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Michael Laitman Ph.D.<br />

THE ARVUT (BOND)<br />

Copyright ' 2005 by Laitman <strong>Kabbalah</strong> Publishers<br />

127 Ramblewood Lane<br />

Thornhill ONT. L4J 6R3, Canada<br />

All rights reserved<br />

www.kabbalah.info<br />

www.kab.tv<br />

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IRGPF TKVGP ZVSC OKPKKGSP OKYNIC .GRKCB OFZCB KPKC FPY[ OKNCGYP<br />

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13<br />

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NGMK KRB HB[ ,OGNM KN ZSIK BN[ QGIJKC F[GZKV OBF ?"\GCZTF" KFP<br />

OKZK[T OK[RB NXB GPM ?KPXTN FDBE OG[ BNN OKRG[ OKYGSKTN \GRV\FN<br />

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OKCKCI\C YZ BN ?OGNM OFN ZSIK BN[ ,ORGIJKC CYT ,QFKRKPN \GBY\VZFC<br />

QTPN OKRGDZB \PYFG FNKFYF QTPN \GNGTVC ,OKCGJ OK[TPC OD BNB ,ZCGEP<br />

YZ[ ,\GCZTC OD OKKY TKRP G\GB OBF .EGTG OK[K[Y QTPN ,OKYYHR OKENK<br />

FHF QKKRTF[ KRVP ,\NGHF \CFBC YSGT KRB HB YZ ,OGNM KN ZSI BN Z[BM<br />

?FVKG ECGMP KRKTC F[TR<br />

GN ZSIK BN[ LM ,OKK[KBF OKMZXF NM YGVKS ,GDBF YGVKS N[ F[KD GHKB<br />

LKZX OEBF TGEP ?\NGHF \CFBC YGSTN NMGK[ KEM WPBN OEB LKZX ,OGNM<br />

OBF ?\NGHC YGSTN \GRV\FN NMGK[ KEM ,OKZIB N[ \GIJCFC GPXT BNPN<br />

?OGNM KN ZSIK BN[ TDZP YZ \NGHF \B CGFBN FTP[P "\NGHF \CFB"<br />

\B OEBN OKYVSP OKZIBF[ KBR\C YZ[ ,FHM NG[MP BZGCF BZC TGEP<br />

QM BN OB[ ,FCFBC YSGT BGF HB YZ ,OGNM GN ZSIK BN[ IGJC BGFG ,GKMZX<br />

OKYVSP Z[BM GNKBG .FCFBC YST\FN GRPP [GZEN OGYP ,TCJF EXP QKB<br />

.FCFB OFN ZKHIKG O\GB CFBK[ OFN IJCGP ,GN YGYH BGF[ FP NM GN<br />

QMGP FKFK HB YZG ,GN DGBENG G\GB CGFBN FMKZX FZCIF OEGY ,ZPGNM<br />

?OKZCIC YGSTN<br />

GDBC FMKP\<br />

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OEBF[ KEM ,BGCKZ OK[K[ ,UNB \GBP [[ ,OKKGSP OK[RB ZVSP ,FPKN[<br />

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14<br />

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KEM GB ,QGIJKC [KDZK[ LM ,NCYN QGXZF \B BNPN KEM OBF ?OK[RB EXP<br />

BN Z[BMG ?"\NGHF \CFB" \BZYRF FCGD\ GC BZC\ \BHF \GP[Z\FF[<br />

YGSTN Z[VB KB[ ZPGB FH OBF ,OKZIBP FHF QGIJKCF \B OK[KDZP<br />

?\NGHF \CFBC<br />

\B TKDZFN GETGR ,\NGHFP [KDZP OEBF[ QGIJKCF ,\GCZTF \[DZF OBF<br />

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?FCFBN GC OKMVGF ,\NGHFP FHF SIKF OT OEBF N[ GDBF HB[ ,ZPGNM<br />

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OKYVSP OKZIBF OB ,GN \VMKB BN NNMC[ GB .GKMZX NM \B GN OKYVSP<br />

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15<br />

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19<br />

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TKDFN KEM ETGR YI[PF NM .YI[P OF OD ,FZCIFP \GCGD\F OTG NCYN QGXZF<br />

.GKNB \GZCI\FNG GPT Z[YN ,BZGCC \GYCE N[ CXPN ,KVGSF CXPN<br />

GRPP OKZJVR LM ZIBG ,G\GB OKYI[P[ BNG .CG[IG KIZMF ZCE BGF YI[P<br />

.KIXR ZCE BGF .KNM [P[P GPXT YI[PF BNB ,ZIB GF[PN OKTKDPG<br />

,BZGCF OBF .FHN FH OKCZT \GKFN CKKIPF KP FNB[F \Z\GR QKKET<br />

,FCFB QKDVFN ,\GCZT NCYNG ZCI\FN OKCKKIP ,\KVGSF FZJPF ,GC \GYCEF<br />

OKCKKIPF OF ,\GZXF ,OKKIF ,GPXT "FTZV" KNGB GB ?ONGM KVNM EIB NM<br />

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QGXZFP IGZCN OKXGZ KM YZ ,NCYN QGXZF LG\P \GCZTN OK[DKR OB<br />

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NCYN QGXZF \B \GBZN LKZX .FZJPN OKTKDP BN \GCZTF \GTXPBC[<br />

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OEBF ,ZPGNM .BZGCFP YG\KRF CYT ZTX ,\GKRIGZ \GMP BNB \GKRVGD \GMP<br />

OKNKI\P FH QVGBC OB .YG\PG ZPN BNG ,ZY[NG \PBN SIKC TZG CGJ [KDZP<br />

GC[ ,\KRIGZF \GI\V\FF NKC[N SRMR OEBF ,OKKIC \GBKXPN SIKK\FN<br />

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20<br />

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?FKNB TKDFN IZMF<br />

GB ,OKKR[ ,EIBM ,OKJTPM QGYK\F ZPDNG QGYK\N GTKDF[ OKNCGYPF<br />

QGYK\ NT ZCGEP OGKM .FPDGE OKGGFP ORKB GR\RKICP ,FZ[T N[ FXGCY<br />

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OKR[F OKKVNBC JZVC ,GRKPK ETG FZG\F \NCY HBP { \GRGZIBF OKR[F<br />

.FIMGF GB FPDGE OKGGFP ORKB { KR[F \KCF QCZGI ZIBN[<br />

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FNBN F\KF[ GHP Z\GK FCZF FNGED \GKCTN GRTDF \GKGNDFG \GRCZGIF NM<br />

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?GHF \GKCTF NT ZCD\FN KEM \YVSPF \GPMF KFP NGB[N OGYPF QBM<br />

OK[KPI N[ ,OK[RB F[KPI N[ \PXPGXP FZCI ,FRJY FXGCY OBF ,ZPGNM<br />

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OKNGMK QMB [KB UNB OK[KPI OBG ?"BGCKZ OK[K[" \BZYRF ,\GCZTF<br />

GNKVB GB ,F[KPI GB OK[KPI OD F\GB YVSN OKNGMK OBF ,\GCZT YVSN<br />

?OKKR[ OF OKCZ JGTKP KM ,OKKR[<br />

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BNB .OKVRTC TXC\FN \CKKI \GCZTF[ CXPC OKBXPR GRIRB OGKFG .OPXT<br />

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.\GNT\FN NKI\FNG "FZG\" BZYR[ FNTPNP IGMF \B NCYN KEM ,[KB UNB

21<br />

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.\IB FVKVMC \GZE \GKP[DFG \GKRIGZF GKF KR[ \KCG QG[BZ \KC QCZGI ET<br />

OK[RB KVNB .\KPKRVF \KRIGZF F[DZFN OB\FC GKF OKKP[DF OKKGJKCF<br />

\B YGKEC G[KDZF OF .BZGCFG QGKNTF ONGTF BKF \GBKXPF[ F[DZFC GKI<br />

BGF QMNG ,Y\TR FHF CXPF QM KZIB NCB .GKNB TKDFN UGB[N GRZGE NT[ FP<br />

ET OKBXPR GRB FC[ \GND ,"\GND" BZYR [IZ\F[ YG\KRFG ."QCZGI" BZYR<br />

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Q\GR BGF ,OKR\[P ORKB OKYGI[ QKCR[ KEMG .FRMF LKZX ,ONGSF NTC ZPGB<br />

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\GIGM ,FNTPNP \GND\F NCYN OKMKZX GKF QMNG ,’B \GKCT \DZEC ,NCYN<br />

OKNMC GRC[ ET ,\GNTN GNKI\FG OGSIPF \B GXZV O\ZHTC[ ,FNTPNP<br />

\BG ,"FKIE QKIGP" \DZE ,QG[BZF [EYPF \KC \B ,OFN[ \GKCTC ,OFN[<br />

."FP[RE QKIGP" \DZEC KR[F [EYPF \KC<br />

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G\GB BGF KBR\FG .KC[C BXPR OEBF GC[ NCYN QGXZFP \BXN ,\GNDFP<br />

KEM ,FHF KBR\F \B NCYN OKRMGP[ OKECTF QKC \GCZT \GKFN \CKKI .KBR\<br />

OKRMGP OF FTV[FN TKDFN KEMG .FTV[FN TKDFNG ,\GZKIN GEK NT \BXN<br />

eNG T\ZR OEBF KM .NGVM NG[MP OEBN FBZR[ FP ,FH \B FH CGFBN GNKVB<br />

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22<br />

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23<br />

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ZCM OF .ZGIBN KZGJSKFF ZKXC GNNF OKCXPF NM \B ZHI[NG ZGHIN LZGX<br />

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\JKN[C ,NCYN QGXZF \JKN[C OKBXPR[ [KDZFN F[GZKV "OKZXP \GND"<br />

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ZCM FHF CXPF .ZFF NT FNTK[ F[P FKFK GRKRKCP EIBG FZG\ GRN GR\K[ O[<br />

BGF QMNG ,"OKRCNCG ZPGIC" ,FHF ONGTF N[ OKVGDC ,OKVRTC KGJKC KEKN TKDF<br />

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24<br />

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31<br />

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33<br />

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34<br />

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35<br />

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57<br />

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OKCZT \GKFN LKZX[ NT ,G\GNNMC \GCZTF D[GP NT FZ\SF GC \PKKY .\GCZTF<br />

ONTR FHF QGKTZF .\GCZTF QKKRT \B \GNDN LKZX[G ,FHM UIE OKKY[ ,FHN FH<br />

\DBE [BZN \GCZTF QKKRT FNGT CG[ ,\GKGNDFP \IB NM UGSC[ ET ,\GTEGPFP<br />

FKF LM .GC FKGN\ QYG\PF CXPN FZHIFG FNGBDF NM[ QKCFN OKNKI\PG ,OTF<br />

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FP KM .QGYK\F ZPDNG FZG\F \NCYN FMHR LMCG ,\GCZTF N[ JV[PFG<br />

NM KZIB ,Z\GKC FNGEDF \GKCTF \PZC GRC FND\K ,GRC \GND\FN EK\T[<br />

.Z\GKC FMGPRF FDZEN Q\EKZKC \GP[RF GZCT[ OKRGYK\F NMG OKNGYNYF<br />

ZGCTN \GP[RF NT[ FEGCTF NM \B ZGPDR ,\GCZTF \B OKKYR GRCXPC OBG<br />

.OKVGDC Q\G[CN\FC<br />

Z\K NM \B GMG\C NNGM BGF .TXCN GRKNT[ KEKIKF QGYK\F BKF \GCZTF<br />

EIB KNM \GKFN KEM [GMZN LKZX[ \GRGM\F NM \BG OKKYN LKZX[ OKBR\F<br />

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GRTDFG ,\GNDFP GRBXK[ KZIB GRRPHC GNKBG { \GP[RF QKC ZGHKVFG KRG[F<br />

,FHP FH OKYGIZG OKZHGVP GRB FPM ET GRN FND\P FDZEFC ,EIB OGYPN<br />

\KEEF \GCZTN BN BKF FRGGMFG .\KEEF \GCZTN OKNDGSP BNG OKXGZ BNG<br />

KNM \GKFN KEM \KEEFF \GCZTN BNB ,FHF ONGTC [GRB KRCM OKKY\FN KEM<br />

.FRKM[F \BZ[FN KNNM<br />

FRKM[F \D[FN KNM { \GCZT<br />

FPMSF KEK NT ;ONGM QKCG ,EIB NM N[ FEGCT KEK NT OKTKDP \GCZTN<br />

KBR\F BKF[ ,ZCI\FN GR\NGMKC QKB GKETNC[ ,WGIR ZCE BKF \GCZTF[<br />

FH \GCZTC OKXGZ[ OKJKNIP OBG .EIK \GP[RF NMG \GRGXZF NM \B ZCIN

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58<br />

\GKFN OKXGZ[ LG\P ,OKKY[ QYG\PF CXPFP FJPN OKBXPR[ KRVP HB ,FHN<br />

,GFP OKRKCP BNG OKTEGK BN ORPB .UKYP ZGB GRPP OKM[GPG OKRKPHP ,GC<br />

.GC \GKFN QGXZF YKVSP NCB<br />

ZGB ZG\C ,FNTPNP ZGBF ,FHF IGMF TKDP ,\GCZTC \GKFN OKPKMSP OBG<br />

,"FHN FH OKCZT" \GKFN FPMSFFP[ ,LM GR\GB QY\NG \GR[N NKI\PG ,UKYP<br />

OD LMG ,\GP[RF \GNNM\F FND\P LM ."FHC FH OKCZT" \GKFN OKMVGF<br />

,KNMF \B OKNDP[ FEKPCG .KNMF \B ,OKKY[ K\KPBF CXPF \B OKNDP<br />

GRN FPER[ OKCXPF Z\K NMG .OKKY[ EKIKF CXPN OKZHGI .ZGBF GC FND\P<br />

.FZMF ZETF N[ \GRG[ \GDZE YZ OF ,OFC OKBXPR[<br />

EIB NM NT KM ,OKNCGYPF NM \GXT \GCG\M ONGSF NTC N[ OKZPBPF NMC<br />

\P[RC QYG\PF GCXPP OKVKYP \GZGB ZZGTN ,EGPKNF QPHC CG[IN EIBG<br />

GCXPN G\GB CZYPG ,G\GB QY\PG BC FHF UKYPF ZGBF HBG ,"QG[BZF OEB"<br />

CXPN G\GB ZKHIPG ,G\GB QY\P ,G\GB FYRP ,G\GB FNTP ,ZPGNM .QYG\PF<br />

EIB NMN NNM LZEC OKRGV[ ,OKNCGYP O\GB LKB ,LM OB .QYG\PFG CGJF<br />

KZF ,\GCZTN DGBEN OKCKKI[ OD OKZPGB ,\KJZV=\K[KB FZGXC EIBG<br />

?FHN FH QKC FZK\S [K FZGBMN<br />

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CNC EIB [KBM" OKZIBF OT CZGTP \GKFN ,ZPGNM ,QYG\PF CXPN ZGHIN<br />

\K[KB FEGCT \G[TNG ,EGPKNF QPHC CG[IN ,OKNCGYPF N[ FXTFG ."EIB<br />

OKCGZY \GKFN ,UKYP ZGB LG[PN ,OEY\FN OKXGZ[ FRGGMC ,FXVFCG FXGCYC<br />

ZGXKN ,OKZIBC NNM\FN ,OKKJZV OKRGYK\ ,\GIGM NCYN F\KNM\ NM ,BZGCN<br />

KNMF QGYK\G .KNMF QGYK\ NT Z[BP WGI CG[IN FP NT OEBN QKB KM .EIB KNM<br />

YZG ,\JNIGP FIGRPC BXPR ZGBF QM[ .OKZIBF OKYNIF OT ZGCKI BGF<br />

.QY\KFN LKZX KNMF<br />

,\KJZVF FEGCTFP FBXG\F NMG ,\KJZV FEGCTC \GYYG\[FF NM QMN<br />

,ONGM \B NNGMF EZVR K\NC YNIM ,KNNMF KNMC \GNNM\FC \GKFN FMKZX<br />

\KJZVF \GPEY\FF .EGCTN OEBF LKZX FHF QGGKMN YZG .GC OKNNMR ONGM[G<br />

[GPKPNG ,ONGM OT NNM\FN \GXKIRN TKDFN BYGGE BKF EIB NM N[<br />

NNMF QGYK\ ."QGYK\" \BZYR KNNMF KNMC \GNNM\F YZG ,\BHF \GNNM\FF<br />

OK[TR HB ,F\GB OK[PPP OBG .\GCZTN FPMSFC ONGM N[ \GZCI\FC BGF<br />

KVNG ,OGSIP OKZCGT ,ZPGNM ,GRC \GND\FN NKI\P ZGBF .ZGBF \BZ[FN KNM<br />

.\GKRIGZF \GDZEPF \B OKNDP \GCZTF \EKP

59<br />

QG[BZF OEB \P[RN FZHI<br />

FNGT \BH \GZPNG ,GDBF ,QGXZF GC FNGT QM ,Z\GK ZCGIP F[TR KNMF[ NMM<br />

,Z\GK NKTGP F[TR KNMF ,FHN FH \GZKSPF ,FHC FH \GCCZT\FF ,\GCZTF<br />

LKNF\F .ZGB Z\GK GC FND\P FHN OB\FCG ,FTV[FN Z\GK FYHI FRGGM OTG<br />

QKC FND\P[ LMC BNB \GKNT QKB FNTPN FJPNP .\GDZEPC \GNTN BZYR FHF<br />

.KNMF F[TR FHPG ,\GCZTG ZGCKI Z\GK OKNDP GKRV NTG ,NCYN QGXZ Z\GK ONGM<br />

.ZCE \G[TN Z\GR BN FHF ZGCKIFP WGI<br />

\GI\V\FP YZG LB TCGR KZGJSKFF LKNF\F NM[ OKEPGN FKZGJSKFFP<br />

G\GB NT GECT GRK\GCB OD .FHF EIBF QGZYKTF NT EGCTN LKZX EKP\[ ,\GKCTF<br />

OFN .FZG\F ,\EIGKP FJK[ F[ZER BN OFN F\KF[ \GKCTC[ YZ ,QGZYKT<br />

G[KDZF OF .\GBKXPF GH[ ,OFN ZGZC FKFG GRKCF OF ,FJG[V FJK[ F\KF<br />

NM \B [KDZPG TCJC KI[ EGGRN FPGEC .FP[RF \GMH LG\P \GYGNBF \B<br />

.GKNB ZG[Y BGF KM ,GRPP ZJPGNKY KVNB YIZPC BXPR[ FP OD ,GNGM<br />

LKB \EPNP[ ,FZG\ ,ZIB KTXPB ,FJK[ LKZX ,\GKCTF FNGT Z[BM NCB<br />

QGXZC .NCYN QGXZ N[ \ZIB FDZEC YZ ,\GCBN FKF[ ZGCKI G\GBN TKDFN<br />

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F\KF GH .\ZIB OKKY\FN Z[VB KB[ ,\GYGNBF KGNKD LG\P ,GKNBP ZGZC FKF<br />

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Y\R\FN NKI\P EIB NM ,\GKCTF FNGTG NCYN QGXZ FND\P[M ,QMN<br />

OK[GZE ,FHP FH YG\KRF NT ,TZYF NT ,Y\RF NT DNEN KEMG .OKZIBFP<br />

EGPNN OKMKZX GKF BN \GCBF .EGPKNC YGSTN LKZX :OKTXPB ,\GTKDK ,\GJK[<br />

YKHIFN LKBG ,OEY\FN LKB GTEK OF TCJF LG\P :JG[V FKF NMF KM ,FZG\<br />

EGPKNC OKRG[ OKCN[ ZGCTN OKCKKI GRZGECG .\GYGNBF OT Z[YF \B<br />

TKDFN KEM ,FNCYF \PMGI \BZYR OGKF[ ,FZG\F N[ FXVFFG FJK[F<br />

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KBR\F \B TXCN OKMSP BGF OB ,"NBZ[KP EIBG EIB NM NB[R" [GZKV FP<br />

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BN ?G\GB NBG[ KPG .GPXT \B YEGC EIBG EIB NM[ ,FRGGMF "NB[R"<br />

EIB NM BNB ,BN KPG OKMSP KP NBG[G SYRV OT ONGM QKC ZCGT[ ,BZGCF<br />

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60<br />

?QGYK\ ZPDN OKBC[ ET ZGCTN LKZX OKMKNF\ GNKB<br />

ECNP EGT QKB[ \TEN KEM ,GRKRVN [GZV[ FP NM \B QGMR \GBZN LKZX<br />

NT ,FND\P[ \GKCTF NM KRV NT ,EIB KNMC \GP[RF NM QKC ZGCKI=Z\K ,ZGCKI<br />

.ONGM QKC ZGCKI BNB QKB .\GP[RF NM QKC \GKG[DR\FF NMG OKDNVF NM KRV<br />

BNB ,NBZ[K YZ BN[ ,J"K \GBC "\GCZTF" ZPBPC JJGXP ZHTNB KCZ QMN<br />

KNMP TCGR FHF QGZYKTF .FRPP YNI \GKFNG \GCZTN SRMKFN CKKI ONGTF NM<br />

.OKBR\G OKYGIN ZGYP EGT QKB ."QG[BZF OEB"<br />

\BXPR ,\RYG\PF ’E FRKIC ,UGS=QKBE \GMNP GC[ ,QGYK\F ZPD CXP GR[K<br />

OB\FCG ,\ZIB \GKCTC ,QYG\PF CXPN WGIP BXPR OEBFG .ZGBC FBNP<br />

GN \VSGG\P LM O[N .KNMF QGYK\N OGZDN BGF GEKYV\ .ZIB NGYNYC OD LMN<br />

ZGCTN .\ZIB FEGCT GN QKB .OKRGYK\ UKSGFN GKNT \GKCTF \EKPCG ,\GKCT<br />

.FEGCT F\GB NMF ,\GNKXBN ,FBKZCN ,FZKXKN ,FK[TN \GNTN ,OGSIP<br />

NM .\G[GRBF NM N[ KNNMF QYRYF LG\N BNB ,NM\SFN QBN OEBN QKB<br />

\NCNC\PG \MNGF \G[GRBF[ FP NMG ,OK[GT[ FP NMG OKEPGN[ FP<br />

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EIB NM N[ OKKGSPF GTCJ KVN ,F\GB OKRKKVBP[ \GTZVFFG NGCNCF ,K[GYF<br />

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LM KN FZGY TGEP" GB "FHM KRB TGEP" \ZGYKC ZKCTFN GB LM NT OTZ\FN<br />

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FNB QKCG .OKRMGP[ FNB QKC OKZGCKI \G[TN OKCKKI ,FND\P[ FP KVN OGKMG<br />

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OFC FND\P[ FNB QKC NTGVC ZGCKI N[ FEGCT \G[TN BKF OGKM FPK[PF<br />

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61<br />

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GZKCI GN ZPB ,FRKVSC CYR \G[TNG GK\I\ ZEGY EIB NKI\FG<br />

BNG ZEGY KRB K\I\ BNF ,LN \VMKB KBP GN ZPB ?ZEGY F\B FPN<br />

àł÷Øå) .N"MT ,FRKVSC EIK OKECBR GRKR[ KZF !FJG[ ,GN ZPB ,LK\I\<br />

OKTYG[P NGTF KYZGV[ LG\P KM ,QZPBEM GRKKFG .(’ª äøłô äÆł<br />

NT CMTPF NHZC N[ ZED OFK[TPC OK[GT OF KZF ,\KPXT FCFBC<br />

,FRMKF NT FGXPFG FZG\F \ZKP[C GNKVB NKI\FNP FZG\F KZPG[<br />

TKDFN ONGSF BGF[ ,LGPM LTZN \CFBG CG\MF ZGTK[C GRKKFE<br />

KZF !FJG[ :GN ZPGB[ ,N[PF KZCE GYEX FPG ,N"RM ’\K G\GYKCEN<br />

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(I"K \GB "\GCZTF" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

KZPDN \GKFN OKCKKI ONGM ,\KNBKEKBF G\ZGXC ,ON[F ,KNNMF KNMC<br />

NMC[ GYNI \B NYNYP ,FHF ZGCKIC BXPR BN[ OEBFG .ONGMN OKZGSP<br />

FSRMR ,"FZC[R"[ FRGM\ NM OKNMF \ZKC[C[ ,OKEPGN[ GPM ;EIBG EIB<br />

NM GR[K EIBG EIB NMC[ TCGR FHP .\GRGM\F Z\K NMN \NYNGYPF F\ZGXC<br />

OKKY[ ,BNVRF KBR\F \B DK[F KNMF ,KNMF N[ FZKC[F KEK NT .EIBG EIB<br />

,FRGMR BN FZGXC NTGV FHF ZGCKIF[ BNB .GN[ OKYNIF NM QKC ZGCKI<br />

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GRNGM GK[MT OD .FZKC[F CXP BZYR GC OKBXPR GRIRB[ CXPF QMN<br />

NMC FNGNM BN[ FP[R QKB ,GRKRKC NECF OG[ QKB .FH OT FH ZGCKIC OKBXPR<br />

ONGSF NTC[ BNB .QFKRKC QGMRF Z[YF \B \GRCN LKZX YZ { \GP[RF Z\K<br />

.EIBG EIB NM N[ KJZV QGYK\ KNC KNNM QGYK\ \GKFN NGMK BN[ ,LM NT ZPGB<br />

GBGNPC OKKY\FN CKKI[ ,KNNM YGI ,JNIGP YGI BGF \GCZTF YGI ,ZPGNM<br />

,G\GB OKKYP BN EIB OBG .\GP[RF Z\K NMC OKKY\P BGF HB YZG ,EIB NMC<br />

.OFC NGNM BGF[ FEKPF F\GBC OKRYG\P BN ONGM HB<br />

NMC GPM ,FRMF \GKFN FMKZX ,FHF YGIF \B OKKYN QGXZ FKFK OEBN[ ET<br />

.FKXI ZCTPC ZGCTN CKKIP[ YGIF \B OKKYN FXGZ BN OEB ,N[PN .YGI

\GCZTF<br />

62<br />

FKR[ OTV .G\GB OKKYN BN LK[PP BGF NCB ,GKNT OKYTGX FRG[BZ OTV<br />

UB QKB OBG ,BN K\PG Z[VB K\P YGECN NKI\P BGFG ,SRY GKNT OKNKJP<br />

,GC TDGVG CMZ KNM UNGI \K[KN[ OTV .YGIF NT ZCGT NKDZM BGF HB ,EIB<br />

FXGZ BN OEBF GTCJP ,ZPGNM .FKXI ZCTPC YZ ZGCTN NKI\P BGF HB YZG<br />

\GXKIR \EKP BGXPN CKKI BGF ,GN[ TCJN EDR\FN KEM .YGIF \B OKKYN<br />

.G\GB OKKYN<br />

KBEM[ FRCF GC FNKI\PG ,OKKYN FXGZ BN BGF[ LMC ZKMP OEBF OB<br />

:GN ZPGBG CGJF NZGD NT OEB N[ GEK O[ BZGCF[ ZPBR FH CXP NT ,OKKYN<br />

BN OEBF ,ZPGNM .YHI\FNG LK[PFN NJGP OEBF NTG ;"FH \B LN IY"<br />

FC[IPF GC \ZZGT\P Z[BM NCB .\GKRIGZ \GXZN O\S LM FBZRM NGMK<br />

,\GCZTF YGI \B OKKYN GN KBEM[ ,FHF QGKTZF GN Q\KR[ ,ZPGB FH ,\BHF<br />

.QGXZ KNC GNKVB<br />

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BGF[ CXPN TKDP BGF HB ,OKKYN BN TZF ZXK EDRM ,GN[ \GNXTF EDRM ,OKKYN<br />

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,[ZG[E \GKCTN ZGHIN NGMKCMG \GKCTE ’B \B BMEN ,"\GK[TP" ,ZGMHM QFN<br />

.\GCBF \GMHC [P\[FN BZYR FH[<br />

GDBC [P\[FN BN OKPKMSP FP QPHN ,\BHM FNGTV OK[GT FP QPHN OB<br />

KBR\N OKTKDP CG[ HB ,LHF NCYN QGXZC [GPK[N TKDFN BNB ,ZTGC[ NGEDF<br />

[ZG[ \GKCTC BNB ,[ZG[ \GKCT N[ OKNMC BN NCB ,"\GCZT" BZYRF FHF<br />

.’B \GKCT LG\C \BXPR[ ,\GKCTE ’B N[<br />

’B \GKCT NT OK[TP OK[GT GRB ,GNNF OKNMC \GCZTF KBR\N TKDFN KEMG<br />

BKF[ KNC ,\GCZTC U\\[\ BKF[ LM ,TKZV\ BN[ KEM F\GB NZJRN KEM<br />

OK[TPF KZIB FBC[ \GCZT ZCM GHG .FN[ FNCYE OKNMC [GPK[N BX\<br />

BZYR[ ,BNPPG ZCIP[ IGM FNTPNP OKNCYP HBG ."TP[RG F[TR" \BZYRG<br />

."FZG\"<br />

FHG .GPXT ’B \GKCTE KNMF \B QY\N JBN JBN OKNKI\P FHF IGMF OT<br />

\GMNPF \B FRKCN OKNTP FR[ OKTCZB LG\G ,"KRKS ZCEPN OKBXGK"[ BZYR<br />

WZBN OKTKDP FR[ OKTCZB OG\CG .F\GB OKRY\PG ,\BHF \GKCTF \B ,\BHF<br />

HBG .NBN Z[K QGXZN ,"NBZ[K" "WZB"N ,FRKC OT \ZCGIP \GMNPN ,NBZ[K<br />

\B GMG\C NKMFN NGMK[ KNM [K ,ZPGNM .[EYPF \KC \B OKRGC[ CXPN OKMGH<br />

.GMG\C FZG[G GC FND\P BZGCF[ KNM .QGKNTF ZGBF<br />

OKRGYK\ :"EGCM KRRT" [KG ,Q"P YZ OKNMGB ,ZCEPC OKZCGT[M OKK\RKCG<br />

\GND\F BN QKKET FH NCB .OFKNT CMGZ ,FND\P NGMKCM BZGCF[ ,OFKRKPN<br />

.FNGED Z\GK EGT \GKCT OT EGCTN NKI\FN OKNGMK ZCM[ ,[EYPF \KC BNG<br />

NT[ ,[EYPF \KCC \GEIGKP \GNGTV ,\GRCZGYF \CZYF QKKRT NM NKI\P HB[<br />

,OKNKP K\[P BC "QCZGY" .BZGCN OKCZY\P NCYN QGXZF \CZYF KEK<br />

.CZY\FNG CKZYFN

77<br />

OKRC NT \GCB \GMH<br />

\GCZTF IGM .\GCZTC OKDK[P[ ,IGM G\GBP L[PF QF GNNF \GNGTVF NM<br />

OKNKI\P .\GCBF \GMH \B OMG\C OKZZGTP NBZ[K[ ,FH KEK NT OKDK[P<br />

OKNCYP[ FH KEK NT LM ZIBG ,\GP[RC[ LHF YNIF \B YZ OKZZGTP[ ,CXPP<br />

.OKCT Z\GKG Z\GK OKYNI QY\N OKNKI\P ,FZG\F IGM \B FNTPNP<br />

FBZ) "ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" UGSC OD FH QKKRT ZKCSP ONGSF NTC<br />

