<br />
OKNKTGPF OKY\TR FP[[ ZGCXF NMN U\G[P NM[ [K QM .OKYKHPF<br />
OKNNFPG OFN OKNKTGPFN ZZCP ZGCXF \TEG ,OKYKHPF OT FZCIFN<br />
QTJSKNBKEKB OKENGR QBMP[ OFK[GTN OKRDP OF LVKFNG ,OFK[GTN<br />
92<br />
.’GMG QTYBP[TDG OKYGIG OKDKFRPG<br />
QKRC CGZ :ZGCXF \TEC[ NGYNYF<br />
["PM ,QKRC CGZ OF[ QKVKY\FN YZ JGVK[F IMG FDFRFF IM FKF OGKF ET<br />
93<br />
.ZGCXF \TE OK[GTF OFG LKKZYRBZV NMN OKDKFRP OK[RB ’M[<br />
CGZN OKNXRPF OF[ KVNG .O\NTG\N OFN GZES \EFG ZSGPFG JV[PFG<br />
OKYKHP YZ ZSGPFG JV[PFG \EF GNB NM OKBXPR ZGCXF N[ QKRP<br />
.QKRP CGZN ZPGNM .ZGCXFN<br />
.OGKF ET KZPDN YKVSP FKF QKRC CGZ N[ KIMGRF ZJ[PF[ ZGMHN [KG<br />
ZESFN GPEY[ \GRCZGIF NMG ,NNM JGVK[F IM ’KF BN OKRGPFN[ KRVP<br />
.ECN QKVKY\F QKC YZ ’KF OGKF N[ KRKEPF<br />
,OKBZGR \GRCZGI NT BNB OGKF N[ ZESF GDK[F EIB ZGEC BN ORPB<br />
.ONGTN ZES BKCF[ JV[PFG ZSGPFG \EF \B GNKM[F[ ET<br />
.C YNIC BCGPF ZPBPF QKCN FH TJY QKC FNCYFC QKICFN Q\KR<br />
.OKPTJ<br />
91<br />
92<br />
.\VZX 93
361<br />
D YNI<br />
[EIF QKRC<br />
94<br />
TKJBZJYBPTEF K"TG TNNP[ DRBGGXF K"T OKRGZIB \GZGECG<br />
FZCI \NFRF NCYNG OFKRKT IGYVN OKRGPFF GNKI\F OHKNKXBSFG<br />
JV[PFG ZJ[PFG SGPKRFG \EF GBXP QM[ QGKMG .QKRP CGZN OPXT KEKN<br />
CGZN QK[P[P OF KM N"RM \PBF BGF QM KM O\TZN BGF FH NM[ OGN[<br />
95<br />
.OKYKHP ONGMNG ZGCXF N[ S"V FZ[TN QKRC<br />
.OKRGPFF ZJ[PC \GRGP\ ’C GRN GENGR M"TG<br />
F[TPM OK[GTG JV[PG SGPKRFG \EFP NGT GYZV[ QTJSKXBRM GB .<br />
.QKRC CGZ N[ OKKIF KZESN GPEY[ KCKJKPKZVF OEB<br />
TZGJBJYKEC OKJNG[ ZGCXFP OKHGIB FZ[T[ QKJTKGGBSFM GB .<br />
OHKJYTNBKEF KVN .CZ QPH L[PFN Z[VB KB FHG .ZGCXF NM NT<br />
.KZGJSKFF<br />
96<br />
GRB ZGXKYC "ONGM NBZ[K KCKGB GIPK G"I SGPKRF NJC\K OBG"<br />
QKRP CGZF (OKRGPFF) OD[ ET .ZTKF OEB NB JNIFCG IZMFC OKZHGI<br />
(QKRC CGZF OKRVNPM) OF OFK\GPXTG OZ[C NT BYKJYTNBKEF GEPNK<br />
.ZES NT GPKMSK HBG<br />
KRPZD JRTJBV GRKB OHKXBRF[ QBMPG<br />
NXBR FRPP[ \EF YZ FXT QKB { QTJSKNBKEKB ORKB OKRGPFF[ ZGMHR OB<br />
BNB FH QKB ?EXKMFG .QKRP CGZF G[P[K F\T NCB .YEXFG SGPKRF ,KTCJM<br />
.FTV[F N[ \EF<br />
.OKKI \PZN FGXPG ,OGPKRKPN FCGI :FDFRFF ,G\NGHN FTV[F QGZYTF<br />
.’F \GYCE :FZJPF<br />
OHKNKXBSF KZV BGF OHKXBR<br />
OF OKZMBG OKNTGVF OK\KPBF OKB[GRFG OF OKJTGP QTJSHKNBKEKB KM<br />
KPGBN OHKNXBS[ ZTNJKFM Q[ZE FHKB EGPTK OB FPGB NMCG .QTJHKBDB<br />
?GN GTP[K BN FPN KNTKXBRZTJRKBP OFN NKTGPG IGR Z\GK<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
\RGGM KM FBZR .ZXFN G[GZKV "QNTP["G ,FKKVM GB WGNKB GTP[P "DRBGGX"<br />
.OKXGNKBF WINN BKF CG\MF<br />
.OKHGIB ,JRSZo :S"V<br />
GIPK OGN[G SI" KGJKCF ZPGNM ,ZGFR KDS QG[NC FZPBR GH FZKPB KM IKRFN [K<br />
.OPXT NBZ[KN QGGM\P "NBZ[K KCKGB<br />
94<br />
95<br />
96
FHKB GKFG OEGYP OKR[ FHKBC NM[GP ORCZGIG OHKXBRF ’KF OB .B<br />
’KF OBF .FRDFN YKVSK[ YGEB \E K"T ONKXFN FXT OKSMJP OKPMI<br />
?ZY[ OTJP ZGSB<br />
ZHVN QKIZMGP[ FRCF NNMN \GPGBF GBGCK FPINPF ZIBN OB .C<br />
[EIP \EF TKCJFG EIB BCG GRKXZBP GRK[ZDNG \GIGZ ’EN NBZ[KN BYGE<br />
97<br />
KRC OD[ LVKFN GPKMSK H"KTG \GPGBF QKCG GRKRKC (R"SPC EGPTN KEM)<br />
?ZGSKB FH ’KF OBF .WZBFN GBGCK N"GI<br />
\KZB[ ECBN GXZKG ONGTF NT GN[PKG OKXBRF G"I GZCD\K OB .D<br />
?FPGBF NKXFN KEM \GPGBF NMC \EF TKCJFN Z\GP OB ,CYTK<br />
OHKJBPDZV<br />
FHF LZGXFN \YVSP[ FPM ET FC \PBFG ,LZGXC FRGPBF N[ FZGYP<br />
BKF LZGXF \YVSFG FRGPBF \CKS BGF LZGXF[ KZF<br />
98 .(SPTKH)<br />
.F\GK\KPB<br />
:OKMZGX ’C<br />
.F\GK\KPB BKFG .FZCIF KKI SGSKCN BGF[ ,KZPGI LZGX { ’BF<br />
.FP[N GFHG .F\NGH OKKIF GN SGBP[ K[VR LZGX { ’CF<br />
99<br />
."FP[N BC P"[N[P"<br />
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
362<br />
NCB .K[VR LZGXP OKBC \EF KPMI[ QCGPMG<br />
100 .KJPDBZV \PB=C ’KT<br />
OKKIF \PDP<br />
.KRZEBPF TEPFP BGFG FZCIFN Z[GBG STZDGZV BKCFN .B<br />
ZIBN CGJ O[G GKKIC EGCMN FMHK [VRC[ \GIMF NM NGNM[ K"T[ .C<br />
101 .V"YNN[ YZ FZGFG .OHKBGDB BKF[ JRBY DNDNP H"TG ,G\GP<br />
NKC[C \GKIN KBEM[ ZPB\ KPXT NKC[C \GKIN KBEM BN OB QKCFN [KG<br />
:EZBKNKP GB KRGPM UNB<br />
NMN GB GPXT G\GKJZVN GB .BZGCF \NTG\N BKF FPDPF[ QBMPG<br />
.’\K G\GYCEN GMHK[ ONGTF<br />
.[VR \GZKSP :R"SP<br />
.73 FZTF NKTN FBZ .SPKK’D<br />
.C"T R OKISV FBZ .FP[N BN[P :P"[N[P<br />
.QNFN "ZY[G \PB" UKTSC<br />
.SZV NCYN BN[ :V"YNN[<br />
97<br />
98<br />
99<br />
100<br />
101
363<br />
D YNI<br />
ZY[G \PB<br />
,SKHTJKJRBG SKHT\ OF[ ZETFG FKGF QP SKMKSV FY\TF BGF ZY[G \PB<br />
KJPDBZV \PB GFHG .SKHT\RKS BGF[ "G\T[N \PB" IPXR OMG\P[<br />
.ZY[ GKRGVXPC QKB[ ,"JNIGP \PB" FND\K[ ET FH L[PRG<br />
102<br />
GKF[ CKJKPKZVF KRGPEYF OEBF QPHC ’KF OB (NKTN ’KT) ’E N[P<br />
OFKRKC DKFRFN ZK\P ’KF OB ZTKF \KIM GZKCIN [KB OKIXGZG OKNHGD<br />
?K\E ZJ[P<br />
YGSTN BN KEMC OKRBPBZ \GZYN K\KXZ BN K\GRJYC (NKTN ’KT) ’F N[P<br />
OFC[ \NTG\F K\RCFG K\NED[MG<br />
103 .TKZBJSF YZ K\KZY BNG ,OKZY[C<br />
.\PBN KN G[TR HB QGKPEF OKI\VP OF[<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
LZGXF<br />
GZPB[ E"T) OF OKJTGP KM \GEGFN [KG .K[VR LZGX BGF FP[N ’KICP<br />
104<br />
.FEKNP FTKC\ OFN ’KFK[ ("ZGE NMC QN\[G ’GMG OKYKEX FBZ"<br />
’KF \GYKCEF \ZJP GDK[K BN OBG ZPGI KKIC OKSBGP[ FHM OR[K ORPB<br />
.OPXT QKECBP<br />
FP[N BC ["NN[ LG\P ,K\EF QGZYTF<br />
QCZGIN FBKC\ IZMFC[ KJSKBDB LZEC \GKZCF \DFRF FID[FF QKMFG<br />
FMG\PG .KJTPDBZV LZGX FC [K M"TG .TKV[FN \EF GNCYK BN OB ONGTF<br />
.FP[N BC<br />
K[VR LZGX GFP<br />
B"B K[VR LZGXF ZSIF QM QKPF \CFB SKZSNG OKTCX D[GK BN ZGTN[ GPM<br />
.BGF CKGIP LZGX ORPB .FHF LZGXF GN ZKKXN<br />
.K[VR<br />
LZGX<br />
GN<br />
\G[TN<br />
\GXP F[TP<br />
OKNDGSP \GXP F[TP<br />
.362 ’PT \NKI\C NKTN FBZ<br />
.FKZGJSKF<br />
EPT QKJTGP OKYKEX[ BGF LGZC [GEYF FBZ QRIGK KCZ ZPB" :C"T IN BPGK<br />
."ZGEG ZGE NMC QN\[G<br />
102<br />
103<br />
104
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
364<br />
SGPKR \GKZSGP<br />
105<br />
,KRGXKI IZMF BNNG ,V"NPTN[ \GCGJ \GEP ,F[GZKV SGPKR \GKZSGP<br />
.\GK[GRBF FZCIF KVNM \GKZIB [DZFG OSKBGZJNGB NT SSGCP[ YZ<br />
.LGRKI K"T D[GP<br />
G\BKXK ZIB GEKPTKG OKKYKG SRZVK[ ZGCXF \TEN LKZX LGRKIF ORPB<br />
.LGRKIF \G[ZP<br />
.ZGCXF \NTG\P YZ BNB LGRKIP L[PR GRKB ZGCXF \TEG<br />
IZMFC[ ZGCXF G\GB N[ \KJZVF FRKEPF KVC YZ LZTR ZGCXF \NTG\G<br />
KM FKBZFG .LGRKI H"T NKTGK LKBG { \GZIB \GRKEPG OKPTN FZK\SC BGF<br />
FIKXZF KM "\GKPGBN QKCN" YKVSK[ \EF ’KVBG SGPKRF BZCR BN EGT<br />
IXGZF FCZEBG BGF[ NM SGPKR OG[ KNC .O\PI NMC JNG[ ’GMG FNKHDFG<br />
.OKMKZX KPGBN QKC SGPKRN OGKFMG C[IK SPGRPG JBKZJV NGEDF<br />
\E YZ FRY\ QKB KZGCX OHKBDBN<br />
NYRC OGNM NT SSGCP GRKB[ LGRKIF KM \E YZ FRY\ QKB KZGCX OHKBDBN<br />
ZNJKF FZY GNKBG .BKRPZD ,FKBZFG ,GCKZIFN OGZT T[Z FHKB NMGK<br />
.OGNM F[GT ’KF BN \K\E BKRPZDN<br />
KTCJF OHKBDBF<br />
.ZGCXF \TEG LGRKI QGDM OKK\GMBNP OKZCEC ZGC[\ BN KTCJF OHKBDBF<br />
.KTCJ BGF[ \E YZ FHN FRY\ QKBG<br />
NGVM \GK\NTG\<br />
NMP OMSGPG IZMGP M"TG IGZN QFG UGDN QF \NTG\ FBKCP FTV[FF \E<br />
.LZGBC QNFN ’KT ,ONGTC[ \GJK[F<br />
106<br />
ZGGBV GGKJBP<br />
107 .BDZJ=B=HKGG FKVMF IM GB ,BJRBZV=B=HKGG L[GPF IM GB :GC ’KIC ’C<br />
GGKJBP OG[ GN QKBG ,GPXTN QKZGI QC BXGK[ \TC LGRKIF NKTGK LKBG<br />
.FKVMF IMP OD ZETRG L[GP IM OFC QKB KZF[ LRI\R[ \GCGIF NT ZGGBV<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
.SZV NCYN \RP NT BN[ :V"NPTN[<br />
FTKDKN IM GN EEGPG UGD NMN TKRPG NTGVF IM BGF[ FZJP=IM :ZBGBV CKJGP<br />
.(ONGSF NTC N[ "OGN[F" SZJRGY LG\P) FRGMPC YNEF EKYV\M<br />
FIGEF IM :BDZTJ=B=HKGG .GKRVNP ZCE FHKBN L[GPF IM :BJRBZV=B=HKGG<br />
.(ONGSF NTC N[ "OGN[F" SZJRGY LG\P) GKZIBP ZCE FHKBN<br />
105<br />
106<br />
107
365<br />
D YNI<br />
[VRF \ZB[F<br />
\PMIC FBC FRKB ORPB .NTPP KYNB YNI F\GKFC GKNBP QCGP BGF<br />
B[GRF OEBFN \KND\P [VRF QMB .FD[FC BC GRKB OXT OG[ KM ,FNCYF<br />
.ECNC ’\K GK\GD[F YZ BGF FK\GNGTVG ,\GNGTV K"T YZ F\GB<br />
KM KVGSGNKV ...P BGF "NM ZKM\G LPXT \B TE" OD\VF[ QCGP QBMPG<br />
OXT QKB[ ."LPXT \B DK[\ ...G NMF TE" ,LVKFN ZPGN QKMKZX FNCYC<br />
YZ GRKKFE .’\K GK\GP[ \GD[F OF[ ECNC \GNGTV YZ NNM D[GP [VR<br />
.KCKJYTKCGS<br />
OK[GI ’F<br />
,OK[GIF OKZKDP OK[TPF[ \GKP[DC GPM BGF \GXPF K[TP \NGDS<br />
YKHPG NKTGP N[ OKGPKEN O[ OK[TR QGZMHF IPC OK[GIF ... ZB[R[MG<br />
,QGZMHF N[ FBZPFC NM\SP ...DF ZPG[ GB QGXZF GB NM[F[MG ,[GMZG<br />
[GMZF GB NKTGPF GRKKFE \GK\KPBF CZYPG OKGPKEF \B ZZCPG LNGF<br />
.OEBF \NM[F NEDK ZGZKCF \GZKFC KVNG .OKYKHPF OF[ OKCHMF FIGEG<br />
ODG .\GK\KPBG \GZKFCC OKNKTGP OKGPKE FN NKDZK TYKJBPK\BPC OBG<br />
FBGVZC GB QGDKRC QMG .OKKY [GMZ ’KICC GN GNKTGK FNB KM QPH QGMSIC<br />
.FRGM\G<br />
OK[GIF OKZKDP OF[ \GGXPF ...[ OKKRIGZ OK[TP \NGDS H"ETG<br />
108<br />
\"DI QMG ...DZ E"Z[Z GB OK[GI KRKP ’C [K QBMG .OKKRIGZF OEBF<br />
109<br />
,"FCFB" IGZ ECGTFC ...P OKCGJ OK[TPF \EP\F KM :OKRVGD F"R<br />
ECBNG BJIN BN[ "FBZK"F [GI GC ...P CG[I ZGTK[N FZCJXFCG<br />
[GI GC ENGR FBZKG FCFB [GI GN [K[ GPXTC ...JC[MG ,FCFBF<br />
GC ENGR ...F OK[GI ’D ZIBG .([GMZ GFHG) FHN GMH BN[ GKZCI NT ...BV\F<br />
GN ENGR GNB OK[GIF ’E K[DZF NM KVNG ,GIGZC N[GP ZGCDM "IXR"F<br />
.\"K[F \GBKXPC FEGP[ "EGF"<br />
.\GXP KPTJG N"RF QKB\\ OK[GI ’F GC FCZ\P UKSGP[ FGXP NMCG<br />
\GBZN E"Z[Z OKRGKNT OK[GI ’F GC OKENGR FXZRF ZGTK[N OKXCY\P[MG<br />
.’\K ’KRVN ZCENG G\BZKC IKZFNG ’F NGY TGP[NG [PP GEGCM<br />
’FG QKB\\ OK[GI ’F \GNTV\FP OKGPKE GRGZMHC ZB[R Z\GK FMGH[MG<br />
ZZCPG GNB \GKGNTV\FC NM\SP NM[F FBZPC GPM[ ,QKBNT OK[GI<br />
.’F \TE NEDK OKZGZKCF \GZKFC KVNG ,OKYKHPF FIGEG ...ZFG OKNKTGPF<br />
.ZGCKE ,IKZ ,FTKP[ ,FKKBZ :E"Z[Z<br />
.EGF ,IXR ,\ZBV\ ,FZGCD ,ESI :F"R \"DI<br />
108<br />
109
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
366<br />
ZCJXP [GMZG ,SGSYGN<br />
... FNMNMF \PMI ’KFK \GKRGXKI \GPMIC ... \GNM[GPC QM \GKP[DC GPM<br />
BGF[ ,SGSYGNN ...[N OKKIF \PZN OKNKTGPF N[ OKZGZKC ’KIC FBGVZG<br />
GPM [GPK[N EPGT GRKB[ ZCJXP [GMZ BGF ’C FDZEG .[GMZ N[ ’B FDZE<br />
.QGDKRG FRGM\G ...TJBPF \PMI BGFG :\GZK[TF<br />
OKKRIGZ OKKI \PZN OF ... [GPK[N OKEPGTF OKZGZKCF \GKRIGZC H"ETG<br />
.ZCJXP K\NC [GMZG<br />
[GMZ ’ICN YZ ,OKKI \PZN OK[P[P ORKB[ OKFGCD OKZGZKC [KG<br />