OT" BZYR[ KPP NKI\P ONGTF QGYK\ GRKPKC OD[ ZPGB BGF .(OKIVSR<br />

\GYST\FF \B GVKNIK[G ,FZG\C OKYST\P[ NBZ[K OTC FNBP :"NBZ[K<br />

NGYNY G\GB GRY\K LMCG .FZG\F \GKPKRVC YGSKTC FZG\F \GKRGXKIC OFN[<br />

YZ GYST HB ET[ ,KR[F [EYPF \KC QCZGI HBP ,FR[ OKKVNB KRVN F[TR[<br />

.\GKRIGZC ,FZG\F \GKPKRVC<br />

EIBG EIB NMN TGEK FKF ,\GP[RF \GMH LG\P ?"\GKRIGZC GYST" [GZKV FP<br />

OK[RB ,"OKBKCR" GKF OTF N[ OKKRIGZF OKDKFRPFG .KRIGZF ONGTF NT<br />

ZIBN NCB .GNGM OTFP Z\GK FGCDG Z\GK YGPT ,BZGCF OT Z[YC GBXPR[<br />

OTF[ ,N"HI \VGY\ FNKI\FG GCZYP OKBKCRF GPNTR ,G\DZEP NVR OTF[<br />

.FNB GRKPK ET L[PR FH LMG .\GKPKRVC OGYPC \GKRGXKIC YZ YGSTN NIF<br />

;GRKRKC \KEEF \GCZTN GR\GB BKCFN GIGMC FZG\F \GKPKRVC YGSKTF<br />

QCZGI" BZYR FRECGBG ,KR[G QG[BZ \KC KPKC OTN FECB[ \GCZT F\GB<br />

,FZG\F \GKPKRVC \GYST\F KEK NTG ;KR[FG QG[BZF [EYPF \KC N[ "KPKRV<br />

.\GCZTF OGKYN GR\GB BKCK[ ZGBPF BGCK<br />

TKDR ,ZPGNM ,GRPXT \B QY\R HB ,\GCZT F\GB N[ FPGKYN ZGHIR OBG<br />

,GRKRKC FZ[K[ QGKNTF ZGBN ,"FZG\F \NCY"N FMHRG \GCZTF KBR\N GRKRKC<br />

NM FKNB GVZJXK ,GRKRKC [IZ\\[ \GCZTF LG\PG .\GP[RF QKC ,OKNMF QKC<br />

OGKF QMN ,\GP[RF NM QKC CGZKT ,\GCCZT\F F\[TR \GKGNDF ZIBN .OKPTF<br />

\GCZTN TKDFN FMGHG \GKPKRVN \GKRGXKI UKNIP ,LHF ,QJYF YNIF OB<br />

LHF YNIF LZE NCYNG ,FKNB UZJXFN NGMK ONGTF NM HB ,FZG\F \NCYNG<br />

FZ[K ,BZGCF ,QGKNTF ZGBF HBG .\GCZTF KBR\N O\GB OD QY\K[ ZGBF \B<br />

.\GP[RF NMC<br />

YNIF NT NTGV QGKNTF IGMF :FKF[ KVM ZB[R NNMF[ ,OKBGZ GRB QBMP<br />

,CTF YNIF OT CZGTP BGF[ LG\P ,LHF YNIFG .FZGXF \BGG[F KVN ,LHF<br />

:"GN[ FZG\"F \B CTF YNIN ZKCTP BGF ,ZPGNM .KEEF QGYK\ LM ZIB F[GT<br />

KEK NT QM[ ,LHF YNIF KVNM ECGT CTF YNIFG ,FJK[F ,\GZGBF ,\GIGMF

\GCZTF<br />

78<br />

\GYCEN ,FZG\F \NCYNG \GCZTF N[ Z\GK YGPT [GPKPN OKTKDP CTF YNIF<br />

.BZGCF OT<br />

,FNCYF NMC ,FZG\F NMC .EIB NNM YZ OFC NTGV .OKJG[V GNNF OKZCEF<br />

NNDC BYGGE G\GB \GBZN GRN F[Y BNB .JG[V EIB YGI NTGV ,\GBKXPF NMC<br />

JG[V BGF[ KRVP ,GR\BP EGBP YGIZ BGF GN[ \GJ[VC KM ,GN[ \GJ[VF<br />

.FNCYC BNG ,FTV[FC<br />

?ONGMP OKCT Z\GK OF OB ,LHF YNIN OKC[IR NBZ[K LKB<br />

FBZR BGF .GPXT \B QY\P[ ZIBN YZ ,\GBKXPC LHF YNIN LVGF NBZ[K<br />

BN QKKET ONGTF \GPGBC[ ,QGYK\ LZGXN \GKCT GC FND\P[ KRVP ,ONGMP CTF<br />

Z\GKG Z\GK QFC FND\\ ,QGYK\N ONGTF \GPGB N[ QZG\ TKDK Z[BMG .F\ND\F<br />

.\K\KPBF \GKCTF N[ KGNKD OFC QKB OKK\RKCG .\GKCT<br />

\GIGMF \B OMG\C OKBMEP OF[ FH KEK NT ?\GCZTN TKDP NBZ[K LKB<br />

."\GCB \GMH"C OK[P\[P ,LHF YNIF \B OKZZGTPG ,ONGTF \GPGB N[<br />

YNIC OK[TP \G[TN OKMKZX OF QMN .ONTFC BKF \BHF \GCBF \GMH NCB<br />

OKYNIF N[ \KPKRV FRMFN ,"\GCZT" BZYRF CXPN G\B TKDFN KEM ,LHF<br />

,ZPGNM ,FRGMR FZGXCG OFC YZ OK[P\[P OB .\GP[RF NM QKC[ OKMHF<br />

OKMHF OKYNIF QKC \GZCI\FC HB ,"\GCZT" BZYRF QGYK\N O\GB OKBKCP<br />

[IZ\FN FNGMKG QGKNTF ZGBF \GZ[N NGMK GC[ ,QG[BZF KNMF FRCR GNNF<br />

.FZG\F \NCY<br />

?FZG\F \NCYN TKDFN NBZ[K OTC \GRGMRF \TCGR FPP<br />

G\GKFP \TCGR ,FZG\F \NCYN TKDFN QG[BZF \GKFN NBZ[K OTC \GRGMRF<br />

ZZC\FN NKI\F GRKCB OFZCB KPKC ZCMG ,ONGTC \GP[RF NMP LHF YNIF<br />

,FZGXF \BGG[FC OGKYN ,GN[ KGNKPNG QGKNT ZGBN Z[Y [KDZP[ ,LH YNIM<br />

.QGKNTF ZGBN OB\FC<br />

,\GP[R WPGY ,FRJY FXGCY QKTN \GBZKFN FNKI\F \GP[RF NMP LMG<br />

KEK NT OPXT \B QY\N GNKI\FG FHM OGKYC LZGX G[KDZF FP[RF \GMH KVN[<br />

OFZCB { \GKPGBN KVN F[CD\F BN \BHF FXGCYF .QGKNTF ZGBF OT Z[Y<br />

\GMH KVN BNB { FPGEYF OKE[^j# ZeB K[RBP EIB Z[BP Z\GK FKF BN<br />

.\GP[RF<br />

?OFZCBP FBXK \GKP[DC[ FXGCYF KFKP ?"OFZCB KRC" BZYR KP ,LM OB<br />

Z\GK \GPGYC YZ ,\GMHF \GP[RFP \GENG\G \GBXG\ ,"OKBXBX"F FNB

79<br />

OKRC NT \GCB \GMH<br />

\GBC[ \GP[RF Q\GB :TXC\FN LK[PP FHF LKNF\F GRN[ ONGTCG .\GCT<br />

GKF[ \GZGEF NNGM) GKBXBX N[ OKVGDC ZGE ZIB ZGE \G[CN\P ,OFZCBP<br />

OD [K ,\GNNM\F LG\P ,OGKF[ BNB .OKRCN \GCBP BZYR FH .(OKZXPC<br />

.QFC CZT\F[ NBZ[K YNI \B \G[KDZP[ ,\GMH \GP[R ONGTF \GPGBC<br />

KCIZC GECB[ OKJC[F NM OT Z[Y OKKYG \GZGHV [K OB \TEN QKB ODG<br />

,\GVSGR \GZGHV \GND\FN \GKGVX EGT \GCGZYF OKR[CG .OF QMKFG ONGTF<br />

OGKF ZCM[ YNI G\GB NCB .GBC QKRPG GZXGR LKB GPXTN ZB\P BN [KB[<br />

\GI\V\F BGF[ LG\P ,G\P[R [ZG[ LG\P ,CKKI ,KEGFKM FHF ONGTC FFGHP<br />

.\GCZTN TKDFN ,GKNT [K[ CGIF ,CGKIF LG\P ,\GP[RF Q\GBP FZK[K<br />

NGMKG ,GRN TGEK BNG ZMGP BN QMN BGF ,CGI GKNT QKB[ FPGBFP YNI G\GBG<br />

GND\F BN OYNI[ ,OKZIB OKCZ EGTG FKVGK\B KEGFK GPM \GND\FN T\VN<br />

.ONGTF \GPGB CZYC ODG NBZ[K OT LG\C OD LM ,ORPH TKDF BN EGT KM ,QKKET<br />

FRGP\N Z[BC D[GP OG[ GRN QKB KM ,\G[TN GRKNT BN FHF QGC[IF \B<br />

OG[ LMN \BXPR BN[ OD FP ;\GZT[FC OK[GIKRC YGSTN OTJ QKBG ,\KNNMF<br />

.OKZIB OKC\MC BNG ONGSF NTC KC\MC BN ,FYEXF<br />

OKCKKI[ KBR\ BGF \GCZTN TKDFN KBR\F GRKPKC[ ,BXGK ZGPBF NMP<br />

IGMF OFKNT NTGV ,FHF KBR\F OGKYC O\GN[Z\F \EKP KVNG .GPKKYN OKEGFK<br />

,KEGFKF OTN QK\PP BGF[ KRVP ,ONGTF NMG .OKZGSK KEK NT UIGE[ ,CKKIPF<br />

DK[P NCSF LG\PG ,NCS GN OKPZGD[ ,FNBM OKZGSKG \GZX OKND\P GKVNM OD<br />

[GVKIC BGF GN QGZ\KVF KM ,NCSF BC LM O[N .NCSF \CKS FP ONGTF<br />

.GN[ FCKSF<br />

Z[T EGPN\N FPEYF" \NKI\C ONGSF NTC N[ ZGBK\N FPGE ZCEF<br />

GKKIN ING[ BGF .CGJF NZGDN OEBF \B QGGMP BZGCF FC[ LZEN ,"\GZKVSF<br />

LG\P ,YGIZP ,OKMZIF QKCP OEBN ZKBP[ ,QJY WGXKR OKZGSK OKBNPF<br />

.ONGTF \GPGB KVNMG GRKVNM NTGV BGF LM .NGEDF L[GIF<br />

CKKIN KEM YZ OF ,ONGTF \GPGBN NBZ[K QKC OGKF OKND\P[ OKSIKF NMG<br />

IGMFG .\GCZTN TKDFN KEM { ONGSF NTC ZPGB { "\fK[TP"C YGSTN GR\GB<br />

LG\P ONGTF \GPGB ODG .\GCZTC BYGGE \GXKIR GRN \GNDN CKKI CKKIPF<br />

BXPR QGZ\VF[ ;QGZ\VF BXPR FVKB JBN JBN \GDK[P ,\GZCGT QF[ OKZGSKF<br />

FNBF OKKGNKDF .ONGTF NMN TZ OZGD[ ,TGZDF YNIF BGF NBZ[K[ .NBZ[KC<br />

.(IK[P KPTV) BIK[PE B\CYKT [PP ,EGBP OKPEY\P OKKGNKD OF

\GCZTF<br />

80<br />

\KPKRVF FXGCYF OGKYC ,EGPKNC \GZFC\P GNNF "\GK[TP"F[ ZC\SP<br />

QKC \GCZTF OGKYN TKDFN KTXPBF QF ,"\fK[TP"F .\KRGXKI FXVFCG<br />

.OKZCIF<br />

BKF FZJPF ZCE N[ GPGMKSC KM .YGECN KBEM ,FND\P[ USGR KTXPB NMG<br />

F\CGI[ QKC\ ,GF[PN OKM[PRG OKRKKRT\P[ OKEPGN \XGCY F\GB[ :\IB<br />

FNTPNP QKPH\[ \BHM \GXKIRN FNXB LGVFK FHF CGKIFG ,\GCZTN TKDFN<br />

OF[ ,"TP[RG F[TR" BZYR[ FPN^ ,\GCZTF \DZEN O\GB QY\K[ ,ZGB<br />

.FHF KBR\F OFC OKKY\K[ YZ ,ZCE NMN OKRMGP<br />

OGXPXF<br />

OKTGZDF \GRGXZFP ,\GKJRFP YNI OKPXPXP QFC[ ,\GK[TPF \GNGTVF<br />

OKXGZ[ OKYGIF OF ,"NBZ[K" OKBZYRF ,OKMHC YZ OK[P\[PG ,OKCTFG<br />

\B OKZZGC FNBF OKYGIN OB\FC .QGRY\F \ZDSPC FXGCYC O\GB [PPN<br />

,\GZCI\FN ,\GCZTF D[GPN Z\GK CGZYF ,Z\GKC LHF YNIF ,NBZ[K YNI<br />

\GYGIZF \GRGM\F ,OKCTF \GRGXZF Z\K NM \BG .OKZIB OKYNIC \GYCEKFN<br />

.FDZEFC O\GB OKNKTVP Z\GK ZIGBPG ,OKTKRXP ,FRK\RP<br />

Q"GH EDRM OF[ ,QGZFBG F[P OKBC OEGY .FZG\F \NCYN BC OTF NM BN<br />

,FPXT \GMNPN ,"FTZV"N OKBC ,EGFG IXR OF "QGZFB"G "F[P" .OKNME<br />

\NCYN OKZXPP FTZV \B EIK O\B BKXGFN OKNGMK BN OF[ OKBGZG<br />

"EGSK" ,"NBZ[K OT"G QGZFBG F[P OKBXPR OKZXPC .FZJPF BKF[ ,FZG\F<br />

G\GB BKXGFNG OKKEK K\[C FTZV \B \IYN LKZXG (EGFG IXR N[ OGMKSF)<br />

YKVSP BNB ,KRKS ZF ET YKIZFN LKZX BN LM O[N .FZG\F \NCYN OKZXPP<br />

BN QGZFBG F[P NCB .Z\GKC LGPRF OGYPC ,"OKZXP"C ZGBF FZ[K[<br />

OT" BZYRF YNIF \B YZ OKBKXGPG ,GRPP OKIZGC OF QMNG ,LMN OKNDGSP<br />

GH[ ,OKRC ZCM G[TR \GCBF LG\P .FCT OKZXPC F[TR OKK\RKC[ ,"NBZ[K<br />

(\ZBV\ ,FZGCD ,ESI N[ \GZKVS) \"DI OF "\GCB" .KZPDN FRG[ \GKCT<br />

.(EGSK ,EGF ,IXR N[ \GZKVS) K"FR OF "OKRC"G<br />

.KRKS ZFN OGK OKTCZBN FNGT GECN F[P YZ ,KRKS ZFN OKBC Z[BM ODG<br />

BN ,OKPF QP G\GB G[P ?F[P GFKPG .QY\KP "F[P" ,FHF YNIF YZ ,ZPGNM<br />

GH "F[P" ?QKKEP QFGM \C OT Q\I\F ,FTZV \C G\GB FNEKD ,ENGR QMKF TGEK<br />

,"F[P"C \GRICF ONGM ,"QFGM \C" ,"FTZV \C" N[ OKZGBK\F NMG .FRICF

81<br />

OKRC NT \GCB \GMH<br />

[KBM" N[ FHF NBKEKBF OT Z[YC \GKFN NGMK[ ,LHF YNIF \B OKBKXGP[<br />

OKNGMK LM ZIB YZG .\GCZTF N[ OGKY ,\GZCI\F [K QFCG ,"EIB CNC EIB<br />

\B NCYN OKMSP OTF NM ;Z\GKC FCTF ET ,\GKCTF NM \B QFN UZXN<br />

GRKKF ,ZCEPN SRMRG ,NCYP CG[G ,NVGR EKPG ,KF[NM FEKPC NCYPG \GCZTF<br />

.OKRGYK\N SRMR ZCM<br />

BMEN CKKI EIB NM ,\GCZTF YGI KVN ZCI\FN FXGZ[ \KRIGZ FXGCYC QMN<br />

\BH OK[GTG .OKMHF \GRGXZF \B JKNCFNG IVJNG ,OKCTF \GRGXZF \B GMG\C<br />

FXGZ QMZE[ ,FZCI ,EGPKN ,FXVF :"\fK[TP" \GBZYRF \GNGTV KEK NT ZGMHM<br />

,G\GCK[I \B \GNTFN ,LHF YNIC YZ [P\[FN ,\GIGM ,\GET NCYN ZCI NM<br />

,F\GB ECMP BN BGF OKK\RKC[ ,FZJPF \B ECMK[ CXPN TKDFN ,FTV[FF<br />

OKYNIF N[ GMG\C ZGZKC F[GT ZCI NM ,ZPGNM .GKRKTC NGED ZCEN FKF\[ LM<br />

.ZCI\FN GNMGK[ KEM { \GCBF O\GBP OKRCF OF[ { OKMHF<br />

?OKKPKRV OKKGRK[ \GPZGD \GKRGXKI OGXPX \GNGTV LKB<br />

KGRK[ KM ;KPKRV KGRK[N OGZDN GETGR ,\GKRGXKIC OKTXCP[ \GNGTVF NM<br />

KM :C\MR QMN .O[ \TDN NGMK BN BGF ;NNGIN NDGSP BN GPXTC OEBF ,KPKRV<br />

13<br />

,BZGCC BXPR QGYK\F IGM[ KRVP , OKZGSBF \KCP GPXT \B NKXP ZKSB QKB<br />

.GPXT NT FHF ZGBF \B QKPHFN KEM \GRG[ \GNGTV TXCN OEBF NTG ;ZGBC<br />

\GMKB ,FRGGMF NT CG[IN [K EGPKNF QPHCG ,EGPKN QZYKTC QF GNNF \GNGTVFG<br />

FHF ZGBF \B LKZX KRB[ ,EGPKNFP LKZX KRB FP CG[IN UZF KNC :FTKDKF<br />

.K\GB QY\P[<br />

GPZDK[ ,\GKRGXKI \GNGTV TXCN LKZX ,QY\KG BGCK ZGBF[ QGXZN OGZDN KEMG<br />

FXGCYF IGM [GZE \BHF FEGYRCG .QGYK\N \GXKIR \[DZF GR\K[ ,QGXZF KGZKDN<br />

FKF\[G ,OKRGYK\ NCYN OEBN CG[I FKFK[ KEM ,FXVF N[ \GKRGXKI \GNGTVG<br />

Z\GKG OKKPKRV Z\GKN OKYNI\P OK[TPF OD NCB .FBKZCF \ZJP N[ \GCK[I<br />

OEBF ,QGXZF KEK NT ,GC[ ,EGPKNF BGF Z\GKC KPKRVF F[TPFG .OKKRGXKI<br />

\GXKIR GRC ZGXKN KEM ,G\GB ZZGTN KEM NCB .QY\PF IGMF \B FNTPNP ZZGTP<br />

.CKCSP \GCZ \GNGTVC YGSTN OKCKKI ,ZGBF \B ZZGTN<br />

EGPN\N FPEYF"P H"K \GB BKF Z\GKC FRGMRF FNKV\F EGPKNF QPHC<br />

\RGPBC YHI\FN ,EGPKNF OZJC EPGNF CKKI\P LMKVN" :"\GZKVSF Z[T<br />

IGM \B NCYN KEM ZVSF \B I\GV OEBF ZPGNM ,FBNF QMG "|...~ \"K[F<br />

\GKFN OEBN Z[VBP[ IGMF ,FTV[FF IGM BZYR "FRGPBF IGM" .FRGPBF

\GCZTF<br />

82<br />

OKKYNG ,\GZIB \GP[R OT ,OKZIBF OT ZGCKIN \BXNG<br />

GN[ NCYN QGXZF NTP<br />

.\GCZTF KBR\ \B<br />

?ONGTF \GPGBN ETGKP[ QGYK\ BKF \GCZTF OBF<br />

ONGTF \GPGB BN NCB ,ONGTF \GPGB N[ \GKCT NT QGYK\ BKF \GCZTF<br />

FP .OKZXPF KEK NT ,GGF\F ,GCCZT\F ,GCZT\F[ ,NBZ[K KRCC GNNMR[<br />

YZ BNB ,ONGTF \GPGB N[ \GKCT \GC[IR BN ’C \GKCTG ’B \GKCT[ ?NECFF<br />

N[ QGYK\ BKF \GCZTF[ ZPGN Z[VB KB \GNNMC QMN .’E \GKCTG ’D \GKCT<br />

\GKCTC N[PN KM .NCYN QGXZF NT QGYK\ BKF \GCZTF BNB ,ONGTF \GPGB<br />

,\GCZT LKZX BN ,FTV[FN [PP BKF FNKI\MNP[ ,\GCBF N[ GPM [ZG[E<br />

LKZX \GCZT DGS FHKB ,NGB[N QGMR Z\GK QMNG .FKNBP \PKKY\P BKF[ OG[P<br />

.KVGB FHKB ,FPXGT GHKB ,\GKCT N[ FDZEG FDZE NMC \GKFN<br />

?GRC[ "\GCB"F \B FNKI\ \GNDN GRKNT OBF<br />

,Z\GKC OKMHF OKNMC ,Z\GKC FMHF \GKCTC "LGPM LTZN \CFBG"N OKMSFN<br />

\GKCTC "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" KM .KRIGZF KGNKPN ZGCTN KIZMF KBR\ BGF<br />

FDZEFP ,\GDZEF NM .FRG[BZF BNG FRGZIBF FDZEF BKF ,Z\GKC FCTF<br />

FRGZIBF FDZEN ETG ,\GKRIGZN OKSRMRG OGSIP OKZCGT Z[BM FRG[BZF<br />

ZGCKIG KPXTP FBKXK :"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" QNGM QF ,QGYK\F ZPDN OKTKDP[<br />

FHF KBR\F OT ,N[PN .QNGM \GCMGZ QF \GKCT GHKB NT YZ KGN\ ,\NGHF OT<br />

BNB ONGTF NMC BN OGSIP OKZCGT ,[ZG[ \GKCTC "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[<br />

\GP[RF NM N[ YPGTN NGEDN CKKI FHF KBR\F ,L[PFCG .FRJY FXGCYC<br />

OT \GNNM\FC ,\GCIZ\FC ODG ,OFC[ \GKCTF \GND\FC ,ZPGNM ,FNBF<br />

.\GZIBF \GP[RF<br />

GBXPKK GRN[ \GRGXZFP EGBP NGED YNI[ ,OKMSFNG QKCFN OKCKKI GRIRB<br />

[ZG[ \GKCTC \GND\FN GNKI\K LM ZIB YZG ,OGXPXF \I\ OGSIPF ZCTPC<br />

OKRGYK\F \B \G[TN GRKNT BN NCB .FBNF QMG ’C ’B \GKCT ,ZaeT N[ GPM<br />

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114<br />

FPB\FFG GKNT OKXIGN[ ,EIGKP FNTVF ZG\VM BN ODG ,O[ZP OG[ QKB<br />

TP[KFN IGM [VIN .FH NT EGCTN LKZX TDZG TDZ NM BNB .FKNBP \[IZ\P<br />

LKZX OEBF .\R\GR BKF[ FP FRPP NCYNG ,FZCIN GPXT \B ZGSPN ,FZCIN<br />

."ZCI LN FRY" BZYR FHG ,GPXT \B CKKIN ,GPXT \B TKRMFN<br />

BKF FZCI .ZCI YZ BN BKF FZCIG .FGG[ ,ZGCKI FNKPFP BC "ZCI" NCB<br />

.\KJZVF \TEF NTP F\TE \B NCYN [KG ,\G[TN FP FCK\MP BKF ,"CZ" OD<br />

N[ \TEF \B TKRMFN LKB ,\GXT WTKKP ["CZ ,FZCIF NT GN[ OKZPBPF NMC<br />

.FHF QGKTZF \B FZCIFP NCYNG OEBF<br />

?FZCIF KVNM GPXT \B TKRMFN IKNXFN OEBF N[ KGMKSF FP<br />

GN GR\R LM O[N NCB ,\BHF F[KZEC EGPTN KGMKS QKB GPXT OEBN<br />

KVNM BN OD ,FZCIF KVNM GN[ NCYN QGXZF \B TKRMFN IGM GN QKB .OKTXPB<br />

,GPXT \B \GN[FN NGMK BGFG ,GRPP Z\SR ZCEF BZGCF KVNM[ BNB ,BZGCF<br />

FVKB Z\GK GN ZGZC FZCIF KVNMG .IKNXPG YKEX BGF[ ,CG[ING NCNC\FN GB<br />

.\PBC BGF<br />

,FNB[ LM NT GN [KG ,GPXT \B TKRMFN NDGSP BN BGF[ FBGZ[ KP NCB<br />

BXGP BN GPXT LG\C OEBF .LMN NDGSP BN BGF[ ,FBGZ ZCM \GIVN BGF<br />

OKCKKI FBZRM[ ,BPNTC QKCP YZ BGF .GPXT \B TKRMFN \GRGMR BNG \GIGM<br />

G\GB NCYK BN BGF OBG ,GKNT OKC\GM OKNCGYPF[ ,FHF ZGCKIF \B \G[TN<br />

NTPP FZBF ,"F[GEYE QI" NCYP OD BGF .OEY\K BN BGF ,GPXT NT<br />

.GN SBPR KM ,GPXT \B CGHTNG FHF KGRK[F \B TXCN QMGP \GKFN GN \PZGD[<br />

.\GIGM GN QKB ,BPNTC FJNIFP WGI ,\BH \GZPN NCB<br />

[KBM" F[TK BN OB[ ,KRKS ZF EPTP KRVN NBZ[K OT GPM BXPR OEBF HBG<br />

FXGCYF OT ZCI\FNG ,FXGCYN GPXT \B ZGSPN ,G[GZKV[ ,"EIB CNC EIB<br />

. 15 "OM\ZGCY BF\ O[ GBN OBG" ZPBR FH NTG ,\P [KDZK BGF ,FTRMF LG\P<br />

F[TR" OKZPGB Z[BM KM .OGNM LKZX BN \BHF \KEEFF FPMSFFP WGIG<br />

.OKKY\P BGF ,OKKY\K FHF CXPF[ OKPKMSP ,ZPGNM ,"TP[RG<br />

\BHF \GXKIRF .GRKNT TXC\K[ OKRMGP \GKFN YZ BNB ,TXCN LKZX BN ODG<br />

HBG .FNGTVF \B TXCKG BGCK[ ,QGKNTF IGMF \NCYN EPTP ZCM BKF<br />

,QGMR OKI\V\P OBG .BZGCFP BC BGF[ TGEKG ,IGM BC ,BZGCFP ,FNTPNP<br />

OZGD SRMR ,ZPGNM .OKNDGSP BN GKETNCG ,GPT EIKK\FN OKXGZ[ OK[KDZP<br />

\GKFN CKKI BZGCF BNB ,FZCIF OT KRB YZ BN FH HBG .BZGCF BGF[ K[KN[

115<br />

BGCN EK\TF ONGTF<br />

:FRGMR \GI\V\FN QPKSF FHG .TXCPM ODG FZJPM OD ,OKZCIF QKC Z[YC<br />

.BZGCF QGM[K GMG\C[ ,KNM OKZXGK FZCIF OT EIKK\FN QGXZC<br />

,FZCIF OT EIKK\FN \GRGMR :BZGCC \GXKIR BKF GRN FZSI[ FRICFF<br />

.FHF ZGCKIF LG\C FZ[K BZGCF[ KEM ,’F O[N ,FZCIN KPXT \B ZGSPN<br />

,OKZGSKF LG\P ,JTP EGT NCB .Z\SR BZGCF[ OG[P ,FZSI GHF FRICFF<br />

\[GN[ EIK GZCI\K Z[BM .IMGR \GKFN CKKI BGF[ FND\K ,\GXKIRF LG\P<br />

,EIB ZCIC FND\P BGF OBG .KGNKDF [IZ\K ,BZGCFG FXGCYF ,KRB ,OKPZGDF<br />

.OKZCIF NMC FDZEFC \GND\FN CKKI BGF<br />

?GK[MT ZCM \ZZGCP \GKFN \CKKI BZGCF \GIMGRN F[KZEF OBF<br />

\EKPC YZ FND\P BKF ,FKGND \GKFN FNGMK BNG FMKZX BN BZGCF \GIMGR<br />

Q\GR[ IGMM ,BZGCF \GIMGRN F[KZE \GKFN \CKKI NCB .FZGXF \GG\[F<br />

BZGCF \GIMGRC \GXKIR \[DZF \GKFN \CKKI FXGCYC .FXGCYF LG\C \GCZT<br />

FXGCYF Z[BMG OB ,TXCPMG { FMKP\G \GIGM Q\GR[ YVSM ,U\G[M ,CZTM<br />

.QGMR JKNI\<br />

NMP FP ,FXT OKSMJPG EIK OKSRM\P[ ,CB G\GBN OKENK GPM BKF FXGCYF<br />

EKP BCB[ ,FRGMRF FKRVF ,F[YCF KFP .BNPN OKMSK BCB OFN[ \GRGXZF<br />

GBXPK BN[ ET HB ,OKHGDB GNMBK[ FXGZ BCBG ,FEKND OKXGZ OF OB .BNPK<br />

.F\GB BNPK BNG ,OFN[ FKRVC C[I\K BN BCB ,OKHGDBN QGXZF \B<br />

.BZGCF OT FXGCYF N[ OKSIKF \B ONGSF NTC ZB\P ,GH \KRJ[V FZGXC<br />

FEGCTC ,OKNGMK ,GFTZN [KB OKKGND[ OKZCIF ,FNGDP BN BZGCF[ KRVP<br />

\GTZGBPF KEK NT .OFP FXGZ BZGCF FP FNB[F \B QCNN ,OFKRKC \V\G[P<br />

GFP ,\GYCE KFP ,QGKNTF N[ QGXZF GFP ZZCN OKNGMK OF ,OFKNT OKZCGT[<br />

.EGTG ,KNB BGFG GKNB KRB ,TKV[FN \RP NTN QGMRF SIKF<br />

GH KM ,FNBF OKSIKF NGNMP \B ZZCNG YGECN Z[VB FZCI OT YZ<br />

FKNT \GSRNG F\B EGCTN Z[VB[ ,OKKGRK[C QPHF NM \BXPR[ FKGND \MZTP<br />

.FNGDP BN BGF[ KRVP ,\GSR\FN Z[VB KB BZGCF OTG .FECTPC GPM NMF<br />

OB :OFKCB KVNM OKENK N[ \BHF FPDGEN FPGE FXGCYC FEGCTF QMN<br />

OB\FC ,FRGMRF F[YCF KFP OKBXGPG ,QGMR SIK OFKRKC OKRGC OKENKF<br />

\B OKNDPG ,GN[ QGXZF GFP OKNDP EKP OF ,OFN QKMF OFKCB[ FPN<br />

.GRPP KGNKPF

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116<br />

F[TRG GPXT \B NJCP EIB NM Z[BM ?BZGCF N[ QGXZF GFP OKNDP K\P<br />

OGZDN YZ BNB ,ZIB QGXZ GC \GKFN NGMK BN ,U\G[P KNMF OB .U\G[P KNM<br />

GRKKF OF BZGCN CGJ TKV[FN QGXZG U\G[PF KNMF QGXZ KM ,BZGCN IGZ \IR<br />

YCBKFN NKI\P EIB NM HB ,GN[ GDBF OT EIB NM ,FXGCYC OKVSBR OB .LF<br />

OKTXPB KEK NTG UKYPF ZGBF KEK NT ,FDZEFC NCB .GN[ GDBF NT ONGM OT<br />

,GDBF NT Z\GGN KBEM[ \GNDN NKI\P OEBF ,FXGCYF LG\C OKNTVGP[<br />

.BZGCF \GNED { FCK\MP FZCIF[ FP \B NCYNG ,ONGM OT ZCI\FN<br />

OKTEGK BN OB OD ,OKKGSP QGKTZ KVNM NJC\FN OKNKI\P EIK ONGM OB<br />

OKNGJKCF \GZCJXF LG\C HB ,GKVNM NJC\FN OKJKNIP YZ BNB ,YGKEC GFP<br />

.ZGCKI QKB \ZIB .BZGCF KVNM ONGM N[ EIB NGJKC \GND\FN NKI\P ,GNNF<br />

ZGCKI BN BGF ,\TEFP FNTPN ,TKV[FN \RP NT ,FXGCYF KZCI QKC ZGCKI<br />

NKI\P FRGMR FMKNFC BNB ,ZIB ZCI KVNM GB BZGCF KVNM ZCI NM N[ EZVR<br />

.BZGCF KVNM BGF ONGM N[ KNNMF QGXZF[ \GND\FN<br />

ORPB FRGMR BN \GI\V\FC .FRGMR \GI\V\FC OK[KDZP BZGCN \GXKIR<br />

GPM BKF FZCIF NCB ,GFTZ KVNM [KB NJC\FN OKNDGSPG EIK OKZCI\P<br />

FZCIF QTPN ,OPXT OKZCIF \CGJN BNB BZGCF KVNM FZCI BN :OGESC<br />

.WZBC OKXGCKYCG FKSGZC FZY[ KVM ,SZFN OZGD[ J[VGP QGHI QKP ,FPXT<br />

,FZCI \GRCN OKNDGSP BN OF[ ,OKZCIN ZZC\FN CKKI FRGMR \GI\V\FC<br />

[K HB YZ .OKZCIF QKC YCEM ,CZTM FNKI\MNP FC IMGR BN BZGCF IGM OB<br />

.QGMR OKPEY\P[ QGIJKC<br />

?GPXT \B NJCN IGM OEBN \R\GR \GCZTF OBF<br />

N[ NCYN QGXZF \B TKRMFN ,NJC\FN \GZ[VB Q\GR[ IGMF BKF \GCZTF<br />

.FZCIF \TE \B NCYNG ,OEBF<br />

?\GCZTF IGM \B OKNCYP LKB<br />

IGMF \B NCYN \GZ[VB OG[ QKB ,FPXT FXGCYN GB ,GMG\C ,GPXT OEBN<br />

LG\P .\GCZTF IGMN TKDFN Z[VB U\G[P WPBPC YZ ."\GCZT" BZYR[<br />

?G\GB OKRKPHP FVKBP .UKYP ZGB FNTPNP OKRKPHP GKNB \GYYG\[FF<br />

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117<br />

BGCN EK\TF ONGTF<br />

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ZGBF ZKBP O[P HB ,\GCZTN \GRGMR [K OB .\GRGMR LKZX[ OKZPGB QMN<br />

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BKFG .\GCZTF \B Q\GR BZGCF<br />

.OGESC F\KF[ GPM FZCI QKCN

119<br />

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\GXGXKRF<br />

\GJ[V\F<br />

\KNBZ[KF<br />

FPGBF<br />

EKYV\<br />

\GXGXKRF \GJ[V\F<br />

ONGTF \GPGBC<br />

FPGBN EGIKC FZG\F FR\KR ,ZGPBF IZMFF LG\P LMKVNG<br />

OGYP FKF BN KM ,FECNC CYTKG YIXK OFZCB THD \KNBZ[KF<br />

,FH NNDC ORPB .FPT U\\[K ZH OG[[ \TEF NT \GNTFN GNKVB<br />

GPZHK OFKEK NT[ ,ZCTP QKPM \KNBZ[KF FPGBF F\[TRG FRY\R<br />

KXGXKR[ QVGBC ,GNGM ONGTC[ K[GRBF QKPF NMN \GMMEHFF KXGXKR<br />

ET ,ZXGBN Q\GRF QGKPEM OGK OGK OKCZ\PG OKMNGF GNNF \GMMEHFF<br />

,LM KEKN GBGCKG GI\V\K[ ET GRKKFE ,FXZRF ZGTK[N GBNP\K[<br />

\CFB N[ QKTZDC OKKGZ[F FGN[F \BG OTGRF \B QKCFN GNMGK[<br />

\I\ OPXT \B GSKRMKG \GMHF UM \B TKZMFN GRKCK HB KM .G\NGH<br />

.WZBF QP ZTC\K FCGIF UMG ,’\K GNGT<br />

(E"M \GB "\GCZTF" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

,FRG[ BGF EIB DGS LB ,"QG[BZF OEB" \PGYC OKNGNM \GP[RF KDGS NM<br />

,EIGKP EKYV\ GYNIC NVR ,FHF \GP[RF DGS N[ G\GMH LG\PG .ONGMP LH<br />

LTZN \CFBG" N[ QGKTZF \JKNYC ,FHF QGYK\F \JKNYC QG[BZF \GKFN<br />

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KNMF KYNI NM HB[ .FZGXF \GG\[F YGI KVN ,KNMF LG\C FZ[K ,QGKNTF ZGBF<br />