.TKVGSGNKVFG FRGM\FG \GZK[TF GPM CG[I QKRY ’KICNG ZCJXP<br />
\ZKZC[ .OK[GIFC OTV NCY[ OKRIGZ OKGPKEP OKBC GNBG GNB NCB<br />
’C M"D [K FNCYF \PMIC[ TEG .’F \TE ’YR OKZIBN GB GN GB NKTGPF<br />
.N"RF [GMZ KRKP<br />
KHKVGGIKSV OHKJTNBZBV<br />
110<br />
J"TP" EGS FHG .YZCFG OTZF GPM .\IB \GFP N[ FTVGF KMZE K\[<br />
.KHKVF M"IBG KMKSVF ZCSFF \B FNKI\ [KDZP OEBF ORPB ."FZG\G<br />
G\GB CFGB Q\GRF[ GNM[C FNKI\ [KDZP FR\P NCYPF[ FCFBC GPM<br />
KMKSV BGF FNDP [BZ ... FCFB KXGXKR GC OKJ[V\PG OKPZHR M"IBG<br />
...[CN\F BGF LG\CG<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
ONGTC[ OK\GTJF NM ZGYP<br />
GB D[GP FHKB OKIYGN[ F[GZKV :FBKEKB :ONGTC[ OK\GTJF NM ZGYP<br />
GPM J[VGP JYTKCGBM G\GB OKDKXPG UGDC [CGNP OTV FKF[ KGPKE<br />
FMZTF KVN FN OKRDP GB F\GB QKIC[P[ ZPGNM ,UGDC OTV ’KF BN[<br />
.\BHF \J[VGPF<br />
OKYNI GMZEC GN ECBR ZCM UGDFP J[V\R[ ZIB D[GPF KM ,BGF FZXFG<br />
KVN G\GB OKREFG .UGDF G\G[CN\F \TC[ FRG[BZF G\GTP[PP OKCG[I<br />
.IZMFC \GTJN OKCKGIP GC ZB[RF \GTP[PF<br />
CGZ KVN \PBF OKIC[P GRIRB UGDC GNTV[ \TC ZY[FG \PBF .N[PN<br />
...FN GB EKIKFN G\NTG\<br />
.OKCGJ OK[TP :J"TP<br />
110
KVN ZY[F OKRDP GRIRBG<br />
NNMFN GYKHF CGZ<br />
GJ[V\R[ ZIB ORPB .JZVG<br />
\PBF<br />
ZY[G<br />
QKVGDFP<br />
G[TRG<br />
OKD[GP<br />
OKJ[VGP<br />
ZCM<br />
ECBR<br />
OFP<br />
ZYKT<br />
...GTP[P<br />
GRYG<br />
F[GEY<br />
GB<br />
FBPGJ<br />
O\ZGXC<br />
,\J[VGPF<br />
...KVNG<br />
Z[VB<br />
LKZTPFN<br />
\PBF \B IC[N<br />
YKHP BGF[ \TC OD<br />
NGED<br />
GB NNMFN<br />
,JZV<br />
QMG<br />
\GRDN<br />
...<br />
\B<br />
ZY[F<br />
OD<br />
\TC<br />
BKCP[<br />
\NTG\<br />
Z\GKF<br />
NGED<br />
JZVFN<br />
GB<br />
.ZGCXFN<br />
GFHG<br />
\GTJ<br />
ZP<br />
YKHPF<br />
...CN<br />
QKBG<br />
OEB<br />
K[VI<br />
NGB[N<br />
GPXTN<br />
KP<br />
[EY<br />
\PBF<br />
?FHF<br />
GB<br />
...<br />
BPKJ<br />
ZSGBG<br />
ZY[F<br />
?FHF<br />
,\GK\NTG\<br />
F[TPN<br />
NMF<br />
OKEGP<br />
FC<br />
KM<br />
OKYNGIF<br />
BGF<br />
...<br />
[K[<br />
OFN<br />
\NTG\<br />
...VR<br />
KSGPKRG<br />
KZSGP<br />
OKPTVN[<br />
FZK\SC<br />
\GK\NTG\N<br />
ZSGPF KZF EGSKC ORPB .\KRVGD<br />
\EFG<br />
\NTG\ M"D<br />
...<br />
NMF<br />
BNB<br />
Z[GB<br />
KRIGZ<br />
GFPG<br />
111 .P"RF<br />
QKBG<br />
FJG[<br />
NGPTK[<br />
GPXT<br />
KNC<br />
\NTG\<br />
BN<br />
UGDN<br />
BNG<br />
.IGZN<br />
\GK\NTG\<br />
NGVMF<br />
H"KVNG<br />
IZMGP<br />
\ZG\<br />
FTV[FF<br />
G\NGHN<br />
NMP<br />
KZE<br />
H"FGT<br />
...IK<br />
KZF[<br />
FC<br />
\GK\NTG\<br />
KRVGD<br />
ODG<br />
K[VR<br />
KVN<br />
\PMI<br />
.FNCYF<br />
ZCTP~<br />
|[EI EGPTN<br />
LKCS\<br />
NVZGTP<br />
[K[<br />
GZ\VN<br />
\IB<br />
\IBN<br />
FHC<br />
ZIB<br />
FH<br />
ZYKT<br />
,K[GYF<br />
BGF<br />
[K[<br />
QBM<br />
...CS<br />
LCGSP<br />
N[<br />
FPM<br />
\GYKVS<br />
OKCN\[PF<br />
GH<br />
:GHC<br />
’BF<br />
{<br />
’KVB<br />
BN[<br />
\IYN<br />
QGC[IC<br />
\B<br />
\GK\KPBF<br />
[K<br />
FNB[<br />
OB<br />
BGF<br />
K\NTG\<br />
?JNIFC<br />
’CF<br />
{<br />
’KVB<br />
OB<br />
BGF<br />
K\NTG\<br />
OB<br />
Z[VB<br />
GPKKYN<br />
?NTGVC<br />
’DF<br />
{<br />
KP<br />
FPF<br />
OK[RBF<br />
GZ[MGK[<br />
QGPKBN<br />
ZGEF<br />
ZCEC<br />
FGCD<br />
?\BHM<br />
’EF<br />
{<br />
KNGB<br />
BKCK<br />
FNGTVF<br />
GHF<br />
QGKHC<br />
YGIXG<br />
?ZGCXFP<br />
FTKEK<br />
FTKEK<br />
BKF<br />
’BC<br />
’DP<br />
;OKMZE<br />
GB<br />
’KICP<br />
KZKVPB<br />
BGF[<br />
LG\P<br />
\GNM\SF<br />
\KR[GI<br />
;([PP \GRGKSRP)<br />
GB<br />
LG\P[ ,"\KZG\SF"<br />
\GEGT\<br />
;OKMPSPG<br />
GB<br />
\KJPK\P<br />
LG\P[<br />
KVGZKX<br />
ZVSP<br />
NEGD<br />
.\KRC\G<br />
K"T)<br />
(FTKEK<br />
{<br />
...<br />
\PMIG<br />
FNCYF<br />
\Z[GBP<br />
NMP<br />
’DF<br />
OKMZE<br />
.N"RF<br />
YNI<br />
D<br />
367<br />
111<br />
:P"R<br />
BYVR<br />
FRKP<br />
{<br />
,NECF<br />
.KRG[
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
368<br />
LZEC GB OKKVKSGNKV OK[YF LG\P BGF[ FTKEKN ’E LZE [K QMG<br />
NT JZVFP GB GKJZV NB NNMFP G[GZKV[ ,KCGJYTERKB GB KCKJYGETE<br />
BN DK[R BN[ FP NM KM .FNCYF \PMIC ZGPI ZGSKB GFHG .NNMF<br />
112 ...TER<br />
OKPGE OKZCE BKCR FH QKKRTC .JV[PF N[ GVGS \B \GBZN Q\KR BN EKF C\MC<br />
FP NM’ ,FNCYF KPMI NM NXB NHZC NNM FHG" :OKZIB \GPGYPC ONGSF NTC N[<br />
FH KM" .("FNCYF \PMI \GFP" ZPBP) "’FNPG O[C GFZEDR BN ,DK[R BN[<br />
,’B YNI ,"\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\") "O[C GFTER BN DK[R BN[ FP NM ,NNMF<br />
.(KPKRV ZGB ,’C \GB ,’B YZV<br />
112
E<br />
YNI<br />
113<br />
B<br />
TJY<br />
QKB[ FPP QF OKNCYPG BNG OKTKV[P GRB F\T OD[ ZGBKCF<br />
.ZCY KNB OKZXKKP GRB[ UEGTF \B OKNJGR<br />
FH ’YR OGK KXI N[ DGRT\ NCYP OGK N[ FTKDKF OB[ OTJPG 2<br />
OKTDKK\P OEB[ FTKDKFP EBP JTGPP DGRT\F \GNNM[ LG\PG .FTV[F<br />
.K\PBJP QGC[I FHG { OKNCYP BNG OKTKV[P YZ GRNGM OKBXPR<br />
14 V"FMN FZCIF EGCT[ \PIP OGKF OKTDKK\P GRB[ ZGBKCF 3<br />
.ZGCXN EGCT[FP OKBC GRKDFRP NM KZF[ { OKCGBMPG ZTX OT OGKC \GT[<br />
ZPBPC OKBCGPF ONGSF NTC KZCEN FCIZF FGGFP FH TJYC ZPBRF KM FBZR<br />
:FH ZPBPP \GBCGP K\[ QBM BKCR ."ONGTC OGN[F"<br />
\N[PP’ :BKF \IB :FZGPBF \GI\V\FF KMZEC \GNTGVF \GN[PP ’C"<br />
BC[ BNB .NKTGPG CGJN { YKHPG TZ NM ZKHIFN FPXTN FIKJCPF ,’OKP[F<br />
KRC OF[ |...~ ’WZBF \N[PP’ { [KG .QPHF \MKZBCG \GECMC GMZEM .G\TC<br />
FVK OIM[ ,OPXT O\N[PP \I\ FZGPBF \GI\V\FF KYGI \B GIYN[ OEB<br />
."QPHF KNCMP KZPDN ZZI\[FN<br />
,QGKNTF ’BF FEXP FC NM\SR OB KM ,FZGPBF \GKEKIKF TCJPC OKEEX KR[ [K"<br />
N[ FZGXC YZ \NTGV BKF KZF ,ONGT N[ GEKIK OT F\GG\[F EXP ,GRKKFE<br />
L[PR[ \GKEKIKF OD ,QMN |...~ TKV[P GNGM ’\K BZGCF KZF[ ,’G\NGHN FTV[F’<br />
BNG "G\NGHN FTV[F" N[ \GZGXC YZ QM OD NTV\[ \CKGIP ,’\K GRPP GRNXB<br />
\ZGX \RKICP ,GRKKFE ,TCJPF F\GB N[ ’CF FEXP ."GPXTN NCYN" OGNM<br />
\NTGV KM ,KZPDN LGVF QGGMC \NTGV[ BXPR { ,GRC \NTGV[ \K[TPF F\NGTV<br />
N[ QGKNTF FCGDF \EGYRN TKDR[MG |...~ .’GPXTN FNCY’ N[ \GZGXC YZ<br />
BNG ,’G\NGHN FTV[F’ N[ FZGXC YZ GRN[ \GKEKIKC GRNGM [P[R ,\GDZEPF<br />
.’GPXTN FNCY’ N[ \GZGXC FPT [P[K[ OEB OG[N OTV UB TZBK<br />
ZGE N[ OKKIF KBR\C NM\SFN ,\GRPEHF GRBXP ,GNNF OKZCEF KV NTG<br />
FCGDF \EGYRN TKD\ FNGM \G[GRBF[ QPHC ,ONGTF OGN[ N[ QPHF ,QGZIBF<br />
FTV[F’ N[ FZGXC YZ OFN[ \GKEKIKF OT OK[P[P GKFKG ,’BF EX N[<br />
\GZGX \B QBM YK\TFN KBEMG .’GPXTN FNCY’ N[ FZGXC NNM BNG ’G\NGHN<br />
\I\ GR\TEC C[KK\FNG ,\VGPG IYN GRN [P[\[ FEPC ,FZGPBF OKKIF<br />
\GPEFN ,QGKSR \G[TN GRZGEC OD Z[VBG KBEM KNGB ,GRN[ OKKIF KND UJ[<br />
."FZGPBF OKKIF \ZGXN<br />
369<br />
113
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
370<br />
ZGE"F [KIFN Z[VB "WZBF \N[PP"C [P\[R OB[ ZGBKCF ...<br />
.FH GRKZGEC OD "QGZIBF<br />
FRRKB G\NGHN FTV[FC \GKEKIKF LG\P \GZI\FF N[ FH ZCE 4<br />
OKZHVPF QGDM OKK[TPF OKKIFC FC OK[P\[P KZF[ ,\J[VGP TKHBJRTV<br />
Z\GKC OKJSKNBKEKBF \GDNVPF KZCI GB ,OKCZ KMZXN OCGZ GB O[GMZ NM<br />
.FPGEMG NNMF \CGJN OFKKI \B OKECBPG OKZKYVP[<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
114<br />
GFGBKCF .GSRZVN FXGZ ’KF BNG QYH CB GN FKF[ ZK[TN ,E"FPN N[P<br />
FPP GF[P \GIV BN EGCMC GRIN[ NT GSRZVK[ E"SVF BXKG ["PFCFN<br />
.ZGPI [RGTC [RTK GBN OBG ,C"C \B NKMBP[<br />
BNP FKF GCN BNB CGJ NMC G\GB SRZVN IZMGFG G\KCN GIYN[ QCGPMG<br />
NT[ ONGT KRETP NM KN Q\GR F\B LM QKCG LM QKC ,QYHF GKNB QTJ .ZTX<br />
FRGMF OD LN FKF\ OB EKSVFN NMG\ FPG LN \VMKB FPG LKRIN[<br />
\GRPEHF LN [K Z[B NT IGP[N ,QGDF OEB NM \TE NT NCGYPF FCGJF<br />
ECGMP EPTP OT [KBN LB[TG GIM NM LKNT ZHV Z[B LKCB \B ECMN<br />
ZGJVN NMG\ OBF .ZTJXFN ET LCN \GKPKRVC [YT\\ FPNG ,\GKZCF QKC<br />
.FH \PIP GF[P LPXT \B<br />
\IG#ZP FZCIF YZG FZCIFN OKTKV[P GRB UGS UGS KM .BGFF ZCEF QM<br />
.FZCIF \VGY \B ZK[TPG ZGXB UKSGP NGEDM QJYM [KB NM KM GRKKIP<br />
115<br />
JKXKVTKE FGFK NCYP[ DGRT\FG ZTXF \B NGY[K[M GPXT OEBFG<br />
OKNGED QKZGSKCG CN CBMC BGF[ BNB L\NGHN TKV[P F\B M"BG ,NGED<br />
.FCGJF FRGMF LN \VMKB FPG ,OKZPG<br />
116<br />
C<br />
QKKGXPF QVGBC ZGCXF \GZ[C GEKYV\ \B BNPP OFP OEB NM<br />
OEB NM NT WIGN NFYF \TE KM ,G\GB FBGZ QKB[ V"TBG Z\GKC<br />
FZCIF \B FRBP BGF[ FBRGB GF[PF [KDZP[ ET Z\SC ’KVB<br />
.FDD[C [VR DZGF GPM G\DD[N<br />
TJY<br />
.<br />
;FPGE ZCEF FPN { E"FPN :FH JV[PC \GCK\F K[BZ ZGBKC QNFN<br />
.G\KC KRC { C"C ;QKE=YSVF { E"SVF ;JV[PF \KCFN { ["PFCFN<br />
.QGTZKD :JKXKVE<br />
.OZ[YF KV NT EIK GXCGY Z[B OKTJYP FTCZB NNGM FH TJY<br />
114<br />
115<br />
116
371<br />
E YNI<br />
OT OK[RB N[ OKGSP ZVSP Z[B \GZCIN \YNIR FRKEP NM<br />
OMZX NMC O\YVSF \B OPXTN YVSN OKZ[MGPF OKTXPB<br />
.\IB FZCIN OKZCI\P<br />
OGYPF KBR\ KVN OB\FC FEGCT \GT[ CKXY\ FN [K FZCI NM<br />
FCGI \GT[P G\KXIP BNP\P FHF CKXY\ Z[B ,FC OKBXPR[<br />
G\KXIPG GIM KVN \GT[ ZVSP EGCTN CKKI\P ZCI NM[ GRKKFE<br />
.FCER \GT[P KR[F<br />
G\EKPT NM KZF ,\KJZVF G\NTG\N FECGT FHKBC N[MR[ OEB<br />
NT OKRRTM FZCIF N[ OKKIF ZKGBC FN FMNFG \VER\P \K\ZCIF<br />
.GKNB OTF \GZE[ NMP NCYP[ FYGPTF BKVKJRBF \PIP ,IGZ KRV<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
*<br />
EKIK NM HB KM<br />
QPH NMCG \T NMC ZGCXF \G[ZN K[VIF G\TEP EPGT EKIK NM .B<br />
GN GMZJXK[<br />
G\NGHN FTV[F N[ FE[ NT BGF BNB EKIK NMN K[VI \GZI\FF .C<br />
ODVG \G\KIV BKF BGF[ FZGX NMC GPXTN FNCY N[ QGXZ KGNKD .D<br />
FZCIC[ OKEGZKFG OKNV[F QKC EPGT BGF[ ET EBP NGED<br />
KRGRKC OEB NM .E<br />
*<br />
\B OKIKMGPF ZSGP KZVSG OKK\JK[ FPMI KZVS FCZF OFN [K .B<br />
GRJYP OTF NM Z[B ,G\NGHN FTV[FC \GRKKJXFF N[ \GPPGZFG \ZBV\F<br />
.OCGZG O[BZ OFC OKYGST GNED ETG<br />
OKGSP SZGY OEGYP ZGPDN CKGIP FGCD FCG[I FZ[P NCYP NM .C<br />
.FZGPBF FPMIC<br />
OKRKKXPF EGCM KZBG\ \RK\RC ZYKTC OKYGST OFN[ JV[P K\CF .D<br />
QKKGHP FKFK BN[ OEB QKBG .G\NGHN FTV[FC [KB NM \GRKKJXF \EP<br />
ZBG\F KNC OEB O[ BGZYN BKF FNGED FZKCTG ,GNGGZ[ NT EGCM ZBG\C<br />
KVN GN KGBZF GEGCM NT NIGPF [KBN C[IK FNGED FZKCT OD .GN[ EGCM<br />
.EGCMF ZBG\<br />
G\NGHN FTV[F N[ FNGTV FE[FC OFN \BXPR FNGED \GZI\F .E<br />
CK[IP NFYF \TE KM ,\GK[VR \GRMSC OPXT \B OKBKCP O\KCZP[ ET
ECMPG<br />
EBP<br />
\GNTV\FC<br />
FBXK<br />
NNMFP<br />
\B<br />
KZBG\F<br />
EGCM<br />
\GDZEPP<br />
OKFGCDF<br />
FTV[FC<br />
.G\NGHN<br />
.F<br />
OB<br />
OKZKMP<br />
FHKBC<br />
,OEB<br />
F[T[<br />
GKMZXN<br />
FHKB<br />
FEGCT<br />
KEM<br />
CKJFN<br />
JTP<br />
GPXTN<br />
Z\GKC<br />
FPP<br />
TCYR[<br />
GN<br />
KZESP<br />
,FZCIF<br />
F[TR<br />
FHC<br />
KGHKC<br />
NGED<br />
KRKTC<br />
FZCIF<br />
OK[GC[ ET<br />
ZCEN<br />
,GPT<br />
ODG<br />
ODGV<br />
EGCM<br />
NM<br />
FIV[PF<br />
GN[<br />
FEPC<br />
FCGZP<br />
.EBP<br />
QKBG<br />
FVGZ\<br />
G\MPN<br />
\NGH<br />
[YCN<br />
\ZHT<br />
\KC<br />
[K[ JV[PF<br />
OFN<br />
OKRVGB<br />
OKPKGSP<br />
LKB<br />
ZGHTN<br />
OKNNPGBN<br />
GECB[ GNBM<br />
O\EPT<br />
,FZCIFC<br />
Z[B<br />
Z"VT<br />
OKR[P<br />
GN<br />
\B<br />
,GPGYP<br />
KM<br />
FTE<br />
,FPGEY<br />
KM<br />
QKB<br />
\GR[N<br />
\TE<br />
.NFYF<br />
.G<br />
QKB<br />
\NP<br />
[RGT<br />
FKGXP<br />
NNM<br />
KYGIC<br />
\KC<br />
JV[PF<br />
KM<br />
KVN<br />
OKYGIF<br />
OFN[<br />
BXPR<br />
EKP\<br />
OKP[BRF[<br />
Z\GKC<br />
OF<br />
OKIKGZP<br />
.Z\GKC<br />
N[PN<br />
OB<br />
O[BRF<br />
ZCT<br />
GRKB[<br />
BNPP<br />
\B<br />
\GT[<br />
FEGCTF<br />
HB<br />
GB<br />
QK\KIVP[<br />
GN<br />
\B<br />
QPHF<br />
FEGCT<br />
QKNKYP[ GB<br />
GN<br />
OKIKC[P[ GB<br />
\B<br />
IZGB<br />
,G\YVSF<br />
OK\TNG<br />
OKCKXYP<br />
GN<br />
QPH<br />
NGVKJ<br />
\KCC<br />
LGRKIF<br />
F\NTP GEPNN<br />
N[ FCZF<br />
FTV[F"<br />
."G\NGHN<br />
NMF<br />
KVN<br />
\GBZ<br />
KRKT<br />
.OKJVG[F<br />
*<br />
.B<br />
FRKEPF<br />
\YNGIP<br />
.\GZCIN<br />
ZVSP<br />
OK[RB<br />
OKZ[MGPF<br />
YVSN<br />
OPXTN<br />
O\YVSF<br />
NMC<br />
OMZX<br />
OKNGMK<br />
NECFN<br />
OPXTN<br />
KVN<br />
ORGXZ<br />
FZCIC<br />
.\EIGKP<br />
.C<br />
FZCIF<br />
\BHF<br />
[K<br />
FN<br />
CKXY\<br />
N[<br />
\GT[<br />
FEGCT<br />
ZVSPC<br />
OKKGSP<br />
OB\FC<br />
OT<br />
OKBR\F<br />
OKBXPR[<br />
OFC<br />
GRKKFE<br />
KVN<br />
KBR\<br />
OGYPF<br />
KVNG<br />
OTJ<br />
OKZCIF<br />
.FC[<br />
CKXY\G<br />
FHF<br />
BNP\P<br />
\GT[P<br />
FCGI<br />
\GT[PG<br />
OKCER\P<br />
Z"VTG<br />
OKNGT<br />
\GT[<br />
OKCER\PF<br />
O\KXIPM<br />
N[<br />
\GT[<br />
.FCGI<br />
\GT[F<br />
FEGCT<br />
’EP OKBC<br />
OKDGS<br />
OKYNI\PF<br />
KVN<br />
IMF<br />
:FEGCTN<br />
DGS<br />
’B<br />
,OK[NIF<br />
DGS<br />
’C<br />
,OKRGRKCF<br />
DGS<br />
’D<br />
,OKXKPBF<br />
DGS<br />
’E<br />
.OKHKZHF<br />
Z[B<br />
N[<br />
FEGCTF<br />
N[<br />
FT[<br />
\IB<br />
DGSP<br />
’B<br />
Q\GR<br />
DGS<br />
’C<br />
K\[<br />
,\GT[<br />
DGSG<br />
’D<br />
’E<br />
,\GT[<br />
DGSG<br />
’E<br />
’G<br />
.\GT[<br />
NMG<br />
OEB<br />
QPBR<br />
OKB\FN<br />
GN<br />
DGSF<br />
NMG<br />
OEB<br />
QPBR<br />
LKZTFN<br />
GPXTN<br />
\B<br />
DGSF<br />
OB\GPF<br />
GIMN<br />
.FEGCTM<br />
KC\M<br />
ZGEF<br />
GZIBF<br />
Q 372
373<br />
E YNI<br />
D TJY<br />
.\EFP FZ[K FENG\ \GK[GRBF FPEYF .1<br />
\GK[GRBF QCZGI BC FNV[F \EGYRC[ FBC OKNGDTC \EF LKNF\G .2<br />
117<br />
FKNTF \TGR\G \GK\EF OKNCYP M"TC M"TG ,\GK\EF QCZGI ZGTK[C<br />
.[EI NGDKT F[TRG [EIP \NI\P<br />
\TC "SKSCN" C[IR[ \EF \GK\KPB KVN NGDKTF N[ GNED \EP .3<br />
.FKNTF<br />
’B \KRM\<br />
G\VK[ ET OIMC[ FP NM G[TK[ QGZJBK\C OKYI[PFP GR\[KZE[ GPM<br />
,[PP \GBKXPN OFK\GDXF \B CG[IN GRN[ QGKPEF EK \B<br />
\EF \RGPB[ ET LM NM GRa+N] NT ZCEN GNMGK[ \EF KZBCPP GRKXVI QM<br />
.K[PP \GBKXP N[ IM GRK\GCNC [GV\K<br />
QKC[" \GXPF \[KZE KM ,OKRKPBP ORKBF NT NNM Ea#MK] BN \EF KNCM<br />
\GXP FHKBC YZ KE "OGYPN OEB QKCP"G KMF GBNC NCGYP "GZKCIN OEB<br />
.K"\P[ QGDM BKSZVC<br />
’C \KRM\<br />
Z[B .’F ZCE ... TCJF \CKKIP[ FP NM M"BG<br />
118 ."OKYNB ’KDC TCJ"<br />
.[RGTF BGF FZCIF YHFG ZM[ BGF FZCIF \NTG\F<br />
119<br />
BN[ ZGT BZGC ZPG... TCJN OKYNB LVFN OTJ OG[ QKB H"KVN<br />
KM BKZC [KB NM FTEC ZC\SPG GRN CJGPG ,GKEK K[TPN QKCK BNG FBZK<br />
OKBGZ NMF KM .ZBGCPM ZKM[PG [KRTP BGF KZF[ NMF TEGKG FBZK<br />
.IKMGK ZNJKFG .ZKM[PG [KRTP BGF TCJF[<br />
’D \KRMG\<br />
EGSC \"K[F \GYCE BGF FBKZCF NM \ZJP QMG \"K[FP FGYPF ZM[F NM<br />
120<br />
’\K GC OKYCEN NCGYP BGFG ,"QKIZGB GN QKBG CGJ NMP BNP NEDP"<br />
.FCFBC<br />
.OIZGM NTC QM NTG<br />
IGMF[ LM NT TKCXFN BC ZCEF .(86) G"V { FFH BGF "OK=F‘ NB"G "TCJF" QKRP<br />
.TCJF LZE OKBZCRF NT NTGV QGKNTF<br />
."ZPGNG" GB "ZPGNM" FNKPC ZCGEP KM QM\KK .EKF C\MC \TJGYP GH FNKP<br />
F"CYF KRVN \Z[F KMBNP GZPB" :FCZ [ZEPC ZPBRF NT \SSGCP GH FZPB<br />
BEF ,’GREYV\ KM OEB QCG GRZMH\ KM [GRB FP’ (I OKNKF\) ONGTF QGCZ<br />
ZGVX ,GBZCR FPN ’GDG ONM OKVNBG FRGX M"B QGFN ZPB ,BKZCP QFN B\YT<br />
117<br />
118<br />
119<br />
120
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
374<br />
K"T GVGD ZGTP FBKXK BGF[ OKZGSB \KCP OKBXGK FNKI\[ ZGZC FHG<br />
FRGMF K"T GC \GYCEF BGF[ LNPF NMKFN OKBC M"IBG ,G\NGHN FTV[F<br />
.GZXGKN Z"R TKV[FN<br />
\GGXPF \B OEGYP UKETPFG .GZKCIN OEB QKC OF \GGXPF ZYKT LMKVNG<br />
,’BF FDZEP NT FNT[ OZJP ’C FDZEP NT FNGTN FPGE OGYPN OEB QKC[<br />
.GKNDZ \B ZC[K[ ZGZC KM<br />
QGPFC FRGPB<br />
\GBKXPF KVN[ ,BNB ,\ZPGB \BH QKB QMB ."KE[ NGYM QGPF NGY" ["PM<br />
ORPB ,EKP\ CGJF LZEC OKMNGF FHF ZGTK[CG GJGTKPC TZF \B GZIC<br />
ON[F LZE NCYN GNMGK[ QVGBC \GBKXPF \B \GR[N OKMKZX[ KBEG<br />
LZE OFN ZIGC ONNMC QGPFFC[ FZKP[F IM[ \PB QFG .QCFG .KZPDN<br />
.NGT GYZV QMN \GXPFG FZG\F [GZKVC GNYNY[ ZIBP M"TG .CXPF KVN<br />
IM ’KFK FCZEB HBG ,G\PBN FZCIC [GZKV BGXPN BGF [GEY CGI ORPB<br />
.\GXPFG FZG\F \ZKP[N CKKIP IM QGPFC[ FZKP[F<br />
*<br />
.FRG[BZ FDZEPP KZGCX ...<br />
(BPTJ) FSKR LZE QKMFN<br />
.OHKBGZJNB :’RZJRKBFG ;OHKBDB :OHKXBRF .B<br />
.OHKBGZJNB N[ \EC OB KM ,Z[VB KB .OHKXBRF \I\ ZG\IN .C<br />
BSKV\C FMKVFP G\GKFC ,FHF \EF B[GRN OKRMGP OKNTGVF YZ .D<br />
.\K\EF<br />
:OKEKYV\ ’D [K GH \K\E BSKV\N .E<br />
.OHKXBRF \I\ ZG\IN { ’BF<br />
BN[ ,KVG\[F ZJ[PF OFKEK NT NCYN QGPFN ZK[MFN { ’CF<br />
\EC YZ \GK[GRBF FPEY[ :IRGPF KVN FHG) .OKSGZFM GN[MK<br />
ZJ[PF QKB ,G\EGCT ETC FZGP\ LKZX ECGTF[ FPM NM KM (FBC<br />
.SYZBP KZCEM OKKY\P<br />
GN QKBG CGJ NM BNP NEDP GN FKF[ LNPN N[P ,GBZCR FPN OKF KDEG OKP[<br />
.(G ,I ,FCZ [ZEP) "GBNP[ LNPN [K FBRF FP OKIZGB<br />
G[GZKVN FPEYFC QMG ,"OGN[F" SZJRGYC FH [ZEPN SIKK\P ONGSF NTC<br />
:"OGN[F" SZJRGYC GKZCE QNFN ."OKKI WT"F NT "\GZKCSPG \GZKBP OKRV"<br />
NT NDND\FN OKEK\TF OKZGSKFG OKCGBMPF NM GBZ[ OKMBNPF KM ,[GZKV"<br />
ORPB GN [K[ ,F"CYF OFN CK[FG ?LN FPN \BHF FZXF GNB[G GFP\ ,\G[GRBF<br />
."\BHF \G[GRBF YZ GKNB OKRPHGP OKZIB OKIZGB GN QKBG CGJ NMP BNPF NEDP
’DF<br />
{<br />
NGHDN<br />
\B<br />
\EF<br />
KEKP<br />
OKR[GMZF<br />
GMVFNG<br />
ZK[MPN<br />
KEKC<br />
.OKECGTF<br />
.F<br />
FNKI\<br />
NCY\K<br />
K"T<br />
OKECGTF<br />
NTG<br />
OFKEK<br />
NMN<br />
.NBZ[K<br />
H"ETG<br />
N[ ’XBRZTJRKBN<br />
NM<br />
\GPGBF<br />
NTG<br />
OFKEK<br />
NMN<br />
QKC[ \GEPTPF<br />
.\GPGBF<br />
.G<br />
FMKVFPF<br />
BSKV\C<br />
\K\E<br />
,F[GZKV<br />
KM<br />
OKZKHRF[ \I\<br />
ET<br />
F\T<br />
GKF<br />
KNCP<br />
ONGT<br />
GNCYK[MG<br />
OHKBGZJNBF QKRT<br />
OKZKHRF GKFK<br />
KRGC<br />
,ONGT<br />
\EP KM<br />
\GEZIF<br />
ZTG[K<br />
\EPC<br />
FZHTF<br />
:FZCIFN<br />
KEM<br />
TKV[FN<br />
Z"R<br />
.GZXGKN<br />
.H<br />
BSKV\<br />
GH<br />
\ZBC\P<br />
CGZYC<br />
’CN<br />
OKVNB<br />
QKVE<br />
121<br />
ZBCPF<br />
NM<br />
QKHZ<br />
B\KZGBE<br />
QKT[<br />
[GRB<br />
BN<br />
ORZG[K<br />
BKFG<br />
IKZM\<br />
NMN<br />
OEB<br />
QKPBFN<br />
,F\GK\KPBC<br />
KM<br />
GBZK<br />
KZCE[<br />
’F<br />
,OF<br />
KM<br />
KHRD<br />
FPMI<br />
FZBGVP<br />
\SIGKPF<br />
FBGCRN<br />
FEKTP<br />
NT<br />
.O\GK\KPB<br />
.I<br />
WKVPF<br />
N[<br />
:\EF<br />
LKZX<br />
\GKFN<br />
NDGSP<br />
\KRM\N<br />
’BF<br />
BKCK[<br />
FRGPB<br />
FPM<br />
Z[VB[<br />
.OTFC<br />
ECNPG<br />
FH<br />
LKZX<br />
BKCK[<br />
FYVSF<br />
FZGPD<br />
,O"IXEN<br />
BNGN[<br />
FH<br />
QKB<br />
GN<br />
\EFN<br />
\GMH<br />
OGKY<br />
ZPBPM<br />
,O"CPZF<br />
FPGE[<br />
FZG[N<br />
N[<br />
OKZGT<br />
FBGZ[<br />
EIB<br />
EPGT<br />
[BZC<br />
.FZG[F<br />
’KIC[ GRKKFE<br />
ZCEPF<br />
LKZX<br />
EGPTN<br />
NMC<br />
OGYP<br />
NMCG<br />
ZGE<br />
[BZC<br />
,FZG[F<br />
M"BG<br />
NM<br />
\E<br />
GRKB[<br />
IKJCP<br />
BKXGFN<br />
OEB<br />
EIB<br />
UNBP<br />
\GKFN<br />
ZCEPN<br />
QKB<br />
\EF<br />
BGFF<br />
ZC<br />
.OGKY<br />
.J<br />
\XVF<br />
\EF<br />
FCFBF<br />
BGF<br />
K"T<br />
FZG\<br />
FNKV\G<br />
FPKB\PF<br />
ZKCDFN<br />
OEBFC<br />
\EP<br />
FTV[F<br />
.G\NGHN<br />
HBG<br />
BXPR<br />
FZG\F<br />
FNKV\G<br />
GPM<br />
EEIPF<br />
\B<br />
GRKMS<br />
NGMK[<br />
LG\IN<br />
\GNMNG<br />
G\EGCT<br />
,FZFPC<br />
KYGVBN<br />
122<br />
ECGTFP<br />
QKMSC<br />
FPER[ OJPGJP<br />
CGJ[ GN<br />
Z\GK<br />
KNCN<br />
\GNCN<br />
QPH<br />
NT<br />
EGEKI<br />
,QKMSF<br />
BGFG<br />
FTJGP<br />
KM<br />
G\EGCT<br />
\MZB\P<br />
.Z\GKC<br />
OD)<br />
FH<br />
QCGP<br />
NT<br />
IRGPF<br />
QKB[<br />
FPEKY<br />
\GK[GRBN<br />
\NGH<br />
.(\EC<br />
.K<br />
LKK[)<br />
UKTSN<br />
(’J<br />
EKYV\<br />
’E<br />
BGF<br />
\CGJN<br />
,\GRGKXF<br />
KM<br />
\\KC[ \TC<br />
Y[RF<br />
GM\IK[M<br />
\GNZGD<br />
\GRKEP<br />
BN<br />
’KFK<br />
GRN<br />
O\GB<br />
OKBRG[F<br />
OKRZP[FP<br />
OKC[GIF<br />
GR\GB<br />
KZSGIPN<br />
\E<br />
TEGRM<br />
KZCEP<br />
,QBPXKKGG<br />
123<br />
OKMGG\PFG<br />
IJC<br />
GKFK<br />
OKRZP[FP<br />
.GNNF<br />
YNI<br />
E<br />
375<br />
121<br />
[K<br />
IKRFN<br />
KM<br />
\RGGM<br />
NTC<br />
ONGSF<br />
G\ZKXKN<br />
,\KHMZPF<br />
EGPN\"<br />
Z[T<br />
,"\GZKVSF<br />
FSGZVF<br />
NT<br />
KRV<br />
OKKVNBM<br />
.OKVE<br />
16<br />
N[ GKYNI<br />
S"T\<br />
GBXGF<br />
ZGBN<br />
\R[P<br />
1937<br />
.LNKBG<br />
122<br />
:KYGVBN<br />
.NKECFN<br />
123<br />
FRGGMF<br />
OKKIN<br />
QPXKG<br />
,(1952{1874)<br />
FBK[R<br />
QG[BZF<br />
N[<br />
\RKEP<br />
.NBZ[K
"QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M" ,ONGSF NTC
F YNI<br />
\KI[\ NC<br />
G\CZGI OGYP NT \NGH \GRCN Z[VB KB Z[B \TEF KNY OFN GHIB ZCM<br />