.BZGCF KVNM OKTKV[P ONGM ,FH OT FH ,FH EDRM FH BZGCFP OKNCYP<br />

FZGXF \GG\[FN ,\GYCEN TKDFN FRGGMC \GKFN F\KNM\ \GCZTF ,ZPGNM<br />

\RP NT FKFK OKNMF QKC Z[YF NM[ ,LMN BKCFN FN[ \KNM\F .BZGCN<br />

FZG[ \BHF FPB\FF \EKP KVNG .QGKNTF ZGBF OT FPB\FC ,BZGCN TKV[FN<br />

.U\G[PF KNMF LG\C BZGCF<br />

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.Z\GK OKSDF ,OKCTF OKNMF N[ ORGYK\N OEGY

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120<br />

.OKNMF LG\C \GMH# ,"\GCB \GMH^" [K[ ,"\GCZTF" ZPBPC C\MR QMN<br />

QJY KNMF[ KRVP ,LVKFN ,OKNGEDG OKEIGKP OKRGYK\C LZGX QKB FNBF OKNMN<br />

NM QMN .OKNMF Z\K \PGTN Z\GKC QJYF QGYK\F \B [ZGE BGF ,\KSIK LHG<br />

.OFZCB OT FZY[ GPM ,FNKI\ QY\KR LHF<br />

QGYK\ N[ LKNF\ OKZCGT OF ,OPXT \B OKRY\P OKNMF O\GB[ ZIBN<br />

D[GPN[M ,\GKGND TCZB \GPKKY QMN .’E ,’D ,’C ,’B \GRKICC O\GNNM\F<br />

LG\C[ \GKCTF \GND\F :"\GND\F" ODG "\GND" :\GTP[P NVM "\GKGND"<br />

.OKNMF \GjH# ,LH FNKPFP FBC "\GCB \GMH^"[ GPM .KNMF<br />

OKZXPN FSKRMC FNKI\P \GNDF[ FPER ?"OKZXP \GND" BGVB KFP<br />

N[ [PP KNMF G\GBC FND\P \GNDF ZCE N[ G\KPBN NCB ,O\B CGCZKTCG<br />

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ZCM FBXPR BKF ZPGNM .\PEGYF \GNNM\FFP ,FZKC[FP FBXG\ BKF[<br />

,"OKZXP \GND" \BZYR \BHF \GND\FFG .FND\P BKF GK[MT YZG KNMF LG\C<br />

.\GKCTF \GND\F O[ NT<br />

BZYRF KNMF G\GB N[ ,’E ,’D ,’C ,’B \GKCTF \GDZE NMC FZGY LM<br />

FHF KNMF[ KZIB .OKNMF Z\K NMP NNMR BGF Z[BM ,LHF KNMF ,"OFZCB"<br />

,"OKZXP \GND" N[ GNNF \GCM[F NM \GND\FC ,\GKGNDF NMC ,GNGM QY\KR<br />

QGYK\" ,"QG[BZF [EYPF \KC \ZKC[" ,"FZG\F \NCY" ,"OKZXP \GECT"<br />

BC { GRKPK \C FRGZIBF \GNDN FBKXKFG G\ZKC[ CG[G ;"KR[F [EYPF \KC<br />

\GNNM\FC LB ,"CYTK YIXK OFZCB" [ZG[ G\GB N[ ,GRN[ QGZIBF QGYK\F<br />

.Z\GKC FNGEDF \GKCTC<br />

OTVF YZ ,QGYK\ G\GBCG \GNNM\F F\GBC QKKET OKBXPR GRIRB ,ZPGNM<br />

QY\N GRKNT F\GB[ ,Z\GKC LHF KNM G\GBC Z\GKC FCTF \GNNM\FF KGNKDC<br />

,GR\B OKNNMR[ OKNMF NM \B QY\N GRKNT FPT EIKG .GRMG\C GK[MT<br />

GRKNT FHF QGYK\F ZIBN .ONGTF \GPGB OT \GNNM\FF LG\P OKVZJXP[<br />

NM F[TR GN[C[ ,FCTF ,NGEDF KNMF ,Z\GRF KNMF N[ GRGYK\C NKI\FN<br />

."QG[BZF OEB" \P[R \ZKC[ N[ LKNF\F<br />

NCYN FPGB NMP [YKCG ONGTF \GPGB QKC CCS F"CYF LKB ZB\P CG\MF<br />

:FRPP ZGPDF LVFF QF[ KRVP ,FZG\F \B NCYN GNMK BN QF NCB ,FZG\F \B<br />

Q\R QMN ,ONGTF \GPGB N[ TCJN KZPDN EDGRP TKV[FN \RP NT NCYN N[ OGKY<br />

FDZEFC OFN ZGSPK ONGTF \GPGB OT G\GV\\[FC[ KEM ,NBZ[K OTN F\GB<br />

.FZG\F \B

121<br />

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N[ ,OFZCB N[ KNMF QGYK\ \B ZGPDN GRKNT[ CN[C QKKET GRB ONGBG<br />

ZGHIN LZJXR GKZIB[ ,QGYK\F ZES KVN QG[BZF ,QG[BZF OKKRKTG B\NDND<br />

BGF V"IBF QGYK\ NCB .V"IBF \B QY\N ,ZPGNM ,"OKKGDN ZGB" \GKFNG<br />

.OKKRKTG B\NDND QGYK\ GPM FZGX G\GBCG CXY G\GBC F[TR BN[ ,FRG[ LKNF\<br />

ZIBN F\GGF\F[ FKCGCZTF LG\P OKKRKTG B\NDND \B BKXGFN BGF ZYKTF<br />

,OKKRKTG B\NDND :Z\KF NM OKZZC\P OMG\P KM ,V"IBF LG\P ,FZKC[F<br />

V"IBG ,OKKRKTG B\NDND LG\C[ V"IB ,V"IBF LG\C[ OKKRKTG B\NDND<br />

ZGZKCFG \GNNM\FF LG\P F[TR OKKRKTG B\NDND N[ QGYK\F ,ZPGNM .K\KPBF<br />

.\GNNM\FF KZIB GZXGR[ OKNMF KDGS \TCZB NM N[ ,OKNMF NM N[<br />

ZPDR F[TPN ,QGYK\F \B OKZPGD ,OKRY\KP OKKRKTG B\NDND Z[BM QMN<br />

\BG ,OKKRKTG B\NDND \B OKRY\P[ OG[P ?TGEP .OKNMF NM N[ ORGYK\<br />

V"IBG ."ONGTF \GPGB KEKSI" OKBZYRF V"IBF LG\C[ OKKRKTG B\NDND<br />

QY\KFN NGMK BN[ V"IBFG ,"YEX KZD" OKBZYRF OKKRKTG B\NDND LG\C[<br />

\GCM[F NM ."ONGTF \GPGBC[ OKYKHPFG OKT[ZF" BZYRG \GNNM\F LG\P<br />

N[ QGYK\F OT EIK OKRY\KPG OKZZC\P ,GNNF OKNMF KDGS NM ,GNNF<br />

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,OFC<br />

OF<br />

G[KDZK<br />

OF[<br />

OKCKKI<br />

ZGCTN<br />

\B<br />

OKRGYK\F<br />

.FNBF

125<br />

\KNBZ[KF FPGBF EKYV\<br />

?QVGB G\GBC ZGZKC OKZCGT OFKR[ ONGTFG OEBF OBF<br />

NNMG JZV KM ,ZGZKC N[ QVGB G\GBC YGKEC GPXTN SIKK\FN LKZX OEB<br />

GNGM ONGTF[ QVGBF QKCN ,GPXT \B QY\P OEBF[ QVGBC NECF QKB .OKGG[<br />

,OKYNIF NMC CCZT\F YNI NM FZKC[CG FZKC[ F\KF[ ZIBP .QGYK\N TKDP<br />

QKCN ,EIB YNI ZCGT[ LKNF\F QKC NECF QKB QMN .YGI G\GB BGF YGIF<br />

.ONGTF NM ZCGT[ LKNF\F<br />

FP NMG FBKZCF \ZJP KCDN ONGTF NMN OKZKCSP \GKRGXKIC LMKVN<br />

,OKVIEN ,\GRGXZN ,OEBF LG\C[ KPKRVF ONGTN OKZKCSP \GKPKRVCG ,FZGY[<br />

.\KNNMF FZJPF KVNM TDZ NMC ZE\SK OFP EIB NM ,\BHF FZJPN OB\FCG<br />

,KF[NM FCG[\ OFN \\N OKCKKI .\GRGXZFP YNI YGIPN LM O\S Z[VB KB<br />

,NTGVC QGYK\ OKZCGT BN TDZM[ \GRGXZN GNKVB .OKKGSP QGYK\ ,KGNKP FHKB<br />

\GRGXZC ,OKZIBF OKYNIC \GPEY\F KEK NT YGVKS \\N OKCKKI OFN OD<br />

.OEBC[ OKZIBF<br />

OFKNT \G[TN [K ,QGYK\N OEY\FN OKNDGSP BN QKKET O\B][ \GRGXZ<br />

BN LZEFG .OFC [P\[FN QGXZF \GZPN ,OFC [P\[FN BNG OGXPX<br />

BN OF[ CXPC ,\PKKGSP FY\PF ,KGXKV OFN \\N BKF OFC [P\[FN<br />

.OK[PGPP BNG OKBNP\P<br />

?OKKYR OKKRKTG B\NDND OD QY\N LKZX FPN<br />

.FNCYE OKNM N[ KC[C OKBXPR OF ?OKKYR OKKRKTG B\NDND OKBXPR FVKB<br />

OKKRKTG B\NDND ,FHP FH O\GB OKNKECP[ KEK NT ?O\GB OKBKXGP LKB<br />

.OKKRKT B\NDNDC NGNM[ V"IBPG V"IBC OKNGNM[ OKKRKTG B\NDND { V"IBFP<br />

.\GNNM\F OFN QKB[ ,FBVYFC NGMKCM OKBXPR[ \GRGXZ OKBKXGP<br />

OT \GNNM\F OFN QKB[ OKKRKTG B\NDND ?OKKYR OKKRKTG B\NDND OF KP<br />

OEBFG ,GMG\C OKBXPR OF NCB ,V"IBC OFN[ BNG OFC V"IB N[ BN ,V"IBF<br />

.OFC YZ YGSTNG ZZCNG \GBZNG O\GB NKECFN { O\GB BKXGFN CKKI<br />

FEGCTF ,\GKGNNM\FF NMP ,\GRGXZF NMP NGNM[ ,KNNMF OEBF KVNM<br />

OKKRKTG B\NDND \B YZ OKBKXGP[ ,QGYK\G ZGZKC N[ FEGCT BKF \BHF<br />

,K\KPBF V"IBF \B QY\N Z[VB KB[ GPM .QY\N LKZX BN O\GBG .FNGTVN<br />

\B NCB .OKK\KPBF OKKRKTG B\NDNDF \B QY\N LKZX BN LM ,QCBF C"N \B<br />

. 16 "\NGSVF QP NMGB ZZGC" :\G[TN LKZX ZGZKCF

\GCZTF<br />

126<br />

?QGYK\F LKNF\N ONGTC FZCSFF \PZG\ FP<br />

,\ZG[Y\ KXGZT LZEG OKZVS LZE ONGTF NMC OK[GT[ FZCSFF \EGCTC<br />

ONGTF N[ KRIGZF GRGYK\N BNB ,TEKP N[ \KRGXKI FZCTFN YZ BN OKPZGD<br />

,FBKZCF \C[IP NT FNTPNP FTKEK NCYP ONGTC YNIG YNI NM .GNGM<br />

OKZKCTP BNB ,\KP[D FNGTV OK[GT BN .\KRIGZ BKF \BHF FNGTVFG<br />

,OEBFG ONGTF \ZJP KCDN \PKKGSP FTKEK EIB NMN FTKDP OMZE[ ,\GZGRKX<br />

FZGXC .BZGCF N[ FBKZCF \C[IPP \GTCGR ONGTF \ZJPG OEBF \ZJP[<br />

.BZGCN OEB NM OKZ[YP \BHM<br />

.QPHF TKDF[ BNB ,\BHF FPK[PF \B TXCNP OKYGIZ QKKET NBZ[K TDZM<br />

ONGTC \GC[IPG \GTKEK GNBM \GZZGT\P OB KZF[ .KGBZ \PBC ZCM ONGTF<br />

FNB[F ,ONGTF \ZJP NT FNB[F OT QMGP ONGTF[ QPKS ,FPK[PF \GEGB<br />

.OKZGSK LG\P FN[C ZCM "?GRKKIC OTJF GFP"<br />

"NBZ[K" N[ OGKYF OTJ NT \GF\N OKNKI\P ONGTC[ FECGTFG<br />

OKEGFKFG NBZ[K \NB[N FCG[\F[ LMN FKBZM \[P[P ,"OKEGFKF"G<br />

FRGZIBC OKZZGT\P[ ,"OKT[Z" NGMKCM ,OK[RB O\GB .ONGTN FXGIR ZCM<br />

,OKRVCP OFN FBC[ ,\GBKXPF \[DZF LG\P ,\BHF FNB[F \B NGB[N<br />

ORPB ,"?GRKKIC OTJF GFP" ,OFN[ FP[RF LG\P ,OFN[ TCJF LG\P<br />

BYGGE { OFC BXPR FHF ZHF YNIF[ ZIBP ,ZH OT KVNM FNB[F \B OKRVP<br />

.GRKCK F\GB[ FCG[\ \\NG \[DN Z[VB OFKNB<br />

GMG\C FGGI ONGTF .EGBP OKYHIG OKYGPT OKMKNF\ \TM ZCGT ONGTF<br />

.FZKC[F LG\P \GPK[ZF N[ \[EGIP \GCCZT\FN OKBKCP[ ,OKYHI OKPZH<br />

ZKFP Z[YG \I\GVP \ZG[Y\ N[ ONGTC ,ONGTC \GJJG[P[ FNBF \GTEFG<br />

;FHF QGKTZF CKCS EMN\FN ONGTF NMN GPZDK JTP EGT LKB FBZR ,ONGM QKC<br />

,OKPTFG \GRKEPF NMN TKZVP[ EIB OT ONGTC [K[ ,QPF N[ FPDGEC GPM<br />

.G\GB YNSNG QGYK\ \G[TN BNB FZKZC QKB[<br />

OT FC[ ,FZCT[ FBPC FKF[ O[M ,K\RVGB FKFK FHF QGZ\VF JTP EGT<br />

LG\P ,\ECGMP FZGXC GKNT ZCEK K\GCZ\ OEB NM .G\GB FNTF ZGBRG K\GCZ\<br />

;ONGTC FHF TZN \GCKSF N[ \IMGVP FKBZ LG\PG ,ONGTF FRCP KCDN FRCF<br />

QGZ\VF ,FNB NM LG\P ,Z\GK CGJ FKFK[ ONGTF \B QY\N QM QGXZ LG\PG<br />

.IG\KR \ZHTC ONGTFP FHF TZF \BXGF BGF GKRKT EDRN HB EGPTK[ EKIKF<br />

.\KVGSGNKVG \KZGJSKF ,\KTEP FZGXC ,FZGZCG \JNGC FKF\ \BHF FTEF<br />

.EGBP \KNBKZ FZGXC ZZC\\ F\G\KPB

127<br />

\KNBZ[KF FPGBF EKYV\<br />

B\NDND ,"NBZ[K" KVNM "ONGTF \GPGB KEKSI"G "YEX KZD" N[ OEKYV\ FP<br />

?OKKRKTG<br />

,"OKRKTG B\NDND" ,"NBZ[K" OT O\GCZGTP \EKPC ZZC\P OFN[ QGYK\F<br />

BC V"IBF QGYK\ OD .FTV[FE OKNMP OKBC OKRGYK\F NM KM .FTV[FE OKNM<br />

\GCZT\FF \EKP \BG \GCCZT\F \B OKTCGY BN GRIRB .FTV[FE OKNM LZE<br />

YGI G\GB KVN FNI OFKRKC \GCCZT\FF .FNCYE OKNMC FTV[FE OKNMF N[<br />

GB TKV[FN \RP NT \GRGGM KNC ,LSPF OT GB LSP KNC .FZGXF \BGG[F N[<br />

.EIB YGI BGF YGIF ,NCYN \RP NT \GRGGM OT<br />

,OKNMN QKXGXKRF QKC ,OKNMN \GZGBF QKC ,OKYNIF QKC SIKF \B TCGY[ FP<br />

YZ GRKNTG .FZGXF \GG\[F YGI BGF ,OKVKYPF \GZGBN OKZGC[F OKNMF QKC<br />

QKC ZGCKIF LZE ,\KRIGZF FXGCYF LZE ,FEKIKF \K[VGIF GR\ZKICC ,\GNDN<br />

O\GB ,UZJXFN OKRMGP[ FNB O\GB N[ \GVZJXFG [GVKI LZE ,\GXGCYF<br />

FXGCYN ,\GXGCYN ,"\GCZTF" QGKTZN UZJXFN OKNDGSPG OKRMGP[ OKYNIF<br />

.\IB \KPNGT<br />

KPG "ONGT \GPGB KEKSI" KP \V[GI \GCZTF QGKTZN \GVZJXFF \EKP OBF<br />

?"YEX KZD"<br />

FHKBCG ,FZGX FHKBCG ,YGKEC LKB \TEN Z[VB KB \GVZJXFF \EKPP<br />

G[KDZK[ ,OK[RB N[ \GNGED \GKGRDZB\F ONGTC GND\K T\VN NCB ,LKNF\<br />

BNG QGKTZF \B GBR[K[ OK[RB GND\K KEGFKF OTC[ GPM ;FHF QGKTZN \GMKK[<br />

\GPGB LMC GXZK[P Z\GK FNCYF \B EKP[FN GXZK GNKVBG ,G\GB NCYN GXZK<br />

.[KBC C[I\FN LZGX OG[ QKB FNCYF \XVFC QMN .ONGTF<br />

NMGR BN KMF GBNC .OZGD UBC \GC[I\F BNN TXC\FN CKKI FXVFF LKNF\<br />

FH LKB ,N[PN .\ZIB GB \BHM FCGD\ [K FZKC[F QPHC TGEP GRNM[C QKCFN<br />

[K ONGTF \GPGBCG ,FNCYF EDR OKBXGK[ FNBM [K KEGFKF OTC BYGGE[<br />

\B \G[TN OKMKZX GRIRB BN { FKNB OKMKK[G FNCYC OKMPG\[ FNBM<br />

:\IB BKF GR\CGI BNB .OKNMF \B OKZZCP \GZGBF KM ,GNNF \GRGC[IF<br />

FTKEKFG .ONGM KRVC ,\KNNMF FRGP\F \B ,FHF ZSPF \B IG\VNG LK[PFN<br />

\B G[TK ZCM OFG ,OKVKYPF \GZGBF \B CZY\ FPXTC BKF \BHF<br />

.ONGTF NMC OKZGZKCF<br />

NT \IRGP FEI CZI GNKVB" :CG\M .GPXT LKNF\C CZT\FN GRKNT BN<br />

OK[YF OKTDZC BYGGE .\TEN QKB OTV UB ."OKPIZF QP [BKK\K NB ,GZBGGX<br />

ZSGIG K[GYFG [GBKKFG FCHMBF \GYPTP ,OFC[ FZKC[FP ,OMZE ,Z\GKC

\GCZTF<br />

128<br />

NB FXKVYG ,\GYCEF N[ ,LZEF N[ \GND\F [K OGB\V ,BXGP QKBFG ,FGGY\F<br />

.\TEFP FNTPN YZ \MNN OKCKKI .ZGBF<br />

BN BGF .FVK QKTC FKNT NM\SKG FNCYN FMIK ONGTF[ \GVXN FP QKB<br />

DGBEN BNB ,GC C[I\FN LKZX BN FNKI\MNP QMN ?NGMK BGF LKB .FHN KGRC<br />

BNG \GR[N BN NCB ,CGJ \GBZKFN Z[VB[ FPM LKZX .FNCYF \XVFN YZ<br />

SGV\N ONGTF \GPGBN F[Y[ LMN OKTEGP \GKFN GRKNT .FPK[PF \B UNSN<br />

SGV\N Z\GK[ FPM QFKNT NYFN LZEF \B BGXPN GRKNT[G ,FHF QGKTZF \B<br />

FPK[PF \B TXCNG ,NHZCM OKYHI \GKFN GRKNT FHP WGI NCB ,G\GB<br />

.GRKNT \NJGPF<br />

SIK OFN QKB[ OK[RB OFKRKC ,FNCYF NT \GBXZFN GCK[YK OK[RB KVNB<br />

,OFN OKZKCSPG OKBC OB .ZSPF \B GJNYKG ,FNCYN GB NBZ[KN EIGKP<br />

\ZJP FPG ,FHF NECFF NT OFN OKZVSPG ,ORKCN GRKRKC NECF [K ORPB[<br />

FPNG ,ONGTC \G[TN O\CGI FPG ,GR\CGI FPG ,OKKY BGF FP NKC[C ,ONGTF<br />

HB ,FZJP GHKB O[NG BC FH FVKBP ,\BHM \GEEGP\FC OKBXPR OKR[ KVNB<br />

OF ,OFKRVN FKGND FKTCF HB KM .TGP[N \GRGMR OFN [KG ,OKCK[YP OK[RBF<br />

GKNT OKTPG[ BNB ,QGKTZF EDR OKBXGK BNG OKXZV\P BN QMN .F\GB OKBGZ<br />

.UGSF ETG FNI\FP<br />

NTC OD ?FP LZGXN ?OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF NT OFN ZVSN FP O[N ,\ZIB<br />

FPM \TEN KN FPN" :"\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\N FPEYF"C ZPGB ONGSF<br />

FP NT OFN ZVSN OKBC BNB ."OFK\GP[C OKBZYR EXKMG ,OKP[C OKMBNP<br />

.TP[K ONGTF HBG .\KNM\ GHKBNG GRN LKK[ NMF[ ,GRN LKK[ \PBC[<br />

?ONGTF \GPGB \PGTN OKEGFKFP \[ZERF QGYK\F \EGCTC NECFF FP<br />

OB TGCYN OEYGP EGT NCB .ONGTF NMC \GTP[P [VIN OKZZGT\P OK[RB<br />

\GZZGT\P[ ONGTF \GPGB QKCN OKEGFK QKC K\GMKB GB K\GPM NECF [K<br />

NTC KZCE KVN .FNCYF NT FTKP[ LG\P ,\KRIGZF FEGCTNG KRIGZF [GVKIN<br />

,NBZ[K OT \B ZZGTN NM OEGY LKZX "ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" UGSC ONGSF<br />

\GYYG\[F KVN OK[RB [VIN BNG ;"NBZ[K OT"M FHF ONGTC C[IR[ KP \B<br />

EGCTN BNB ,\KPNGT FXVF KEK NT OKPTF NMC OK[VIP[ KVM ,BZGCC \GYCEN<br />

.Z\GKC F[YM FND\\[ FEGCT ,\KNBZ[KF FPGBF LG\C EIGKPC<br />

OKBC [BZP ,NBZ[K OTN OKMKK[F OK[RB O\GB[ ,BGF QGYK\C NECFF<br />

.FTKC\C ,F[KZEC OFKNB

129<br />

\KNBZ[KF FPGBF EKYV\<br />

ZGHTN OKCKKI OF .\ZIB FPK[P \NJGP ONGTF \GPGB NT ,\BH \PGTN<br />

.ONGTC \GND\FN ZGPB QGYK\F OKEGFKF LZE[ ,QGYK\F \B TXCN OKEGFKN<br />

B\NDND KVNM \G[TN OKMKZX V"IB[ FP NM ,G[GZKV "OKEGFKN ZGHTN"<br />

,OKRGYK\ OK[GT BN OF[ O\GB OKPK[BP BN .FZHT OFP OK[YCP .OKKRKTG<br />

GKF OF ,OKNGMK GKF GNKB .OKRGYK\ TXCN OKNDGSP ORKB FNCYE OKNM KM<br />

\IB NMN F\GB \\N ,[ZEPF KVN ,FSKR F"CYF Z[BM ,FZG\F \B OKNCYP<br />

.\GPGBF OKTC[P \IBG<br />

.OKRGYK\ OK[GT BN OF[ ,OFKVNM FP[BF BNG OFP F[KZE OG[ QKB QMN<br />

ZCM ,FBKZCF \C[IPN FCKSF KFPG LKNF\F GFP OKTEGK OF[ KZIB BNB<br />

NTC NXB CG\M[ GPM ,FZHTM ,\GV\\[FM YZ HB OD NCB ,OFP [GZEN Z[VB<br />

GBKCKG ,OFKV\M NT NBZ[K KRC \B GIYK OKPTF[ ,ZFGHF ZVSC ONGSF<br />

ZGHTN QMGP BYGGE ONGTF QGYK\F LZGXN[ FNDR HBG .OKN[GZKN O\GB<br />

.ZCE NMC U\\[FNG<br />

KRVP ,LZT ZSI YNI OF[ ,OKEGFKF \B OKPK[BP OF OGKF GNKBG<br />

\PMGIC ,FZG\F \GKPKRVC LZGX OG[ OFN QKB[ ,OKTCGY OPXT OKEGFKF[<br />

\GSIKK\P ONGTF \GPGB OD QMN .FBKZCF \ZJPN TKDFN KTXPBC ,FNCYF<br />

"ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" UGSC ONGSF NTC C\GM LM .Z\GKP YNI NBM OFKNB<br />

,NBZ[K KRC \B GHCKG GNKV[KG ,T"FGB OF[" :Z\GKC FZGZCF FZGXC<br />

OFC WVI ONGTN QKBG .ONGTC Z\GKP ZCE GKF[ GPM NBZ[K \B GCK[IKG<br />

GB NCSF \EKP \BG ,OFKVNM SIKF \B OKTCGY[ OF OKEGFKF ,ZPGNM ".G"I<br />

.ONGTF NM N[ FGGN[F \EKP<br />

?ONGM N[ FTEG\N WGZVN KEM FNCYN ZSI FP<br />

FPK[PF \B TXCP BN[ ,\KEGFKF FTEG\NG OTN F[KD GN [K[ KEGFK NM<br />

\G[TN NKI\FNG ,G\PK[PC ZKMFN LKZX EIB NM .EYVR BGF GKNT \NJGP[<br />

FTKEKF \B OTFP EIBG EIB NMN BKCFN LKZX .QGYK\F LZGXN [ZER[ FP<br />

NGMK BN GR\BP EIB UB .FNCYF \CGI FPG \G[TN NBZ[K NT NJGP FP<br />

\GBC QF ,OKKRKTN \GBZKFN \GMKZX BN \GBXG\ .G\EGCT \GBXG\ \B \GVXN<br />

BKF ,FNCY NT ZCEN GNKI\K ONGTF \GPGB[ KRVP .\ZIB FZGXC ONGTN<br />

.\GZHF \GKGCZ\F OT GRN[ \GNNM\FFP ?TGEP .NBZ[KC OD NCY\\<br />

OKRKKRTF .OKCKKI[ FP OK[GT BNB ,BGCN FMKZX[ FBXG\F FP \TEN QKB<br />

OKEPGN BN FZG\ .O\GB TXCR[ KEM O\GB GRN GR\R .OKKJZGBK\ ORKB FNBF<br />

KM .K[TPF OGI\N \MKK[ FNGM=NM ,KRGKT YNI OG[ FC QKB .FKVGSGNKV GPM

\GCZTF<br />

130<br />

OKYGIF NM \B GMG\C NNGM[ ,ONGTF NM N[ KNNMF YGIF ,OPXT OKKIF BKF<br />

.OKZIBF<br />

?\KRGXKI FXVF GB \KPKRV FXVF FZSI OBF<br />

ZCI NM N[ ,FXGCYC FXVF ODG ,GPXTN EIB NM LG\C ,\KPKRV FXVF FZSI<br />

.OTF KVNM FXGCYN WGIP ODG ,ZCI NM KVNM FXGCYF N[G FXGCYF KVNM<br />

OKXGZ[ FC[IPC ,\KPKRV=\KRIGZ LZEC OD \GKFN OTF KVNM FXVFF NT<br />

NM" ,"ZGCKX \NKV\" \BZYR BKF[ ,FZJPF NT OKC[GIG ,FZYK ZCEF[<br />

,\KRGXKI FZGXC OD \GKFN FKNTG ,"ZGCKXF OGN[N" ,"ZGCKXF ZGCT NNV\PF<br />

ONGSF NTC ZB\P[ KVM ,FNKTV FXVFC ,OKKP[DF OKXGZTC ONGTC \NCGYP[<br />

17<br />

WKVFNG [ZEP K\C IG\VN LKZX[ , "\GZKCSPG \GZKBP OKRV"N FPEYFC<br />

ODG ,KRGXZ K\C[IP KRIGZF ZG[KPC ,ZPGNM .OKCZC FNCYF \PMGI \B<br />

.\GKSKVF \GNGTVF N[ KP[DF ZG[KPC ,NTGVC<br />

?FRG\PG FRKET FXVF KFP<br />

\GZGX [VIN BNB OKR[ FPM EGT \GMIN BN ,FRG\PG FRKET FXVFC FRGGMF<br />

ZCM NCYK ,NDGSP BN[ ,’FN&GI’M BGF[ ,QYG\P=BNF OEBF OD[ ,FNBM FXVF<br />

GN OKRKMP[ FNGIN FPGEC :NCYN NDGSP BGF FC[ FZGXC ,GN CGJ[ FP OGKF<br />

KCDN DGFRN LKZX LM ,’GMG QPG[ BNN ,\KNHGR ,\PKKGSP FZGXC ,EIGKP NMGB<br />

.F\GB NMTN NMGK OTF[ \BHM FZGXC FNCYF \PMGI \B QKMFN :FXVFF<br />

\B GN OKR\GR EKP BNB ,FNGI OEB OT OKCMT\P BN[ GPM ,CMT\FN BNG<br />

QMN .CGJ KMF GC DVSK\[ ,JGNYN NDGSP BGF[ FZGXC ,KZ[VBF KCZKPF CGJF<br />

FP OT \GC[I\FC ,ZPGNM .\KJKBG FRKET FZGXC FXVF \G[TN LKZX<br />

FPM DGVSK BGF[ FDBEC ,Z[VB[ FPM G\GB SKRMFN NCB ,NDGSP ZGCKXF[<br />

.EK\TN FGGY\M OKZCEF \B IG\VN ,\GMZ OKNKPC ZCEN ,ZPGNM .Z\GK[<br />

OGKYC ,WGIF \GKRKEPC ,QGIJKCC ,FNMNMC ,OGI\ NMC[ FND\P JBN JBN<br />

ONGTF[ ,\NTG\ ZSI YNIM ONGTF KRKTC \C[IR NBZ[K ,KP[DF ,NKDZF<br />

ZGZC F[TRG LNGF ONGTF EXP FKVNM FHF SIKFG .G\GB BRG[G GC NHNHP<br />

.KRGKDFG EGBP<br />

.TCJ YGIP TCGR[ ,FHF CXPN FCKSF \B ONGMN ZKCSFN LZGX [K QMN<br />

GRC [K ,\KP[DF \GKIF JTPN[ ,ZPGB TCJF YGIG ,TCJC OKBXPR GRNGM[<br />

\GKFN CKKI BGF ,ONGTF NMC[ K[GRBF YNIF ,GNGM K[GRBF TCJFG ,\GK[GRB<br />

OKNCGYPNG .FHF ZGCKIN OGZDN NBZ[K OT N[ G\CGIG .BZGCF OT \GYCEC

EKYV\<br />

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131<br />

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.BZGCF<br />

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,FIGRPC<br />

\GPN[C<br />

.\GKIXRG<br />

OKNCGYPN<br />

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,Z[GBP<br />

O\CGIG<br />

\GNDN<br />

F\GB<br />

.ONGMN<br />

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,OFN[ OTN<br />

CG[[ KRVP<br />

BGF<br />

NGCSK<br />

Z\GK<br />

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GKNTG<br />

\TEN<br />

FPN<br />

BGF<br />

,NCGS<br />

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NGMKCM<br />

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NDGSP<br />

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FDZEN<br />

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FRCPN OGZDKG ,\GKPKRVN UNI\K[ FHF HZHF ,WKBPF OZGDF \GKFN CKKI OFC<br />

.ZE\SFN FEKPZKVF<br />

OKCKKI OEGY[ .\GCZTF KRVN[ CXP NT ?ONGSF NTC ZCEP \GCZT GHKB NT<br />

,BZGCF OT Z[YN TKDFN KEM ,FNCYF \PMGI EGPKN N[ \GCK[IC ZKMFN<br />

YGSKTF KEK NTG .\GKPKRVC GYSTK OF HBG ,\GKRGXKIC OKYSGT[ FNB CZYC<br />

GB \GXGCYN ZCI\FN GNKI\KG ,\GCZTF OMSFN GCZY\K OF \GKPKRVC<br />

FND\\G ,\GCZTF OMSFN SRMKK OTF NM[ CXPN TKDFNG ,FNGED \IB FXGCYN<br />

LHP SIKC GZE\SK ONGTF \GPGB NM HBG .KRKS ZFC F\KF[ \GCZTF F\GB GC<br />

.OKNXC KEND GPM ,OKND GPM ,\GCZTF CKCS CTN<br />

LKB QKKET ZGZC BN KM ,\ZIB OD \BH ZB\N Z[VBG LM ZB\N Z[VB<br />

.GRPNGTC O[D\K FHF LNFPF<br />

?LGVF CXPF FEKP GHKBC<br />

BGF FZGX GHKBC TGEK BN GNKVBG .LGVF GNGM CXPF OGKF[ OKZPGB FNCYC<br />

,"ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" UGSC FRGMRF FZGXF \B ZB\P ONGSF NTC .LGVF<br />