OGKF ET [BF NT ONGTF KRC \B \RDJPF BKF GH FJK[G ,GZKCI N[<br />
’KVB GN QKB GKZKCI \G[ZC [NI OGYP BXGP OEB[ OZJC KM .FHF<br />
\JK[C [NI ZCE BXGP[ TDZ G\GBC BNB ,FP \GRCN \TEF NT \BNTF<br />
FRGC O[G EGSKF ET GCKZIP[ ET GSZBG GKRZVX O[ WGTRK HB GZKCI<br />
.G\PMI NMKF<br />
GN QKB ZYGI NM M"TG QCZGI OGYPC OKRCR TEPF \GNMKF NM[ QVGBC<br />
\PBFG { Z\GKC ICG[PG OSZGVP BGF Z\GK CKZIPF NMG CKZIFN BNB QKRT<br />
GPM FPGE FH FPN ORPB ,[KIMFN B"B FPMIF \GI\V\F KMZEP BGF[<br />
124<br />
OZJC OKR[ KRGKNP FPM OKPGKBF GK\GRCZGIC JNG[ FKF[ \GYCB\FF<br />
QGZ\VG F[EIF \GBKXP ZGBN OHKSYZPN \ZGYC" ZPBPC ,"FPBAF" QG\KTC 124<br />
:ONGSF NTC ZPGB ,"FKPZH NT FPGBF EGIKB \NB[N<br />
\GMZTP NM GRCR GKNTG .FNGM FBKZCF NMN UKYP |...~ K\DZEF \GI\V\F YGI"<br />
GK\GRGM\ NMC K[GRBF QKPN ET ,OKRDZGBF QFG ,OKRDZGB K\NCF QF ,FNGM TCJF<br />
YGI \I\ ZGCTK BN[ ZCE LN QKB FNB NMC { OKKZPGIF GPM OKKNBKEKBF<br />
\GIGM KR[ N[ \GXXGZ\F IGMP BCG CCGSPF ,K\DZEF \GI\V\F N[ NHZCF<br />
NNG[ IGM GRKKFE ,KCKJDR IGMG ,FRGC IGM GRKKFE ,KCKJKHGV IGM :FHC FH<br />
.SZFPG<br />
.NVZT \PDGE KHD ZGEM YZ FKF FNKI\ Z[B ,WZBF ZGEM \B BPDGEN IYKRG |...~<br />
GC[ OKPJBF \B \PKGSP FVGY\ L[PC HMKZ ,GMG\C[ L[GPF IGM KEK NTG<br />
L[PFCG .KNHGR [B ZGEMN KHDF ZGEM LVF\R FHP FBXG\C[ ,ZX Z\GK DGI LG\N<br />
OT KCKJKHGVF ,WZBF ZGEMC[ \GIGMF KR[ N[ \GBZGR \GPINP N[ \GVGY\<br />
FYE FVKNY FHKB ZZKYG ,KNHGR [BF IGM NT GC[ \GZKZY IGM ZCD ,KCKJDRF<br />
.O[ F[Y\RG ZGEMF CKCSP<br />
CG[ ZCD FVGY\ FHKB L[PFCG ,\GIGMF \GPINPP ZGEMF JY[ BN EGT QMB<br />
\B ZCK[G FNTG ,ZGEMF QJC LG\P NGED [TZC WZV\FG ,KNHGRF [BF IGM<br />
FVGY\ NKI\F CG[G .KNHGR [BN ZGEMF ZHIG .OKSKSZN F[YFG FZYF FVKNYF<br />
,[BF IGM NT \GZKZYF IGM CG[ ZCD FVGY\F UGSC[ ET ,\G[EI \GPINP N[<br />
FCT Z\GK FVKNYF F\KKF OTVFG .ZGEMF CKCSP F[YG FZY FVKNY \KR[ ZZKYG<br />
377
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
378<br />
ORPB .YVS KNC \GI\V\F QKTP FKF FH OD KM ,OKF KNT F[CKF ZXGR[<br />
Z\GKG ,\GMVFPF O\GBN FKBZ KET GKF[ \GKZCF O\GB \GBRYN QKB H"MT<br />
ZIB OGN[ \K[TF ZIB ONGTN GBC ZCM Z[B \GKZCF O\GBN \GBRYN [K<br />
OGYP \B BXP EIB NMG ,OFKRKC OGN[ G[T OKYCB\PF OKZPGIF[<br />
.FHF OGKFM \GPEB KNT G\IGRP<br />
\GYCB\F V"MT BGF ORPB ,OGKF OD YSVR GRKB \GYCB\F YGI[ ODFG<br />
ZCM BNB GPG\ ET [NIR[ GZKCI CKZIF EIB NM[ \GMVFP BNG G\XYP<br />
LKVKKJP UGSG LGVJB \VJBE NT" KM ,\KI[FN ZGSB[ FH GRKCF<br />
OT EIKG OGXPXG F[NIF ’KICC BGF \GYCB\FF ZCE BNB<br />
125 ."QGVGJK<br />
LVF\K M"IB[ BGF G[VRC[ TEGK KM ,GCKZIFN BN[ [NIF KKI ZPG[ FH<br />
OKPIGNF[ FPINPC[ OKYGIF QGKPEM ,"QGVGJK LKVKKJPG" NDNDF<br />
.OTJF G\GBP M"D BGF[ O\PINP QPHC OFKNT OKZPG[<br />
126<br />
NT DNEN GRN NB \K[TPF TKZBJSFP OKEPGN GRB \PBC OB F\T<br />
[GRTNG BGGY SGJBJS E"T \GBKXPF OT C[I\FN GRN [KG ,ZGPBF QGZYT<br />
N[ DGSC GRKB FTE BNC [VR KM V"MT .[VR IXGZ NT GPM FTE IXGZ NT<br />
,ZKGBF NMCG OKPDBFG \G\V[BF NM NT FPF OKCZ KM \GRPIZ [DZF<br />
.OTKKSN \GXT GRN QKBG FID[FN OKZGSP FH OG[P[<br />
[KG BGF OKEK \CIZ GRKRVN[ WZBF Z[B YGI IKRFN GRN [K M"T<br />
CKZIPG DZGFF \PBC KM .OKTZM OKCGJM OFC IGRN \GTEF NMN OGYP<br />
FTZ FTE NNM QKB[ OG[P \RYG\P FTE CKZIP GPM BGF FTZ FTE<br />
GPM F\GB QGEN GRN [K M"TG .FTZ BGF \N[GCP K\NC FTE BNB ONGTC<br />
,YKHPFP OKTZVR GRB "GTZH TZHG GTZH KPE NGY" Z[B FTZ [VR DZGFF<br />
IGPXN FVGS ORPB FNKMBN FKGBZ GRKB QKKET[ QGTZD BGF FTZF FTE QM<br />
.I\V\FNG<br />
.ZGEMF QJC LG\P OKNHGRF N[ \GKGXZV\FF EDR EPTP YKHIFN \NDGSP Z\GKG<br />
,OKNHGRF GZCD\F CG[ FVGSC ORPB .FMGZB Z\GK FVGY\N FVK FIGM F\KKFG<br />
,NGMF CZIR CG[G .OKSKSZN FVKNYF \B GZC[G ,ZGEMF QJC LG\P GXZV\FG<br />
.KNHGR ZGEMN F[TRG<br />
F[TR ,\GZKZYF IGM FZCD[ OTV NMCG ;GH ZIB GHC \GVGY\F GVNI\R QMG<br />
NT OKCKJKHGVF \GIGM GZCD\F UGSC[ ET .Z\GKC FCT GN [CM[ FVKNYF<br />
KYPTPC OPGYP GIYN OKNHGRFG :\JNIGP FKRGPZF KEKN GBCG ,OKCKJDRF<br />
\GKZ[VB FGGF\RG ,OFN CKCSP FMZX NM FCT\R FZYF FVKNYFG ,FPEBF<br />
."FHF OGKM FKNT OKRDZGB OKKI \ZKXKN<br />
.OF UB GTCJK[ LGTKCJF[ FNB N[ OVGSG .LGTKCJF ,OKZIB \TCJF[ NT<br />
.(G ,C \GCB)<br />
.FKZGJSKF<br />
125<br />
126
379<br />
F YNI<br />
ZPGNM [EI OGYP GRN [VIR \GRCN OKXGZ GRB[ FPMIF NMKFG<br />
FJK[ OG[N FTZC TGDVN KNCP ZPGNM ,OKZIB N[ OKRKRCP YKZ OGYP<br />
\IRC OKPMI KZCEG BGF OKEK CIZG YGPT NM[F KM .\GBKXPC FR[K[<br />
NMF KZCEN FTZN OMSGP BGF OKNXGRPFG OKNXRPF \JK[G { GTP[K<br />
KZCEN BGF FSGBPG \R[GR[ OG[P ZTCN [K ECN F\GB M"T ,ZBGCPM<br />
.NMF<br />
V"TG BGGY SGJBJS V"T OKKIF KMZE NM NT ZGP[N GRN [K H"T EIK ORPB<br />
GRKB UGS UGS KM [EIF GRKRKRCN OKXGIR ORKB O\GB KM ,JZVF N[ G\[VGI<br />
KRVP BZKG \NGMP \GRI IG\VN FXGZ[ ZIGSN FPGE FH KZFG .KNMNM QKRC YZ<br />
127<br />
\GKNDZPG CFHF NT ,ZKTC[ OK\GRI NM \B UZG[ M"T TXRTZBYRBY<br />
\VKZ[P OGNM ZK[TK BN KM .KBEP Z\GK [VJ BGF[ ,OKEDCFG OKJK[M\G<br />
OFN IRFG { GRCZGIN ’KE FKF ECN \NGMP K\GRI LB OKJK[M\ K\GRI<br />
YYGIN [K Z\GKF NMNG ,O\[VGI NT OKR[VIFG O\ZP[P NT OKZP[PFN<br />
.FRKICF KNTC NKC[C YKVSK[ FEGCT UKSGFN LKZX ZP[P NM Z[B YGI<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
HB GK\GEZJPG GKTDVP UGDF [CI\K[ ZIB ZIB Z[B ,YZBP ["P KRB TEGK<br />
QGTJN GRN [K[ ECNP FRF .QKNBKEKB NT ZGYIN QPBR OGYP GRN ’KFKG NKI\R<br />
EZJGP UGD[ NKNTC TEGR QGKSRF V"T[ OG[P ,K\KPB GRKB[ GEGSK ZYKT NT<br />
.ZGSIP TEGK GRKBG TC[F UGDP Z\GK \PBG \TE BXGP FRGTPG<br />
V"MT "\KI[\ NC" ZPGN GRN [K QKKET ,GKZCEM IKRR ’KVB FH \NGH QMB<br />
GIPXK[ OFC QKKTN FXGZ[ OG[P KZV KXT WXGYF OEBN FPGE FH KZF<br />
QGTJK"[ KP ’KFK BNG G\GPK O\GB WGXYK OB KM ,K\V FH KZF HGT Z\GKC<br />
128 ."KZKKV<br />
\GI\V\F N[ \GZGE \GBPP GRK\GCBP F[GZKC GRN GBC Z[B \GTEFC QM<br />
’KFK[M M"IB[ GRN IKJCPG ,QCKZIPG Q[CKKPG O\GB WXYPG LNGF BGF<br />
.ZGPD K\V FH KZF Z[VB OB OIC[KG OFKNT GRKT OK[K FIGRPC<br />
BGF UGS NM UGS ,GH FIRFC IGJC QKBPG) TRGPBYN YKHP \GK\E[ IKRF<br />
BGF .(OKEEXPF FPF OKCZG FNKN[G OGKY N[ OK[RBF QKC \NDNGDP FTE<br />
M"TG ,O\CGJN OKNXRP OKNXRPF Z[B FRCFF \ZGX NT ZTZTN NGMK YZ<br />
\GP JV[P F\GB JGV[N NCB ,YKHK BN[ FRCF NT OGINN LKZX<br />
.OKZI\P<br />
.\GZKV :KZKKV<br />
127<br />
128
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
380<br />
129<br />
GPM ECN \K\E FBR[ NT QKRC BNB FRKB GN[ TKZBK\F NM ORPB<br />
.KNMNM YHF N[ GGKJBP OG[ KNC ,\EF \BR[ NT GRPH KPMI N[ OKRKRC<br />
EX YZ O\PDP NM[ OKK\KPBF OKPMIFP TGC\N \G[Z GRN [K M"TG<br />
N[ FGY\ OFN ’KFK HB YZG OFKZVSP FHF UKTS \B GIPK Z[B ,KNMNMF<br />
130<br />
.\NGH BNG GFKY NT NDND\P K\NC KIXR QGIXR<br />
NGED Z\GKF OMIF ODG ,TZ KNC CGJ QKB ,QGSB KNC QG[[ QKB ,\IB FNPC<br />
OGYP IKRP[ GC[ [NIF EX GFHG ,\GBD[ N[ BKCGCZTP NGXKR GRKB<br />
,OHKSYZPC[ [NIF EXF BGFG { GPG\ ET GCKZIFNG FP[ ZED\FN OKBCFN<br />
.OGKY \GMHF FBP KV EGTG [GCKMF OFN F[Y FH OG[P[<br />
BR GZFP ,GPGKYC OKXGZG OM\JK[N O\B OKRPBR OKRC OB LMKVNG<br />
.OMMZE IJCN GTE\ HBG OMN[ OKYGIF LG\P ZPABF UKTS \B YGIPN<br />
?SYZP \BGCR FPKY\RF<br />
KNTC KM .FXZRF NMC FPKY\R GNBM G\BGCR \GBZN Z[VB EIB EXP FRF<br />
OKBNV KY[RF NT IGJCF QCZGIP EIVF NT FPM FH OKC[GK IMF<br />
YPTN BCN GB ZJVFN FGY\ N[ WGXKR GB GY OG[ OFN QKBG GZCJXR[<br />
\GBKXPFC GCMRG OFKRKTC ORCZGI \B OKBGZ FNMNMF KNTC QMG .FG[F<br />
OGK OGKB QGPFC OKZCJXPG OKMNGF OKCTZ \GRIPF ,FNXF N[ YKH NM<br />
GMZX NM N[C\RG ZPDR[ JTPM KRGRKCF EPTPF N[ JBKZJBNBZVF ,OGK<br />
.’GMG ’GMG<br />
?QKPKFN GMN[GF FPN<br />
FCZ\P OHK[BVF BCZEB KM .LVKFF \B OKBXGP GRB KR[F EXP ORPB<br />
BYKZPB QMG BKRNGV ZIPNG BKRPZD F\TG BKNJKB OKRVNP ,OGK OGK NGEDG<br />
BKCRF G\‘ BP ZCE FHKB ONT\R KBEG M"BG { ’GMG ’GMG USF NT \EPGT<br />
.KR‘ XKYF G\BKD[ L[PR FKV NT[<br />
GPXT G\ZG\C ZGCY CNMF ORPB<br />
\GV\\[F \ZG\C \GZ\GP UKSGF KM ,GPXT G\ZG\C ZGCY CNMF ORPB<br />
QVGB OG[C ONMTN NGMK GRKB BKZG\SFF[ OK[YF OKRKTZDF FPF QFG<br />
.QKPKN GIERG (\GKPGBNFG \GGK\EF)<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
.FKZGB\<br />
."GBKY"N ZCIPF \RGGM[ QM\KK<br />
129<br />
130
381<br />
F YNI<br />
\[CG[PF \GKRKEPF<br />
\GRZP[N OKTDGR ORKB[ \GVEGTF NT ZP[PG C[GK \GKFN LKZX ZPG[F QKB<br />
LKZX U\[PF QKBG ,UGDF \GZ\GPN [VGI TGC\N LKZX Q[VIF QKBG ,GN[<br />
.GN[ \GRV\[FN EGDKRC ORKB[ \GTEF \B CKZIFN<br />
FG[C FG[ OFKB[GR NT OKECGMPG OKKK\PB FPF GNNF \GJ[F ’D NM<br />
KZF G\T[N F\ZCI \B CKZIFN \IB F\MN GVKETK \GIMF OBG .V"MT<br />
CKZIK BN[ Y[RF KRKP NT FNCDF KYGIN OKMKZX UGS UGSG ,FH BGF NGDND<br />
TEGK OEB QKBG ONGTC BGF NDND[ OG[P ,FNGED Z\GK FEPC F\ZCIN \IB<br />
NT QDFN NM[N QPH [K \GYCB\FF BGCK OZJC M"TG .GN[ \ZIPF OGK<br />
C[I\FN BNB KG[MTF IM NT IGJCN NBG ,BGF[ EX FHKB N[ ON[ QCZGI<br />
V"T GH FNP \B ZKEDP KRB \GJ[F QKC[ \PBF QKRTG .IJCGPF EK\TF OT<br />
131<br />
FJK[N LZE FRVPG FRKMP BKF FJK[ NMG FTE NM KM ,TKXGNGCTF YGI<br />
FCKZIFC KM ,FN OGKYG FZKP[ QKE ,FH FB[T BN[ QPH NMG .FCGJ Z\GK<br />
.FNG[KCN FBKCFN FEKYV\ NT[ FJK[FG FTEF \B CKZI\<br />
\GRDZGCF QJCP[ ZPGB KM ... ’KT GPXTC SYZP EPT ZCM H"T FRFG<br />
’KF OB IJC FBZ\ M"BG .JKZJNGZVF OKNTGVF OKENGRG OKBXGK FNGEDF<br />
FNGEDF \GRDZGCF \B CKZIFN G\T[C JKZJKNBZVFN NKXP FHKB EPGT<br />
YHI YGI LN ZPGB KZF { FZYTP TRGPBYF \GEGSK \B YIGP FKF KBEG<br />
ZPGB KM GKNT YNGI KRB H"TG .FKNBP \T BCK[ ET "\KI[\ NC" N[ FHF<br />
ORKB[ \GTE QCZGIP WGI ,FKDP KRBG ,OKZKIP NMC WYF \B ZFPN [K[<br />
.FHF WYFN NNM OKMKZX<br />
132<br />
,H"FHC F\T[ TKDF \GRV\[F FJK[NG FT[ GN QKB[ ZCE LN QKB<br />
OKZEDG OKNG[MP OPXTN GIKRFG FT[F \B OKXKPIP[ OKNKSMN OFN KGBG<br />
FRB GMVF\K[ OZJC M"TG .OFKRKTN Q[TM FCZEBG NNM OKXGIR ORKB[<br />
133<br />
FPFG ,"ZIB OGYPP FNXFG IG#Z&" GBXPKG ONGTF LVF\R ZCM FRBG<br />
.LGZB QPHN GECBK O\JK[G<br />
OG[ FHC QKBG FZ\GKP KZPDN BGF \GKPGBN N[ ZEDF NT FPINPF<br />
.OKKP[D OKRKRYC YZ KRIGZC DFGR GRKB KJZVF QKRY KM ,KJZVF QKRYN QGKPE<br />
FCZ\ OKZVGS \BRY[ TEGK GRKB KPG FPMIF \GI\V\FC FXGZ GRKB KPG<br />
.OKRGXKYF OKNBP[F OKJSKSYZPFC ’KVB FKNT YNGI QKB M"TG ,FPMI<br />
.FKXGNGCBF<br />
.QPHF FHC<br />
.EK ,E Z\SB<br />
131<br />
132<br />
133
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
382<br />
ORKB O\BRY Z[B OKP[DF OKRKRY NT YZ FCSR FPINPF NNM BNB<br />
OKRKRYC OINFN OMN FPN M"BG ,FNJCN OKZGSKG FNFC BNB O\BKCP<br />
.\GKPGBNG OKKRIGZ<br />