OKRVC \GKFN CKKI ,\GKP[DC FZG\C YGSKTF LG\C ,OKRVC BXPR[ KP[<br />

.\GKRIGZC FZG\F

\GCZTF<br />

136<br />

?NGTM [DZGP GPKT Z[YF TGEP { "LZC\K GNGT \I\ OPXT \B GSKRMK"<br />

,OKKRIGZ OKYGI ,GN[ NCYN QGXZF NT ,GPXT NT NCYP OEBF Z[BM<br />

BN NCYN QGXZF .NGT GPXT NT NCYP BGF[ BZYR FH ,O\GB OKKYN NKI\PG<br />

GPM ,NCYN QGXZF NT OKCKMZP[ "NGT" \BZYR FTV[FF QMN ,TKV[FN KGRC<br />

.FC [P\[FN KEM ,FPFC OKP\GZ[<br />

[KCNFN ,"FP\Z" GKNT [KCNFN LKZX ,QGMR NCYN QGXZF \B DKFRFN KEM<br />

\GKFN FXGZ BN ONGTN FKI .GN \EDGRP BKF[ ,TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGM GKNT<br />

.F\GB UNBN OKIKNXP[ ET ,TZCG CGJC FCZF FC DGFRN LKZXG ,\DFRGP<br />

?FTV[FC "OKKGZ[F FGN[F \BG OTGRF \B" OKRKCP OF[ ,CG\M TGEP LM OB<br />

QGXZF FPM ET FBGZ BGF ,TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGMC BXPR OEBF Z[BM<br />

,ZIB BGF KGNKPF NCB .GEK NT BNP\P BGF FPCG ,GN[ FTV[FN UKSGP NCYN<br />

.FTV[FE OKNMC OKNCYP[ ,TKV[FNP KGNKP<br />

?FNCY KZVSC EGPNN KNC LPXT \B QY\NG ZGB LG[PN LZE [K OBF<br />

OT .OPGZ\K OEBF GMZE[ FXVF LZTP \G[TN Z[VB .EGPNN CKKI BN OEB<br />

."BZGCN OKZG[Y EIK \GKFN OKXGZ GRIRB" :ZPBG KRKS ZF CKCS EPT NBZ[K<br />

EGPNN LKZX BN .IGPF LZE BGCN LKZX BN BZGCF OT Z[Y ?EGPNN LKZX FPN<br />

.FBZKC ,\G[DZ\FC ,\GPPGZ\FC BGCN YZ BNB ,OGNM<br />

FP ,OKEPGN OB ODG .EGPNN LZGX QKB ."BGF NY ZCE FZG\F NM" :CG\M<br />

,\ZIB FZGXC OD ZGB LG[PN Z[VBG ,ZGB LG[PN KEM OKEPGN ?OKEPGN ZCM<br />

,EGPKNC BXPR[ OEBF OD .GPXT EGPKNFP FBC BN Q"P \BNTF .\GRGXZ OT<br />

?\GPPGZ\F LG[PN GN [K \GKGRPEHF FPM<br />

FMGSC EGCTN NKTGPG CG[I Z\GK FCZF[ ,\GMGSC ZPGB FKF EKP\ ["CZ<br />

."\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\" OT ZGTK[C EGCTN Z[BP ,ZK[NG IGP[N ,OK[ZYF OT<br />