QKRYF NM \B NJCNG FG[F YPTN GBC \GPBF NM FNMNMF ZCEC[ IKRR<br />
FPGB NM[ OGYPC BNB ,OKNXRP N[ QKRT NNMC ZKKGXK BN[ QVGBC KJZVF<br />
OKSMRC \GZI\F F\TP ’KFK OKKP[D OKSMRN FH OT FH GZI\F FPGBG<br />
KBEG H"T FRF .OKNNMC GPM OKJZVC ZKKGXK[ KBEG FHF \GZI\FG .OKRIGZ<br />
.’KFG Q\K KPG OKRGXKY Z\GKF QKC ’KVB FV FXGV QBM QKB[<br />
GZPB\ KM .ZCTFP OKKRIGZF OKSMR NT YZ CCGS GRN[ IGMKGF NM M"BG<br />
YZ FXZRFG KGBZF [VGI NMC EK\TFC GNBM OKSMR \GRYN OKZK\P GRIRB<br />
FP KM ,QKIGP KGYKNG TZ KNGI FH QKBF ,OMK\C QKP GZTC\ ZCTF \B<br />
KZF .ZCTF QP FHM KYRT ZGTK[C QMGPF \B CKZIR FPN EK\TFC Z\GP[<br />
134<br />
N[ YTJGKNCKC F[GZK GN ’KF Z[B ,TGEKF KZXP LNP G\GB GPM FH<br />
OG[P GVZ[RG OVZG[N OFKNT EYVG ,OKZYK OKZVS OT \GXGI F[N[<br />
.YHF [[I GB \EF N[ FPGKYN OKMKZX ORKB[<br />
ZCTF KSMR NM \B CGZIN OM\EGYVN \KKXK BN FPGB OG[[ ECNPG<br />
F\GB KM KZPDN OMN Z\GP ZCE FH KZF) [VR \GZKSPC FNNDC GPINKG FN[<br />
WZBF NT BGCK QGTD[G OKT]G^T] IGZ OB ’KVB BNB ,(NNM OKMKZX OMRKB<br />
\GZGE FPM N[ FHM KYRT QKRC NT SGIN OFKNT KZF ,\BHM OFN \KKXN<br />
135<br />
.OGNM BNG "FKVMC SPI BN NT" EGCKBN LNK[<br />
NT FPGBG FPGB NM N[ "GR\ZIC F\B"F \B IKRFN OMN [K M"T<br />
FECN F\GB FPGB NM N[ KP[DF SKSC YZ ,OKXGZ[ ZGTK[F NMC FRGMP<br />
GKNBP ZC[PF NT C[GKG F\T[ NT TKDF FHF SKSCF KM .YGIPN [K<br />
FH OT EIK ORPB .FKNB FJG[VF EK NMP QGYK\ NCYN FNGNT BKF M"TG<br />
OKKRIGZF OKSMR NT ZGP[N FPGBG FPGB NMN QPBRG BNP QGIJC Q\KN<br />
.O\ZFJG OBGNP NM NT<br />
,\EF NT GPM \GRV\[F NT EGDKRC OKEPGTF OKJV[PF NT QGTJN QKBG<br />
ZYVF E"C ZYVF" Z[B OKEGP \EF KNTC QFG OKRGKTF OKYYGIPF QF KM<br />
OXTN OKEDR\PF FNBF OKYGIF NM GZB[K M"BG ."BRKE B\GMNPE BRKEG<br />
NGED CGZ ZCM [K F\T OD Z[B ,F\T[ ZCT[ BKZG\SF GPM \GRV\[F<br />
.[GPK[ KNC FHKRDC<br />
.FKKZVS<br />
.(HK ,HJ CGKB) "KVMC SPI BN NT" :ZPBR[ KVM<br />
134<br />
135
383<br />
F YNI<br />
EGDKRC BGF[ ODFG ,FH OT FH OKPIGNF \GIM F[N[ \GBKXPC GRKRVN [K<br />
ORPB ,OKNXGRPG OKNXRP \GIM KR[ YZ OKC[IP[ OKJSKSYZBPF \TEN<br />
.OKPTEYGPF \GKZBK\F NMP Z\GK \GMH FN QKBG \J[VGP FKZGBK\ BGF FH<br />
\GK[TP OT YZ C[I\FN GRN [K GPXTC ’KSYZBPF N[ SKSBCF KVN ORPB<br />
OKMGZT[ GPM \GIM ’D JGV[N K\ZIC M"TG ,WY OFN QKB[ \GKZBK\ NT BNG<br />
.\GBKXPFC GRKRKTN<br />
NXTG HKZH :[EIP \GEPTP<br />
FPG ,FHKZH Z\GK BKF FTCJ V"T \IB FPGBG FNXT \IB FPGB[ IKRR<br />
GNKI\K[ GKNBP QCGPG .\IB FT[C FKR[F F[TK OK\T[C F[T\ \IB[<br />
ZYKTF FZPB\ \KR[FG ,FG[ FEGCT QPH \GPGBF NMN GZPBK \IBF .\GRTJ<br />
GFPG { FN[C EGPT\ \IB NM OKIMG\PF LZEMG .OKR\GR[ ZGXKKF BGF<br />
QGHKRG NMGK[ FPM Q\GR EIB NM" EGSKF V"T OB .E"CF GRPK FKNT[ EGSKF<br />
QKC QM JGV[R \PBC OBG .FG[ QPH CKKIP FH QKB QKKET KZF "LKZX[ FPM<br />
ZGCDFG GHM FRTJ [K KEKIKN OD M"B ,FEGCT \GPMG NY[P V"T \GPGBF<br />
N[ EPTP [EI EPTP LPXTC \RMF ZCM M"BG .[NIFP FXIPN EGCTK<br />
.OKNXT N[ EPTPG OKHKZH<br />
OKHKZHF JGTKPF \B \GVMN OKNXTF CGZFC IM [K ZPB\ BNB<br />
\GEPTP F[T\ M"B ,YVS KNC FHG FPGB NT FPGBP IM QKB NCB G\PGBC[<br />
.OKEKIKF QKC OKNXGRPG OKNXRPG \GPGBF QKC<br />
NBGDF \BKC<br />
... ZPGB[ GPM \BH GTEK OPXT OKESKPF OD KM [GEKI FH QKB FRFG<br />
OKK\PB OKNBEKBN BGCK UGSCNG ,Z[VB[ EXKM \GZ[VC GBZK FNI\P[<br />
IYK BN M"IBG ,NGMK[ FPM Q\K EIB NM[ .\GRV\[F N[ FGCDF FDZEPN<br />
\BKC \ZHTC BNB FH QKB .OKNXTF OT FG[C ZPGNM LKZX[ FPM BNB<br />
136<br />
GKYNBN NPGT[ QKCK TKV[PF HBG ,"FTE WZBF BNPK"[ YEX NBGDF<br />
.GZXGKN IGZ \IR F[GTG<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
,K[GRBF QKPC WY QKBN QK[ZG[ F\MF ZCM OKKNBKEKBF QKJYRKJSKB FRF<br />
TKDFN NGMK OEB QC EK OG[ QKB[ IGJC OGYPC GIZHB\FG GR[GRG GBC OD<br />
.J ,BK FKT[K<br />
136
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
384<br />
137<br />
OEBF KCXT \B TKRPF ,LZB>P@F IGPC[ STK[KRBYCGSF BGF FP[<br />
GNTV BN[ TEGRM BKSGZC QGKSRC GBC M"TG .\KCF NTCF \TE KNC GKNBP<br />
CNF OFN Q\K NMF KM FNBF OKPIGNF BR GTEKG .OFK\GPINP NMC OGNM<br />
\GZGE KZGEP F[ZGPC GN GBC[ \GBEKBF \B GN GIKRK OB \NGH K[GRBF<br />
UGS HB \BHF F[ZGPF OD \KI[FN G[YT\K OBG ,GN[ STK[KRBYCGSC<br />
ET EK NT EK ZCJXPG LNGF \KZVDFG OGIF KM .GPXT O[BZC OPE UGS NM<br />
.\GXXGV\FF NKI\KG GK\GED NT BNP\K[<br />
138<br />
Z[B , "USGK \B TEK BN Z[B" [EI ZGE NGEDG LNGF FNB NM ECNPG<br />
OZ[C LG\P KJZVF QKRY \B NJCN \GXKIRFG LZGXF \B NNM OKRKCP ORKB<br />
CJKF ZGCYF KJZVF QKRY \GB\ M"TG .F[KCK BKZGBK\ V"T YZ BNB OPEG<br />
ZYGCC OKEGPKNF NM ZIB Z[B ,\GZGE KZGEP OFN[ STK[RBYCGSFC<br />
G\KPK OPXTC FPFG ,OKEEXF NMP OKZKTX \GRIP GPGYK \GCT BN EIB<br />
OEBN FBC FRKB FBKEKBF QKRT KM .O\PMIG OY[P NM OT OKRYHF \B<br />
N[ CMZFG OGIKZF LG\P OKKIF N[ QGKSKRF LG\P YZ ,NM[F LG\P<br />
139<br />
KM UGDF NT FJKN[ OG[ GN QKB NM[FG ,QTJBPGJGBF \JK[M Z"GJ<br />
OFN G[MZ[ OKRV\[F OKZKTXF O\GB M"TG .GRNXB BGF KZPDN ZH<br />
\KZGC N[ FTGC GPMG OGNM N[ QGPKB OFC QKB ,ONM[ LG\P \GTKEKF<br />
.OFN GIZVK<br />
\GKRKEP N[ FRGZIB FNKP<br />
,\GXTGPFC ORMGE NT { NBP[ ,TXPB ,QKPK { \GIM ’D OFN GC[K HB<br />
NBP[FG ,NBP[C[ \GK[VIF EDRM QKPKF .FH OT FH GIDR\KG GIMG\K<br />
ZG\VK CGZFG OFKR[N OGYP GR\K OKR[VIFG ,QKPKC[ TK@XYBKZF EDRM<br />
.TKZMKG<br />
OKMZXF NMC \GRV\[F BGFG QGZ\V KEKN GBC ZCM \IBC QMB<br />
.FNMNMF KMZX NMC FG[ KYGNI GRKKFE ,OKKIF N[ OKCGKIFG OKIZMFF<br />
NMG .OKKRVGDF FKDGRT\C \IB FYGNIG FKNT OKKIF NMN \IB WZB<br />
’D FH OT EIKG ,OKKRIGZF OKBG[RF NCS NT GSKPTK IGMKGFG OKJV[PF<br />
140<br />
OKRIGZF OKNGCDC YZ GXPJXKG GMVF\K ,FGB\G EGCMG FBRY ,\GDZEPF<br />
.ECNC<br />
.(I ,B \GP[) "USGK \B TEK BN Z[B<br />
.TEGP=\\ ,Subconscious<br />
OKZXP NT [EI LNP OYKG" :ZPBR[ KVM<br />
.TZG CGJ :Z"GJ<br />
.GPXPJXKG<br />
137<br />
138<br />
139<br />
140
385<br />
F YNI<br />
IXRN ZB[K QM[ OG[P ,\GKRKEP N[ FRGZIB FNP ’KFK ORPB FH ISGRG<br />
,\GTEF GYHI\KG GEZV\K QM OEBF QKP \GI\V\F KVM KM ."ZGCTK BNG YGI"<br />
ZXPP \BXNG ,F\T N[ GRGPP NTP Z\GK FCZF G\TE NT EGPTK EIB NMG<br />
,K\V \ZGX NCYK[ ET ZGIB DGSKN NKI\K OEBF OB \NGH FGY\ QKB FHF<br />
.G\TE NMP QYGZ\K[ ZPGNM<br />
\NGH G\GB Z\GV QKBG ,OKEKIKF KVN JTPM \GDNVPF GCZ\K M"TG<br />
KRKP ORKCN GRKC OKEKIKF G[TK HBG ."\GJFN OKCZ KZIB" TGCYF YGI<br />
OT \GZI\F GKFK \GZGCIFCG .\GZGCIN GXCY\K[ ET OKTGXKCG \GZ[V<br />
141<br />
GDNV\K FMG .T"VC EGZKVN FPXTN BX\ TKXKHBVBF[ ET STKXKHBVB<br />
OFKRKC GZISK ODG ,\GRJY KRJYN \GRJYFG ,\GRJYN \GNGEDF \GZGCIF<br />
NCYNG LKN+KN IZMGP FHF P"GPF ORPB .H"FHC NKDZM FZGCI OT FZGCI<br />
FZ[V KNC \GTEF \GI\V\F ZGTK[ KVM [PP ,FVKZI Z\GK FZGX OTV NMC<br />
.\GKIXRN \GKFN LKZX QM[ IXRN<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
EIB NM Z[B ,OMSGP QGZ\V KEKN GBC ZCM KJZVF QKRYC :\IBC ORPB<br />
JGIM \GVSG\ KNC INXGP K\NC GPM NCYKG Q\KN INXGP[ FPM Q\K<br />
GD[GK CGKIF ECNPG .JNIGP CGKIC NMN FG[ GKFK FEGCTF QPHG .FZT[F<br />
KZPDN O\GB ZGJVN OK[NIF \PGTN GR\K Z[B OKYK\GF N[ QPH \GVSG\<br />
FNFYG ZKT NMCG .GK[MT FNKDZF FYEXF \PDGE FH FKFG ,O\GRTN BNG<br />
FCZF FNFYFC GBXPK OBG ,FN FG[ ZVSPC OK[NIF O\GB GYNI\K<br />
O\XYP YZ GZJVK HB GKFK OKJTP OBG ,IM K[GNI NM GZJVK HB OKCERP<br />
.FPGEMG OK[GNI Z\GKFG<br />
.KNKNV LZEC GB GYGI Q\PC GB [RTK GNNF OKYGI NT ZCGTF<br />
FBEKB N[ OKRV UGXZV<br />
142 ...[ ODF ... ’Y K\K[TR .\ZMKR GTKCPF N[ DRGTF IGZC \GK\KPB<br />
OFK\KBZ[ ET KCN \PG[\ K\GCKSF BN ORPB ,FH OEGYP OKR[ FCZF<br />
K\NC [KB[ BGF YGI KM .GVGXZVC \PBF K\ZMF HB OKIMG\PG OKZCEP<br />
OEB[ FT[C OD OKKP[D KRKRYC YGVKS GN ’KFK BN QVGB OG[C EZJGP<br />
.\GKXKHGVGB<br />
CXP QM[ ,YKGEP GRKB[ QM\KK KM [KDEFN \RP NT KGJR QVGDC BCGP FH JSYJ<br />
.KBEG KGFKH Z[VBP GRKB EKF C\M<br />
141<br />
142
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
386<br />
IGZF ZGTK[G ,YSTF \T[C DGRT\ IGZ [KDZFN IZMGP FKBEKBC YSGT<br />
LM LG\PG .YSGT BGF[ FBKEKBF \GK\PBC KGN\ [KDZP BGF[ DRGTFG<br />
TKCPF OEBN \GNM\SFC YZ GRKKFE ,GZKMFN OKRV UGXZV \PBFN GRBXP<br />
QKPBFN KRBKCF[ GFHG { \PBF \GPM BGF DRGTF \GPMG .BGF DGRT OB G\GB<br />
DRGTG IGZ \ZGYC FTKEKB FHKB TKCK[ KP HB ET K\KBZ BN KM ,\BH FTEKBC<br />
.O\GPM<br />
JNIGP \PB<br />
\PB NM[ KRB ZPGB M"B ,QPH KNTC BNB \GJNIGP \GK\KPB [K BN OB<br />
143<br />
\GBKXP FHKB NT ’N Z[VB KB[ GPM ,JNIGP \PB BGF G\T[C T"VN<br />
144<br />
JNIGP \GBKXP GFKZF KI[ QPHC[ OG[P KPE \PM Z[B \GPN EPGT[<br />
.G\T[C<br />
|[EI EGPTN ZCTP~<br />
IKZMP GRKB NM[FG FKVMF LZEC GB QGXZF LZEC GB NTVR ZCE OG[ QKB<br />
KP ZGYPP ,G\NGTV \TC QV\[F \B TTGRK KP FNB[ GRN [K M"BG .TEGRM<br />
.FKVMF GKNB BGCK KP IMP GB ,TTGR\FN QGXZF GN IYN\K<br />
GN[ TKDZRBF NT EKVYP OEB NMG .KJZV QKRY QKPN FTGR\F LVFK HB KM<br />
ZSIP GRKB \GRV\[F OBG .GRGPP NTP Z\GK EGT \NTG\ K\NC ZHV\\ BN[<br />
GB YEXFG ,KEMC TKDZTRTF ZHVK BN KBEG TKDZRTBF SGRKM \PIP GN<br />
?GBGCK QKBP FNPIF<br />
\GK\EC :FNG[KC QPH ZFPN<br />
\GZGE ’DP \GIV BN OEBF GIGPC ZGMKCG NG[KC FMKZX KRV\[F QGKTZ<br />
\GRGKSRG OKNGDND FCZF EGT LMKVNG ,\KNNM FPMSFG FGN[ N[G OKPKN[<br />
\GRGKTZF N[CN NYR Z\GK LZE QKBG { FXY NT FBGC\ OZJC ONGTC GZCTK<br />
.\GK\EF LZEC YZ<br />
.ZPGN<br />
.FPGE<br />
143<br />
144
I\VP<br />
KC\MN<br />
ZGEF<br />
QGZIBF<br />
B<br />
FKXGNGCB<br />
381<br />
\GCB<br />
OKRCG<br />
,305<br />
,313<br />
,315<br />
,324<br />
,329<br />
,339<br />
,370<br />
379<br />
,NBKRCB<br />
QKPKRC<br />
319<br />
OHKBGDB<br />
,302<br />
,304<br />
,305<br />
,312<br />
,323<br />
,342<br />
,350<br />
,357<br />
,362<br />
,363<br />
374<br />
OHKBGDB<br />
KTCJ<br />
364<br />
OHKBGDB<br />
KZGCKX<br />
364<br />
OKJSKBGDB<br />
,307 ,305 ,304 ,303 ,302<br />
,326<br />
,327<br />
361<br />
OEB<br />
OEB<br />
KRGPEYF<br />
,349<br />
,353<br />
,361<br />
363<br />
OEBF TCJ<br />
,317 ,311 ,307 ,304 ,302<br />
,324<br />
,329<br />
,330<br />
,343<br />
348<br />
OEBF QKP<br />
,299<br />
,347<br />
,348<br />
,354<br />
385<br />
\NTP<br />
OEBF<br />
,297<br />
349<br />
KBZV<br />
OEB<br />
333<br />
IGZ<br />
OEBF<br />
,297<br />
318<br />
FCFB<br />
,321<br />
,329<br />
,340<br />
,345<br />
,348<br />
,360<br />
,365<br />
,366<br />
,373<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
;FTV[F<br />
QGXZ<br />
TKV[FN<br />
\CFBG"<br />
LTZN<br />
"LGPM<br />
,338<br />
359<br />
JYKKCGB<br />
,351<br />
,355<br />
366<br />
FKJZYGJGB<br />
,320<br />
333<br />
FKMZDKNGB<br />
,319<br />
,332<br />
333<br />
\GPGB/FPGB<br />
,301<br />
,302<br />
,309<br />
,310<br />
,312<br />
,313<br />
,318{316<br />
,321<br />
,328<br />
,335{333<br />
,340{338<br />
,349<br />
,361<br />
,362<br />
,382<br />
383<br />
SRGB<br />
FKKVM OD FBZ ,329 ,327 ,324 ,315<br />
FKXKHGVGB<br />
385<br />
Z[GB<br />
,297<br />
,299<br />
,327<br />
,328<br />
,329<br />
,336<br />
,340<br />
,357<br />
,362<br />
367<br />
FBEKB<br />
,311<br />
,315<br />
,318<br />
,328<br />
,330<br />
,334<br />
,335<br />
,336<br />
,339<br />
,366<br />
,384<br />
386<br />
\GK\KPB<br />
FBEKB<br />
385<br />
OHKNBEKB<br />
324<br />
OKNBEKB<br />
,305<br />
,347<br />
,379<br />
383<br />
OKJSKNBEKB<br />
,319{315,307,305{302<br />
,324<br />
,327<br />
,329<br />
,330<br />
,333<br />
,337<br />
370 ,361 ,360 ,347<br />
FKNJKB<br />
380<br />
OKZMKB<br />
,323<br />
,324<br />
361<br />
OHKNBKZVPKB<br />
316<br />
OKJSKNBKZVPKB<br />
,314<br />
330<br />
OHKRGKSZVPKB<br />
352<br />
FKXRDKNJRKB<br />
,306<br />
,309<br />
,337<br />
342<br />
OKSZJRKB<br />
,345<br />
352<br />
UGS=QKB<br />
,297<br />
299<br />
FVGZKB<br />
310<br />
OHKBGZJNB<br />
,302<br />
,304<br />
,305<br />
,307<br />
,313<br />
,314<br />
,323<br />
,324<br />
,328<br />
,342<br />
,350<br />
,364<br />
,374<br />
375<br />
OHKBGZJNB<br />
KJGNGSCB<br />
,311<br />
330<br />
OHKBGZJNB<br />
JNIGP<br />
,321<br />
328<br />
387
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
388<br />
,365 ,360 ,353 ,346 ,339 ,315 ZGZKC<br />
366<br />
342 [EYPF \KC<br />
292 ,291 EGE ,QGKZGD=QC<br />
OKRCG \GCB FBZ OKRC<br />
285 ONGSF NTC<br />
OHKBGZJNBF QGKTZ OGEKYN \GNKTV<br />
328<br />
,331 ,327 ,319 ,318 ,309 ,308 \GNTC<br />
FJKN[ OD FBZ<br />
359 ,319 ,308 OKNTC<br />
FBZ ,373 ,354 ,348 ,343 ,297 FBKZC<br />
QKBP [KG [KP [K OD<br />
344 ,343 FBKZCF ZPGI<br />
QGXZ ;FTV[F OD FBZ ,354 OKRGBD<br />
TKV[FN<br />
342 ,341 ,335 ,326 ,302 OKKGD<br />
,356 ,349 ,347 ,337 ,336 ,331 NZGD<br />
375<br />
362 ,352 OBKNKG ,SPKK’D<br />
,364 ,361 ,350 ,349 ,333 ,308 FKRPZD<br />
380<br />
:QKKRY OD FBZ ,366 ,365 ,301 \GKP[D<br />
OKKP[D OKRKKRY<br />
’F \GYCE :’F FBZ \GYCE<br />
,(’TF)369 ,315{311 \ZCI ,QGZIB ZGE<br />
KZBG\ :EGCM OD FBZ ,372{370<br />
KYGI ,\K\EF FZGXF :\E ;EGCM<br />
;KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGY ;\EF<br />
LGRKI<br />
340 ,314 OEBF KMZGX \YKEC<br />
339 \GVZJXF<br />
339 FPYF<br />
,339 ,338 ,314 ,312 JV[PG YGI<br />
372 ,371<br />
340 FZCIF \CKHT<br />
D<br />
E<br />
,307 ,304 ,303 ,302 OKJSKBGZJNB<br />
327 ,326 ,315 ,312<br />
FBZ ,383 ,373 ,365 ,340 ,324 OKYNB<br />
BZGC ;’F OD<br />
,373 ,362 ,352 ,336 ,313 ,311 FRGPB<br />
\E OD FBZ ,375 ,374<br />
380 ,334 ,310 FYKZPB<br />
,350 ,346 ,339 ,332 ,329 ,308 \PB<br />
,366 ,363 ,362 ,361 ,357 ,352<br />
386 ,385 ,381 ,379 ,374 ,367<br />
363 G\T[N \PB<br />
386 ,363 JNIGP \PB<br />
350 ,349 ,319 FKNDRB<br />
328 ,325 ,323 ,321 LKZEKZV ,SNDRB<br />
310 \G[GRB<br />
354 \GKZJRXGVGZJRB<br />
386 FKDZRB<br />
310 FKSB<br />
334 ,310 FYKZVB<br />
352 OHKRGKSZVSYB<br />
DN[B CZF O[ NT ZYIPN QGMPF ,DN[B<br />
293<br />
291 OGN[ LGZC CZF ,DN[B<br />
NTC FBZ DN[B CKKN FEGFK CZF ,DN[B<br />
ONGSF<br />
C<br />
,355 ,348 ,345 ,344 ,343 ,301 BZGC<br />
OKYNB ;’F OD FBZ ,373 ,358<br />
381,342,337,336,327,309,305 \GRDZGC<br />
,317 ,308 ,307 ,306 ,305 OKRDZGC<br />
,332 ,331 ,329 ,328 ,321<br />
342 ,337<br />
372 ,332 ,309 F[GC<br />
356 ,355 ,351 ,315 FZKIC<br />
333 ,332 ,331 ,327 \GZKIC<br />
372 ,313 QGKHKC<br />
382 ,359 ,329 ,315 ,305 QGIJKC<br />
316 ,310 ,305 OKRGRKC<br />
(JRY N[ GZVS) "\K[TPF FRGC\F \ZGYKC"<br />
(’TF)346
389<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF KC\MN I\VP<br />
326 \K\NTG\ \E<br />
375 OKECGTF EKC ZK[MPM \EF<br />
338 ,312 \GPGBF NM N[ \K\EF FZGXF<br />
338 ONGTF NMN FGG[F \EF KYGI<br />
352 \EF \GFP<br />
374 \K\EF FSKV\C FMVFP<br />
375 \EF \GJ[V\F ZES<br />
375 ,374 \EF KEKYV\<br />
F<br />
,354 ,351 ,350 ,345 ,343 ,301 ’F<br />
OD FBZ 375 ,373 ,365 ,360<br />
OKYNB ;BZGC<br />
,358 ,357 ,356 ,354 ,345 ’F \GYCE<br />
363 ,362 ,361<br />
366 ,365 ,354 ,353 ’F \TE<br />
350 ,302 ’F \EGCT<br />
339 ’F KGGKX<br />
,286 (ONGSF NTC N[ GRG\KT) "FPBAF"<br />
(’TF)377<br />
355 ,353 LKZEKZV ONFNKG DZGBKD ,NDF<br />
357 OHKRGEF<br />
334 GEGF<br />
363 ,356 ,355 ,346 ZETKFG FKGGF<br />
351 KJSKNBKZJP OHKRPGF<br />
(SPKK’D N[ GZVS) "FKDGSN \K\EF FKGGIF"<br />
(’TF)352<br />
,324 ,321 ,311 ,307 UNGEB ,ZNJKF<br />
373 ,364 ,361 ,350 ,336 ,333<br />
359 ,333 ,327 ,324 OHKZNJKF<br />
,328,316,308,305,299,298 FKZGJSKF<br />
382 ,380 ,378 ,367 ,342 ,331<br />
,348,345,332,323,310,308 ,307 QGPF<br />
380 ,374 ,361 ,360 ,350 ,349<br />
SYZP N[ OZVS) "KJSKRGPGYF JSVKRPF"<br />
325 ,321 (SNDRBG<br />
338 ,318 ,309 ,308 FBRF<br />
,360 ,339 ,337 ,333 ,323 ,312 FDFRF<br />
363<br />
361 ,332 ,326 ,320 ,307 ,305 FNFRF<br />
339 ,314 FZCSF<br />
,327 ,324 ,315 ,311 ,305 ,298 \GZGE<br />
,361 ,357 ,336 ,335 ,330 ,329<br />
386 ,384 ,382 ,379<br />
355 ,353 FYKJYNBKE<br />
361 KZGJSKF OHKJYNBKE<br />
332 ,321 KGMKE<br />
KGPKEG QGZMKH ,IGP FBZ KGPKE<br />
361 ,347 ,332 ,320 FZGJJYKE<br />
,332 ,327 ,323 ,320 ,319 FKJZYGPE<br />
,350 ,349 ,348 ,347 ,336 ,333<br />
361<br />
,373 ,354 ,333 ,330 ,321 ,311 FTE<br />
385 ,383<br />
,377 (FTE \\I[F ZGSKB) \KI[\ NC<br />
381 ,379<br />
360 ,353 ,347 ,346 EKIKF \TE<br />
,311 ,309 ,308 ,307 ZGCKXF \TE<br />
,321 ,317 ,316 ,315 ,314 ,312<br />
,353 ,348 ,347 ,346 ,339 ,336<br />
364 ,360 ,359<br />
372 ,371 ,370 NFYF \TE<br />
350 \GTE KDGF<br />
360 ZGCKXF \TEC[ NGYNYF<br />
,353 ,324 (ZCEPG KI ,IPGX ,OPGE) O"IXE<br />
375 ,355 ,354<br />
349 ,348 SNZB’X ,QKGGZE<br />
,330{324,322,318,315,313{311 \E<br />
,353,352,350{347,345,342{334<br />
,379,375{373,367,364,362{359<br />
;FRGPB ;LZGX OD FBZ ,386 ,382<br />
\XVF ;"FP[N BN[G FP[N"<br />
ONGTF QGYK\ \JK[<br />
375 ,373 \EF \GK\KPB<br />
Z[T EGPN\"C \K\EF FSKV\F ZGBKC<br />
(’TF)375 "\GZKVSF<br />
328 \KJSKBGDB \E<br />
374 OHKBGZJNB \E<br />
360 \KPGBN=QKC \E<br />
375 FCFBF \E<br />
364 ,363 ,361 FTV[FF \E<br />
328 \KJSKRGPGY \E<br />
359 "LTZN \CFBG" N[ \E
ESVF<br />
,312<br />
,339<br />
353<br />
\XVF<br />
\JK[<br />
QGYK\<br />
ONGTF<br />
,313<br />
,340<br />
375{373<br />
FIMGF<br />
,328<br />
371<br />
FNGPT\<br />
,311<br />
341<br />
FTV[F<br />
,383 ,370 ,369 ,360 ,358 ,357<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
QGXZ<br />
TKV[FN<br />
FTV[F<br />
\NGHN<br />
,338<br />
,340<br />
,356<br />
,361<br />
,367<br />
,370<br />
,371<br />
,372<br />
,374<br />
375<br />
FTV[F<br />
\TEP<br />
BN[G<br />
\TEP<br />
354<br />
\GZI\F]<br />
FTV[FC<br />
,370<br />
371<br />
\GZI\F]<br />
,317<br />
,336<br />
,337<br />
,382<br />
385<br />
\GI\V\F<br />
,298<br />
,305<br />
,342<br />
,349<br />
,353<br />
,377<br />
,379<br />
,381<br />
385<br />
\GZXGGKF<br />
ZGEM<br />
WZBF<br />
(’TF)377<br />
YGI<br />
\GYCB\FF<br />
377<br />
YGI<br />
\GI\V\F<br />
K\DZEF<br />
(’TF)377<br />
G<br />
,JRGZV=B=HKG]<br />
,GDZJ+=B=HKG]<br />
,Vis-a-front<br />
Vis-a-tergo<br />
(\KRKJN)<br />
,298<br />
364<br />
,QPXKG<br />
OKKI<br />
375<br />
H<br />
QGZMKH<br />
FBZ<br />
,IGP<br />
QGZMKH<br />
KGPKEG<br />
OKHKZH<br />
OKNXTG<br />
,372<br />
383<br />
I<br />
FZCI<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
ZGE<br />
QGZIB<br />
OKHGIB<br />
(\GRG[ \GKZGDJYN FZCIF \GYNI\F)<br />
,303<br />
,305<br />
,306<br />
,322<br />
,324<br />
,331<br />
,342<br />
,347<br />
361<br />
\GKZIB<br />
KVNM<br />
FZCIF<br />
364<br />
\KVG\K[ FZCI<br />
,303<br />
327<br />
\VGY<br />
FZCIF<br />
370<br />
CGZ<br />
FZCIF<br />
,303<br />
,309<br />
,310<br />
,317<br />
,322<br />
337<br />
EGCT[<br />
FZCIN<br />
369<br />
\NTG\<br />
FZCIN YHKFG<br />
,346 ,340 ,322<br />
,360<br />
,373<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
;YHR<br />
\NTG\<br />
ZPGI<br />
,343<br />
,346<br />
351<br />
ZPGI<br />
YNE<br />
,303<br />
,304<br />
,306<br />
,307<br />
,308<br />
,310<br />
,311<br />
,312<br />
,315<br />
336<br />
KZPGI<br />
OND<br />
,310<br />
,333<br />
,334<br />
338<br />
\GKZPGI<br />
,345<br />
,362<br />
363<br />
[VGI<br />
,306<br />
,381<br />
,382<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
\GZKI<br />
[VGI<br />
JZVF<br />
,316<br />
,340<br />
379<br />
QCZGI<br />
,298<br />
,301<br />
,309<br />
,310<br />
,316<br />
,328<br />
,330<br />
,334<br />
,335<br />
,336<br />
,345<br />
,349<br />
,350<br />
,360<br />
,363<br />
,375<br />
,377<br />
,380<br />
381<br />
QCZGI<br />
KRKEP<br />
349<br />
OK[GI<br />
,356<br />
,357<br />
,365<br />
366<br />
OK[GI<br />
OKKRIGZ<br />
365<br />
FYHI<br />
,313<br />
,334<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
\GNTC<br />
OKKI<br />
\GGEI<br />
OKKI<br />
,316<br />
,323<br />
331<br />
\PDP<br />
OKKIF<br />
,357<br />
,358<br />
362<br />
\GRGKSR<br />
OKKIF<br />
346<br />
OKKI \PZ<br />
,341 ,338 ,322 ,316 ,312<br />
,356<br />
,360<br />
,361<br />
366<br />
\KNM\<br />
OKKIF<br />
358<br />
LGRKI<br />
,304<br />
,307<br />
,308<br />
,311<br />
,313<br />
,314<br />
,315<br />
,317<br />
,321<br />
,324<br />
,325<br />
,336<br />
,339<br />
,340<br />
,364<br />
372<br />
\GZKI<br />
,306<br />
,309<br />
,322<br />
,327<br />
,331<br />
,337<br />
,341<br />
351<br />
QC<br />
QKZGI<br />
,341<br />
,346<br />
,358<br />
364<br />
\PMI<br />
FNCYF<br />
,297<br />
,298<br />
,299<br />
,318<br />
,341<br />
,354<br />
,365<br />
,366<br />
,367<br />
368<br />
FYGNI<br />
\YEGX<br />
,303<br />
,310<br />
,316<br />
,317<br />
,330<br />
,334<br />
,337<br />
,347<br />
,356<br />
,359<br />
384<br />
OK[NI<br />
OKYHIG<br />
,306<br />
,323<br />
,331<br />
,342<br />
,372<br />
,383<br />
385<br />
\eEZ+Iz<br />
,375<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
\E<br />
\GXKZI<br />
,304<br />
,312<br />
,313<br />
,338<br />
339<br />