\PGTN ,\GZZGT\F ,\GPPGZ\F N[ KNMP WGI ZIB KTXPB OG[ OEBN QKB KM<br />

.UKYPF ZGBF<br />

OFC[ OKTGZKBG OKTVGPN \GPGE GKFK FXVFF \GJK[ EK\TC[ ,ZT[N Q\KR<br />

GSV\K BN[ ,OK[RB OR[K KM .\GCZ\ KTVGP GB JZGVS KYI[PP OK[DZ\P<br />

,[DZ\FN OKNGMK OF \BHM FZGXC ,ZPGNM .Z\GK J[VGP QVGBC QGKTZF \B<br />

LKZX ,BZGCF OT Z[YF QKKRTCG .[DZ\FN OKNDGSP GKFK BN OF FKNTPG<br />

N[ BNG ,\GRFKN QGXZ ,F[DZF N[ OKNM OF OKNMF KM ,[DZ OEBN BKCFN<br />

.NM[ GEKNG ,\GRFKN QGXZ :NM[

137<br />

CNF LZE ,IGPF LZE<br />

?\G[DZ\F O\S BNG BZGCN \G[DZ\F OK[RBC OKZXGK LKBG<br />

KEK NT ZZC\P [DZF .KNM[ ZGZKC OD ZZGTN [K :EGCTN OKMKZX FH NT<br />

.NM[F<br />

FPGEC .BZGCF KVNM NCB ,ONGTC ZCM OKKY[ FP NMC [P\[FN BGF QGZYKTF<br />

OKPKKY[ OKNMF NM GR\G[ZN GEPTK ,QGMR G\GB QGGMR OB[ ,ZK[MP NGKMN<br />

EGPNN \C[N OKNDGSP GRNGM BN .\G[DZ\FN ONGTF \B BKCFN KEM ,ONGTC<br />

,FJK[F QGCKNC { \K[DZF EDRM { \KNM[F FYEXFF \B BGXPN KEM ,YPT\FNG<br />

.GNNF \GZKYIC<br />

?OKRDRPF GB OKTKVGPF GKFK OPXTC FNCYF KEPGN[ LMP TCGR OBF<br />

GPM .OKRGDKRF GB TVGPF \B GTXCK FNCYF KEPGN BYGGE[ IZMF QKB ,BN<br />

G\[BG ,QJY ZVMC GKENKG G\[B OT ZD[ ,KRT NCGYP NT KEKSI ZGVKS G\GB<br />

\B Q\GR F\BG ,OKCTZ OKENKF ,OIN \GRYN FPC QKB" :GKNT \YTGX F\KF<br />

:FN FRT "?LN GRDRKG F\KCF GBGCK[ ,OKZPHKNMN GRN[ \GRGZIBF \GJGZVF<br />

:\YTGX F\KF BKF HB ."OFKETNC ZZGT\FN NGMK BN KRB ,\G[TN NGMK KRB FP"<br />

ZVMP OKZCGT[ ,OKINXGK BN ,OKYGZH ,OKRKK\[ ?NNMC OF KP ?ZZGT\FN KPP"<br />

GNKBG ."OGNMN OKNDGSP BN ,\G\[N \MNNG ,USM \XY NCYNG ,QDRNP WGIG ZVMN<br />

.GN GRDRK OF[ KNC ZZGT\FN FKF NGMK BN ,IEKR ZVMP KRT NCGYP ,BGF<br />

ZSPF FP ,OKRGDKRF OFP CG[I ,OK[RB OKZZGTP KP LZE CG[I BN ,ZPGNM<br />

,OK[RBF OT EGCTN LKZX .TGXYP KNTC N[ KZPDN \GKFN NGMK TGXKCF NCB .OFN[<br />

LKB OFN ZKCSFN OKCKKI KM .KGPKCC OKECGT[ GPM ,O\GB QY\N ,OFN ZKCSFN<br />

.OKTKCP OF \G[DZ GNKBG OFC [K FP ,FNBF OKRGDKRN SIKK\FN<br />

\GKPKRVCG .OKKGSP KGJKCC ,OKKGSP [GCNC \GKFN OKCKKI OKRGDKRF \GKRGXKIC<br />

QDRF .OKRDRC KGN\ BN FH NCB .KRIGZF IGMF \B ZKCTP[ ,KNM \GKFN CKKI BGF<br />

\GKRGXKIC .\KRGZJYNB FSVGY F\GB GB ,Z\RSV G\GB GB ,ZGRKM G\GB GPM BGF<br />

GFP \TEN KNC ZKCTP BGF \GKPKRVCG ,GRPP OKXGZ[ FP ZKCTK[ G\GB OKNKKMP<br />

,TXCN GKNT FP ,FNCY N[ OKNKPC BN ,\KRGXKI FZGXC GN ZKCSFN LKZX .QKKRTF<br />

.ZE\SP ZCM KNMF OKRVCG .Z\GK GB \GIV \G[DZ FHKB<br />

FZM[G FEGCTF<br />

,(æ"Ł œåà "äłåœ ïœî" łîàîÆ) GRZBKC[ FP OKN[FN GRN ZB[R F\T<br />

\CFBG" N[ FGXPF[ OG[P ,\GCBN FZG\F FR\KR BN FH OG[P[

\GCZTF<br />

138<br />

\GGXPF NM Z[B FNGM FZG\F N[ CJGYF BKF[ "LGPM LTZN<br />

FPKKYN FKGBZ FRRKB FRF ,F[ZVNG FZBCN KEM FKNT \GCCSP<br />

L[PR M"TG ,FPKN[ FPGB N[ \PEYGP FPMSFC \NGH ,\GEKIKC<br />

GNB[R HBG ,FPKKYN OKGBZ G[TR[ ,OKZXPP O\BX ET ZCEF<br />

FGXP GPXT NT NCYN OKMSP FPGBFP EIBG EIB NM OB ,OEGYP<br />

QKKET ONGB .F"[T FZG\F OFN FR\KR ZCEN GPKMSF[ ZIBG ,\BH<br />

,GH FNB[ NBZ[K KRC GNB[R[ FZG\C GRKXP QMKF ,ZBCN LKZX<br />

?FZG\F \NCY OEGY FHN GPKMSF[G<br />

BKFF FRPHFC ,NKM[P NMN NKNTC OKNGDP FNBF OKZCEF[ ,TEG<br />

["PM ,FZG\F \NCY OEGY GRKCZ F[P K"T NBZ[KN F"CYF IN[[<br />

\B O\ZP[G KNGYC GTP[\ TGP[ OB F\TG" (’ä ÷åæô Ł"Ø åłœØ œøłô)<br />

KN GKF\ O\BG .WZBF NM KN KM OKPTF NMP FNGDS KN O\KKFG K\KZC<br />

.NBZ[K KRC NB ZCE\ Z[B OKZCEF FNB [GEY KGDG OKRFM \MNPP<br />

FNBF OKZCE NM \B OFKRVN O[KG OTF KRYHN BZYKG F[P BCKG<br />

F[TR ’F ZCE Z[B NM GZPBKG GKEIK OTF NM GRTKG ,’F GFGX Z[B<br />

.M"T "’F NB OTF KZCE \B F[P C[KG<br />

,CKKIP NM[F KM ,OEKYV\N OKPKB\P ORKB OKZCEF FZGBMN FRFG<br />

,G\PMSF TGP[N FXGZG FEGCT GHKB \G[TN GZKCIN TKXP EIB OB<br />

,FZM[ ODG BKFF FEGCTF QMG\ N[ FPDGE GN ZBCN LKZX GFKZF<br />

QBMG .OKMSFN GB QBPN OB FC QKKTN NCYPN OGYP BXPR HB Z[B<br />

FEGCT N[ BPDGE BN ,FZGBMN OKBXGP GRB QKB ,GNB \GBZYP ’CC<br />

O\ZP[G KNYC GTP[\ TGP[ OB" ZPGB KM ,FEGCTF UNI ZM[ BNG<br />

FP NT \KZCF \B BNG NGYF \B BN GRN [ZVP GRKBG "K\KZC \B<br />

NM KN KM OKPTF NMP FNGDS KN O\KKFG" ,ZPGB M"IB ,GNGIK[<br />

WPB\FN GRKKFE GRKNT FGXP BGF OB ,GMG\P IMGP GRKB[ "WZBF<br />

.GRN FCGJ FIJCF GH[ GB OKPTF NMP FNGDS \GKFN<br />

Z[B "WZBF NM KN KM" CG\MF OGKSN QBM [K[ Z[YF QKCFN [K OD<br />

OK[ZVPF NMG ,KPN[GZKFG NBKHGT QC Q\RGK SGNYRGB :OKPGDZ\F ’D<br />

QCBFG ,FHF CG\MF J[V \B QY\N QBM OKYIER ,’GMG Q"CPZG K"[Z<br />

"V"TB" G\BZGF FHF "KM" Z[B SGRKZP ’Z O[C BKCP BZHT<br />

FHNG .WZBF NM KN[ V"TB OKPTF NMP FNGDS KN O\KKFG ,[ZVPG<br />

,N"HI OT OB\GP GRKB ,FH G[GZKV ONGB .F"[T GPXT G\TE OD FJGR<br />

BGFG .BFE ,BNB ,BPNE ,GB :\GRG[N TCZBC [P[P "KM" GZPB[

139<br />

CNF LZE ,IGPF LZE<br />

GKF\ O\BG CG\MF OKKSP M"IBG ,K"VTB :K[KPI QG[N UKSGP EGT<br />

FGXP GH OB ,GMG\P IMGP GRKB QBM ODG .[GEY KGDG OKRFM \MNPP KN<br />

GNNF \GNPF OD .FCGJ FIJCF GH[ GB FH ZCEC WPB\FN FCGIG<br />

ZYKTCG ,L"R\F NMC ZCI GN QKBG [GZKV GN QKB "OKRFM \MNPP"<br />

KGD QKCG OKRFM \MNPP QKC QICF FHKB V"MT QBM ZKEDFN LKZX<br />

\IB ’KIC GH KZF FRGFM N[ FNKDZF \GTP[PF KVN KZF[ ,[GEY<br />

[GEY KGD FH KZF OKRFM FNGM[ FMNPP[ QCGP BNKPPG ,F[GEY OT<br />

.\GZ\GKP [GEY KGD \GNPF M"BG<br />

(G"M=F"M \GB "\GCZTF" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

\KKXIG OKZXP \BKXK GPM OKPEGY OKCN[ OKZBG\P FZG\F \NCY KRVN FPN<br />

?UGS OK<br />

OEBF[ KNMF LG\P BNB [DZGP CXP QKB .OKNMF \RMF LKZX CXP NMN<br />

,CXPG FRMF EKP\ OKZB\P OKNCGYPF QMN .\ZIB \GKFN NGMK BNG .QKMP<br />

OKKY[ FPP FND\P ,OKZB\P OF[ FZYP GB EPTP NM .CXPG FRMF<br />

OKSVJP QKKET[ CN[C GNKVB ,\GDZEPF ONGSC ERG TR OEBFG .\GBKXPC<br />

OKKGRK[F KVNG .\GKRIGZN OGSIPF NTP[ ONGS G\GB GRRKB[ ,\GDZEP ONGSC<br />

.\GBKXPF \B SVG\ BGF ,OEBC OKNNGI\P[ OKKPKRVF<br />

.\GBKXP GHKB OKSVG\ OKNM FHKB KVN ,GRN OKZKCSP GNNF OKZGBK\FG<br />

NMF .\ZIB GB GHM FRGP\ \GBZN KEM \GKFN LKZX OEBF \KPKRV FRMF GHKBC<br />

,\IBN \IB \GRGP\F NM ,UGSF ETG FNI\FP ,QMGPG LGZT ,JZSF NM ,BXPR<br />

KEM GPXT \B OKB\FN LKB EGPNN YZ GKNT ;QMGP G\GKPKRVC OEBF ODG<br />

.\ZIB GB GH FRGP\ LG\C \GKFN<br />

?OGSIPN ZCTP FRGP\F \B GPXTN ZESN NGMK OEBF LKB<br />

FRGP\N TKDFN ,OGSIP ZGCTN FXGZ OEBF OB[ ,GRN OKZPGB OKNCGYPF<br />

,\GNGMKC FH NKC[C EKKJXFN GKNT ,ZIB GF[P NKI\P FKZIB[ ,JZSC \BHF<br />

.FBNF ZGCTNG \BHF FRGP\F \B \GBZN NMGK BGF HBG ,OKPKKGSP OKNMC<br />

SVG\ BGF FP KGN\ ECNC GN[ KNMCG ,UGS=QKB ZGB BXPR OEBF KRVN<br />

ZKKXP GPXT OEBF .UGS=QKBP GN[ OKNMC ZKKJX\ FRGP\ GHKB ,FHF ZGBFP<br />

,\GRGM\F NM QKC OKSIK N[ OKKGSP NGNMPP F\GB ZXKKP BGF .FRGP\F \B<br />

.QGGD OG[ ,OGNM GC QKB[ ,UGS=QKB ZGB BGF ZGBF .GN[ \GC[IPFG \GRGXZF

\GCZTF<br />

140<br />

BXPR NMF ,ZGKXF EC GNKVBG ,GNGM NGNMPF ,OKZGKXF ,OKTCXF ,OKRGGDF NM<br />

.OGNM QKB WGICP .OEBC<br />

.\ZIB FRGP\ GB GHM FRGP\ ZKKXN LKB ,OFKC\MC OKZKCSP OKNCGYPF<br />

.FZGX UB GC QKB NCB ,\GCZ \GZGX NGMKCM [K QGKNTF ZGBC[ OKZPGB QMN<br />

JGNYN NDGSPG FXGZ BGF FRGP\ GHKB ,ECNC GK\GRGM\C ,NCYPC KGN\[ KRVP<br />

EGPN\"C ZYKTC) GKC\MP OKCZC FH QKKRT ZKCSP ONGSF NTC .QGKNTF ZGBFP<br />

.(\KPKRV \GNM\SF ,’B YNI "\GZKVSF Z[T<br />

?UGB[N LKZX GKNB[ QGKNT G\GB GFP<br />

FRGP\ ZKKXN NMGK OEBF[ ,\PEY\P FZGX F\GBN FRGGMF { "UGB[N"<br />

.QGKNTF GN F[T[ FPDGEM FBCF FRGP\ GKRVN [K .J[VGPF ZGBN Z\GK FCGZY<br />

BGF ,FTV[F N[ FRGMR FRGP\ ZKKXN NDGSP BN OEBF ,FPDGE F\GB BNN<br />

YZ NCB ,\GDZEPF ONGS NGMKCM GR[K QMN .JG[VF QGKNTF ZGBF NGP BXPR<br />

WGIP .OEBF LG\C OKBXPR \GPNGTF NM .GRMG\C BXPR BGF OD KM ,NGMKCM<br />

.OGNM QKB OEBN<br />

?FRGKNT Z\GK FDZEP FFHP OEBF LKB<br />

NT OGKF GPXTN ZB\N NDGSP OEBF[ FP .BZGCF BKF FRGKNT Z\GK FDZEP<br />

,Z[Y\FN ,\GPEKFN NKI\FN GRKNT QMN .FRGKNT Z\GKF FDZEPF GH ,BZGCF<br />

.BZGCF BGF[ GRPXTN \GPEN OKNGMK GRB[ FHF SIKN ,GNNF \GRGM\N YCEKFN<br />

,GF[P EGT FH BZGC[ FBGZ BGF ,F\GB [MGZ OEBF[ ZIBNG .\ZIB LZE QKB<br />

.OEGY GPXTN FPKE[ FPP ,FRG[ ,ZIB KNGB BGF BZGCF[ QKCP BGF HBG<br />

?FRGKNT Z\GK FDZEP FZG[F QP OEBN \GRYFN FRGMRF LZEF KFP<br />

G\GB BKCFN ECNC \G[DZ\F KEK NT Z[VB KB .BCKNG BIGPP NGNM OEBF<br />

OKCGJ OKZCEP QF \G[DZ\F GC ZZGTN ,NCS GC ZZGTN LKZX .QGYK\C \GXKIRN<br />

\GEGYRC \BHF "FMKS"F OT GC OKTDGR[ KZIB NCB .OKTZ OKZCEP QFG<br />

,GF[P GRPP \GXZN LKZX ,OKTZG OKCGJ \G[DZ GN[ FP[RC OKZZGTPG ,\GRG[<br />

.FPEZ\P G\GB ZZGTN LM O\S YZ BN<br />

FRGP\N EIK OKZCI\PG OKVZJXP GNNF OKZCEF NM[ ,GN \GBZFN LKZX<br />

FRPP [KG ,FCKS FN [K[ ,\KTCJ FRGP\ ,\GBKXPF \RGP\ BKF[ ,\PKKGSP<br />

\BZYN ,Z\GK OEY\P ,1¤t CXP ,t ,FHF CXPFP WGI GN \GBZFNG .FBXG\<br />

GB ,TZFP ZJVKFN KNGB ,FHF ETXF \B F[TK GPXT BGF[ KEM ,KF[NM FZJP<br />

OKCKKI NCB .\PKKGSP F[DZF GB ,OKKGSP NBKEKB KVNM KNGB ,CGJN L[PKFN

141<br />

CNF LZE ,IGPF LZE<br />

GKNT OK[GT[ FEGCTF \ZIB ,OKZZGTP[ \G[DZF QKC NM[ JTP GN SKRMFN<br />

.GN FNKTGP BN<br />

FKIF ,("\GZDB { OMI KZV") E"S UEC C\MPC C\GM ONGSF NTC[ GPM<br />

LKB QKCP BGF ,ZPGNM .NM[ F[DZFN SKRMP OEBF GNKBG ,BN G\G F[KDZP<br />

GRB NM[N .OEY\P K[DZ CXPN ,[DZF EDR WPBP KEK NT ,NM[F KEK NT ,ZGCTN<br />

.\GRFKN QGXZ ,F[DZF KNM YZ BGF OEBF .[DZN [DZP ZGCTN KEM OKYGYH<br />

.NM[ LKZX BGF ,FRGMR FZGXC \GRFKN LKB \TEN KEM NCB<br />

NCB ,QM BKF FCG[\F ,[DZF LZE YZ BGCN FNGMK FXVF OB FNB[N ,QMN<br />

ZK[F GFP ZKCSP KR[ LM ZIBG ,Z[ EIB ,ZPGNM .[DZF KCXP QKC ZCSF LKZX<br />

.ZK[F LG\C BGCN NGMK OD ZCSFF .ZK[G ZK[ NMC LMG .LKBG BGF FP NT ,FHF<br />

FP TEGK BN OEBF \ZIB ,EIK OKCNG[P \GKFN OKCKKI ZCSFFG ZK[F NCB<br />

.NTV\P O\S YZ BGF[ BXGKG ,GN \\N OKXGZ<br />

\GI\V\FF \PZN ,OK[RBF DGSN OB\GPG QGMRG FVK \GKFN CKKI CGNK[F<br />

\B BKCFN ?FNCYF \XVFC FZJPF FP KM .FPGBF N[ KNNMF KVGBN ,OFN[<br />

CXPN ,OGKF GN [K[ \GRCFFG \G[DZF OGMSP ,GN[ KPKRVF ONGTFP OEBF<br />

,OTV NM QMN .\ZIB FZGXC ZCM NCB ,[DZG NM[P NGNM BGF OD[ ZIB<br />

OKCKKI ,KGXZF CXPN G\GB OKBKCP[ ET ,CXPN CXPP OEBF \B OKZKCTP[<br />

.GN[ NM[F NT QFG [DZF NT QF EGCTN<br />

?OKEPGN FPN :[DZ EGPKNF KEK NT ZZGTN OKXGZ ,FNCY ZGTK[ QPHC OD QMN<br />

FP NKC[C ?EPGN KRB FP NKC[C ?KKIC OTJF FP ?OKRGV KPN ?FRGGM GHKBC<br />

FNB[F[ BNB ?FTKDKF \GPMN FTKDKF \GMKB QKC NECFF FP ?TDKK\P KRB<br />

FP NKC[C \ZIB ,EGPKNF KRVN OD NB[KFN \CKKI "?KKIC OTJF FP"<br />

BNB EGPKNFP ZB[R BN \ZIB ,NM[F LG\C [DZ SKRMFN OKCKKI ?EGPNN<br />

.FKVGSGNKV O\S<br />

\GCZTF YGI OGKYN F[KZE<br />

GB ,BXPR KRB FC[ FZCIFP YZ [GZEN LKZX .ONGTFP [GZEN FP QKB<br />

FXGCYP YNI \GKFN GCKKI\F[ ,FNGED FXGCYC F\B \GNNMR[ \GXGCYP<br />

QKTM YZ ,FMZG EGBP \NCDGP \GKFN FMKZX QFKVNM F[KZEF NCB .FNGED<br />

.FPXT \KPKRVF FXGCYFP BKF \K\KPBFG \KRKXZF F[KZEF GNKBG .YI[P<br />

OD F[KZE FKF\ ,\GZKSPCG \GRKXZC FKNB GZCI\K \GZIB \GXGCY[ FEKPC

142<br />

\GCZTF<br />

.QFP<br />

OKK\RKC<br />

\GCZTF<br />

N[<br />

NM<br />

ZCI<br />

ZCIG<br />

FXGCYC<br />

BKF<br />

YZ<br />

LG\C<br />

FXGCYF<br />

.FRJYF<br />

NCB<br />

NTC<br />

ONGSF<br />

,C\GM<br />

\GCZTF[<br />

FMKZX<br />

BGCN<br />

NMP<br />

,OTF<br />

GNKVBG<br />

NMP<br />

,ONGTF<br />

HB<br />

LKB<br />

FZCIF<br />

KRB[<br />

BXPR<br />

FC<br />

NMG\<br />

TXCN<br />

F\GB<br />

?FECN<br />

LKZX<br />

FPM<br />

Z[VB[<br />

YGSTN<br />

,FXVFC<br />

ZYKTCG<br />

\G[TN<br />

LG\C<br />

FXGCYF<br />

.\KPKRVF<br />

TGXKCF<br />

N[<br />

YGI<br />

\GCZTF<br />

FZGXC<br />

\KPKRV<br />

\KRIGZ<br />

,FXGCYC<br />

YKVSP<br />

NMN<br />

FKZCI<br />

KEM<br />

ZGCTN<br />

\B<br />

.OGSIPF<br />

KE<br />

FXGCYC<br />

,FRJY<br />

FC[<br />

OKKY\P<br />

YGIF<br />

,FHF<br />

KBR\F<br />

,FHF<br />

KEM<br />

.ZGCTN<br />

QMN<br />

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143

\GCZTF<br />

144<br />

OKKY ZCM NMF<br />

ZGYP ,ZGYP [K .\KNM\F OT ,BZGCF OT G\GB ZCIN LKZX YZ ,OKKY NMF<br />

\GMKZX FPXT FZK[F LG\C .OKPKK\SP ODG OKKIF OKNKI\P GC[ ,OKKIF<br />

BKF[ KRVP ,FHF QGKTZF \B BJCN F[Y Z\GK FYKSGPC .FNBM OKNKP \GKFN<br />

.FC \GTJN Z[VB \ZCEP BKF FP NT OKTEGK BN OBG ,\J[VGP Z\GK<br />

OKRKCP BN OF .ONGSF NTC KRGDKRN OKRKHBP[ ,OKNKDZ OK[RBN FZGY[ GPM<br />

TPG[[ NCGYPC .\GMCN OFN \PZGD BKF NCB ,GN[ FYKSGPF \ZCEP FP NT<br />

FYGIZ ,\ZIB \G[DZ\F ,FGGY\ ,\GNTV\F OKZZGTP OF ,OKKNCY OKRGDKR<br />

KRKTCG .KZKZGGB ,QCN GF[P ,EGZG QGGD QKP ,ZGB OFC FBGZ BGF .KMCP KZPDN<br />

OKKIF EXKM ,OKKIF UGS NT ,\GGP NT OKZCEP FNBF OKRGDKRF OK[RBF CGZ<br />

.OKZPDR OF LKBG OK[Y<br />

OKZIBF NXBG ,FPKEY ZGBG FGGY\G \GNTV\F OKZZGTP OF NCGYPF NXB<br />

.EGBP J[VGP BGF ,NM[ KNC TKVGP BGF[M GPXTC [DZF ,ZPGNM .FPKEY L[GI<br />

QECGB NT CBMP FMGC BGF OB OKTEGK BN ,FMGC OEB NT OKNM\SP OB<br />

.GC \XZGV T\VN[ FNGED FIP[P GB ,GF[NM<br />

QKCP CNF<br />

\G[DZ\FG \GNTV\FC OKZCIF \B YKHIFN IKNXFNP CGJ Z\GK QKB<br />

,\GEIBFP ,QGGKMFP [DZ\FN BGF [GZE[ FP NM .BZGCF \BZYN \EP\P<br />

\GNTV\FF KEK NT .BZGCF \GNED OZYKTC OF[ ,FZJPFP ,IGMFP ,ZGCKIFP<br />

.GR\GB OKRY\P OFG ,OKVKYP \GZGB OKZZGTP \BHF<br />

FP .GFGPM F[TR ,QGKNTN YCER[ OEB .OGNMC LZGX QKB \GNTV\FP WGI<br />

LZGX OEBN QKB .LKZX[ FP NM BZGCFP NCYN NKI\P BGF ?"GFGPM" [GZKV<br />

F[DZFFP TDZKFN GN ZGSB .BZGCN YCER BGF[ F[DZFP WGI ,ZCE OG[C<br />

."\GK\ZCI" BZYR GN[ SIKF \ZIB ,BZGCN \RGGMP \GKFN FMKZX[ ,\BHF<br />

FHF SIKF ,GMG\N GB ,GKNB Z\GK EGT OEY\FN KEM ,BZGCN YCER BGF OBG<br />

."FNCY" BZYR<br />

[K FMG\C[ ,ZK[P \G[DZ\F .\G[DZ\F ,Z[YF \[DZF \GKFN \CKKI<br />

FRKC) "QKCP"G "CN" ,"QKCP CNF" :CG\M[ GPM .FNTR \PKKGSP FZJPN QGGKM<br />

\B FH OKZ\GS FZGBMN OF[ ,FRKC OT \ZCGIP[ \GMNP ,("FRCF" FNKPFP

145<br />

UKYPF ZGBF \NGDS<br />

YZ BKF FRKC .F[DZFN ,OKESIN FRKCG FPMI ZGBN KNM BKF \GMNP .FH<br />

.EIK \GZCGIP \GKFN \GCKKI QFK\[G ,NM[ YZ BKF FPMIG ,F[DZF<br />

.OKEKPN\N ZCTGP BGF[P FRG[ FZGXC ZCTGP CIZF NFYN ZSPF<br />

CXP ZXGR HB KM .KGVX BN GF[P ,FT\VF FKF\[ ZGSB ,NFY KRVC \GTVGFC<br />

NT NM\SPG C[GK FVGXF[ NKTGP BN .[KDZFN FPC QKB ZPGNM ,"KNM QKB" N[<br />

ZGSB ,QM GPM .\GZCI\F BNG \GV\\[F BN GH ;ZGTV FVC FZGY[ FP<br />

CNF[ KEM .GKNB ZCI\FN OEBF NT F[YP[ ,FZGXC FKF\ ZSPF \ZCTF[<br />

\G[TN LKZX .JKNY \GKFN CKKI ZK[F ,OKKGSP CXYC GKNB CKDFN NKI\K EKP<br />

.ONGM N[ \GV\\[FN ,ONGM N[ EGIKBN OKNTGV[ OKZCE YZ<br />

?OTF NNMN BZGCF \[DZF \B ZGSPN Z[VB LKB<br />

\VGZ\ ,NMP WGIRF ,FVKF ,CG[IF ,CGJF ZCEF [K FNCYN[ ,OEBN OKZPGB<br />

NM GN OKR\GR .\GCZ\ N[ ,LGRKI N[ ,EK\TN QGIJKC N[ \GMZTP FN [K ;FTDZF<br />

.BGXPN NGMK BNG FXGZ BGF[ FP NMG ,GN ZSI[ FP<br />

\B GN YKRT\ FNCYF ,ONGTC OEB NMN OGKF [K[ \GZXF NMN UKNI\M<br />

\GEZJC TGY[ \GKFN OGYPC[ ,GN OKBZP .Z\GKC OKCGJF OKZCEF NM<br />

QGPZBC LNPM [KDZFN G\GB BKCFN FNGMK FNCYF \PMGI ,\GKP[D \GKTCCG<br />

.NMF GC [K[<br />

SRZKV K[GYC[ ,OK[Y OKKI KI[ ,QGNDTF NT ZGVKS G\GBC GPM FZGY NCB<br />

SGS GN GKF ,OKENKG F[KB GN GKF .CGJ GN FKF \BH \GZPNG ,G\IV[P \B<br />

FXGZP FKFG ,\GB[P \ZCTFC \GEIB \GJGZV OGK NMC IKGGZP FKFG ,FNDTG<br />

NMF ,SGSF \PG ,OKENKF G\P FKZIBG ,G\[B GKNT F\P EIB OGK .OKKIFP<br />

\P ,GKPK UGSC GKNT ZCT[ FP NM KZIB ,ZCE N[ GVGSC[ ET ,ZEZEKFG LNF<br />

.QGNDTF OD<br />

FHF ONGTC NCSF KZIB[ ,OKC[GI EKP\[ GPM) QET QDN TKDP BGF LMG<br />

HBG .FCZF LM NM NCS[ OEBN \\N Z[VB FP OKJCN\P O[G ,(QET QD TKDP<br />

SRZVKG ,FNDTF OT TSKK[ ,FNDTG SGS ,\KCG OKENKG F[KB :GN \\N OKJKNIP<br />

.ZIB CGJ GFP QKCP BN BGF KM ?TGEP .CGJC O\B FKIKG ,G\IV[P \B<br />

,QGNDT G\GBN OKPGE ONGM NCB .QET QD N[ ,CGJ N[ ZIB D[GP OEB NMN<br />

GKKIC [KDZF[ FP QKCNG QET QDC [KDZP BGF[ FP QKC NECF OG[ QKB GKCDN[<br />

.FHF ONGTC OKCGJF

\GCZTF<br />

146<br />

?"QET QD" CXPN KIMGRF CXPF QKC \GKFN LKZX NECF FHKB<br />

KGNKP GN FBKCP BKF ?FNCYF GN FBKCP FP .ECNC KPKRV KGNKPP KI OEBF<br />

GRCXP QKC NECFF FP .G\GB FBNPP BKF LMG ,UKYP ZGBF \ZBFP KPKRV<br />

FXVFG .\KPKRVF F[DZFC YZ ?QGYK\F ZPDN TKDP OEBF[ CXPN ,GK[MT<br />

.\KPKRVF F[DZFF \B OEBC FR[P FNCYF N[ FRGMR<br />

\B [KDZP OEBF[ ,ECNC \KRGXKI \GKFN FNGMK \BHF \KPKRVF F[DZFF<br />

OEBF[ ,\KPKRV \GKFN FNGMK \BHF F[DZFG .FGGY\FP YZ CGJ GPXT<br />

TDZM[ ,KR[ CN[ GFH NCB .NTGVC F\GB DK[FN FXGZG ,FGGY\FP CGJ [KDZP<br />

GN YK\PFN FPC [K FNCYN[ ,OEBN OKZPGB BNB .FXVFC GC OKTDGR BN<br />

.OKKIF \B<br />

NCYK BGF ,OKKIF OT ZGPDN OGYPC ,NGFGMNB OGYPC ,OKPS OGYPC<br />

\GKP[DF \GKTCFP EZJGP FKFK BNG ,OKCGJ OKKI N[ F[DZF FNCYFP<br />

FKFK GNKVBG ,ZE\SFN NMGK BGF FHF ONGTC OKPZGDF NM OT .\GKPGK OGKF<br />

.CGJ GN<br />

?\GIKJCP \G\EF[ FP QKCN FIKJCP FNCYF[ OKCGJF OKKIF QKC NECFF FP<br />

BGF[ FP OT EIK ONGT \RGP\ OEBN OKSKRMP ,\BHF FXVFF \ZGXC<br />

\RGP\ OEBN \R\GR FNCYF BNB .\G\EF NM \G[GT LM .F\ZGP\ NCYP<br />

\EF TGEP .OKVKYP \GZGB GN FBKCP FPXT BKF GH FRGP\G ,\GI\V\F<br />

KVNM OEY\FNG LK[PFN FNGMK BN BKF[ KRVP ?\PNTR F\TV[FG FN[MR<br />

G\GTXPBC[ ,ZK[MPN YGYH OEBF .OKVKYP \GZGB \M[GP BN BKF ,FNTP<br />

.OKVKYP \GZGB LG[PK BGF<br />

OEBF[ BNB .FXGZ BGF[ FP OEBN \\N \GZ[VB OG[ QKB FHF ONGTC<br />

BKCK[ FP FH ,CG[IN LKBG ,GKKI OT \G[TN FP NT ZIB GB FHM WGTK KM ,C[GI<br />

FHF ONGTF KM ,KGNKP OEBN \\N FKF NGMK BN OTV UB FHF ONGTF .KGNKP GN<br />

.KRIGZ FKFK KGNKPF[ KEM ,QGZSKI GRN \\N KEM BZCR<br />

OKKP[DF \GRGZSIF NM EDRM ,KRIGZ KGNKP N[ F[DZF OEBN \\N OKCKKI<br />

LM KEM ET .G\GB OKBNPP BN OTV UB \GKP[DC .\ZIB \GKFN NGMK BN .GN[<br />

F[DZFC BNP\P BGF .\GKP[DP BNP\P BN BGF QGYK\ ZPDC GNKVB[<br />

YZ ,\GXKIR KVN YZ NCYP BGF .NCYP BN GPXT BGF NCB ,GN OKR\GR ONGM[<br />

\\N NDGSP BN ,GRN[ ONGTF ,\GKP[DF .Z\GK BNG ,LKZX GN[ UGDF[ FPM<br />

.OEBN Z\GK

147<br />

UKYPF ZGBF \NGDS<br />

?FHF QGZSKIF \B BNPN NGMK[ KRIGZF KGNKPF GFP<br />

NTP GRJCN SKRMFN NDGSP BN OEBF[ KVM .’B OGXPX \I\ OKNTGV GRIRB<br />

KGNKP OG[ GN[ KNMN SKRMFN NGMK BN BGF LM ,NMGB N[ \PKKGSP \GPM<br />

ZGBE KNMC" BZYR[ ,KNMF NTP[ KGNKPFP YZ \GKIN NGMK BGF .FZK[K FZGXC<br />

KNM GN [K OB ,GPXT \B BNPN NGMK OEBF GC YZ ."FTV[FE KNMC" ,"ZHGI<br />

\B GN [K NGMKCM[ ,ZHGI ZGBP \GKIN NGMK BGF ,KNM GN QKB[ QPH NMG .FHM<br />

.GN[ KNMF NTP FRGC OEBF[ ,KNMF EDRM EPGT ZHGI ZGB KM .FHF KNMF<br />

KN ZSI" ,"EGCM KN ZSI" ,"USM KN ZSI" OKRRGN\PG OKRGV NMF OBG<br />

OEBF \B TKDZFN \KPKRVF FXGCYF EKYV\ { "QGIJKC KN ZSI" ,"\GBKZC<br />

BN EIB UB[ \GZPNG .UKYP ZGBF \B ?FP \B .NMF GN Q\K\ FNCYF[ ,ZPGNG<br />

EKIKF QGZ\VF JTP EGT ,G\GB BGXPN Z[VB FVKBG UKYP ZGB G\GB GFP TEGK<br />

F\NGMK ZSGIP [GBKN TKDFN FMKZX EGT \G[GRBF ORPB .UKYP ZGB YZ FKFK<br />

OD ,EIB UBG .UKYP ZGB :\IB YZ BKF FCG[\F NCB ,FZK[K FZGXC BNP\FN<br />

\GBZFN LKZXG .\ZIB FZGXC GPXT \B BNPN NGMK BN ,OKEZBKNKP GN [K[ KP<br />

.UKYP ZGB GN ZKBP ,FNCYF \PMGI N[ QGKTZN YGCE BGF OB[ ,GN<br />

?NFYC WKVFN LKZX[ KHMZPF QGKTZF GFP<br />

.QGKNT IGMN TKDFN BGF EKIKF QGZ\VF KM BGF WKVFN LKZX[ KHMZPF QGKTZF<br />

KEM QGKNTF IGMF GN ING[ OKZGSKF \B .OKZGSKFP IGZCN NGMK BN OEBF<br />

[GZKV FP .CGJ GN FKFK ,OKZGSKN LM SIKK\P[ OEB .GKNB G\GB UGIEN<br />

OEBF[ ET OKZCGDG OKMNGF OKZGSKF ,BN OBG .OEY\FN NKI\P BGF ?"CGJ"<br />

ET ,TPG[ OEBF[ ET ?OKZGSKF OKZCGD FPM ET .OEY\P HBG ,OFN CK[YP<br />

.OKMSP BGF[<br />

?\G[TN GKNT FP QGZ\VF \B TPG[ OEBF[ KZIB<br />

\B LK[PPG BXGK BGF ,\G[TN GKNT FP FXGCYFP TPG[ OEBF[ KZIB<br />

BGF GMZE[ ,ZGRKX GN [K GK[MT[ BNB ,FR\[F BN ZCE .NKDZM GN[ OKKIF<br />

ZCGIPG ,OKZK[ TPG[ ,OKZCSFN CK[YP BGF .\KPKRV \KRIGZ FXGCYN ZCGIP<br />

,FXGCY LG\C [KDZPG ,QG\KT ,QGVNJ ,JRZJRKB N[ \GRG[ \GMZTP LZE FKNB<br />

.EIK ONGM[<br />

F[DZFF[ ,\GCZTF \[DZF \B GN \\N FEKXP \CKKI\P FPXT FXGCYFG<br />

:EIB KBR\C YZ NCYP BGF \BHF F[DZFF \B NCB .G\GB BNP\ \BHF<br />

GR\K BN FXGCYF KZCI \ZIB .QGKNTF IGMN FXGCYF OT EIK YYG\[FN GKNT

148<br />

\GCZTF<br />

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GPXT<br />

LKZX<br />

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NT<br />

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154<br />

FP .OEGYFP LGVF OTV NM BGF OEBF N[ KNMF \GKRIGZC NCB .FBNF LMG<br />

.OEGYF GCXPP KZPDN LGVF ,FBCF GDBF \DZEC FXGZ BGF[<br />

NDGSP BN NNMC BGF .TKV[FN \RP NT NCYN GK[MT \GXZN NDGSP BN OEBF<br />

KVNM QM[ NM BN .TKV[FN \RP NT TKV[FN BN OD ,FHM CXP GPXTN ZB\N<br />

OEBF HB YZ[ ,TKV[FN \RP NT TKV[FNP YZ \GND\FN NKI\P[ ,BZGCF<br />

,\KVGSF FZJPF QTPN OKECGT NGMKCM[ \GZPN ,ZPGNM .BZGCF BGF KP FBGZ<br />

FNTPN" OKBZYR OKCXPF NM QMN .BPNTC GRNXB BKFG ,F\GB OKZKMP BN<br />

.K\KPB Q\PG B[P OTV NM BGF ,FRG[ OTV NM BGF Q\PG B[PF KM ."\TEFP<br />

.OKR\[P QPHF NM OF[ ,KGNKPG KNM BZYR "Q\PG B[P"<br />

?FPMSF OD BKF FRCF OBF<br />

.CNC BKF FPMSFG IGPC BKF FRCF .ZCE G\GB BN QF FPMSFG FRCF<br />

NT ZGP[N NKI\P BGF[ JKNIFN NGMK OEB GRN[ ONGTC .CNF NT BGF QGYK\F<br />

.GMG\C TKDFN LKZX OEBF FPMSFN .NKDZM NGMBN ZGHIN \ZIPNG FJBKE<br />

GRKB BZGCF .OEBF LG\C OKRVC GNGM BGF "FPMSFG FTXF N[ Q\PG B[P"<br />

LG\C NFR\P Q\PG B[PF .FRYR[ KEM \GIRF F[GTG \GRIC KRGGRIM EPGT<br />

\GCZTN BGCN OB ,OKMSFN BN GB OKMSFN OB ,GN[ \GRICFF NM QKC OEBF<br />

\PBC OFN TKXP[ GRKKFE" ,OEBF KRVC KGND NMFG .\GCZTN BGCN BN GB<br />

NM \BG ,\GGXPFG FZG\F N[ FEGCTF QKRT N[ FRMG\G F\ZGX NM GNB OKZCEC<br />

."TP[FN KGBZF FZM[ Q\P<br />

[K FP NT HB ,NCYN FPG ON[N LKZX FP ,KGNDC NMF Q\GR BGF OB NCB<br />

BN ,OEBC KPKRV BGF IGMKGGF ?G\B IMGG\FN GRN [K FP NT ?Q\PG B[P NFRN<br />

OMN FZYK ,LM G[T\ BN OB ISGRC IGMKG \GKFN NGMK BZGCF OT .BZGCF OT<br />

BGF FPM ,GRN[ ONGTC DGFRM IGYKP FV QKB .JNIGP ZCM FH OD NCB ,LM<br />

YZ OKZJP KR[ NTP OGYPC WGVYN NMGR[ KEM OGSIPF N[ UZF \B GRN EKZGK<br />

.IGYKPM BKF[ \KPKRVF FEGCTF \ZGX NT ZCGEP BNB .EIB ZJP<br />

KN GKF\ O\BG’ CG\MC \BJC\P \GGXPCG FZG\C[ FEGCTF \ZGX KM"<br />

\GRGXZF NMN SIKK\FN CKKI OEBF[ ,\BHM FEGCT \ZGX ,"’OKRFM \MNPP<br />

OKRFM \MNPP KM" ."OKRFGM \MNPP" \BZYR[ FPZN ,O\GB QY\NG GN[<br />

"NGED ETG QGJYP" ."OKRFM GPM NGED ETG QGJYP OMNGM GKF\[ ,F[GZKV<br />

,"NBZ[K" OKBZYR[ ,BZGCN OKYYG\[P[ FNB NMN ,OEBF KRC NMN ,FRGGMF<br />

.QGXZG QGXZ NMN ZPGNM ,"NGED ETG QGJYP" OEBF LG\C ODG

155<br />

OKRFGM \MNPP<br />

’F KM WZBC KP[D QKRY OG[G FNIRG YNI OFN QKB OKRFMF[ GPM GRKKFE"<br />

[K[ BNG .OKKRKTG B\NDND ,FTV[FC YZ OKECGT ONGM OF[ ,"O\NIR BGF<br />

QVGBC ,F\GNNMC \ZEGSP FPGBF NM FKF\ QM" ,OPXTN FNCY GF[PC OFN<br />

YGSTN JZV OG[N QKBG .LZC\K ’FN \[EYGP FNGM ,FBGNP NMG WZBF Z[B<br />

ZSIK BN[ G\NGH KMZX \B BNPNG LZC\K O[F \GXP OKKYN KEM BNB ,FC<br />

."GPXT KMZXN FP DGBEN JZV OG[N FKFK BN[ QVGBC ,GK\GNB[PP OGNM<br />

OKDBGE ODG OKZIBN OKTKV[P BNB ,OPXT NT OKC[GI BN OKKRKTG B\NDND<br />

.FTV[FC YZ GECTK ,FNCYE OKNM OD ,Z\KF NM[<br />

KDGS NM ;FHF ONGTF NM = "QKNGI N[ \GEGCTF GNKVB GBXPR FH QVGBC["<br />

FTKZHG FZKXYM" FHF ONGTC OK[GT OF[ FP NMG OEB KRC QKC OKSIKF<br />

,GN[ NCYN QGXZFP ZPGNM ,FPEBF QP BKXGP OEBF[ FP NM ;"FPGEMG<br />

\GRCZYF \GEGCT \PDGEC [PP OKRICR" ONGM OF ,GEK NT \GRFKN FXGZ[<br />

."Y"PFKCC OK[GT GKF OKRFMF[<br />

,"F[T \GXP BKF[ ’FN FNGT \CZYF N[ FGXPC YSTF KN FP KM" ?TGEP<br />

,"’LGPM LTZN \CFBG’ N[ F[T \GXP OKKYP OB KN FPG" ,BZGCN \Z[P[<br />

EPGTM FPGE ,G\NGHN NKMBFN KEM GFE[ ZXGYF[ BXPRG" ,\NGHN \Z[P[<br />

\GRGXZF \B QY\P OEBF OB .ZCE G\GB [PP OFKR[[ ,"’FN QCZY CKZYPG<br />

,\GEGCTF NMC EGCTN NGMK BGF .F[GT BGF[ \GEGCTF QKC NECF OG[ QKB ,GN[<br />

GDFRPM ONGT ,FXGZ BGF[ OGI\ NMC ,GN[ \GRGXZF NM OT EGCTN ,ZPGNM<br />

FPDPC KGN\ NMF KM ,CG[I BN ,DFR \GKFN ,ZMKB \GKFN ,FZGP \GKFN .DFGR<br />

."[EGYF \EGCT" GH KZF ,\NGHF \B FC \Z[P BGF OB .G\EGCTC[<br />

BNB ,EGT BNG .’FN QCZY CKZYPG EPGTM FPGE ,G\NGHN" NKMBP[ KPG<br />

Z\GK EGT BKF LGPM LTZN \CFBG N[ F[T \GXP Z[B \R\GR BZCSF[<br />

\GRGXZF OT ECGT[ OEBF ."NKTN GRIMGF[ GPM ,QCZYF CKZYPP FCG[I<br />

OKKGNKP O\GB LVGFG ,GN[ NCYN QGXZN OKETGKP[ OKKGNKPC ,GN[ NCYN<br />

.’F \EGCTN LKZX[ FPP OKRGYK\G \GIGM Z\GK FCZF LKZX ,\NGHN<br />

\GMMEHF QKKET FH QKB[ KRVP ?TGEP ,"ZCEF ZPD FH QKB QKKET ORPB"<br />

,NBZ[K \B OFC UZXN BNB OKRG\R ORKB \GGXPFG FZG\F NM KM" ,UGDF<br />

.UGDF LGMKHN TKDFN LKZX FNBF \GEGCTF NM KEK NTG ,"UGDF \GMMEHF BKF[<br />

."K\KPBF ZM[N" ,GNNF \GEGCTF NM KEK NT ,"ONNDC FMHK M"IB Z[B"<br />

BKF[ ’\K GC \GYKCEF BKF[" ,K\KPBF ZM[N OKTKDP UGDF LGMKH OT ,ZPGNM<br />

."FBKZCF \KNM\

\GCZTF<br />

156<br />

."[GEY KGD" QF[ ,ZCM \GZIB "OKNKPC BJC\P FHF ZM[F FRFG"<br />

ZCGIP FKFK V"IBF OD[ LKZX NCB ,OKKRKTG B\NDND YZ OF "OKRFGM"<br />

KM .YCEKFN OKNGMK BN OKKRKTG B\NDND .TKV[FN \RP NTC EGCTKG ,OFKNB<br />

\MKK[ \GYCE .GN FPGE KRB OB ,Q\GR [PP KRB OB YZ Z[VB BZGCC YCEKFN<br />

FRKC QMN ,FZGFJ FTV[F N[ QKKRT ,ZY QKKRT OF OKKRKTG B\NDND .V"IBN YZ<br />

EGBP ZCE BKF[ ,\GRPIZ BKF FTV[F[ FPER GRN ."FBNKT FZGCD" \BZYR<br />

OK[GEY ["PM ,OK[GEY GRK[TR ’\K GC \GYKCEF K"T[" .BKF LM BN NCB ,OI<br />

LKB ,BZGCFP FPDGE IYGN OEBF ,ZPGNM ,"OMKYNB ’F KRB [GEY KM GKF\<br />

.GN[ V"IBE OKNMF OT FTV[FC ECGTG ,FTV[FC ECGT BGF<br />

NT FEGCTF \ZGX NM \BJC\P ’OKRFM \MNPP’ OKNKPC[ FBGZ LRFG"<br />

BGF ’F[ OKRFM FNGM[ FMNPP GRKKFE ’LGPM LTZN \CFBG’ N[ FCJGY<br />

[K GRKIZM NTCG ,OKKP[DF OKRKRYF NMP KPXT QKRY OG[ OFN QKBG O\NIR<br />

\MNPP’ QKRTC QKCFN Z[VB LB[ FEKIKF FZEDFF KFGH Z[B \GEGFN GRN<br />

FH QM\K BN KM ,ICHPN \GRCZY \CZYF ZCEC F[ZVN NMG\ BN KM ,GH ’OKRFGM<br />

"OKRFGM \MNPP" "?OKCKZYPF GKFK[ OF KP KM ,FNGM FPGBF NT ZPBFN<br />

.KNNMF QGYK\F KCN[ KR[ BGVKB OF "[GEY KGD"G<br />

YNING ,OKRFGM \MNPP \GKFN LKZX[ EIB YNIN BNG ,OTF NMN BKF FKRVF<br />

\GRGXZF NMC QGXZF QGYK\ N[ OKCN[ KR[ FNB .[GEY KGD \GKFN LKZX[ ZIB<br />

B\NDND[ YNIG ,OKKRKTG B\NDND BGF[ YNI [K QGXZG QGXZ NMC .OEB NM N[<br />

OFN[ \GKYRF ;OKKYR OKKRKTG B\NDND QKB .V"IBC [P\[FN OKCKKI OKKRKTG<br />

.V"IBF \B [P[N O\CGI FEGCTF KVN NCB ,TCJF KVN BKF<br />

NT O[ZVN QMG ?OKR\GRF GKFK[ OF KP ,FRGFMF \GR\P \IKYN QKRTC QMG"<br />

NM[ IZMFC BNB ,[GEY KGDG ZPBR ZCM BNF OKRFMF N[ F[GEYF ZCE<br />

QKRY NMP OKZETR[ ,O\NIR BGF ’F[ FPC YZ BNB GRKB ,ZCEC[ \GTP[PF<br />

LGPM LTZN \CFBG N[ ZGTK[F GRKKFG" ;QG[BZF CN[F FH ,"OPXTN KP[D<br />

NM" ;KR[F CN[F FH ,"\BJC\P ’[GEY KGD’ OKNKPCG ,N"RM FZG\F NM NNGMF<br />

.FNCYE OKNM KEK NT OKDK[P ZCM F\GB[ ,"\GYKCEF BKF[ ZM[F Q\P \ZGX<br />

?"[GEY KGD" GFP<br />

.("FNCYE OKNM") NCYN \GRGXZ ,\GRFKN \GRGXZ ,\GRGXZ KRKP NM BGF KGD<br />

NNGMF ,QYG\P BN QKKET[ NCYN QGXZ ,"[GEY KGD" BZYR QYG\P NCYN QGXZ<br />

BZYR KGD .KEGFK BNN GB KEGFK IRGPN LKK[ BN KGD ."KGD" BZYR ,\GPGB OKTC[

157<br />

OKRFGM \MNPP<br />

."[GEY KGD" BZYR OKKRKTG B\NDNDN OKVZXP[ YNIF .V"IBF NM ,V"IB<br />

.ZHGVP QKKET[ ,QYG\P BN YNI ,"KGD" BZYR UZGXP BN QKKET[ YNIFG<br />

OKNMM GECTK[ O\GB QY\P OEBF[ ,FNCYE OKNM O\GB OF "[GEY KGD"<br />

G\GB BKCFN KEM OTC OK[P\[P OTF LG\C OKBXPR[ "OKRFGM"F .FTV[FE<br />

GPM ,"[GEY KGD" BZYR BGF ,OKRFGMN UZJXP[ OTFP YNI G\GBG .F[GEYN<br />

.TKV[FN \RP NTN UZXN Z[VB[ OKNMF ,FKNTE V"IB<br />

?OKRFGMF OFKP<br />

."OKRFGM" \BZYR OKKRKTG B\NDNDC FEGCTF \GNNMC<br />

OKPTF NMP FNGDS<br />

ZPGB KM ,QZGTK[ NMC \GPEGYF \GNKPF OD CJKF GRN \GRCGP F\TG<br />

,ZPGNM "K\KZC \B O\ZP[G KNGYC GTP[\ TGP[ OB F\TG"<br />

KN O\KKFG ,GRKKFE ,QBM OMKNB ZPGB KRB[ FH NT \KZC \G[TN<br />

OMKEK NT[ ,FNGDSF KN GKF\ O\B[ ,ZPGNM ,OKPTF NMP FNGDS<br />

,ONGTF \GPGBG OKPTF NM NB UGDF UGZKXG \GMMEHF KXGXKR GZCTK<br />

LKZXG ,FHF ZCEN NNM OKRMGP ORKB QKKET ONGTF \GPGB NM[ \GKFC<br />

NMP FNGDS F[T\[ F\T FC NKI\FN V"MT \IB FPGBN KRB<br />

WZBF KPT NM ,ZPGNM "WZBF NM KN KM" H"T OKKSP M"TG ,OKPTF<br />

.(’º œåà "œåÆłòä") KC YCEFN OVGSG OM\GPM KN OKMKK[<br />

,FH EKYV\N OKNDGSP ORKB QKKET FPF[ FT[ F\GBC F\T BNB<br />

\GKFN GRKKFE ,FHN OKPKMSP O\B OBG ,LKZX KRB FNGDS OTN FRF<br />

KN GKF\ O\BG Z[B ,OM\B FGXP KRKZF ,OKPTF NMP FNGDSF<br />

N[ QGZIBF FKVGBC G\NGH \CFB ’KIC BKF[ "OKRFM \MNPP"<br />

KGDG" .\GGXPFG FZG\F \GNNM N[ FCJGY BKF[ ,LGPM LTZN \CFBG<br />

NM NNGMF ,’\K GC FYCENG N[ QGZIBF G\ZGXC ZM[F BGF[ "[GEY<br />

.GKNT TKEGFN Z[VB LB[ ZM[F<br />

NB ZCE\ Z[B OKZCEF FNB" OGKSF ZGBKCC N"HI GRGTKP[F[ GFHG<br />

,"Z\GK BNG" "\GIV BN" "OKZCEF FNB" GYKKE[ "NBZ[K KRC<br />

ET ’F KZCEP ZKSIK GB UKETK GRKCZ F[P[ K\K\ KMKFP F[Y[<br />

FZG\F NMC G\PDGE GRBXP BN[ ,GKNT GZKFHFN LKZX \"K[F[<br />

."BGF QPBR K\KC NMC" GKNT CG\M BZYP FCZEBG<br />

(I"M \GB "\GCZTF" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)

\GCZTF<br />

158<br />

NT NCYN CKKI[ ,\G[GRBF QP YNI G\GBM GPXT \B \GBZN NBZ[K OT NT<br />

BNG .\GYCEN TKDFN \G[GRBF Z\KN ZGHTN KEM ,OKRFGMF \EGCT \B GPXT<br />

TGP[ OB F\TG" BNB ,FNCYE OKNMC ,V"IBC ZE\SK LKNF\F LKB CG[IN<br />

,GN ZPBR[ FP OT \KZC \G[TN ,ZPGNM ,"K\KZC \B O\ZP[G KNGYC GTP[\<br />

QKB OKZIBF \GRGXZN[ ZPGN FXGZ ,"OKPTF NMP FNGDS KN O\KKFG ,GRKKFE"<br />

?FPC ,FNGDS KN \GKFN BNB ,WGIC NBZ[K NT GZCEK[ FPN BN ODG ,\GCK[I<br />

\GPGBG OKPTF NM NB UGDF UGZKXG \GMMEHF KXGXKR GZCTK OMKEK NT["<br />

.EGT UKSGFN FP QKBG ."ONGTF<br />

NMC FHF NGVKJFP WGI ZIB B[GR OG[N Z[Y QKB NBZ[KNG FNCYN QMN<br />

\GKFN FMKZX FP ,ZCSF EIBG EIB NMN \\N BKF GRN[ FEGCTF .\G[GRBF<br />

.FRGGM YZ UKSGFN GKNT[ ,ONGM OT GN[ OKSIKFP ,GN[ FEGCTFP \ZXG\F<br />

NM[ FH LG\P YZ FR\[K NMF .FR\[P BN ZCE OG[ ,FKF[ KVM ZB[R NMF<br />

.\ZIB FZGXC DFRK ONGTF<br />

Z[BC OEB NM Z[BM ?FR\[K BGF LKB .FR\[K QGGKMF OB ,FR\[K NMF<br />

NKI\FN .QGMRF QGGKMN GPXT \B ZCIN :\IB FEGCT YZ F[TK ,BXPR BGF<br />

,QFP TRPKFN LZE [KG ,\GZXN FCKS [K[ ,FZJP [K[ ,TGP[N ,QKCFN ,[KDZFN<br />

QGGKMF \B SKRMP OEBF[ FH KEK NTG .G\TKDK KEK NT FKNB TKDFN [K[ FZJPG<br />

\B FR[P[ ,UKYP ZGB ,QGKNT IGM GPXT NT QKPHP BGF ,GKKIC ZCE NMN FHF<br />

.FGGN[G TV[ OKNKI\PG \GZXN UGS BC .GKKI NM<br />

FBXG\F \B FC SKRMFN YZG ,\GKP[DC ZCE OG[ \GR[N LZGX QKB LMKVN<br />

KM UB ,EGBP FJG[V \BHF FNGTVF .FEK=NT DK[FN OKXGZ GRKKF[ ,\KRIGZF<br />

ONGT" :ZPBR O\SF QP BN .ONGTF NM \B FNKC[C CCGSN LKZX[ GRN FPER<br />

USMC BN ,WPBP OG[ ONGTFP [ZGE BN UKSGFN LKZX[ FP . 18 "DFGR GDFRPM<br />

FZCSF :EGBP OKNY OKXPBP BNB ,\GMZTP IG\KVC BNG OKCB[PC BN<br />

.\GIGM ,\GTGP[ ,FJG[V<br />

?\GYCEN \NGHF \CFB QKC Z[YF FP<br />

NCYN QGXZFP FYR\P OEBF \NGHF \CFBC .\GYCE BN BKF \NGHF \CFB<br />

I\VN NKI\PG ,OGXPX O[ BGF GKNT[ ,QYG\P BNF GN[ V"IBFP ZCGTG ,GN[<br />

.\NGHN YCEKFN QMGP F[TR LMCG .OKKRKTG B\NDND<br />

,\NGHF \B \Z[N NKI\P BGF ,OKKRKTG B\NDND I\VP OEBF[ KZIB OBG<br />

KM ,BZGCN \GZK[FP NKTGP Z\GKG NGED Z\GK BGF \NGHN GN[ \GZK[F HB

159<br />

OKRFGM \MNPP<br />

\GKFN CKKI FH NCB .TKV[FN \RP NTC GN[ V"IBC [P\[FN NKI\P BGF<br />

TKDFN FRGGMC \NGHN TKV[P OEBF[ FEKPC .BZGCC \GYCEN TKDFN FRGGMC<br />

BXPR ZCM BGF[ ,BZGCF \B FNDP BGF \NGHN TKV[P[ KNM G\GBC ,BZGCN<br />

.\GYCEC GPT<br />

,GN ZKHIP KRBG Q\GRF BGF GNKBM ,BZGCF OT OK[GT BN "FBMFE DGGKH"<br />

19<br />

KNMC , "OF EIG BGF LKZC B[EGY B\KKZGB NBZ[K"C FND\P BZGCF BNB<br />

KNM BGF ,BZGCF \B \GNDN NGMK OEBF GC[ KNNMF KNMF .EIB EPTPC ,EIB<br />

KRB[ FPGZ\ F\GBC ,\NGHF \B CFGB KRB[ WPBP G\GBC .\NGHF \CFB N[<br />

.BZGCF \B FNDP KRB O[ ,GN OZG\<br />

?FRGZIBF BKF \BHF FGGXPF TGEP<br />

.BZGCC YCEKFN KEM F\GB OKKYN OKCKKI KM FRGZIBF BKF GHF FGGXPF<br />

OKKRKTG B\NDNDF \B QY\N ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" FRGGMC \GKFN YKVSP BN<br />