OKXGZI<br />
,305<br />
,306<br />
,307<br />
,308<br />
,309<br />
,322<br />
,327<br />
,328<br />
,330<br />
,331<br />
,333<br />
,337<br />
342<br />
KC\M<br />
ZGEF<br />
GZIBF<br />
Q 390
J<br />
TCJ<br />
,298<br />
,348<br />
,351<br />
,355<br />
373<br />
NTC<br />
TCJF<br />
348<br />
,GJKJ<br />
VKSGK<br />
HGZC<br />
,316<br />
334<br />
FKDGNGBNJ<br />
354<br />
,\GKGTJ<br />
ZGYP<br />
ONGTC[ \GKGTJF<br />
366<br />
,KYXGZJ<br />
QGBN<br />
(CN)<br />
’WKCGEKGE<br />
333<br />
K<br />
FTKDK<br />
,345<br />
369<br />
FTKEK<br />
367<br />
TEGP<br />
K\NCG<br />
TEGP<br />
,355<br />
384<br />
\GEFK<br />
,326<br />
,341<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
NBZ[K<br />
OKEGFK<br />
,312<br />
,332<br />
360<br />
EKIK<br />
,298<br />
,301<br />
,313<br />
,334<br />
,339<br />
,350<br />
,366<br />
,371<br />
,383<br />
,385<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
:FTE<br />
\TE<br />
EKIKF<br />
\GKEKIK<br />
370<br />
OKZGSKK<br />
,298<br />
,315<br />
,322<br />
,341<br />
,349<br />
,353<br />
,355<br />
,356<br />
,357<br />
,358<br />
,370<br />
382<br />
LZE<br />
OKZGSKK<br />
,301<br />
,302<br />
,356<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
:FZG\<br />
LZE<br />
FZG\<br />
ZGXKK<br />
,383<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
OKVEGT<br />
KTXPB<br />
ZGXKK<br />
338 ,334 ,310 ,309 ,308<br />
OKENK<br />
,313<br />
339<br />
FBZK<br />
,317<br />
,331<br />
,332<br />
365<br />
F[GZK<br />
,313<br />
,334<br />
,335<br />
,336<br />
,379<br />
382<br />
,OKN[GZK<br />
FZHIF<br />
342<br />
[K"<br />
[KP<br />
[KG<br />
"QKBP<br />
,343<br />
,344<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
ZBGBFRVG[<br />
NBZ[K<br />
,316<br />
,318<br />
,319<br />
,326<br />
,328<br />
,331<br />
,334<br />
,335<br />
,341<br />
,342<br />
,354<br />
,361<br />
,362<br />
,375<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
;\GEFK<br />
;OKXGCKY<br />
;OKN[GZK<br />
OKC]Z^T#<br />
NCS<br />
\GXKZTP<br />
,318<br />
335<br />
OT<br />
ZICR<br />
318<br />
\GBPXT<br />
NBZ[K<br />
342<br />
\BR[<br />
NBZ[K<br />
321<br />
M<br />
EGCM<br />
384,372,362,357,340,307,302<br />
KZBG\<br />
EGCM<br />
,338<br />
371<br />
ZGEM<br />
,WZBF<br />
\GZXGGKF<br />
FBZ<br />
\GI\V\F<br />
FRGGM<br />
370<br />
OKRGEKM<br />
,305<br />
,311<br />
,317<br />
,326<br />
,327<br />
,329<br />
,330<br />
334<br />
FNMNM<br />
,335 ,328 ,318 ,312 ,309 ,305<br />
,356<br />
,366<br />
,380<br />
,382<br />
384<br />
QKKRC<br />
KNMNM<br />
379<br />
NNMF \CGJ ,NNM<br />
,333<br />
,346<br />
,357<br />
,367<br />
370<br />
USM<br />
,302<br />
360<br />
OKZRGKNKP<br />
310<br />
FKKVM<br />
,305<br />
,315<br />
,323<br />
,324<br />
,329<br />
,332<br />
,335<br />
,336<br />
,341<br />
,364<br />
386<br />
N<br />
,FNGKZCBN<br />
GKRGJRB<br />
325<br />
\GKPGBN<br />
,380<br />
,381<br />
382<br />
,YfN<br />
QG’D<br />
356<br />
,QKRN<br />
’WKNKB ZKPKENG<br />
,333 ,323 ,(’TF)322<br />
334<br />
FP[N"<br />
BN[G<br />
"FP[N<br />
,314<br />
,352<br />
,357<br />
,362<br />
,363<br />
FBZ<br />
OD<br />
\E<br />
P<br />
OKBMGEP<br />
,302<br />
,303<br />
,321<br />
327<br />
FRKEP<br />
,322 ,320{317 ,312{308 ,302<br />
,324<br />
,333{331<br />
,335<br />
,337<br />
,339<br />
,350<br />
,364<br />
,371<br />
372<br />
KRC<br />
FRKEPF<br />
,320<br />
,327<br />
332<br />
\IJCF<br />
OGKY<br />
FRKEPF<br />
332<br />
\GKRKEP<br />
,347<br />
,349<br />
,350<br />
,352<br />
,353<br />
,381<br />
384<br />
NBP[ ,QKPK<br />
TXPBG<br />
,380<br />
384<br />
TEP<br />
,322<br />
377<br />
TEP<br />
KZKVPB<br />
367<br />
TEP<br />
KRZEGP<br />
,357<br />
362<br />
I\VP<br />
KC\MN<br />
ZGEF<br />
QGZIBF<br />
391
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
392<br />
,318 ,311 ,310 ,309 ,308 ,306 OKNFRP<br />
,333 ,332 ,331 ,327 ,320 ,319<br />
342 ,337<br />
\E OD FBZ ,338 \ZGSP<br />
332 ,330 ,327 ,322 ,316 ,309 OKEKCTP<br />
383 ,322 ,321 ,309 EPTP<br />
,354 ,351 ,349 ,346 ,343 ,340 OK[TP<br />
365 ,360 ,356<br />
365 ,356 ,345 OKCGJ OK[TP<br />
365 OKKRIGZ OK[TP<br />
385 ,370 \GDNVP<br />
,309 ,308 ,307 ,306 ,304 OKIYVP<br />
,332 ,331 ,327 ,317 ,316 ,310<br />
342 ,337<br />
,363 ,361 ,356 ,343 ,328 ,324 \GGXP<br />
374 ,373 ,365<br />
374 \GGXPFG FZG\F [GZKVC NGYNYF<br />
365 \GGXP KPTJ<br />
373 BKSFZVC \GGXP<br />
,373 ,354 ,348 ,335 ,297 \GBKXP<br />
386 ,383 ,380 ,378 ,374<br />
331 ,316 ,309 OKZXP<br />
FBZ ,365 ,360 ,351 ,346 ,298 FB@ZP<br />
IGP ;NM[ OD<br />
316 ,313 OKN[GZP<br />
,328 ,325 ,323 ,321 ,303 NZY ,SYZP<br />
,380 ,379 ,374 ,(’TF)353 ,334<br />
381<br />
383 ,381 ,380 ,349 ,313 OHKSYZP<br />
311 ,310 ,307 OKIKD[P<br />
,317 ,315 ,310 ,306 ,305 ,304 ZJ[P<br />
,342 ,335 ,329 ,327 ,325 ,324<br />
374 ,361 ,360 ,356<br />
326 KJSKBGDB ZJ[P<br />
312 UGZDB ZJ[P<br />
363 K\E ZJ[P<br />
312 IGM ZJ[P<br />
327 ,311 ,309 ,308 ,304 FKKVM ZJ[P<br />
329 Z[GBG YEX ZJ[P<br />
,317 ,310 ,304 ,303 KR[GMZ ZJ[P<br />
341 ,329<br />
366 ,351 ,343 \GFP<br />
\K\EF FSKV\C FMVFP :\E FBZ FMVFP<br />
359 OKYGSTG OKNJCGP<br />
332 ,321 ,317 ,298 \GGP<br />
357 F\KPF OGK<br />
,386 ,384 ,365 ,346 KGPKEG QGZMKH ,IGP<br />
FB@ZP OD FBZ<br />
ZPGI OD FBZ ,364 ,330 ZBGBV CKJGP<br />
YNE<br />
,335 ,330 ,328 ,318 ,316 OKZ[MGP<br />
372 ,371<br />
,330 ,327{321 ,313{311 ,305 ZSGP<br />
,350 ,347 ,346 ,342 ,335 ,333<br />
367 ,360 ,357 ,353 ,352<br />
371 ZSGP KZVS<br />
357 ,352 ,347 ZSGPF \ZG\<br />
364 \GKZSGP<br />
385 ,316 OKINXGP<br />
332 ,324 OKN[GP<br />
331 ,327 ,317 ,306 OKYNIP<br />
379 ,316 ,314 ZGSIP<br />
357 ,351 ZYIP<br />
,352 ,351 \KCKJYKKCGS FZKYI/FSKV\<br />
365 ,356<br />
351 ,346 ,345 ,340 ,314 FC[IP<br />
356 ,353 KZGJSKF OHKNBKZJP<br />
GZVS) "OHKXKJKZY=GKZKVPBG OHKNBKZJP"<br />
322 (QKRN N[<br />
364 ,347 ,302 ,301 \GEKP<br />
332 ,320 OKJGTKP<br />
,318{315 ,313 ,309 ,303 ,302 FPINP<br />
,337 ,334 ,333 ,328 ,326 ,321<br />
384 ,382 ,381 ,362 ,359<br />
349 \KZCF KNTC<br />
341 ,310 ,302 ,301 ONGT \GPINP<br />
375 Y[RF \\KC[<br />
,331 ,327 ,324 ,323 ,320 ,313 FN[PP<br />
332<br />
370 WZBF \N[PP<br />
,333 ,325 ,322 ,318 ,316 ,298 OKDKFRP<br />
360 ,352 ,350 ,345 ,337
393<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF KC\MN I\VP<br />
361 ,349 ,348 ,347 OHKNBKXGS<br />
361 KPGBN=QKC GB KPGBN<br />
324 ’WKCGRGKZSKG UKSGK ,QKNJS<br />
355 ,353 \GK\CKS<br />
334 QKS<br />
,357 ,352 ,340 ,335 ,318 ,313 YGVKS<br />
385<br />
335 ,327 ,318 ,310 FRMS<br />
342 ,331 ,324 ,305 \GKNJRPKJRS<br />
T<br />
341 ,336 ,331 ,322 ,309 \GECT<br />
338 ,328 ,322 ,312 FEGCT<br />
385 ,383 FEGCT QPH<br />
LZGXF KVM NCYNG \NGMKF KVM EGCTN<br />
,321 ,312 ,311 ,308 ,307 ,304<br />
,339 ,335 ,330 ,329 ,328 ,323<br />
385 ,383 ,359<br />
330 ,323 ,316 ,311 ,304 FEGCT QGKZV<br />
372 ,371 FCER \GT[G FCGI \GT[<br />
372 ,369 ,339 ,312 FEGCT \GT[<br />
372 ,371 \GT[ CKXY\<br />
,311 ,310 ,308 ,306 ,305 ,304 OKECGT<br />
,339 ,332 ,331 ,330 ,322 ,316<br />
375 ,360 ,359<br />
369 ,338 ,331 ,316 ,309 ,308 OKVEGT<br />
ONGT<br />
377 ,338 ,332 ,309 ,299 ONGTF KRC<br />
348 [EIP ONGT QKKRC<br />
383 ,335 ONGTF \NGBD<br />
,349 ,336 ,334 ,328 ONGTF QCZGI<br />
FPINP OD FBZ ,375 ,363 ,350<br />
312 \IB FIV[P ONGTF NM<br />
339 ,312 \KHMZP FEGYR ,ONGT<br />
340 ,313 ,309 ONGTF OGKY<br />
353 ONGTF \SKV\<br />
340 BCF ONGT<br />
352 ,351 ,299 ,297 FHF ONGT<br />
351 FHF ONGTN WGIP<br />
354 ,351 ,299 OKRGKNT \GPNGT<br />
374 ,304 ,303 KVG\K[ ZJ[P<br />
OD FBZ ,361 ,360 ,353 ,349 JV[P<br />
JV[PG YGI :QGZIB ZGE<br />
361 ,349 ,347 OGN[F JV[P<br />
,361 ,349 ,336 ,330 ,327 ,316 OHKXBR<br />
374 ,362<br />
375 ,355 ,354 ,353 FBGCR<br />
353 ,348 ,343 ,301 BZCR<br />
356 ,316 OKBMER<br />
,347 ,346 ,340 ,322 ,321 ,316 YHR<br />
,367 ,365 ,361 ,360 ,352 ,350<br />
\NTG\ :FZCI OD FBZ ,379 ,378<br />
FZCIN YHKFG<br />
,308 ,307 ,306 ,305 ,303 ,302 OKN[IR<br />
,329 ,328 ,327 ,322 ,317 ,309<br />
342 ,338 ,337 ,331 ,330<br />
340 ,314 KGEKR<br />
350 OHKNKFKR<br />
350 ,324 ONFNKG LKZEKZV ,F[JKR<br />
367,364,361,359,352,350,349 SGPKR<br />
364 KPGBN=QKC SGPKR<br />
,334,332,331,322,321,307,306 NGXKR<br />
383 ,382 ,379 ,360 ,347 ,342<br />
378 ,367 ,365 ,311 ,298 ,297 [VR<br />
365 ,340 ,313 [VRF \ZB[F<br />
,315 ,305 ,304 ,302 [VR \GZKSP<br />
382 ,371 ,333 ,327 ,324<br />
333 OKJSKESF [VR<br />
362 ,357 [VRF \GIGM NGNM[<br />
350 \GZXR<br />
R<br />
S<br />
333 OHKEBS<br />
,335 ,318 ,315 ,309 ,308 ,298 NCS<br />
364 ,359 ,341<br />
361 ,329 ,310 ,308 ,305 ,304 OKJKKCGS<br />
346 ,336 ,331 ,327 ,317 ,306 OKZIGS
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
394<br />
344 ,343 FZGXG OXT<br />
367 ,366 \J[VGP FZGX<br />
(’TF)346 ,343 ,301 FZGX KGRK[<br />
\E OD FBZ ,363 ,362 ,352 LZGX<br />
362 KZPGI<br />
363 ,362 ,357 ,352 K[VR<br />
352 KHKV<br />
363 KJPDZV<br />
,317 ,315 ,314 ,312 ,311 ,298 ZGCKX<br />
,350 ,347 ,346 ,340 ,339 ,331<br />
OD FBZ ,371 ,367 ,361 ,359 ,352<br />
\NTG\ ;EGCT[ ;FTE ;FZCI<br />
316 ZGCKXF \BGG[F<br />
305 ZGCKXF KZICR<br />
,349 ,348 ,347 QKKRC CGZG QKKRP CGZ<br />
361 ,360 ,353 ,350<br />
,321 ,316 ,312 ,311 ,305 ZGCKX CGZ<br />
,336 ,333 ,332 ,330 ,328 ,326<br />
339 ,338 ,337<br />
370 ZGCKXF \GZ[<br />
341 ,333 ,310 FKXHKNKCKX<br />
375 ,360 ,341 ,334 ,327 ,326 \GRGKX<br />
360 WZBF NHD<br />
316 FKYCGNSGM’X<br />
370 ZTX<br />
340 ,330 ,316 FMKZX<br />
360 ,347 \VZX<br />
Y<br />
FNCYF \PMI FBZ FNCY<br />
OD FBZ ,369 ,359 ,358 (\KPXT) FNCY<br />
NCYN QGXZ<br />
OHKRGPGY<br />
,305 ,304 OHKRGPGY/OKJSKRGPGY KJRB<br />
,329 ,327 ,326 ,320 ,319 ,317<br />
342 ,341 ,337 ,332<br />
303 OKRG[BZF OKJSKRGPGYF<br />
341 OHKRGPGYF N[ KR[F CN[F<br />
,308 ,306 ,305 ,303 ,302 OKJSKRGPGY<br />
,332 ,327 ,323 ,320 ,319 ,316<br />
341 ,337<br />
[RGTG ZM[ FBZ [RGT<br />
364 ,333 ,323 ,312 OKPT<br />
334 ,310 OKKRT<br />
ZBGBFRVG[ ;FZGX FBZ OXT<br />
360 ,342 ,341 ,335 OKC]Z^T#<br />
347 ,334 ,310 OKZK[T<br />
V<br />
380 ,350 QKNGV<br />
,311 ,310 ,308 ,306 ,304 ,303 OKNTGV<br />
381 ,374 ,361 ,359 ,323 ,321<br />
323 KNTGV ZJ[P<br />
380 ,348 ,332 ,321 ,320 EIV<br />
368 ,366 ,365 ,336 ,328 ,318 FKVGSGNKV<br />
325 KDZGBKD ,CGRBMNV<br />
355 ,354 ,298 \GJRNV<br />
351 OHKB\RV<br />
346 ,335 FKDGNGMKSV<br />
,313 ,310 ,302 ,301 QPKP/OGJB \GXXV<br />
340 ,334 ,328<br />
331 ,319 ,309 ,308 ,307 ,306 OKEKYV<br />
335 ,334 ,328 ,323 ,313 OKBZV<br />
363 ,362 ,352 ,351 OHKJPDZV<br />
322 FKXYJGZV<br />
,309 ,308 ,307 ,305 ,303 QGKZJKNGZV<br />
,327 ,324 ,323 ,319 ,318 ,310<br />
,341 ,337 ,332 ,331 ,329 ,328<br />
381 ,347 ,342<br />
,349 ,341 ,336 ,334 ,333 \GKCKJKPKZV<br />
363 ,361 ,353<br />
366 ,354 ,351 \KHKV=GMKSV \GKNNZV<br />
380 OHK[V<br />
385 ,383 ,350 \GZ[V<br />
X<br />
,324 ,318 ,316 ,314 ,312 ,305 YEX<br />
386 ,361 ,358 ,342 ,341 ,329<br />
385 ,331 ,317 FYEX<br />
ZBGBFRVG[ OD FBZ FZGX<br />
354 ,343 ,302 ,301 FZGX \BGG[F
395<br />
QGZIBF ZGEF KC\MN I\VP<br />
,337 ,336 ,329 ,319 ,316 ,306 FKSGZ<br />
384 ,374 ,347<br />
364 ,322 JGKZJVN C[IRF IXGZ<br />
,336 ,317 ,313 ,310 ,309 ,308 [GMZ<br />
370 ,366 ,365 ,360 ,359 ,340<br />
340 ,334 ,317 [GMZF NGJKC<br />
323 [GMZF KNTC<br />
330 ,315 ,312 [GMZF \PBNF<br />
359 KZGCKX [GMZ<br />
316 \GR[GMZ<br />
375 ,360 ,359 ,324 ,321 OKR[GMZ<br />
333 ,330 OKBPZ<br />
375 ,354 QGPKP QC F[P ’Z ,O"CPZ<br />
380 ,338 ,308 ,297 CTZ<br />
,344 ,336 ,335 ,327 ,317 ,315 QGXZ<br />
FBZ ,386 ,365 ,351 ,346 ,345<br />
ZBGBFRVG[ OD<br />
,336 ,315 ,314 ,301 TKV[FN QGXZ<br />
,375 ,374 ,354 ,353 ,344 ,343<br />
FTV[F OD FBZ<br />
354 TKV[FN FKJR<br />
,371 ,353 ,344 ,343 ,301 NCYN QGXZ<br />
(\KPXT) FNCY OD FBZ<br />
343 QGXZF \NEDP FZJPF \D[F<br />
[<br />
360 ,337 ,321 ,309 ,308 F\KC[<br />
343 ZG\ZB ,ZBGBFRVG[<br />
,354 ,351 ,349 ,345 ,298 ,297 NM[<br />
,381 ,379 ,366 ,365 ,360 ,356<br />
FB@ZP OD FBZ ,386 ,384<br />
,313 ,311 ,310 ,306 ,304 [RGTG ZM[<br />
,340 ,338 ,332 ,330 ,322 ,320<br />
385 ,373 ,372<br />
,378 ,361 ,349 ,347 ,334 ,310 OGN[<br />
OGN[F JV[P :JV[P OD FBZ<br />
320 ,319 (NSBZ N[ GZVS) "QGJN["<br />
,311 ,305 "LN[ { LN[ ,KN[ { KN["<br />
342 ,321 ,316<br />
,316 ,311 "LN[ { LN[ ,LN[ { KN["<br />
330 ,328 ,321<br />
,325 ,321{313 ,310 KJSKBGDB OHKRGPGY<br />
341 ,340 ,337{329 ,326<br />
321 ZKCKSN FKNDF<br />
331 ,327 ,317 OKMRG OKNGI ,OKRYHN SIK<br />
331 ,327 ,316 FRKEPFP FBKXK \TKRP<br />
332 ,320 \GNGGTF OGSZV \TKRP<br />
,315{311 ,309 KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGY<br />
,342{335 ,326 ,325 ,321 ,318<br />
QGZIB ZGE OD FBZ<br />
335 KPGBN=QKC KJSKBGZJNB OHKRGPGY<br />
308 K\KPB OHKRGPGY<br />
,334 ,326 ,313 KPGBN=QKC OHKRGPGY<br />
338 ,336<br />
311 QYG\P OHKRGPGY<br />
359 KJPDZV OHKRGPGY<br />
,286 (ONGSF NTC \BP) "OGN[F" SZJRGY<br />
,(’TF)364 ,(’TF)355 ,(’TF)330 ,309<br />
(’TF)374<br />
331 ,327 ,317 OKRGY<br />
318 \GKGND WGCKY<br />
335 ,327 ,303 OKXGCKY<br />
375 ,374 ,373 ,358 ,357 FPEKY<br />
357 OHKRBZKY<br />
,333 ,329 ,321 ,317 ,316 ,310 FBRY<br />
384<br />
381 OKZVGS \BRY<br />
362 ,357 ,352 ,346 NBGRPT ,JRY<br />
366 ,334 QKKRY<br />
386 ,385 ,384 ,382 ,381 KJZV QKKRY<br />
385 ,382 ,381 OKKP[D OKRKKRY<br />
382 OKKRIGZ OKRKKRY<br />
334 ,319 ,308 ,307 ,303 OHKNJKVY<br />
,319 ,308 ,307 ,306 ,305 OKJSKNJKVY<br />
342 ,323<br />
342 OKNG\Y<br />
Z<br />
(’TF)320 ,(’TF)319 ERZJZC ,NSBZ<br />
ZGCKX FBZ QKKRC CGZG QKKRP CGZ<br />
360 ,359 ,353 ,339 OKIGGZ<br />
366 ,365 ,343 ,338 ,301 \GKRIGZ
QGZIBF<br />
ZGEF KC\M<br />
396<br />
,364 ,357 ,351 ,349 ,346 \GK\NTG\<br />
367<br />
375 ,366 ,343 ,302 FZG\<br />
OD FBZ ,356 ,302 ,301 FZG\ LZE<br />
OKZGSKK<br />
374 \GGXPFG FZG\F [GZKVC NGYNYF<br />
,355 ,353 ,346 FH\RKSG FH\ KJRB ,FH\<br />
363 ,356<br />
,345 ,341 ,331 ,327 ,312 ,299 QGYK\<br />
382 ,355 ,353<br />
319 FZCIF QGYK\<br />
309 FRKEPF QGYK\<br />
323 ,309 ONGTF QGYK\<br />
356 ,355 ,354 ,353 \KNM\<br />
,357 ,310 ,306 ,304 ,303 ,302 FZGP\<br />
374 ,358<br />
ONGTF QGYK\ \JK[ \XVF FBZ FNGPT\<br />
,369 ,358 ,357 ,355 ,354 ,353 DGRT\<br />
385 ,370<br />
357 KIXR DGRT\<br />
\E OD FBZ ,375 FNKV\<br />
360 ,353 ,349 ,348 OKVKY\<br />
340 ,313 \GYG[\<br />
KGPKEG QGZMKH ,IGP OD FBZ ,384 TEGP=\\<br />
\GNTC ODFBZ ,331,327,318,305 FJKN[<br />
331 ,318 ,317 ,316 OKJKN[<br />
356 ,354 ,323 ,301 ,297 \GPN[<br />
381 ,379 \GRZP[<br />
375 OKRZP[<br />
335 ,334 ,333 ,329 ,321 ,317 ,312 FBR[<br />
380 \EF \BR[<br />
369 ,341 ,327 EGCT[<br />
358 GK\GKZCN EGCT[ GB BZGCF EGCT[<br />
356 LGZC ,FHGRKV[<br />
,363 ,362 ,346 ,345 ,332 ,324 ZY[<br />
367 ,366<br />
386 ,384 ,383 ,382 ,381 \GRV\[<br />
386 KRV\[F QGKTZ<br />
386 ,384 OKRV\[<br />
\<br />
,365 ,363 ,360 ,358 ,357 ,302 \NTG\<br />
\NTG\ :FZCI OD FBZ ,367 ,366<br />
FZCIF YHKFG<br />
362 BZGCF \NTG\<br />
364 ,347 ,345 ,321 ZGCKXF \NTG\<br />
371 \KJZV \NTG\
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
ZGEF<br />
KRKTC<br />
ONGSF<br />
NTC<br />
OKK[Y KBNP GKF ONGSF NTC N[ GKKI OD ,OKZIB OKNCGYPN FPGEC<br />
WZBN FKKNTN FNGED \GCK[I ONGSF NTC SIKK F[ZGGC G\GKFC .\GKGEDR\FG<br />
QPHF TKDF KM FBKZYC OKRG[ OKRCZ NB FRV BGF .FC \GC[KK\FNG NBZ[K<br />
1919=C .\GKRGNKIF QP [[IP USF NT \BH GNN[ OF ONGB ,FXZB \GNTN<br />
EIK \GNTN FZJPC \GIV[P \GBP \C FXGCY QDZBN ONGSF NTC WPB\F<br />
QKKRTF TEGR[P LB ,GEKC FNT JTPM ZCEF .U\G[P CG[KK FC OKYFNG WZBN<br />
OFP DVSG FEGR ONGSF NTC .UYG\ NMC LMN GEDR\F OF ,OKZIBF OKRCZN<br />
QGKTZF ,IGMC OFKEK NT FZHGV LZEC[ OKNGTF \XGCY .HGC N[ \GRG\KY<br />
.1921=C OECN FXZB GNT G\IV[PG ONGSF NTCG ,NMGS<br />
OSZGV[ ,KYSZGS QGZFB N[ GZPBPP EGPNN Q\KR GH FCGBM FKK[ZV NT<br />
:1986=C<br />
\GEPGT ,FRG[BZF ONGTF \PINP OGKS ZIBN FR[M ,|1919~ V"Z\C"<br />
UKK[ ,NKKTG UKK[ ,TRJXPF DN[B N"KZFP .OKN[GZK LKZT[C GKNDZ GKF<br />
FRKNT\[ \GIV[P 300 \C FNGED FXGCY QDZBN FSKRG GZEDP BXK ,YKVRG<br />
GZ\KB .OKEKDG ZGT OGZYN NKI\F GN[ QGKTZF .FEPI WZBC NIR\FN<br />
LB ,FKNTN QMGP FKF NMF ,FKEC[P OKVKZX GRKPHF ZCM ,OKIJ[<br />
NNGDN OGYPF QBM BN .FCKBC \KRM\F \B NMSN IKNXF QJ[=F[TP<br />
OB KE GRKRKTN NCB ,FK[RF OGF\C FTY[ QPHP Z[B ,GH FCGBM FK[ZV<br />
QGZFB) "OVDC G\KC KRCG DN[B N"KZFP FNGT \GIV[PF 300 NMP[ QKKXR<br />
OK[GN[ :ONGSF NTC { N"YGXH DN[B CKKN FEGFK KCZ Z"GPEBF" ,KYSZGS<br />
.(G"P[\ KZ[\C ’J ,"TKEGPF" ,"G\GYN\SFN FR[<br />
,QGSPZC USGK CZF N[ GZVS BGF FKK[ZVF \ZMHGP GC[ USGR ZGYP<br />
KB[IC QDZB ONGSF NTC KM GC ZVGSP ."YIGEF WYF :ONGT \GPK"<br />
425
FXGCY<br />
\C<br />
\GBP<br />
,OK[RB<br />
ZYI<br />
\B<br />
KVRT<br />
FSRZVF<br />
OKKZ[VBF<br />
WZBC<br />
,NBZ[K<br />
FR\FG<br />
NM[<br />
EIB<br />
EPNK<br />
TGXYP<br />
KRVN<br />
G\KKNT<br />
.FXZB<br />
G\KRMG\<br />
F\KKF<br />
OKYFN<br />
CG[KK<br />
ZZGD\FNG<br />
OKVKZXC<br />
GRPHGF[<br />
.ONGFYGJ[P<br />
ONGB<br />
EGSF<br />
,FND\F<br />
OKZ"GPEBFG<br />
GNIF<br />
UGEZN<br />
\B<br />
KZCI<br />
,FXGCYF<br />
GMF<br />
O\GB<br />
GXING<br />
OFKNT<br />
KTXPBC<br />
,ZGZJ<br />
1919=C[ ET<br />
FZHGV<br />
.FXGCYF<br />
NTC<br />
ONGSF<br />
LK[PF<br />
,GN[C<br />
ZMP<br />
\B<br />
G\ZKE<br />
\BG<br />
GKZVS<br />
QRGM\FG<br />
\GNTN<br />
,FXZB<br />
LB<br />
HB<br />
GNIF<br />
\GTZV<br />
\GRGJN[FG<br />
GYKSVF<br />
\B<br />
.FKKNTF<br />
OKK\RKC<br />
FYSVGF<br />
G\YSTF<br />
CZM<br />
BGFG<br />
ZSGIP Z\GR<br />
\KC<br />
.FSRZVG<br />
ZIBN<br />
,FKKNTF F[EGI OK[EGI FPM<br />
DICG<br />
N[ \GMGSF<br />
\R[<br />
1921<br />
GTKDF<br />
NTC<br />
ONGSF<br />
G\IV[PG<br />
,FXZB<br />
NPRN<br />
GVK<br />
USGK)<br />
,QGSPZC<br />
\GPK<br />
\GDF ,YIGEF WYF :ONGT<br />
[TPG<br />
N[ ORGHI ZGBN<br />
KNGED<br />
NBZ[K<br />
\GZGEC<br />
,OKRGZIBF<br />
OKN[GZK<br />
,O"[\<br />
’PT<br />
.(99<br />
*<br />
G\GKFC<br />
WZBC<br />
[KEYF<br />
NTC<br />
ONGSF<br />
\B<br />
GKKI<br />
ZGBKCN<br />
\PMI<br />
FNCYF<br />
F\XVFNG<br />
NFYN<br />
.CIZF<br />
\R[C<br />
1933<br />
NIF<br />
BKXGFN<br />
ZGBN<br />
\ZES<br />
OKSZJRGY<br />
G[EYGF[<br />
\XVF"N<br />
\GTKEK<br />
\GKZGYP<br />
N[<br />
\P[R<br />
,\GEFKF<br />
\EF<br />
\PMIG<br />
FNCYF<br />
QKC<br />
\GZE[<br />
."OTF<br />
SZJRGYF<br />
QG[BZF<br />
FKF<br />
Q\P"<br />
"FZG\<br />
G[BZCG<br />
QKGX<br />
KM<br />
TKVGK"<br />
OK[KPIC<br />
."OKYNI<br />
GP[<br />
N[<br />
ZPBPF<br />
QG[BZF<br />
BCGPF<br />
GC<br />
EKTP<br />
\KTP[P=EI<br />
NT<br />
\RGGM<br />
:ZCIPF<br />
\T"<br />
."\G[TN<br />
ZGCTM<br />
OKKTGC[<br />
BXK<br />
SZJRGYF<br />
KR[F<br />
FZESC<br />
,"\GCZTF"<br />
GKZIBNG<br />
K[KN[F<br />
,QGZIBFG<br />
SZJRGY<br />
."OGN[F"<br />
N[ G\PDP<br />
NTC<br />
ONGSF<br />
WKVFN<br />
\B<br />
\PMI<br />
FNCYF<br />
OKCZC<br />
BN<br />
FB[R<br />
QI<br />
KRKTC<br />
,GKEDR\P<br />
OFG<br />
GBKCF<br />
KEKN<br />
\YSVF<br />
N[ OPGSZV<br />
.OKZPBPF<br />
UGNIC<br />
OKR[F<br />
ZVKS<br />
NT<br />
LM<br />
’C<br />
KGERN<br />
EIBC<br />
OKRG\KTF<br />
:HBE<br />
\[N["<br />
\GRGKNDF<br />
GBXK[<br />
ZGBN<br />
ONGT<br />
GZZGT<br />
OKEF<br />
OKCGZP<br />
UB<br />
OKDGIC<br />
OKK[VI<br />
LG\PG<br />
\G[[I<br />
’GMG<br />
NEI<br />
,OSKVEFN<br />
KEG<br />
"QKCPN<br />
’C)<br />
,KGERN<br />
N"KZFP"<br />
DN[B<br />
:N"XH<br />
OGKN<br />
FR[F<br />
,"G\GYN\SFN<br />
QGKMZB<br />
QGMPF<br />
ZYIPN<br />
["T<br />
CZF<br />
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Æ¢˙Ȉ·Ș‰†‰ÚÂapple˙‰<br />
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הרב ברוך שלום אשלג, הרב"ש<br />
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ARI - Ashlag Research Institute<br />
המכון למחקר ע"ש הרב אשלג<br />
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ÆÌÈÈÎÂappleÈÁÂ<br />
www.ashlag.info<br />
בְּנֵי ברוך<br />
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www.kabbalah.info<br />
∫ͯ·†Èapple·†˙¯ÈÎÊÓ<br />
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מקורות עיקריים ללימוד קבלה<br />
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לימוד חוכמת הקבלה<br />
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±≠∑∞∞≠µ∞π≠≤∞π ∫ßÏË·† ÌȯÂËÈϘ˙† ÌȯÙÒ† ˙appleÓʉ<br />
www.kabbalahbooks.co.il www.kabbalah.info†∫Ëapple¯Ëappleȇ·Â
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