\G[TN LKZX BNB ,\NGHF \B BNPN KEM \GKING NMF OGZ\N Z[VB[ FPMG<br />

EPTPN TKDFN CKKI OEBF .G\DZEN TKDFN ,BZGCF \B FC \GNDN KEM \BH<br />

.GN[ \KVGSF FRI\F GH[ ,BZGCF<br />

FZCI ,\KEEF FTV[FC \IB FVK FZCI \GRCN BN BKF FBKZCF \C[IP<br />

OKRGYK\ ,KNMF \RMF YZ OF GNNF OKCN[F .[GEY OTG OKRFGM FKF\[ FKYR<br />

OKKRKTG B\NDND QGYK\ ,"[GEY KGD"G "OKRFGM \MNPP" OKNMC ZCGT OEBF[<br />

KEM ?KPXTN FKRV KNC FH \B FH OK\Z[P OF FP O[N NCB .V"IBF QGYK\G<br />

.BZGCF OT \GYCEN SRMKFN<br />

GNNF \GIGMF KM .\GCZTN IGM OKNCYP BN FNKI\MNP \ZIB KM ?FP LZGXN<br />

OEB" N[ CXPC ,QYG\PF KNMF \B BNPP[ QGKNTF ZGBFP ,BZGCFP OKEZGK<br />

QGGM\P BN[ OEB .\GIGM OKNCYP O[P ,QGYK\F ZPDC ,QYG\PF "QG[BZF<br />

NMG \GPEY\FF NM .QYG\PF CXPN FZGXF \BGG[F GN QKB KM ,NVGR EKP ,BZGCN<br />

FXGZ OEBF ,HGIB=YKYNIC ,EIB HGIBC ,GF[PC[ LMP OKBC IGMFG QSGIF<br />

\G[TNG V"IBC [P\[FN ZGSB QMN .\RYG\PF FZGXC [K[ FPN \GPEKFN<br />

.OKKRKTG B\NDNDC \GRGC[IF NM \B \G[TN BNB ,V"IB N[ \GRGC[I<br />

?ONGTF NM BXPR CXP FHKBC<br />

BN \KRGXKIF FZGXF .\KEEF FTV[FC \RYG\PF G\ZGXC BXPR ONGTF NM<br />

ONGTF NM[ ,OGSIPF KRVN OD OEBN FND\P TDZG TDZ NM .\GR\[FN FMKZX<br />

.ONTRG FND\P ,ONTRG FND\P BGF OGSIPF KRVN[ BNB .FTV[FC BXPR

\GCZTF<br />

160<br />

?\GCZTF NT EGCTN [K KP OT<br />

KEM \G[ZERF \GNGTVF NM \B \G[TN OKXGZ[ GNB KVNM YZ BKF \GCZTF<br />

.BZGCC \GYCEN TKDFN<br />

?QYG\PM ONGTF \B \GBZN ZCEF \GTP[P FP<br />

FRGP\C ,FHF ONGTFP FRGKNT Z\GK FDZEC BXPR[ CXP \GBZN G\GTP[P<br />

HBG ,OKJZSC GPM ,ZIB EPKPN NGMKCM OKSRMR .\ZIB FPZC ,GN[ \ZIB<br />

,OKRVC DFR\P ZCEF LKB OKBGZG KGSKM FHKB OKEKZGP .\ZIB FRGP\ OKBGZ<br />

NMG ,\MZTPF LG\N FPKRV Z\GKG Z\GK SRMKFN Z[VB LM ZIB .\MZTPF LG\C<br />

.\K\KPB Z\GK ,\ZIB FZGXC \EYV\P BKF LKB \GBZN OTV<br />

SRMKFN GPM ,FRGP\ F\GB N[ KRIGZF FCGDN \GNTN ?\GBZN LZEF KFP<br />

KVN GC OKBXPR[ ,(C[IPF N[ "\GRGNI" \RMG\C GPM) KPKRV QGNI G\GBN<br />

KRGXKI QGNIN OKEZGK ,\GMH# F\GB OKECBP OB NCB .FZGXF \GG\[F \EKP<br />

FZGXC ONGTF \B OKBZGY CG[ HBG ,FRGZIBF FDZEN GB ,C[IPF N[ Z\GK<br />

.\ZIB<br />

?ZCI GRKB[G ZCI QKC NECFF FP ,FRGKNTF FDZEPC<br />

,NTGVC FRGKNTF FDZEPN GPXT \GIGMC TKDFN FXGZ[ KP BGF KN[ ZCI<br />

KP BGF ,ZCI GRKB[ .EIK OKBXPR BGFG KRB FC[ FRG\I\ FDZE F\GBP<br />

FKNB YYG\[P BN BGF ,\BHF FRGKNTF FRGP\C BXPR BGF[ TEGK BN NNMC[<br />

.FZMF ZETFC FKVNM BXPR BNB ,F\GB QKCP BNG<br />

O[ ,FRGKNT Z\GK FDZEPN TKDFN GRN[ U\G[PF QGXZF NT BKF ZCIN \GCZTF<br />

TKDFN BKF GRKR[N N[ \V\G[PF FZJPF ,ZPGNM .EIB CNC EIK OKZCGIP GRB<br />

.OMSF OKP\GI HB ,\CKKIPF BKF OBG .\K[BZF FZJPF GH KZFG ,O[N<br />

N[ "TP[R"F NKC[C ?"F[TR" \G[TN OKMKZX GKF NBZ[K FP NKC[C<br />

.FRKCF IGM NKC[C ,"TP[RG F[TR"<br />

?OKRFGMF \EGCT KFP<br />

V"IBP O\GB BKXGFN .V"IBFP OKKRKTG B\NDND OKBKXGP NM OEGY<br />

ZGCTN .GRPP NECKFN ,GC [P\[FN BNG V"IBF NT OGXPX \G[TN ,G[GZKV<br />

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,KIZMF<br />

GKETNC[<br />

BN<br />

OKKY\\<br />

.\GCZT<br />

\GCZTF<br />

OKKY\\<br />

KBR\C<br />

BN[<br />

[PGP\<br />

KVNM<br />

FPGB<br />

\IB<br />

,ECNC<br />

GPM<br />

FKF[

167<br />

GCGZ ZIB QGEKR ONGTF<br />

FMKZX BKF[ GPM ,\GPGBF NNM KVNM BNB ,\KNBZ[KF FPGBF OT OK[ZG[C<br />

.OKNMF \ZKC[ ZIBN OKKY\FN<br />

OGKM GRIRB[ FRGZIBF \GNDF .FRGZIBF \GNDN OKZXP \GND QKC NECF [K<br />

OKNMG FNCYE OKNMFG ,\GZKC[F NMG \GKGNDF NM KZIB ZCM BKF FC OKBXPR<br />

BN BKF KM ,\GCCZT\F F\KF BN OKZXP \GNDC .EIK GCCZT\F ZCM FTV[FE<br />

\GKGNDF Z\K NM .FZKC[ ZIBN F[IZ\F BN BKF ,"FNKDZ" \GND F\KF<br />

F\KF[ OGKY \DZE KF[GHKBP NVR OTF :[EYPF \KC \ZKC[ ZIBN G[IZ\F<br />

.\GKCT \VSG\ YZ F\KF OKZXP \GNDC GNKBG ,GN[<br />

SIKK\FC ZCM GKF KRKS ZFC \GCZTF \NCYC GPKKY\F[ OKBR\F QMN<br />

KRC NXB QFG OFZCB NXB QF YVS BNN OKKY\F \GCZTF YGI KM UB ,FPGBN<br />

NT G\GB NCYN GMZJXR BN OFG ,\JNGC FZGXC BN YZ ,OKZXPN GEZK[ CYTK<br />

.FZG\ BNG \GCZT BN GMZJXF BNG ,BNKPP OFC OKKY\F BGF KM .OPXT<br />

\GCZTF \B GNCKY OF ,\GKCT OFN FVSGR[M ,OKZXP \GND ZIBN ONGBG<br />

."KRKS ZF" BZYR[ OKKGSP EPTPC ,"TP[RG F[TR" N[ FZGXC<br />

.\GND\FN LKZX[ KNNMF KNMF NM NT \GKFN \CKKI \GCZTF \NCY ,GRRPHCG<br />

BNB ."FHC FH" N[ FKCGCZTF LG\P ZZC\P ,ONGSF NTC C\GM ,FHF KNMFG<br />

EXPG ,NBZ[K OTN ONGTF \GPGB QKC NTGVC NECF GR[K \GKP[DC ,EIB EXP[<br />

OT FRPR KP TGEK BN \GKP[DC ODG .BXPR BGF FVKB OKTEGK BN \GKRIGZC ,KR[<br />

FH[ \GKFN NGMK .OKKY\K FH QMKF OKTEGK GRRKB KZGJSKF QVGBC .NBZ[K<br />

.OKBGZG OKC[GI GRB[ FPP \ZIB KZPDN<br />

B\CYKT" QKKRTCG .FRKTC FZ\GR TXC\FN FZGPB \GCZTF LKB FNB[F QMN<br />

GTEK BN GB ,GTEK BN[ KRVP KNGB ,OGNM OKZPGB BN OKNCGYPF ,"BIK[PE<br />

,LM KEM ET BGF CGZKTF[ C\GM ONGSF NTCG .Z\GK EGT GZK\SFG GTEK GB ,NMF<br />

\BHF FTEN KF[NM FZGXC SRMKFN CKKI ONGTF NM[ ,ZZC\FN KG[T OGB\V[<br />

KNGB ,\IB \CC ONGM BNG ,GNGM \B OKKYN BN KNGB .\GCZTG QGYK\ ZPD N[<br />

EGBP QM\KK NCB ,Z\KF LM ZIBG ,OEGY QGYK\F \B G[TK NBZ[KP YNI<br />

[IZ\K BN ONGTF \GPGBC EGT NM ,QGYK\F \B \G[TN NBZ[KP ZXCR[<br />

.G\BZYN \GJNIF GNCY\K GB GF[NM LKNF\<br />

QKKRT \B Z\GK OKNDP[ NMM .FZGZC FZGXC GF[P ZPGN Z[VB KB OGKF<br />

NM QKC \KEEFF \GN\F \B OKNDP ,CIZ Z\GKG F[Y Z\GK F[TR BGF ,\GCZTF<br />

.ONGTC OKPTF

\GCZTF<br />

168<br />

?\GCZTF QKKRTN [EI JCKF FVKSGP OKPTF QKC \KEEFF \GN\F OBF<br />

\GPGBG ,EIB EXP \GCZTF \B OKKYP NBZ[K FNKI\[ GRKBZ FM ET<br />

\GPGB OB \VMKB BN NBZ[KN ODG ,QFN \VMKB BNG FKNT \GTEGK BN ONGTF<br />

:ZPBR KR[ EXPG .QFKNB OD \ZCGT \GCZTF LM ZIB KM UB ,\GTEGK ONGTF<br />

20<br />

KRC \B GB[KK ONGTF KPT : "FRB[R\ U\M NT LK\GRCG QXGIC LKRC GBKCFG"<br />

QEXP GNKTVK ONGTF \GPGB ,ZPGNM ,OKN[GZKN OGBKCKG OFKV\M NT NBZ[K<br />

.NBZ[K NT WIN<br />

\CKKI \GCZTF[ ,ONGS NTC C\GM "\GKZCF \CFBG ’F \CFB" ZPBPC<br />

FZKC[F KZIB KM ,\GPGBF FVKBG NBZ[K FVKB CG[I BN NNMG ,\KEEF \GKFN<br />

KI[ ,YGIZ GF[KPC GNKVB NBZ[K \GXGXKR GRM\K[ ,\BHM BKF \GCCZT\FF<br />

\KRIGZ FRKICP \GIVN ,QGYK\F ZPDN OKTKDP OB .ONGTC O[ KB IEKR OGYPC<br />

.\GCZTF QKKRTN KF[NM FZGXC ZZGT\K EIBG EIB NM[ ,\GKFN CKKI<br />

FH FZGX GHKBCG CZT OD BGF[ [GZKV FPG ,\GCZTF GC OKKY\\ LKB NCB<br />

.FHF QG\RF \B QGC[IC \IYN YZ BNB .ZPGN Z[VB KB ,KGJKC KEKN BGCK<br />

FEKTP ,FCIZ FXVF N[ FZGXC ,ONGTF NMC FNCYF \PMGI N[ F\GJ[V\F<br />

.NGNS KTCJ LKNF\ FBZRM [K \GCZTF QKKRTC[<br />

FNCYF KZVSC GB FZG\C YKKGEPC ZBG\P BN \GCZTF \GJ[V\F LKNF\F OBF<br />

?\GPNGTFG \GZKVSF \GJ[V\F NT OKZCEP[<br />

.OEBF N[ \KJZVF FEGCTC FND\P BGF[ GPM \GND\FN LKNF\F NT .BN<br />

F[TR ZPGIF OT FEGCT N[ OKR[ FPM ZIBNG ,FCZF BZGY OEBF ORPB<br />

FNDP BGF ,GC OKND\P GNNF OKCXPF[M \BH NMCG ,OKYGSVF NMC OMI<br />

OG[ NT NCB ,CG\M NMF[ BXGP BGF LM ZIB .FRG[BZN NGMKCM OGB\V O\GB<br />

FPG ,CG\M[ FP GC FZGY GK[MT[ ,[BZP ZPGN NGMK BN BGF ,FZGY[ ZCE<br />

OTV UB GP[D\F BN[ OKKRIGZ OKRGKNT OKCXP KM .\GZYNG LK[PFN LKZX<br />

.\BHM FZGXC OKBC EKP\ ,ZPGIC<br />

?ONGTF NMN TKD\ \GCZTF \TKEK LKB<br />

N[ FP[ \B B[\ OBF :ONGTF NMC [PP\\ \GCZTF LKB \TEN F[Y<br />

,WGICP FHZMF KEK NT GB ,FTZMFC GB ,\KPKRV FTKEK LG\P FND\\ GB ,FNCYF<br />

.FCG[\ QKB ,\GCZP \IB ,GH FNB[ NT ?OKZMGP BN FXVF KMZEC GB<br />

:IK[PF KCDN ZPBR[ GPM .\TEN NMGR HB ,[IZ\\ \GCZTF[ QPHC BNB<br />

BGF ,[PP\K QMB EPNK BGF[ FPG ,ONGM \B EPNN NKI\K[ ,OEB BGCK OB

169<br />

GCGZ ZIB QGEKR ONGTF<br />

GTKDF HB ,[EYPF \KC \B \GRCNG OKN[GZK \B ZKHIFN TEK BGF OB .IK[PF<br />

.IK[PF \GPK<br />

GRKNT NJGP .\G[TN OKMKZX GRIRB ?"TER LKB" NT DGBEN GRN FPN NCB<br />

IGMF \B OKNCYP ,GKNB OKTKDP OB[ FHF CN[N ,\GCZTN TKDFN NE\[FN<br />

.QGYK\F ZPDN OKTKDP GEK NT[ KRIGZF<br />

OEBF<br />

N[<br />

KPKRVF<br />

EPTPF { "KRKS<br />

ZF"<br />

?EIGKP C[IR "KRKS ZF EPTP" N[ FHF CXPF TGEP<br />

NCYN QGXZF .\GGXY KR[ QKC ZGCKI N[ EIGKP CXPC OKBXPR KRKS ZF EPTPC<br />

,OKZXP \BKXK KZIB ;"ZF" OKBZYRF GN[ OKZGFZFF NM OT KGXP NGEDF<br />

[PPN Z[VB KB QKKET NCB ,FNCY\F ZCM NCYN QGXZFP IGZCN FJNIFF<br />

BN OEBF .GRPP IZGC BN NCYN QGXZF[ \BHM FZGXC NCB ,IZGC OEBF .F\GB<br />

.BXPR NCYN QGXZF NCB ,FHF QGXZC YST\FN ,FPERF KVM ,FXGZ<br />

"NBZ[K"G ,\GY\G[ "ONGTF \GPGB"[ BGF "KRKS ZF"C CXPF ,ZPGNM<br />

,"NBZ[K" BZYR[ ,OEBF N[ KPKRVF CXPFP YNI ."KRKS ZF" \I\ BXPR<br />

\GY\G[P "ONGTF \GPGB"G ."KRKS ZF" \I\ BXPR ,"F[P"N UZJXFN QMGP[<br />

YCEKFNG \GNTN FRMGP "F[P" N[ FEGYRF .OEBF LG\C GF[NM OGYPC<br />

.OEBF N[ KPKRVF EPTPF ,CXPF FH .BZGCC<br />

,ONGTF \GPGB ,OKYNIF F[GN[N FHF KPKRVF EPTPF \B OKYNIP[M<br />

’\GZCEP’ BN QF ,OXPXP GNKBM OEBF "ONGTF \GPGB" \B HB ,F[P ,NBZ[K<br />

NT ONGSF NTC N[ ZGBK\C GPM ,BZGCFP WGI ZCE OG[ FXGZ BN BGF .GC<br />

\GPGB" OKBZYRF \GRGXZF Z\K NM \B [KDZP BN BGF . 21 "KRB FCFB \NGI"<br />

,NBZ[K YZ GC ZB[RG .OKZIB OKRGGKMN OEBF \B OKM[GP[ ,"ONGTF<br />

FEGYR [K :FNGT "F[P" HBG .\GNTN NGMK BN[ ,ZFF \I\ ,FJPN ,QYVSF<br />

.FNGT[ OEBC \IB<br />

?SRN C[IR FHF KPKRVF CXPN TKDFN FPN<br />

BGF ,FHM CXPN TKDP[ OEB[ OG[P ,SRN C[IRF FH KPKRV CXPN TKDFN [K<br />

FHF CXPN .GPXT \B QY\N NKI\FN ,QGKNTF IGMF \B NCYN \KPKRV KGRC ZCM<br />

.BZGC QKB .GN ZHGT BN NGMKCM ZCE OG[ FNTPNP .OKZGSK KEK NT TKDP OEBF<br />

\EIGKP FEGYR BGF "F[P" ODG .F[P KVNM YZ OKPTVN FND\P \GYGNBF

\GCZTF<br />

170<br />

Q\I\FG FTZV \C FK\C NXB LRI\F[ YZ BNB WX BGF FVKBP TGEK BN .EBP<br />

.\KRKKEP OT<br />

KPKRVF FTZV N[ QF ,OKZXPC QF ,L[P\P NCSC LGZM FHF EPTPF NMN TKDFN<br />

NBZ[K OT[ ET ;GN[ NCSF \RPC KGZ[ EIB NM ,OKNCGS ONGM .NBZ[K N[ QFG<br />

,FNCYE OKNMG FTV[FE OKNM QKC OEBF LG\C OKNKECP ,ZPGNM ,OKZXPP IZGC<br />

OEBF[ CXPP NKI\P NMF .FP BGF KP TEGK BN QKKET GPXT BGF[ ,OKKEK\TF<br />

BGF LMC ."KZXPF \B DZF[ F[P" :GN[ QG[BZF FNCYE KNMF \B DGZFN IKNXP<br />

.QKKEP QFM N[ FZG\ NCYP O[G QKKEPN IZGC[ ,"F[P" \GKFN NKI\P<br />

BZGCF OB .GRPP ZK[K QVGBC BN ,BZGCFP TKDP GRKB [IZ\P[ FP NM<br />

\GPGB" N[ YNIF KVNM \GMPC FND\P BGF .FTZV KVNM FND\P BGF ,FND\P<br />

KZXPF \B DZGF F[P[ ,\GIKZCFG \GMPF NM KEK NT ,HBG .V"IB ,"ONGTF<br />

EPTPN OKTKDP[ ET ,OKTR ZCE OG[ QKB ,ZPGNM .FHF EPTPN OKTKDP HB ,IZGCG<br />

QF ,OKZ]XP QF ,OEBC OKYNIF NM .NCSF KEK NT ,\GKIZMFP BC NMF .KRKS ZF<br />

.FRFR BN OFP EIB UB ,F[P QFG ,NBZ[K<br />

G\GB .OKZGZKCN TKDP OKZCGT[ NCSF NM[ KRVP ?EIGKP FHF EPTPF TGEP<br />

N[ QGKTZF CKCS EMN\FN QMGP ,OEBC[ "NBZ[K OT" G\GB ,V"IBP EZVR[ YNI<br />

GKNB UZJXFN QMGP BGF NCB .F[PN UZJXFN QMGP BGF ,ZPGNM ,"TP[RG F[TR"<br />

,\GKCT F[PN \R\GR[ BKF \BHF \GRGMRFG ."TP[RG F[TR"C ,\TEFP FNTPNC<br />

.FZG\F \B NCYN OKNDGSP BN OKKRKTG B\NDND NCB .FZG\F \B NCYN ,IGM<br />

,V"IBF OT OKZCI\P ZCM OF ,KRKS ZFP EZGKG F\GB NCYP F[P[ TDZC<br />

.OKNMF NB SRMRG ,ZC[R { NCKY F[P[ FP NM HBG ,CFH NDT \B OK[GT<br />

?FZG\F \ZKC[C LZGX FKF FPN<br />

KRKS ZF ZIBN EKP ,QMN .OKKRKTG B\NDNDN BNG V"IBN \ETGKP FZG\F NM<br />

LMG .\GZGBC BNB OKNMC BN BKF FZKC[F NCB ,FRG[BZF FZKC[F \[IZ\P<br />

F\ZY FRG[BZF OTVC[ BN .FZG\F \NCYN Z\GK OKRMGP OK[TR NBZ[K KRC<br />

FZKC[G FNCY { OKKPTVC BNB FZG\F \B NCYN Z[VB KB BNB .FNY\ OFN<br />

EPTPF QKC NECFF ZBG\P [PGIC OD .FKR[F OTVC FNCYG ,FRG[BZ<br />

.KR[F EPTPN QG[BZF<br />

?QGYK\F \B [PPN LKB<br />

QFG \GKP[DN QF SIKK\FN GRKNT GRPNGTC NTGVC \GCZTF \B [PPN KEM<br />

,\GCCZT\FG FZKC[ ZCT ONGTF NM OB ,\GKRIGZF KVN[ BKF FKTCF .\GKRIGZN

171<br />

GCGZ ZIB QGEKR ONGTF<br />

FYSNBC KBGPKYSB GNKVB[ ,LM KEM ET GCCZT\F ONGM \KRIGZF FZGXC HB<br />

BGF[ KP OD ,\BH \PGTN ,NBZ[K NXBG .OKKRKTG B\NDND ,NBZ[K \RKIC GC [K<br />

GC [K ,ZGEN ZGEP ZSPRG ,QG[BZF OEBP EGT ZP\[R[ QFM N[ QFM GB "QFM"<br />

FECGTF \B G[[KB OKRTEP) .V"IBF YNI ,FZKC[FP \KRIGZ FRKICM<br />

FRGZIBF FBPF ET[ KRVP ,\GCCZT\F GC F\KF BN[ ,EIGKP QH OF OKRFGM[<br />

.(OKEIGKP OKBR\C YZ OKB[KR GKF<br />

OG[ QKB \GKP[DC KM .KR[ CXP \GKRIGZCG EIB CXP [K \GKP[DC ,ZPGNM<br />

,FKNZJSGBC GB ,FYKZPB OGZEC GB ,FYSNBC JC[ QKCN GRKRKC \GCCZT\F<br />

\RKIC [K ,EIBG EIB NMCG ,OFC OD QM[ ;OFN[ YNI GRN [K \GKRIGZC NCB<br />

BN V"IB[ BNB .QG[BZF OEB \P[RC LM FKF FNKI\MNP KM ?TGEP .NBZ[K<br />

B\NDND OD GC [K YNI NM ,"QG[BZF OEB"C .OKKRKTG B\NDND OT CZGTP FKF<br />

.OFKRKC OKCCZGTP BN NCB ,V"IB ODG OKKRKTG<br />

ORPB .V"IB YZ GB OKKRKTG B\NDND YZ BKXGFN Z[VB KB OTV UB[ BNB<br />

OKCKKI ,\GPGBFG NBZ[K ,OFKR[ NCB ,ONGTF \GPGBP OKEEGCP NBZ[K<br />

GB ,NBZ[K YZ OKKY[ ,GRPNGTC CXP FKF BN OTV UB .ONGTC EIK \GKFN<br />

.\GCBF ET \PKKY KNGB F\KF \BHF FEZVFF .ONGTF \GPGB YZ OKPKKY<br />

.OEBFP FRMF N[ \GZKVS OKZ[T ,\GZGE OKZ[T YZ GKF \GCBF ET[<br />

KVNM FZGY[ FP NT KM .\GZGYPC[ OKYGSVF NT LP\SFN Z[VB KB OD<br />

BN ,LNKBG 21=F FBPFP NIF ZZGT\FN GRKNT \NJGP[ FCGIF ,QGYK\F ZPD<br />

NT BN ,IK[P KNCI NT BN :FNKI\ FRGGMC FHG ,\GZGYPC FZGZC FZGXC C\MR<br />

KZVSC ,\BHP FZ\K .ONGTF N[ KVGSF GRGYK\ NT BN ,IK[PF \BKC<br />

.IK[PF \GPKN BNB C\MR BN ,OKBKCRF GBCKR[ FP NM[ ,ZPBR OKNCGYPF<br />

LKZX GB LM NGTVN LKZX[ ,CG\M[ FPN EPXKFN YZ OTJ QKB GRCXPC QMN<br />

GPM ZGPBM FND\P LKNF\F .TXCN NM OEGY GR\CGIP BNB ,\ZIB NGTVN<br />

.\KRIGZ FEGCTC<br />

\GKRGXKIN \GKPKRVP<br />

.OKVGDF NMP NGNM ONGTF NM ,\GKRGXKICG ,NMFP G\GKPKRVC NGNM OEB NM<br />

QGYK\F LKNF\N LKK[ \GKFN G\GKPKRVC NKI\K ,QKCP BGF[ FPM ,OEB NM OBG<br />

GN [K ,\KPKRV FZGXC NMF IYGN[ OEB .\GKRGXKIF ZZC\\ HB ,G\GB OKKYNG<br />

,FZCIF ,FXGCYF KEK NT TKDFN GKNT :\G[TN GKNT FP FBZGF GN [K ,FZG\

\GCZTF<br />

172<br />

\GIGM GN TKV[\ ,FZCIF ,FXGCYF LMG .\GCZTF CXPN ,OKZIBF OT UG\K[C<br />

."KRB FCFB \NGI" N[ CXPN TKDFN NMGK BGFG ,GDBF \BR[G BZGCF \GNEDG<br />

.’F \CFBN FBKCP OKZCIF \CFB<br />

.FZGZC FZGXC OGK KEP OKND\P[ OKJZVF NMC ZZC\PG LNGF KPKRVF QKKRTF<br />

,BXPR[ KP NMN SIKK\FN LKZX ,FND\P[ FPN OB\FC ZPGNM ,FZGX F\GBCG<br />

\GRGZYTF \B OKKYNG TGP[NG ,\KPKRVF FXGCYN ZCI\FN FXGZ[ KP NMNG<br />

,OTF \GCM[C ,OKVGDC ,\GKP[DC OKKY\K NMF LKB NCB .\GCZTF N[ FNBF<br />

BN ODG OKNM LMN QKB .FZGZC FTKEK QKB LM NT ?\GRKEPC ,ONGTF \GPGBC<br />

.\G[TN LKZX LM[ OFN \GBZFNG OK[RBN Q\B \[DN Z[VB[ \GIMGF<br />

Z\GKC QGMRF .NGTVN LMN OB\FCG \GKRGXKI \GP[Z\F KV NT JGV[N ZGSB<br />

KPG .ZZGT\P ,ZZGT\P[ KP HBG .KPKRVF ECGZF LG\P ZCE NMN SIKK\FN BGF<br />

FZGXC ZCE OG[N \[DN QKB .NVGR ,NVGR[ KPG .UZJXP ,UZJXFN FXGZ[<br />

YZ BKF ,\G[TN FPG \G[TN LKB FBZGFF ,FNCYF \ZG\ .\GKRGXKIN \RGGMP[<br />

.FPXTP ZZC\\ \GKRGXKIF .OK[GT LKB ZGZC O[G ,\GKPKRV KVNM

173<br />

\GRGGMF ONGTC<br />

\GRCZGY \CZYFG QGYK\F F[TP<br />

,QBM ET ZPBPF [BZP GRZBKC[ OKZCEF O\GB NM KV NT ONGB<br />

\GPEN \GKFN KGBZF OEKYV\M ,O\RGM\P NT OKCG\MF OKZBC\P<br />

OKZCEC \PBC OFN TKXP[ GRKKFE ,FPMSFG FTXF N[ Q\PG B[P<br />

NM \BG ,\GGXPFG FZG\F N[ FEGCTF QKKRT N[ FRMG\G F\ZGX NM GNB<br />

\GGXPCG FZG\C[ FEGCTF \ZGX KM .TP[FN KGBZF FZM[ Q\P<br />

OKRFGM \MNPP KM ,"OKRFGM \MNPP KN GKF\ O\BG" CG\MC \BJC\P<br />

GPM GRKKFE ,OKRFGM GPM NGED ETG QGJYP OMNGM GKF\[ ,F[GZKV<br />

BGF ’F KM WZBC KP[D QKKRY OG[G FNIRG YNI OFN QKB OKRFGMF[<br />

NMG WZBF Z[B QVGBC ,F\GNNMC \ZEGSP FPGBF NM FKF\ QM ,O\NIR<br />

KEM BNB ,FC YGSTN JZV OG[N QKBG .’\K ’FN \[EYGP FNGM ,FBGNP<br />

OGNM ZSIK BN[ G\NGH KMZX \B BNPNG \"K[F \GGXP OKKYN<br />

.GPXT KMZXN FP DGBEN JZV OG[N FKFK BN[ QVGBC ,GK\GNB[PP<br />

,FPGEMG FTKZHG FZKXYM QKNGI N[ \GEGCTF GNKVB GBXPR FH QVGBC[<br />

\KCC OK[GT GKF OKRFGMF[ \GRCZYF \GEGCT \PDGEC [PP OKRICR<br />

\GGXP BKF[ ’FN FNGT \CZYF N[ FGGXPC YSTF KN FP KM ,[EYPF<br />

,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ F[T \GGXP OKKYP OB KN FPG ,F[T<br />

CKZYPG EPGTM FPGE ,G\NGHN NKMBFN KEM GFE[ ZXGYF[ BXPRG<br />

N[ F[T \GGXP Z[B \R\GR BZCSF[ BNB ,EGT BNG .’FN QCZY<br />

GPM ,QCZYF CKZYPP FCG[I Z\GK EGT BKF ,LGPM LTZN \CFBG<br />

|...~ (ÆŁØä íø ïØØò ,å"Ł ª"Ø œåà "äłåœ ïœî" łîàîÆ) NKTN GRIMGF[<br />

(H"M \GB "\GCZTF" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

,’FN QCZGY \CZYFP Z\GK FCG[I "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ FGGXPF TGEP<br />

IGMF KVNM \GBKXPF NMC \G[TN NGMK OEBF[ Z\GKC FNTRF F[TPF BGF[<br />

\B BKCP[ F[TPF BGF "LGPM LTZN \CFBG"[ KRVP ?BZGCF KVNM ,QGKNTF<br />

G\GB BGF[ ,FCZYF F[TPC JGYRN NGMK BGF GKZIB YZG .QGYK\N OEBF<br />

."LGPM LTZN \CFBG"C [K[ TKV[FNE QGYK\F<br />

L"Z\P OKKGSP QGXZ QY\P OEBF[ OTV NM ?GPXT QCZGYF F[TP GFPG<br />

KEK NT[ ,’FN QCZGY F[GT GFKZF ,TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGMC GN[ \GRGXZF<br />

.CZY\FN ,CGZY FNKPFP BGF "QCZGY" .’FN CZY\P BGF FHF QGYK\F

\GCZTF<br />

174<br />

F\RGGM ,KICG IPGXC ,OPGEC FHF ONGTC \K[TR[ \GRCZGYF \CZYF QMN<br />

BNG ,TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGMC OEBF N[ \GRGXZF L"Z\ NM N[ K\DZEF QGYK\N<br />

FZGXN BN ZPGNM ,’GMG QKK ,FJKI ,\GPFC KVNM TXCN [K[ OKKP[DF OKKGGKXN<br />

BGF QFN[ K\KPBF QGKCXF .GRN[ ONGTC \GRCZGYF \CZYF \NCYP[<br />

.\GRGXZ L"Z\P FNGNMF FP[RF QGYK\ NT FZGPF ,\GKRIGZC<br />

GZCIN OEB QKC \GGXPF ,\GRGXZF QGYK\N ZG[Y[ FPC[ ZPGB ONGSF NTC<br />

QY\N CKGIP OEBF[ OG[P \BHG . 22 OGYPN OEB QKC \GGXPP Z\GK \GNKTGP<br />

OT G\EGCTCG ,TKV[FN \RP NTN NCYN \RP NTP GN[ \GRGXZF \GRGGM \B<br />

\G[TN NGMK BGF ,FZJPF KVN ,FZGXF \GG\[F KVN GKNB OKCGZY[ ,OKZCI<br />

,Z\SR BZGCF QM[ .BZGCF OT Z[BP Z\GK FNKTGP FZGXC FHF QGYK\F \B<br />

.GRC \G[DZGP BN GK\GCGD\G<br />

;GKVNM TGCY SIK NT SSGCP BGF OB YZ ZXGGKFN NGMK BZGCF OT Z[YF<br />

.GRKVNM GN[ OKTGCYF FTV[FF=KYGI NM GPM TGCY \GKFN CKKI GKNB SIKF<br />

,OKR\[P QPHF NM[ OKCXPC ,OKRYG\P BN OKNMC QKKET OKBXPR GRIRB GNKBG<br />

NTVK[ NKTGP Z[Y \GRCN GB ,G\B Z[Y\FN Z[VB=KB \BHM FZGXCG ,OKPNTR<br />

YZ BGF OEBN Z\GR[ QGYK\N Z\GKC OEYPFG NKTGPF F[TPF QMN .GRKNT<br />

.OKZCI QKC[ Z[YF<br />

OKNKPC .OGYPN OEB QKC[ \GGXPN \GPEGY GZCIN OEB QKC[ \GGXP QMNG<br />

NMP Z\GK ,Z\GKC FCG[IF FGGXPF BKF "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" \GZIB<br />

OKZ[YF QM[ .BZGCN OEBF QKC NNGM ,OKSIKF ZB[G "\GRCZGYF \CZYF"<br />

.FP[RF QGYK\N Z\GK OKNKTGP OF[ KRVP ,OKPEGY OKZCIF OT<br />

OGYPN OEB QKCG OEBN OEB QKC<br />

ZCM OEBF N[ OKNMF NM[ KZIB \GNI "OGYPN OEB QKC \GGXP"<br />

OT FBMFE DGGKH F[GT BGF FNBF OKRYG\PF OKNMF NMC HBG ,OKRYG\P<br />

.QGKNTF ZGBF<br />

:\GNGTV K\[ \G[TN ZGPB OEBF NMF LSC<br />

.OKNMF QGYK\ (B<br />

.OKNMF KGNKP (C<br />

QGYK\ .\NGHF \CFB KEK NT F[TR BGFG ,Z\GKC NKTGPF BGF OKNMF QGYK\<br />

FHF ZGCKIN BKCFN KEMG ,"QG[BZF OEB" KYNI QKC ZGCKIF BGF OKNMF

175<br />

\GRGGMF ONGTC<br />

KNMN Q\GB ZCIK[ ,\GP[RF QKC ,YCE ,IGM Q\K[ ,QGKNTF ZGBF ,BZGCF [GZE<br />

,\G[GRBF NM QKC ,OKZCIF QKC FGG[G QGMR SIK \GRCN KEM GC OK[P\[P .EIB<br />

.ONGTF NM \B NGNMK "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" NNMF[ LM<br />

ZGCT GC [P\[FN KEM :BZGCN ,QGKNT IGMN YZ YGYH OEBF FH LZGXN<br />

BZGCN OKSIKK\P ,OKCG[IF OF OKRGYK\F HB[ ,QGYK\F KCN[C .OKRGYK\<br />

SIKK\FN OKNKI\P ,OKRGYK\F \B OKZPGD[ KZIBG .QGYK\N TKKSPM YZ<br />

KNMC "FBMFE DGGKH" OK[GT BZGCFP BC[ ZGBF OT .BZGCF NB \GZK[K<br />

.ZGBC OKNMF \B BNPN OKNKI\PG ,QYG\PF<br />

?FZCIF GB BZGCF :FHF KNMF \D[FN KTXPBF KP<br />

Z[VB KB .BZGCC QFG FZCIC QF CKKI OEBF ,FVGS ETG LZEF \NKI\P<br />

,LZEF L[PFC OD .FZCI KNCG OKZCI KNC ,BZGCF OT YZ Z[YC \GKFN<br />

OEBF FP KGN\ NCB .FZCI KNC BZGCF OT YZ Z[YC \GKFN NGMK BN OEBF<br />

,OKZCIF QKC BGF FEGCTF OGYP QG[BZF CN[C .GN[ FEGCTF OGYP FP ,F[GT<br />

GRKKF ,OKNMF QGYK\ F[TR[ ZIBNG .OKNMF QGYK\N FEKIKF FZKICF O[<br />

NT CG[IN LKZX BN Z\GKG ,"EIB CNC EIB [KBM" ,EIB KNM OKDK[P Z[BM<br />

BNPP[ QGKNTF ZGBF OT FBMFE DGGKHF BGF[ ,KR[F CN[F TKDP ,FHF ZGCKIF<br />

.KNMF \B<br />

?’F \EGCT \BZYR BKF TGEP ,OEBF \EGCT BKF FEGCTF OB<br />

.GN[ IGMC ,F\GB TXCP BZGCF[ ,FEGCTF \B F[GT BZGCF[ FNDP OEBF<br />

BKF ’F \EGCT .OEBF EXP OF ,Q"PF \BNTF ,FEGCTN FRPHFF ,QGXZFG<br />

OEBF OFKR[C KM ,’F \EGCT OKBZYR OKCN[F KR[ .BZGCF \DZEN TKDFN<br />

.BZGCN \GPEKFN FNKI\MNP QGGM\P<br />

BKF FEGCTF KR[ EXPG ,ZCIzN# LM ZIBG BZGCN QGGM\FN OKMKZX EIB EXP<br />

.BZGCF OT LM ZIBG ZCIF OT OEGY :LGVF ZESC<br />

FZJPC HGIBN QPHF NM OKCKKI QMNG ,"FNKI\ FC[IPC F[TP UGS"<br />

OEBF OB .OKTXPBC [GPK[ YZ BGF LZEF TXPBC OK[GT[ FP NMG ,\KVGSF<br />

\GNGMK LZEC GN[ \GNGTVF N[ \GBXG\F ,\KVGSF FZJPF NT C[GI BN<br />

.FZJPFP KZPDN \GMGVF \GKFN<br />

23<br />

O\GB QKCP EIB , OHKRGPGYF BKF LMN BKCP ONGSF NTC[ FPDGEFG<br />

NNMC [GPK[ KEK NT FPXTN CKJKFN FC[I \G[GRBF O\GTXPBC[ \GRGKTZ<br />

\GZCIC \GRGKSR OR[K EKP\G GKF ,LMN FPGEC ."LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[

176<br />

\GCZTF<br />

\GZIB<br />

[P\[FN<br />

OD<br />

\Z[TC<br />

\GZCKEF<br />

KTXPBM<br />

ZGXKN<br />

\GZDSP<br />

\GK\ZCI<br />

\GCKJKP[<br />

YZ<br />

,QPXTN<br />

[GPK[FPG<br />

FHF<br />

BXK<br />

YZ<br />

TZ<br />

.SZFG<br />

KRVP<br />

\GGXPF[<br />

FNBF<br />

BN<br />

GRGGM<br />

NT<br />

OEK<br />

FZJPN<br />

\KVGSF<br />

FP[N[<br />

,GRY\GF<br />

FP[N[<br />

BZCR<br />

NM<br />

TCJF<br />

NMG<br />

.\GBKXPF<br />

NMC<br />

ZCE<br />

OEBF[<br />

FXGZ<br />

[P\[FN<br />

,GC<br />

FHG<br />

LKK[<br />

\DZEN<br />

[GRBF<br />

,GC[<br />

BKF[<br />

NTP<br />

IPGXF ,OPGEF \DZE<br />

,KIFG<br />

NMC<br />

[K[ QKKRT<br />

GN<br />

GKCDN<br />

BGF ,\K[VGI FZKIC<br />

CKKI<br />

,[P\[FN<br />

OK[DFN<br />

\B<br />

GPXT<br />

\DZEC<br />

[GRBF<br />

.KGBZM<br />

OB<br />

OEBF<br />

BN<br />

OK[DP<br />

\B<br />

,GPXT<br />

[P\[PG<br />

\DZEC<br />

[GRBF<br />

GC[<br />

BN[<br />

LG\P<br />

FZJP<br />

TKDFN<br />

\GYCEN<br />

OT<br />

,BZGCF<br />

NM<br />

FNGTV<br />

N[<br />

OEBF<br />

{<br />

BGNG<br />

FRJYF<br />

Z\GKC<br />

{<br />

FBKCP<br />

SZFN<br />

KEKP<br />

N[<br />

.\GBKXPF<br />

NMMG<br />

FNGTVF[<br />

FNGED<br />

FCG[IG<br />

Z\GK<br />

BKF<br />

\MVGF<br />

FYKHPN<br />

.Z\GK<br />

KZF[<br />

NM<br />

\GBKXPF<br />

FBZCR<br />

YZ<br />

LZGXN<br />

,FH<br />

\B[<br />

FZKICF<br />

\K[VGIF<br />

GN[<br />

TKDFN<br />

\GYCEN<br />

OT<br />

,BZGCF<br />

YKCEK<br />

OEBF<br />

NMN<br />

FP<br />

BGF[<br />

NTGV<br />

\GBKXPC<br />

.[GRB=QCM<br />

LMC<br />

NM<br />

\GBKXPF<br />

ZGHI\<br />

\GKFN<br />

FYGCE<br />

,BZGCC<br />

NMC<br />

\GNGTVF<br />

N[<br />

OEBF<br />

\GRJYF GNG<br />

\GMKK[[ ,Z\GKC<br />

,OEB \DZEN<br />

FKF\ BNG<br />

FYGCE<br />

YZ<br />

GVGDN<br />

KP[DF<br />

N[<br />

OEBF<br />

GPM<br />

NXB<br />

NM<br />

ZGXK<br />

KI<br />

.TCJC<br />

QKB<br />

JTPM<br />

ZCE<br />

ONGTC<br />

BN[<br />

NNMR<br />

\GNGTVC<br />

FDZEF<br />

.\K[GRBF<br />

HB<br />

OB<br />

OKNKI\P<br />

CG[IN<br />

FPC<br />

GRRKB<br />

OKNTGV<br />

KRCM<br />

,OEB<br />

BXGK<br />

OD[<br />

FP<br />

ZEDGP[<br />

,"\GKIZMF"M<br />

QKB OFKNT[ ,TCJF QP OKCKKGIP OKMZXM<br />

BN<br />

,QKE<br />

ZM[ BN<br />

BNG<br />

,[RGT<br />

OD<br />

OF<br />

OKMKKG[P<br />

FDZEN<br />

.\K[GRBF<br />

KM<br />

OD<br />

\B<br />

\GKIZMFF<br />

,GN[<br />

OEBF<br />

EEGP<br />

GPXTC<br />

NM<br />

OTV<br />

[EIP<br />

FP<br />

.BKF<br />

LMKVN<br />

YZ<br />

\GNGTVF<br />

\GKRVGDF<br />

GB<br />

\GKVGD=LG\F<br />

GPM<br />

,OKB\C<br />

TXCP[<br />

UGDF<br />

,KP[DF<br />

YZ<br />

QF<br />

\GTXGCP<br />

BNN<br />

\ZMF<br />

.OEBF<br />

KBEGG<br />

OEBF[<br />

BN<br />

TEGP<br />

OD<br />

\GNGTVN<br />

\GIV<br />

\GCMZGP<br />

N[<br />

,GVGD<br />

NMNG<br />

\GNGTV<br />

TCJF<br />

,GCKCSP[<br />

O[<br />

\GNGTVF<br />

QF<br />

BNN<br />

ZM[<br />

BNNG<br />

,[RGT<br />

ZPGNM<br />

BNN<br />

\NGMK<br />

[P\[FN<br />

QFC<br />

OT<br />

.FRGGM<br />

QMN<br />

BN<br />

LKZX<br />

OG[ \GR[N<br />

BNB ,FNGTV<br />

YZ<br />

QGGMN<br />

\B QGMR<br />

GRB[ \GNGTVF NM<br />

ZCM<br />

OK[GT<br />

BGF NECFF .OKKIC<br />

YZ<br />

QKB .QGGKMC<br />

OEBN<br />

GB \GCGJ \GNGTV<br />

.\GTZ<br />

NM<br />

\GRGXZF<br />

OKZB[R<br />

KVM<br />

,OF[<br />

OKZGPBG<br />

BNP\FN<br />

KGNKPC<br />

.OFN[<br />

KRVN<br />

OGXPX<br />

’B<br />

F\KF<br />

\GMNP<br />

,FBNP<br />

ODG<br />

ZPDC<br />

QGYK\<br />

BKF<br />

.FBNP<br />

OGXPX<br />

’B<br />

NTGV<br />

BN<br />

Z\GK<br />

KEMP<br />

CKMZR[<br />

NT<br />

NM<br />

QGXZ<br />

QGXZG<br />

FRGGM<br />

NT<br />

\RP<br />

.TKV[FN<br />

OEBF<br />

NNMC<br />

BN<br />

ZGPB<br />

CG[IN<br />

NT<br />

,GN[ \GNGTVF<br />

QMN<br />

FNCYC<br />

BN<br />

OKZXGT<br />

GC<br />

BNG<br />

OKZSGB<br />

,GKNT<br />

BNB<br />

YZ<br />

OKEPNP<br />

G\GB<br />

\B<br />

Z[YF<br />

OT<br />

.BZGCF<br />

LG\P<br />

QGXZ

177<br />

\GRGGMF ONGTC<br />

FZJPF ,KVGSF CN[C \GYCE DK[FN KEMG ,BZGCF OT GN[ Z[YF \B ZKESFN<br />

SGV\N LKB EPGN OEBF ;JGIF FXY \B ,Z[YF \B BGXPN BKF F\T \TN<br />

FP ,\GRGGMF N[ FHF NCIC SVJNG EKP\FN LKB LM ZIBG ,NCIF FXY \B<br />

FPN[ FRGGMN TKDP BGF[ ET LMG ,ONGTN ONGTP \GDZEP \GNTN KGZY[<br />

.BNP Z[YNG<br />

NCB ,FNGTVF \GFP OFC FR\[\ .\GRGGMN OB\FC GKFK \GRGXZF HBG<br />

EKNGFNG \G\[NG NGMBN LK[PK OEBF .QF[ GPM FRZB[K\ QPXT \GNGTVF<br />

OKZGZKC F[TK \KTCJ FZGXC BGF[ BNB .FKF[M ZB[K NMF ,EGCTNG OKENK<br />

,GPXT \B NKCDFN LZGX GN FKFK BNG ,\GRGGMF KVN YZ GN[ \GNGTVF NT OD<br />

\GC[IP QKC FRG[ SIK TCY\G OKKGSP QGRKS F[T\ GN[ \GKPKRVF BNB<br />

\B FVMK GF[NM KRGXKI OZGD[ KNC ,GN[ \KPKRV \GI\V\F LG\P .\GNGTVN<br />

.GKNT FH<br />

N[ FVKEZ BNG ,OGYP OG[CG FZGX OG[C ,ZHGT GRKB KGMKEF[ OKBGZ GRB<br />

YZ \GKFN NGMK LGRKIF .OEBF \B OKR[P ZFGS K\CC \GF[F BNG FZJ[P<br />

NCYP BGF GRPP[ ,QGKNTF IGMF OT Z[Y OEBN \\N KEM YZG ,FPDGE Q\P LG\P<br />

OG[C OEBF \B \GR[N Z[VB KB .FR\[P OEBF FHF Z[YF LG\PG .NMF<br />

KRVP ,FNKTGF BN \IB UBG ,\GJK[F NM GI\GV FKZGJSKFF L[PC .ZIB KTXPB<br />

.FRGGMF \B \GR[N Z[BP WGI ,\GBKXPC NGTVN FP QTPN GRN QKB[<br />

?LZEF UGSN GN[ QJYF KIMGRF F[TPF \B Z[GY OEBF LKB<br />

IGM GKNB BGCK GN[ FNGTVF KEK NT[ \GGYN GKNT ,F[TP F[GT OEBF[M<br />

IGMF OT ,\GYGNBF OT Z[Y BXPK BGF FHF F[TPF KEK NT[ ,G\GB OEYKG<br />

.GKNB FND\K FHF IGMF[ ,G\GB FNDK BGF[ ;QGKNTF<br />

,\K\GMBNP FZGXC GPXTN ZKMHP[ OD \BHF FC[IPN TKDFN NGMK OEBF<br />

GPM \ECGT BN GCKCS FXGCYF[ QPKS ,\BHF FC[IPC ZMHR BN BGF OBG<br />

NKTGPF CXPF FH[ ,QGXZ KNC GNKVB ,KF[NM LZEC ZMHR OEBF OB .LKZX[<br />

TDZ NMNG FEGCTF NMN UZXN GKNT[ ,\G[TN GKNT[ \KPKRVF FNGTVC ,Z\GKC<br />

,\GPN[G \GKIXRN \BXNG \GYCEN TKDFN BKF[ ,\KVGSF FZJPF \B GKKIC<br />

QKKET ,SGBP GNKVBG GKNT BGR[ FHF QGKTZFG QGXZ GN QKB TDZ G\GBC[ GNKVB<br />

,\KNM\FP YG\KRC BXPR BGF OB NCB .QGKNTF OT Z[YC BXPR BGF[ C[IR<br />

\B TDZ NMC GC ZZGTN KEM CGJ YKVSP \ECGT BN GN[ FZCIF[ QPKS<br />

.GNBF \GC[IPF

178<br />

\GCZTF<br />

FRGGMF<br />

FR[P<br />

\B<br />

F[TPF<br />

KRVN<br />

NM<br />

FNGTV<br />

LKZX<br />

UZXN<br />

FRGGM<br />

,FRGMR<br />

QPHCG<br />

FNGTVF<br />

FPXT<br />

[EIN<br />

F\GB<br />

NMC<br />

FRGGMF[ KRVP ,TDZ<br />

NECFF .\YPGI QPHF NM<br />

FKR[ QKC<br />

BGF FKR[N<br />

KGRK[C<br />

.FRGGMF<br />

YZ<br />

FKNT<br />

[K<br />

CG[IN<br />

YZG<br />

FN<br />

OK[N<br />

.CN<br />

OB<br />

OKC[GI<br />

YZ<br />

NT<br />

,FRGGM<br />

OKNDP<br />

FRGGMF[<br />

FR[P<br />

\B<br />

.F[TPF<br />

OKNDP<br />

NT[<br />

KEK<br />

FRGGMF<br />

OKR[P<br />

\B<br />

,\GBKXPF<br />

BNG<br />

NT<br />

BGF[ FNDP OEBF .OK[TPF KEK<br />

BXPR<br />

N[ ONGTC<br />

;\GRGGM<br />

FE[F[<br />

BGF[<br />

BXPR<br />

,GC<br />

[K[<br />

GC<br />

\G[DZ<br />

CGJ<br />

GB<br />

,TZ<br />

OKDGRT\<br />

GB<br />

,OKZGSK<br />

,TEKP<br />

\GEKP<br />

,\GPB\FG<br />

OKSIKG<br />

,OFKRKPN<br />

GRKB<br />

BNB<br />

FE[<br />

N[<br />

.FRGGM<br />

FE[F<br />

FHF<br />

BGF<br />

NM<br />

OKSIKF<br />

\GPB\FFG<br />

QKC<br />

OEBF<br />

,BZGCN<br />

BGFG<br />

TZ\[P<br />

SIKP<br />

BGF[<br />

HGIB FBP"<br />

EDGR<br />

"BZGCN<br />

ETG<br />

OBG\ HGIB FBP"N<br />

."BZGCN<br />

JZVG<br />

FE[N<br />

FHF<br />

OG[<br />

ZCE<br />

BN<br />

.OKKY<br />

OEBF N[ FRGGMF[ NMM<br />

\K[TR<br />

FPGE<br />

,BZGCN<br />

BGF LM<br />

FNGTVF[ FBGZ<br />

ZCM<br />

,FPGXKTC<br />

BGF[<br />

ZCM<br />

BXPR<br />

.FC<br />

,F[TPN<br />

\GNGTV<br />

BN<br />

\GPKKY<br />

KRVC<br />

,QPXT<br />

EZVRC<br />

,\GRGGMFP<br />

BNB<br />

BGF<br />

ZCM<br />

FBGZ<br />

\GNGTVF[<br />

\GTXC\P<br />

.\GRGGMM<br />

OD<br />

ONGTC<br />

GRN[<br />

QKB<br />

.\GNGTV<br />

FPG<br />

FZGBMN[<br />

FBZR<br />

GRN<br />

GRKNT[<br />

\G[TN<br />

EGT<br />

FHKB<br />

,OK[TP<br />

TCGR<br />

ZSGIP<br />

FPB\F<br />

QKC<br />

FRGGMF<br />

,F[TPN<br />

QKC<br />

FRGGMF<br />

FKGXZF<br />

QKCN<br />

FRGGMF<br />

.GRN[<br />

,LMG<br />

ZCM<br />

KGNKDC<br />

QJYF<br />

,Z\GKC<br />

FND\P<br />

OEBN<br />

\TC<br />

ZCTP<br />

,OGSIPF<br />

NM[<br />

ONGTF<br />

BXPR<br />

LG\C<br />

G\GB<br />

FE[<br />

,EIB<br />

ONGMG<br />

OKTXCP<br />

\B<br />

\GEGYV<br />

FE[F<br />

OB\FC<br />

OF[ OGYPN<br />

OKSVG\<br />

;GC<br />

NM<br />

EIB<br />

KVN<br />

,GN[ NBKXRJGVF<br />

KVN<br />

FP[RF<br />

GN[<br />

KVNM<br />

FE[F<br />

,FHF<br />

TXCP<br />

\B<br />

\GEGYVF<br />

GNNF<br />

ET<br />

.OG\<br />

BGF[MG<br />

FR[P<br />

\B<br />

OGYKPF<br />

GN[<br />

,FE[C<br />

BGF<br />

TXCP<br />

GF[P<br />

ZIB<br />

OB\FC<br />

GPGYKPN<br />

.[EIF<br />

OK\KTN<br />

OEBF<br />

,[I<br />

NM[<br />

FP<br />

,FBZ[<br />

NM<br />

FP<br />

[KDZF[<br />

,TEKG<br />

OGB\V<br />

ONTR<br />

.GRPP<br />

GBKXGF GNKBM<br />

,YSKEF \B GN<br />

GPM<br />

NMF ,C[IPC<br />

,YIPR<br />

KZIB .YKZ<br />

FPM<br />

OKTDZ<br />

GB<br />

FPM<br />

,\GT[<br />

OKSKRMP<br />

GC<br />

GF[P<br />

,ZIB<br />

BGFG<br />

GPM<br />

FCGC<br />

GNKTVF[<br />

:F\GB<br />

OGB\V<br />

ZHGI<br />

.BNP\PG<br />

KRVN<br />

OEB[<br />

NKI\P<br />

EGPNN<br />

,FNCY<br />

BGF<br />

ZMGH<br />

JNG[G<br />

,GPXTC<br />

ZIBNG<br />

NKI\F[<br />

,EGPNN<br />

OGB\V<br />

BGF<br />

QYGZ\P<br />

,KZPDN<br />

OGB\V<br />

BGF<br />

.BNP\P<br />

BGF<br />

SRMR<br />

OKCXPN<br />

[KDZP[<br />

BGF[<br />

BN<br />

JNG[<br />

,[IZ\PC<br />

GNKBM<br />

BGF[<br />

BN<br />

,BGF<br />

GNKBM<br />

OKSKRMP<br />

OKBKXGPG<br />

GRPP<br />

\B<br />

YSKEF<br />

.NKTVPF<br />

FPP<br />

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192<br />

BZGCF[ LKNF\N OKZGSP \GKFN GTP[P ,"OKRFGM \MNPP KN GKF\" ZSPF<br />

\GPGB QGYK\N ,OKPTF QGYK\N ,NCYN QGXZF QGYK\N OKKY\FN CKKI[ ,TCY<br />

.ZE\SK NMF ,\BHF FPK[PN IKN[M GPXT \B FBZK NBZ[K OT OB .ONGTF<br />

GPXT \GZK[N YZ BXPR BGF HB ,FN[ IKN[ GPXT FBZK BN BGF OBG<br />

GZC[R OKKRKTG B\NDND FNKI\MNP KM ,OGKY \GMH OG[ GN QKB FHF EKYV\CG<br />

.V"IBF \B QY\N KEM YZ ,V"IBN GSRMRG<br />

?ONGTC GEKYV\N \GCKGIP [KDZFN NKI\P NBZ[K OT FP LG\P<br />

BGF ,GPXT \B QY\P NBZ[K[ FEKPC .GPXT QGYK\N NM OEGY TKDP[ LG\P<br />

,[BZP QKCP BN NBZ[K .OKZGC[F OKNMF NM KVNM GEKYV\ FP QKCFN NKI\P<br />

\JKN[ \I\ BXPR BGF[ KRVP ,\GBKXPC GEKYV\ FP ,[BZP QKCFN NGMK BNG<br />

.OKZGC[F OKNMF ,ONGTF \GPGB \JKN[ \I\ ,V"IBF<br />

\GZ[VB OFN [K[ QKCFN OKNGMK BN ,FRKCE OKNM ,OKKRKTG B\NDND<br />

OKMVGF OKKRKTG B\NDND[ LMC ?OEK NT TKV[FN FP ?TKV[FN KPN :TKV[FN<br />

,TKV[FN FXGZ[ FRKCG .FRKCF \RGM\N OKTKDP OF ,OKZGC[ BN ,OKRYG\P<br />

,TKV[FN FNGMK BKF FP KEK NT \[VIP ,BZGCN TKV[FN LKB FNB[F LG\P<br />

GPM .BZGCN FN[ FTV[F BZYR FH ,OFC NCYNG FNCYE OKNM \IYN[ FNDPG<br />

.LKZX BN Z\GK .’F ’G ’F ’K KVN OKECGT[ ,\GRKIC TCZB N[ \GI\V\FC<br />

QGYK\NG GN FP ,GRPP OKXGZ FP QKCP BN ,FZKC[C BXPR[ NBZ[K OT ,QMN<br />

\IYN LZGX [K[ ,FTV[F \GRGM\ OKZSI[ LG\P ,OK[KDZP BN .ONGTF<br />

\GRGM\ G[MZK[ FEKPC YZ \BH NM .GF[PN G\GB QGGMNG ,G\GB QY\N ,GF[KP<br />

GKF\" BZYR[ ,OFN[ QGMRF EGYV\N GZHIK ,OKKRKTG B\NDND ,ZPGNM ,FTV[FE<br />

QM KRVNG ."[GEY KGD KN GKF\G" BZYR[ KR[F CN[N GTKDKG "OKRFGM \MNPP KN<br />

.FZKC[C OKBXPR OF :OFN[ EKYV\F \B OKRKCP BN OF QM KRVN .BN<br />

KNGB .ONGTC BNPN GKNT EKYV\ FHKB QKCK[ ,OTFP \GVXN Z[VB KB OGKF<br />

BN OKK\RKC NCB .GEKYV\ \B BNPN G\GB GCKKIK HB ,\GZXC FKFK ONGTF OB<br />

CN[ YZ GN QCGP BNB ,ONGTF \B QY\N KEM GPXT \B QY\N GKNT[ ,GN QCGP<br />

SIKK\K ONGTF .CGJ GN FKFK HB ,ONGTF KETNC ,GPXT \B QY\K BGF OB[ ,’B<br />

\B [KDZP BN EGT BGF NCB .ONGTF EXPG BZGCF EXP CGJ GN FKFKG FVK GKNB<br />

.LKNF\F N[ ’C CN[<br />

,"OKKGDN ZGB" \GKFN N[ ,’C CN[ \B ZKMHFN OTJF FP ,FNB[F FNGT QMNG<br />

CXP { O\B EIK QY\KFNG QGYK\F \JK[ \B ONGTN ZKCTFN NBZ[K NT GC[

193<br />

ONGTF QTPN NBZ[K<br />

\B FPEP[ LMC ,FTV[FF \RGM\ \B FDK[P FRKC[ ZIBN YZ ZZC\P[<br />

.FTV[FF \B [PPN LKB \[VIPG ,TKV[FN \RP NT TKV[FNC ,BZGCN FPXT<br />

LKB \SVG\G ,ONGTF \GPGBC LZGX FBGZ BKF GH FRGM\ FDK[F[ ZIBN YZG<br />

.BZGCN \NTG\ BKCFN LMCG ,O\GB QY\N NMG\ BKF OPKT \GZCI\FC<br />

.\GRYG\P ONGTF \GPGB OB ZPGNM ,QYG\P ONGTF OB \NTG\ [K BZGCN<br />

N[ GEKYV\ ,GCZKS[ ZIBNG .FZG\F \B OFN ZGSPN FKF GN[ KZGYPF QGXZF<br />

\BHF FECGTF \B ZKCSFN F[Y NCB .FZG\F ZKCTFN YZ BGF NBZ[K<br />

NKI\K BGF ,FZKC[FP BXKK Z[BM YZG .FZKC[C BXPR BGF[ KRVP ,NBZ[KN<br />

.ONGTF NM KVNM GEKYV\ \BG GN[ FPK[PF \B QKCFN<br />

?V"IBN \GRVN OKMKZX OKKRKTG B\NDND QY\N KEM OBF<br />

,QGYK\ NKI\P[ KNM NM[ OKBGZ ,OKNMC OKRGYK\F G[TR LKB OKRRGC\P OB<br />

OGYPP OKKRKTG B\NDND OKVNG[ BN .OKYNI FTCZBP NGNM ,Z\GKC LHF GNKVB<br />

,KNMF KYNI NMC O\GB OKRY\P BNB ,OKRY\PG ,\IB FPN[ FEKIKMG EIB<br />

OKKRKTG B\NDNDF OFC[ OKNMF QGYK\P OKNKI\PG ,ECMN NYFP ,ZESF KVN<br />

OKKR[ ,GNNF OKYNIF KR[P NGNM KNMG KNM NM[ BNB .OKRJY V"IBFG OKNGED<br />

V"IBG ;V"IBC OKKRKTG B\NDND ;V"IB ,OKKRKTG B\NDND :FTCZB OF[<br />

.OKKRKTG B\NDNDC<br />

KVN ,FNKI\ OKZZGT\P Z\GKC OKMHF OKNMF HBG OKNMF NMN ZKBP ZGBF<br />

FP ZPGN F[Y[ BNB .QGYK\N OFN[ FCZKYF \EKP KVN ,FZGXF \GG\[F<br />

FP KVN KM ,FNCYE OKNMP FTV[FE OKNMN NY[P Z\GK OFC [K[ [GZKV<br />

LCGSP QKKRT BKF FKCGCZTF ,"\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\" N[ ’H YNIC OKEPN[<br />

\RKICC FKF[ KPG .FJPN Z\GK NVR ,LSPF OT FGCD Z\GK FKF[ KP .EBP<br />

OT FTV[FE OKNM[ KRVP .NVR BNG JTPM ,FRKCN TCJF KVN CGZY ,FTV[FF<br />

OKNM GPM FEKP F\GBC BN NCB ,OKNYNGYP ORPB OF LSP KNCG LSP<br />

OKNVGR OF LSP BNNG ,EGBP OKFGCD OF ,LSP OFN [K[ QPHC[ ,FNCYE<br />

.Z\GKC OKTGZDF OK[TRG ,EGBP LGPR<br />

BNB ,OKRGYK\N OKBC Z[BM ,F[TPF \B C[IN NJGP GRKNT BN LB<br />

.O\GB OKRY\PG OKNMF \B OKTRTRP :OKRRSPG OKZZCPG OKZZGTP \GZGBF<br />

QGYK\N LKK[ GPXT \B [KDZP ,QGYK\F LKNF\N CGZY GPXT \B [KDZP[ KPG<br />

.YKKGEP QGC[I LGZTN Z[VB KB OGKM QMN .BN ,BN[ KPG .UZJXPG GPXTP BCG<br />

FNBMG ,"OKEGFK" OKBZYR[ FNBM [K .OKKP[D OKVGDC GKF BN \GZKC[F KM

\GCZTF<br />

194<br />

GKF BN \GZGEF L[PC[ ,FHC FH GCZT\F BN[ ,"ONGTF \GPGB" OKBZYR[<br />

OFN[ \GP[RC NCB ,OFKRKC GR\I\F BNG GZCI\F BN OF[ ,OKDGGKH OFKRKC<br />

.FZKC[ F\KF<br />

\GKP[DF \GZEDFF KVN ONGTF KVNM GRN[ SIKF \B TGCYN Z[VB KB ,QMN<br />

QMKF GRN TGEK BN[ KRVP YZ GNG ,"ONGTF \GPGB"G "KEGFK" N[ FHF ONGTC[<br />

,CG\M ZCSF GN QKB[ FPCG) FZKC[ GRZCT LKB GB ,OKJC[F OKBXPR<br />

NBZ[K QKC FHF Z[YN SIKK\FN ZGSB NNMCG .(\TDN OKXGZ BN OKNCGYP<br />

ZCGEP Z[BM[ ,FECGTM NCYN YZ BNB .\KRGXKIF G\ZGX KVN ONGTF \GPGBG<br />

OKYNIF NM N[ \GCCZT\FG FBNP FZKC[ FZCT BN[ FP[R QKB ,\GP[RC<br />

OKZZGT\P OF ,CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBPN ,ZGBN OB\FC GK[MT[ .FC[<br />

QGYK\N \GZZGT\FF ZCE N[ GVGSC .OFKRKC Z[Y KNC GB Z[Y OT OKRGYK\N<br />

.Z\GK BN ,ZIGBP GB OEYGP N[ QKKRT YZ BKF<br />

?\K[VGIF FZKICF \B [PPN G[GZKV OKKRKTG B\NDND \GKFN OBF<br />

NCB ,GRN FZHIGF NBZ[K WZB[ ,"ZFGHF OGKSN ZPBP"C C\GM ONGSF NTC<br />

FKNB ZGHIN GRCKGI BNB ,\K[VGIF GR\ZKICP F\GB GRNCKY[ ZPGN Z[VB KB<br />

WZB \PEBN GRZHI[ ZIBN GK[MTG .BZGCF GRN ZEKS[ ,OKRG[ \GTZGBP WINC<br />

BN ;GRPXTC GRN[ \K[VGIF FZKICF \B [PPN GRKNT ,GN[ IGMC NBZ[K<br />

FZKICF \BXPR FC[ ,\GKRIGZC BNB ,FZKIC GRN QKB FC[ ,\GKP[DC<br />

GRPXT NT \IYNG ,\GI\V\FF OT OKMSFN BKF[ ,GRN[ FEKIKF \K[VGIF<br />

:"\GCZTF" ZPBPC G\GB ZB\P ONGSF NTC[ KVM ,\GI\V\FF LKNF\ \B<br />

."[GEY KGD" LM ZIBG "OKRFGM \MNPP" \GKFN OEGY<br />

FP TXCR ,NBZ[K WZB \PEB NT GREGTC ,\BHF FZKICF \B F[TR OB<br />

ZCM GRZCT KM .OKNKPC QZB\N QKB[ \GZX GRN GKFK ,BN OB NCB .GRKNT NJGP[<br />

BN FRGZIBF \GNDFP GRZHIG ,OKKY\FN \GCKKI[ \GKGNDF TCZB \B<br />

FMKZX[ FZGXC QGYK\G ZGZKC \G[TN OKBR\ GRNCKY ,ZPGNM .GRK\GIGMC<br />

.FZKC[F N[ QGYK\F \B TXCN GRKNT GK[MTG .FZKC[F KZIB \GKFN<br />

YHI\R FEK NT[ FZCI FRCR ,ZPGNM ,\K[VGIF GR\ZKICC [P\[R OB<br />

NT NBZ[K OT" N[ OEGY ,QY\N Z[VB[ OKNMF \B ECMN NYFP ZZCRG<br />

OKR\GR FC[ ,ONGTF \GPGBC O\GNNM\F LM ZIBG ,Q\KR[ FPM "O\PEB<br />

LKNF\F FPG ,OKPKKY FP O[N FZKFCP[ ,QGYK\F \JK[ \B ONGTF \GPGBN<br />

OKBXPR ,V"IBC OKNVJP OKKRKTG B\NDND[ TP[P { FBKZCF \ZJP KFPG

195<br />

ONGTF QTPN NBZ[K<br />

.OKKRKTG B\NDNDN Z[VB[ FPM OKVZJXP OKV"IBF LM LG\PG ,V"IBF LG\C<br />

,"\GCZTF" ,"FZG\ Q\P" ONGSF NTC KZPBPC ZBG\P[ GPM EYV\R OB<br />

HB .ONGTF \GPGBN LV[KK NBZ[KP TV[F NM ,"OMI KZV" KZPBPG ,"OGN[F"<br />

BN OB .\K[VGI FZKICC \G[TN GR\NGMKC[ FEKIKF FNGTVF \B F[TR<br />

IGMF HB ,GRN CXYGF[ KZGJSKF TDZ G\GBCG ,\K[VGIF GR\ZKICC [P\[R<br />

\GPGB \BG GR\GB ,\GBKXPF NM \B QGYK\F ZPDN BKCFN CKKI[ ,KNNMF<br />

.FZKICF \B OKKYN GRKNT WINK ,ONGTF<br />

OEBF \B ZKHIFN NTGV[ CKKIPF IGMF ,QGMRF QGGKMC LNR BNG FJSR[ NMM<br />

OKCXPN OKKGVX FKFRG ,OKNEDG OKMNGF OKZGSKM GRC [DZGK ,QGMRF QGGKMN<br />

.Z\GKG Z\GK OK[Y<br />

\KPKRV<br />

FPMSFN<br />

OKKRGXKI<br />

OKRPKS<br />

?FNCY EGPNN \CKKIP QGYK\F \JK[ OBF<br />

GRKB EGPKNG ,EGPKNN FETGR BN FNCYF \PMGI .EGPNN LKZX BN FNCY<br />

KEK NT BNG ,QGYK\NG FZKC[N \GTEGP KEK NT GRPNGTC F[TR OG[KF .OG[K<br />

NBZ[K OTC ,FZCIC FXVF \G[TN BKF \KSKVF FNGTVF .\KSKV FNGTV<br />

.FKNB TKDFN LKNF\F GFPG ,FBKZCF \C[IP KFP ZKCSFNG ,ONGTF \GPGBCG<br />

FPMSFF \EKP ,G\B OKPKMSP FP \EKPCG LKNF\F \B OKTEGK[ KZIBG<br />

.GN[ TGXKCN \C[IR \BHF<br />

\KC \GEGCTC BN GNKVB ;QGYK\N KSKV TGXKC QKB FHF ONGTC ,ZPGNM<br />

.\GRG[F FK\GZGX NT [EGYF \EGCTCG ,\GPFC \JKI[C OKYSGT[ ,[EYPF<br />

FEGCT BKF FNGM FEGCTF .\KPKRV FPMSFN OKKRGXKI OKRPKS YZ FNB OD<br />

,\KPKRV FXGCYC ,NECF OG[ BNN ONGMN OKXKVP GNNF \GTKEKF \B .\KPKRV<br />

NM[ ,\PBF \B GPXT LG\C [KDZP EIB NMG ,ONGTF \GPGBNG OTN ,FZCIN<br />

FHF SIKC ZCMG .KNNMF YGIN \KKXP BN BGF[ KRVP ,CGJ BN CXPC ONGTF<br />

.NMF \B QY\P BGF<br />

,"FRGGM" BZYR F[TP .OKNTVP \KKRCM ,\GK[TP \GNGTVC BN BGF QGYK\F<br />

OKBGZG ,NKTGP GRKB FHF ONGTC ZIB F[TP NMG .FRGMRF FRGGMN TKDFN ZPGNM<br />

\RP NT NCYN FRGGMF .TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGMF FZC[R KM .YKHP[ FPM ET<br />

"QG[BZF OEB" UGXZVC GB "OKEGYRF" ONGTC UGXZVF [BZC F\KF[ TKV[FN<br />

.ECNC FRGGMM [PP\FN NCB .[PP\FN FMKZX BKF GK[MTG ,F[PP\F BN

\GCZTF<br />

196<br />

,\KP[D ,\KSKV FRKICP ?FHF ONGTC \G[TN LKZX NBZ[K OT FP ,LM OB<br />

QMNG ,FNCYF \PMGI N[ FXVFG EGPKNC YGSKTF ECNP OGNM GRPP [YC\P BN<br />

BN OF ,FPEB \YNI QKB ,FNIR QKB OKRFGMN ."OKRFGM \MNPP" BZYR BGF<br />

Z\K KCDNG .FJK[F \B ZKCTFN YZ ,EPNN YZ BNB ,FEGCT OG[ \G[TN OKMKZX<br />

."FEGCT" BZYR QGXZC FHF [GPK[F ,OFN[ NCYN QGXZF OT OKECGT[ OKPTF<br />

.Z\GK BNG ,ZCSF ,FXVF ,\GZ[Y\F N[ \GNGTV YZ QF \GNGTVF<br />

\GBKXPN SIKFG FRGGMF QKC Z[YF<br />

\B ZV[P[ BGF ONGTN OEBF N[ SIKF FC[ FEKPN \GTEGP GRN QKB<br />

ZPGIC OKKGSKR N[ \GBXG\[ ,\GNDN OKBYKSKVF GNIF FRGZIBC YZ .ONGTF<br />

[GIN NGMK IPX OD .GKNB SIKK\P BGF LKBG KGSKRF \B F[GT[ KPC \GKGN\<br />

\B FR[P[ FP BGF ,"FRGGM" BZYR[ ,OEBF N[ SIKF .GKVNM OEBF SIK \B<br />

.\GBKXPF<br />

BNG \GBXG\F BN GRKRKTN \GBZR BN[ KRVP ,GRN \KBZR BN \BH FECGT<br />

.\GBKXPC \NTGV FRGGMF YZ NCB .Q\GB EGEPNG QCNN FKTC GRN [K QMN ;\GRGGMF<br />

.FTGR\ \NGMK OG[ QKB GPXT ZPGIN .ZPGIN SIKFP NTVGP ZPGIFG<br />

,FYKJKNGV KRKKRTC NKTVF YNIM BN ?ONGTF KVNM \GKFN GRKNT LKB HB<br />

\PMGI NT FTKEKF \XVFG EGPKNC YZ NKTVF YNIM BNB ,QGIJKCG FNMNM<br />

,TCJN ,\GBKXPN QGMR SIKN LMC FXGZ[ KP NM \B BKCFN GRKNT .FNCYF<br />

,\PKKGSP FZGXC KGRC ONGTF[ FTKEKN NM OEGY NCB .GC BXPR BGF[ ONGTN<br />

FTKEKF Z[BMG .\ZEDGP FZGXN TKDFN FZJPG OKKGSP EKYV\ [K OEB NMN[G<br />

GNGM ONGTF \B ZESN NKI\\ FPXTC BKF ,OEBG OEB NMN TKD\ \BHF<br />

.FRGMR FZGXC<br />

NFR\P ,ONGTC [IZ\P[ FP NMG ,\GNGTVF NM ,ZPGIF NM[ IMGGKR HBG<br />

KB BNB .BZGCF \GIGM YZ OF FNBG .ONGTC OKNTGV[ \GIGMN OB\FC<br />

,IPGX ,OPGE ,GN[ \GDZEF NMC ,GNGM ONGTN \PZGD OEBF KRC N[ FPMSFF<br />

BN BZCRF[ .BZCRF KVNM BZGCF \RGGM OT \GG\[FN BN ,ZaE#P ZYKTCG ,KI<br />

OEBN BKCP[ BGF FHF \GG\[FF ZSGIG .BZGCF KVNM FRGGM F\GBC BXPR<br />

.FHF ONGTC \KBZGR F[DZF<br />

YZ ,GRN[ OTC EIGKPCG ,GRN[ QPHC EIGKPCG ,FHF ONGTC KM ?OEBN YZ TGEP<br />

QGMR SIKK\FN ,FRGMR FZKIC \G[TN \K[VGI FZKIC LG\P CKKI OEBF

197<br />

ONGTF QTPN NBZ[K<br />

,ZPGIP NGNM GCGZC[ ,ONGTF NT OKNM\SP GRIRB[ BKF FKTCFG .\GBKXPN<br />

,FTGZDF FBXG\F ;Z\GK BN ,FRGZIB FBXG\ \RKICC BGF ZPGI[ OKIMG[G<br />

OKPNTR OF[ NMM \GIGMG .ZCEF KVNM SIKF NT ,FRGGMF NT ’\CMGZ’[ ,\PPGEF<br />

,QGMRF SIKN CN \PG[\ [KEYFN NKI\K OEBF OBG .Z\GK OKYHI OF ,Z\GK<br />

.GPXT ZPGIF \B NNGM ,NMF \B \GR[N Q\KR GEK NT[ FPM ET IMGGKK BGF<br />

?\PEGY FRMF GN QKB[ KPC FRGMR FRGGM \GRCN Z[VB LKB<br />

FRGGMF NT ZGP[N LKZX[ TGP[N F[Y ,\GRGGMC YGSTN FXGZ[ OEBN GNKVB<br />

GPM NCB .ONGTF NMN QM[ NM BN ,FRGMR FRGGMN DGBEN EKP\P QVGBCG<br />

N[ QKKRT NMF BNB .OGNM QKB FRGGMP WGI ,FNCYF \PMGIC OKEPGN[<br />

LG\PG ,BZGCNG \GBKXPN GN[ SIKC \GCK[I FRGC OEBF[ GB .\GCK[IF<br />

GN OZGD BZGCF[ GB ,\BHF \GCK[IF \B GPXTC [VIP ,\K[VGI FZKIC<br />

QP \IBC BKF OEBF N[ \K[VGIF FZKICF .OKZGSKF KEK NT \GCK[I NCYN<br />

.\GCK[I LG\P \GKFN CKKI TGXKC NCB .OKK\[F<br />

\GMPP FBXG\M F\GB OKDK[P[ GB .DK[FN LKZX[ FP BKF \GCK[I<br />

OEBFG .\GCK[IF \NEDFN CN \PG[\ LG\P F\GB OKDK[P[ GB ,OKDVGS[<br />

Z\GK FTGZD FBG[[ ,NBZ[K OTN OGKF OKZPGB Z[BM QMN .JKNIFN LKZX<br />

\GNTFN OKXGZ OXTC ,NBZ[K WZB NTG OTF NM NT [IZ\FN FNGNT F\PEGYP<br />

OB BGCN FNGNT[ FMPF NT ,FMPF KRVN ZVSNG ,ONGTC GREKYV\ \GCK[I \B<br />

,TGP[N OKRMGP BN OK[RBF NCB .GRKNT NJGP[ EKYV\F \B BNPR BN<br />

.NGIC O[BZ OKRPGJG<br />

?FRGMR FRGGM OKIVJP LKB<br />

Z[VB \GCK[I \EKP .FN[ \GCK[IF \EKP KVN YZ IVJN Z[VB FRGGM<br />

BKCFN LKZX ,NM[F LZE QKCP OEBF[ KZIB .FZCI ,FXGCY KEK NT YZ I\VN<br />

JTPM NM[F .NM[P BNG \G[DZ\FP NTo#\P] UGD .[DZF LZE UGDN FTKEKF \B<br />

LKZX BNB .NM[F LG\P F[DZFF \MZTP \B ZZGTN F[Y .GKNT NTGV BNG<br />

ONGSF NTC KEMC BN .FCKCSF GRN \PZGD FH \BG ,EIGVP \GKFN ,[DZ\FN<br />

BNB ,ZGICN YZ BN GN[ FZKICF NCB .OEBF N[ FEKIKF FZKICF GH[ ,TCGY<br />

.GKNT NGTVN LKB FCKCSF \B QGGMN OD<br />

\GBKZC \GMZTP GPM ,\GMZTP KCD NT \GMZTP \GRCN LKZX OEBF CKCS<br />

FPM ET OKBGZ OGKPGKF KKIP .\GCK[I GN GBKCKG ,GC GNVJK[ ,GN GZHTK[<br />

.\GNTV\F NM OEBN YIGP EKP[ ,GRN[ TCJF EDR EGCTN OKMKZX

\GCZTF<br />

198<br />

?FRGGM KFP<br />

.ONGTC EKIKF NKTVF IGMF G\GBN ,BZGCN SIKK\P KRB LKB TP[P "FRGGM"<br />

KRB OBFG ,G\GB [KDZFN ,G\GB \GBZN FXGZ KRB OBF ,G\GB NKECP KRB OBF<br />

ZE\SFN YZ BKF GRN[ FKTCF ?KNB SIKK\P BGF[ GPM ,GKNB SIKK\FN FXGZ<br />

TKDFN KEM NCB .ZE\SFN FP OTG ZE\SFN KP OT Z\GK QKB GECNP .G\B<br />

F\KF FH NKC[C .ONGTF NM \B LKZX OEB NM ,BZGCF OT FZGXF \BGG[FN<br />

.\GCZ \GP[RN F\GYNI\FG FP[RF \ZKC[<br />

IGMC [P\[P BGF FPM ET :OEBC BXPR[ FRKCF IGMP FBXG\ BKF FRGGM<br />

GN[ TCJF \B NXRN KEM GB ,GPXT \CGJN BZGCF \B NXRN KEM FHF FRKCF<br />

.BZGCF \B GB GPXT \B ,NXRP OEBF KP \B BKF FRGGMF .BZGCF \CGJN<br />

YZ .FRGGM N[ QKKRT NT ZCEN FKF Z[VB KB ,NCYN QGXZ YZ OEBN FKF OB<br />

NKTVFN \NGMK GC \ZXGR HB YZ ,FRKCF \GRGM\ OT NNMR NCYN QGXZF Z[BM<br />

LG\C .BZGCF \CGJN NCYN GB GPXT \CGJN NCYN :OKRGGKMF KR[N GPXT \B<br />

,FRKCP NNMR NCYN QGXZF[ LMC BNB ,FR\[P BN FPXT FNGTVF NCYN QGXZF<br />

.TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGM GB KPXTN FRGGM :FRGGMF YZ GN \VSGR<br />

?KSKVF UGDF NTP BKF FRGGMF TGEP<br />

FNGTVF .\\N QGXZ \GKFN NGMK BN NCYN QGXZG .NCYN QGXZ BGF KSKVF UGDF<br />

.NCYN BNG GPXT \B OXPXN GB ,NCYN :\GNGTVF K\[P \IB YZ BKF GN[<br />

,FRKCF \RGM\ NCYN QGXZN \VSGG\P[ LMC .NCYN QGXZN \GMKK[ ECNC QFK\[<br />

,\\N NDGSP[ OEBN OGB\V LVGF BN BGF ,’E FRKICN \SRMR ’C FRKIC[ LMC<br />

\VSGR BNB ,NMGK BN ONGTN BGF \\N .OGXPX \G[TN NDGSP[ OEBN YZ BNB<br />

.F[GT KRB FP O[N :FRGGM YZ GN<br />

?FC[IP BKF \BHF FRGGMF \VSG\ OBF<br />

KRVP ,UGDF NTP BKF FRGGMF .KN[ FNGTVN SIKK\P KRB LKB :FC[IP KFGH<br />

\TCGY YZ BKF ,NCYN QGXZN \MKK[ BN KZPDN BKF ,NCYN QGXZF NTP BKF[<br />

ODG LGRKIC[ ,FNCYF N[ F[KDF \TCGR FH LG\P .ECGT NCYN QGXZF FP O[N<br />

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199<br />

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NM \B OKRGC OBG .’E ,’D ,’C ,’B ,[ZG[ \GKCT NTP OKKRKTG \GB\NDND<br />

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V"IBF \B OKRY\PG ,BN GB Q\GB UZXN OKNGMK OB OKYEGC .V"IBN FNBF<br />

\B OKIYGN ,\GZIB OKNKPC ."[GEY KGD" \BZYR \BHF FNGTVF .ECMN NYFP<br />

.KGRK[ OG[ QKB FRGGMC NCB ,NCYN KEM NCYN QGXZC OK[P\[PG FRGGMF<br />

FMKZX BKF[ BNB ,BZGCF KVNM \ZB[R FRGGMFG ,FRFRG NCYP NCYN QGXZF<br />

QGXZFG .FRGGMC YZ BGF NGVKJF .FRFR NCYN QGXZF GC[ NEGDN ,NGEDNG UKSGFN<br />

.FRGGMF \B NKEDFN OKNDGSP[ FPMN OB\FC NTVGP NCYN<br />

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26<br />

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200<br />

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201<br />

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222<br />

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OKPTF NMN EGDKRC ,OKKRIGZ GKF GN[ OKMZTF \GZGEF NM L[PCG ,EGCMG<br />

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LG\P OKBC Z[BM .FBR[FG \GKP[KJRBF KRVP ,KRGXKIF KP[DF TZF EXP<br />

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QKB[ FP ,FHC FH GRNGM N[ \GN\F \B GCNC [KDZP OTFP EIB NM<br />

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F\GPM OKBGZ BN[ ,FCFBG FBR[ N[ \KRGXKY \K[DZ FZGXC ZIBF DNVN<br />

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NM[ ,OKYNI FPMN GB \G\E FPMN \GYNGIP \GKFN \GNGMK \GZIB \GPGB<br />

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SIKK\P QMZEG ONGTF \GPGB KZGIBP EPGT BZGCF[ KRVP NBZ[K \B BRG[<br />

.KIMGRF GRCXPC GKNB OKGG\[P BN ,NBZ[K OT ,GRIRB[ KRVP .LM GRKNB<br />

KVNM ZCSFF GNKBG .OTF KVNM ZCSFC KZYKTF [DEF \B OK[N LKZX FH NT<br />

N[ NCSN FCKSF FP FNB[C YGSTNG ,NNGM Z\GK ,ZIB \GKFN LKZX ONGTF<br />

OFN[ FKTCF KM ,JG[V Z\GK BGF ZCSFF NBZ[K KVNM .QGZ\VF FPG ONGTF<br />

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OT[ KRVP ,\GZXC OTV NM OKBXPR OF :FNGVM FKTC [K CIZF ONGTN NCB<br />

.BZGCFP TV[ OFN ZKCTP BNG ,\RYG\PF FZGXN TKDF BN NBZ[K

223<br />

FNCYF KV NT KEGFKF OTF<br />

GKNB BGCR BN OB .FRG\P Z\GK FCZF \GKFN FMKZX ONGTF KVNM FZCSFF<br />

,ZGHT\ BN[ ,FTGZD Z\GK \GKP[KJRB ZZGTN NGNTG UNGSK ZSPF ,FRGMR F[KDC<br />

GNGM ONGTF BNG GRIRB BN HBG ,FRGMRF \GI\V\FF \B ZGXT\ ,LVKFN BNB<br />

OKZCSGP \GKFN OKCKKI FN[ QGZ\VFG FCKSF .\GCGJ \GBXG\N FMHR BN<br />

CCGSN FKFK Z[VB KB[ LM ,EGBP FZGZCG \ZPDGP FZGXC CIZF ONGTN<br />

.\ZIB O\GB<br />

FC[IP CG[ BGF FHF QGKTZF NM[ ,O[GZF \B NCYN FNKNI OKNGNT ONGTC<br />

ONGTF[ ,OKZPGB OKEGFKF KM O[Z\FN OKNGNT ;ONGTC JGN[N LKB \KEGFK<br />

OKXGZ NCB ,ONGTC TV[ QKB[ OKP[B \PBC OFG ,OKBKCP OF[ TV[C KGN\<br />

ZCSFF QMN .\KCF KNTCN GPM OFKNB GSIKK\K[ KEM ,OKJNG[ OF[ \GBZFN<br />

.JG[V BN QKKRT FHG .K\KPBG NNGM \GKFN CKKI<br />

NBZ[K OT[ ,ONGTF \B \Z[N ETGR NBZ[K OT[ ,[KDERG ZGHIR BN[ FPM<br />

GPMG ,ONGTF QGYK\ LZGXN YZ FHF ONGTC BXPR[ ,ONGTC Z\GKP YNI BGF<br />

\PKKY \BH NMC ,FHF ONGTC BZGCF N[ G\NIRC YNI OG[ GN QKB ,CG\M[<br />

BN GB ,GZ[YFP QJY JZV OKBKXGP[ YKVSP .ZPBR[ FP \B UNSN \GZ[VB<br />

.ZSPF N[ \GGKTN I\V ZXGR ZCMG ,OKZCEFP YNI OKZKCSP<br />

,FNCYF \XVF \B UGIEN QGXZF ,\GRGMRFG ,OKR\[P OKCXPF[ BNB<br />

[K ,Z\KN Z[BG .GRC OKKGN\ \BHF FEGCTF \B \G[TN GR\CGI[ F[DZFF<br />

BN GRIRB .QMGF[ FPN OB\FC ZE\SK NMFG ,FNTPNP FMZEF NCYR[ \GGYN<br />

.GC OKV\\[P YZ BNB LKNF\C OKNTGVF<br />

ONGMG FVKG CGJ NMF ,FNCYF N[ KJZGBK\F EXF \B OKZKCSP[ QPH NM<br />

\BHG ,\G[TN LKZX FP FNB[F OFC \ZZGT\P LM ZIB NCB .OKPKMSP<br />

KVNM ,\G[GRBF KVNM ,FZCIF KVNM SIK BGF [ZERF F[TPF KM ,FKTCF<br />

BGFG ,DZCP#F BGF .NMF \B FR[P OEBF GEK NT[ ,KNMF BGF SIKF .BZGCF<br />

OEBF KM ,K[GYF QBMG .NMF \B FR[P BGF OEK NTG ,OEBF KEKC [K[ \C@XF<br />

BGF ,FRGMR \GSIKK\F KEK NT ,FC[IPF KEK NT ,GN[ SIKF KEK NT[ [KDZP BN<br />

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ZPGIF GEGSKC[ ,OKZPGB FKPKMFG FYKSKVF OGI\P OKRTEP OD OGKF<br />

SVG\ BNG QKCP BN JG[VF OEBF NCB .GKVNM OEBF N[ SIKF KEK NT DFRGP<br />

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224<br />

F[TPN OEGY QGYK\F<br />

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BGF QGXZF N[ YNI FHKB OT ,FNGTVF \B F[GT BGF TGEP ,FC[IP ,FRGGM<br />

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OKBXPR .\GK[TP \GNGTV OGKYC YGSTN WGIR BN \KRIGZF FEGCTC OGKF<br />

ZCM \GKP[DC "FJPN FNTPNP" \GZYN LKZX FKF[ FP NM :ZIB CN[C ZCM<br />

OKRGYK\F OKBC OEGY OGKF ZPGNM .FNTPN FJPNP OKBC OGKFG ,FZY<br />

NGMK BGF ,OKKGSP QGYK\ DK[P OEBF OB .OK[TPF OKBC OFN OB\FCG<br />

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BN BKF KBEGGC .FHF QGGKMN BN BKF FC[IPF .\KPPT FCG[\C FZHIFC BNG<br />

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ZPBPC C\GM ONGSF NTC .\GGXPF NM \B OKKYNG FNKP \KZC \G[TN GMZJXK<br />

KEM ET { GN[ \EC ZB[KFNG FNCYC YGSTN NMGK OEB NM[ ,"QGZIBF ZGEF"<br />

,SIKC ,\GKRIGZC YZ \GTXC\P \GNGTVF NM .\EN \MKK[ BN FNCYF LM<br />

.BZGCF OT OEBF N[ KPKRVF Z[YC ,FRGGMC<br />

KNNMF NCSCG K[KB=KPKRVF NCSF \EKPC KGN\ NMF .NY BN FH \B ZKCSFN<br />

SIKF \B GRPXT NT NCYN GRKNT[ ,FHF CXPN GRTDF OB NCB .KCKJYNGYF<br />

FPC QKB[ GRKCKG GTP[K OK[RBFG ,OEBF LG\C FRMFM FGGF\K BGF ,FHF<br />

FYTXF FKF\ BKF OKRGB ZSGI N[ \BHF F[DZFF .FHF SIKF ECNP ZHTKFN<br />

ZTX GN OKNDP OGB\V[ ,OEBN FPGEC .OFN[ Q"P \BNTF ,FNKV\F ,BZGCN<br />

FEZJFF .F[Y FNIPC FNGI ,GPNGT NM BGF[ ,GN[ QJYF ENKF[ ,BZGR<br />

BN OF .GCXP \B OKRY\P ,GC OKND\P GIZGM NTC[ ,FEZIF ,EIVF ,\KPKRVF<br />

.FNTPNP QGYK\F \B OKRKPHP BNB ,NTGVC OKRY\P<br />

GN[ SIKF BNB ,ONGTF \B QY\P GN[ SIKF[ ,OEBN \ZPGB BN FNCYF<br />

NT OKC[GI[M OD ,GFTZ NT [KB OKC[GI[M OD .ONGTC KGRK[F \B NKTVP<br />

OKNKTVP BNB ,IPXF NT \GZK[K OKNTGV BN ,KCGKI GB KNKN[ GF[P IPX

225<br />

FNCYF KV NT KEGFKF OTF<br />

\GDZE NT ,OKKNKN[ GB OKKCGKI ,FNBM \GIGM NKTVP G\DZEP OEBF .\GIGM<br />

.KIG IPGX ,OPGE<br />

NZGD \B ,GNZGD \B \GR[N NGMK BGF FPC ZCSF OT NBZ[K OTN BGCN LKZX<br />

IG\VN YZ BNB ,UNSN GB UKSGFN ZGSB FHCG ,BZGCN GN[ SIKF \B ,ONGTF<br />

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.Z\GKC FZXYFG FNKTGPF<br />

EGEPN [K .OEBF \DZEN OB\FCG ,QGYK\N NTGV[ FP NT ZCEN OKCKKI QMNG<br />

\GNTN LKZXG \PKKGSP FDZEC BXPR OEBF OB .FRGMR FZGXC FNB KR[ \B<br />

FPC GN IG\VNG GN ZGHTN OKCKKI \GDZEF QKC FHF NECFC ,FBCF FDZEN<br />

K\[ QKC \GPEY\FN LKK[[ FP YZ :Z\GK BNG ,\GR\[FN LKZX BGF GK[MT<br />

.GNNF \GDZEF<br />

OB[ ,OK[RBN IKJCFN QKB .\BHF \GPEY\FN LKK[ BN[ FP UKSGFN QKBG<br />

\GNGDSF Q\GB NMN OGYP QKBG ,OKKIC FINXF OFN FKF\ ,LMG LM G[TK OF<br />

BNG ,F[DZFF \B \GR[N GN \GZHGT[ ,\KDGNGMKSV FZGXC OEBF NT \GECGT[<br />

BNB ,OKCBM LM[P GB FTDZF \VGZ\ F\T \TN GN \\N Z[VB .\GBKXPF \B<br />

ZCE N[ GVGSC KM ,\RY\P BN FPXTN[M CBMF \\IVF \[DZF[ ZGMHN [K[<br />

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\G[TN OKCKKI[ F[TPF NM BKF[ C[GIG ,ECNC \GKRGXKIN SIKK\P OEBF<br />

QGGKMC BXPR BGF LMCG .ONGTNG OTN CGJ NM BKCP[ OZGDF BKFG ,FHF ONGTC<br />

OK[TP G[T[ OKPKC OKZXPC FKF LM .FRGMRF \GPEY\FFP LVKFF BGF[<br />

NMGB GN FKFG ,\GVK OKZT FRC ,FRGMR FZGXC ECT NBZ[K OT :ECNC OKKRGXKI<br />

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G\GBPG ;NBZ[K OT \B DKFRFN GPY QGZFBG F[P[ ET NCS BN NBZ[K OTG<br />

OKKIN \GMKK[ BN[ ,\G[KZE GRPP [GZEN GNKI\F QGZFBG F[P[ TDZ<br />

’F KP" .NMF [C\[F ,GKNB SIKK\FN LKZXG ,BZGC [K[ GN ZPGNG ,OKNKDZF<br />

28<br />

,QGZFBG F[P N[ OFK\G[KZE NGP NB FTZV ZPGB "?GNGYC TP[B Z[B<br />

.CGJ \GKIN LK[PFN GN \\NG ,OTF \B CGHTN OFP TCG\G<br />

\B \GR[N Z[VB GEK NT[ KRGXKI GF[P [K[ ,ZCSFF OT OTN [DKR OB<br />

KEK NT YZ Z[VB \GBKXPF \B \GR[N .FTZV \JKN[ \I\ SRMKR ,\GBKXPF<br />

\K\ZCI \ZDSP NM OEGY \GKFN FMKZX \ZDSPFG .FRGGMF KEK NT ,Q"P \BNTF<br />

QGKTZF \NEDFN ,"LKYNB ’F \B \CFBG"N ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG"N \ZZGTP[

,GPXT<br />

QGKTZF[<br />

FHF<br />

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NNMCG<br />

ZGCKXF<br />

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,Z\GKC<br />

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BN<br />

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OKNHNHP<br />

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ONGTC<br />

.FHF<br />

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YNIF<br />

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LG\C<br />

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BGFG<br />

BN<br />

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226<br />

\GCZTF

227<br />

OEBF \EGCTG \GCZTF<br />

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GBZGC NGP<br />

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(D"KY ZPBP "K\TP[" ZVS ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

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F"CYF QM OD ,FKGXZ FRKB[ FV GNKVB ,GRKKF ."FV NM \NKV\<br />

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BGF ,’F \GECTC GR[K[ \GEKCMF NM[ ,\TEN QKMKZX[ ,BGF QKRTFG<br />

OEBF[ ,NNM [K ,N[PN .NT[G ETX NM NT DFGRF ,\GKMVFF \CKSP<br />

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NM" KM ,ZESC BN QM OD ,\GBKDF BGF[ ,KR[F FXYC \MNN OBG<br />

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CGJ BGF ’\K O[F[ ,QKPBFN QKMKZX GRIRBG ,OEB FHKBN OKZGSK<br />

,QM OB .OEBF \CGJN BGF IN[[ OKZGSKF IZMFC QM OB ,CKJPG<br />

.OKZGSKF GR\BP ZKSK ’\K O[F[ ,OKNNV\P GRB LKB<br />

\B QY\N KEMC YZ GBC OKZGSKF KM ,\TEN OKMKZX OKZGSKF QKRTCG<br />

YZPN BGF OKZGSKF EKYV\G .’F ZGB \NCYN Z[MGP FKFK[ ,OEBF<br />

LM ,Z[CF \B YK\PP INP FP" :N"HI GZPB[ GPM ,UGDF \B<br />

OGYPC FKFK[ ,GRYK\ FNKV\F QKRTG ."UGDF \B QKYZPP OKZGSK

\GCZTF<br />

228<br />

BZYR FNKV\F[ BNB .UGDF \B YZPP FNKV\F OD[ GRKKF ,OKZGSK<br />

,OKZGSKP UGDF \B YK\PFN Z\GK NKTGP FNKV\F QMN .FZG\F LZE<br />

,FCGJ \GVSG\ FBC FHP[ ZIBP ,OKZGSKF NT NNV\FN FGXP QMN<br />

.GNGM NNMCG JZVC OEBFN<br />

.’F \EGCTC \GYSVFG \GEKCM OEBFN OZGD \GKMVGFF ,FH OG[PG<br />

,GKRKTC FPERG .TZC GPXT \B [KDZPG ,FEGCTC LK[PFN NGMK GRKBG<br />

ZG[M" OKP[ \GMNP NGT \B GKNT NCYN NMGK[ ,KGBZ GRKB BGF[<br />

."KGXZ GRKB" BZYR BGF FHF QPHC[ ,BXPRG ."B[PN ZGPIMG NGTN<br />

,FRGPB \RKIC LK[PFN FXGZ[ ,FHC BGF G\RGGM NM[ ZIBP ,BNB<br />

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N[ FZGX FKF\ BN[ ,’\K G\GNED GRKKF ,ONGTFC ’\K GP[ NED\K[<br />

\NKV\ TPG[ F"CYF" KHB ,FNEG FKRT \RKICC F[GEYF FRKM[F<br />

[KDZP[ GRKKF ,LM NM KGXZ GRKB[ OEBP GNKVB GRKKF ."FV NM<br />

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?FV NM TPG[ BGF K\P ."FV NM \NKV\ TPG[ F\B KM" [GZKV FHG<br />

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BGF[M ,HBG .OKPK F[N[ NMB BN[ ,OEBN FPGE FHG .FRGPBF<br />

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BZYR FHG .FRGPBF \RKIC \B GKNT NCYN NMGK[ ,GKRKT \B ZKBK<br />

FHKB :"FV NM"P NCYR GH FNKV\G ."BZVTP B\RKM[ BPYBN"<br />

G[VR \B \GKIFN [YCP BGF OB ,BXPR OEBF[ CXP \RKIC<br />

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(D"KY ZPBP "K\TP[" ,ONGSF NTC)

229<br />

"GECNP EGT QKB"N KBR\M "LTZN \CFBG"<br />

O\GB TP[[ ZIBN EKPG UMK\ ["CZF O[Z "K\TP[" N[ FNB OKZPBP<br />

FNB[ KVN ,EKP BNB ,[BZP O\GB QKMF BN ONGSF NTC .ONGSF NTC KVP<br />

ONGSF NTC FHF ZPBPC .ZZCPG FRGT FKF ,FZZGT\F[ FKTC KVN GB ,GNB[[<br />

ET [KDZP OEBF[M { QGZSKI N[ OGYPC YZ \GKFN FNGMK FNKV\F[ ZZCP<br />

.OKZGSK [I[M ,GN TZ FPM<br />

UGDC OK[DZGP ,OKK[VR OKZGSK GB OKKRVGD OKZGSK \GKFN OKNGMK OKZGSKFG<br />

GB ,GF[P GN ZSI[ ,K[KB ZSGIM OEBC OK[DZGP ,[VRC OK[DZGP GB<br />

GB ,GPXT KVNM OKRG#eMP ,GRKKF .BZGCN GN[ SIKC ZSGIM OEBC OK[DZGP<br />

ZCE N[ GVGSCG .BZGCFG OEBF :FNB OKKR[P Z\GK QKB .BZGCF KVNM OKRG#eMP<br />

OKNGMK \GRGXZG \GRGGM KM .TKV[FN \RP NT GB NCYN \RP NT GB QG#eMP QGXZF<br />

BN OF ,GPXTN GF[P FXGZ OEBF[ KRVP NCB ,BZGCN OKRGGMP \GKFN<br />

.OEBF LG\N OKRG#eMP BNB ,BZGCN OKRG#eMP OKBZYR<br />

NGTVN KEM FETGR FVGZ\F OD ?O\GB OKBVZP LKB ?OKZGSKN FVGZ\F FP<br />

GB ,GPNTKK OKZGSKF[ ,OEBN CGJ FKFK[ KEM GB :OKKR[F QP EIB QVGBC<br />

GRPP[ ZIB QKB KM ,BZGCFP OKBC OKZGSKF[ ,ZKMK OEBF[ ,LVFF BYGGE<br />

\GRVN OEBF \B ZZGTP BZGCF OKZGSKF \GTXPBC :FZJP OFN [KG ,GBGCK<br />

KEM .FRGV BGF FP O[N OEBF YGECK[ ,FRGV OEBF[ KZIB NCB .GKNB<br />

\B \GRCN OKZGSKF KCD NT BYGGE GB ,GPNTKK OKZGSKF[ ,GRKKF ,CGJ [KDZFN<br />

.BZGCN GN[ SIKF<br />

,\GKIZMF OFC [KDZP KM ,GPNTKK OKZGSKF[ [YCP BN OEBF ,ZPGNM<br />

NCB ,GKNB G\GB ZZGTP \BHM FZGXC BZGCF[ ,FCFB BYGGE OFC [KDZPG<br />

L[PKFNG QGGM\FNG YYG\[FN QGXZ IGM GN FKFK[ ,\ZIB FVGZ\ [YCP<br />

OKZZGT\P[ OKZGSKFG .GPXTP BNB ,G\GB ZZGTP BZGCF[ KEK NT BN ,BZGCN<br />

ZZGT\FNG YYG\[FN GKNT OKRVGB GNBC ,OEBN FPDGE ,OKRPKS YZ OF ,GC<br />

OKYK\PP OKZGSKF[ G[GZKV ,GNNF OKRVGBFP EIB O[KKP[ OEB Z[BM .’FN<br />

.UGDF \B OKYZPP ,UGDF \B<br />

ECGM \B ,\GC[IPF ECGM \B [KDZP BGF[M ?IKNXF[ TEGK BGF LKB<br />

QBM .BZGCF QGGKMN CG[IN KEM OEDRM NGTVN WPB\FN CKKIG ,OKCXPFG \GTZVFF<br />

\GTZVFF KRV NT[ BZYR FHG ,\GZZGT\FN ,\GPPGZ\FN ,\GMHN \GMVGF \GTZVFF<br />

.ZPGIF NTP BXPKFN \GIGM [MZ ,ZPGNM .FRGPBN BXKG ZCD\F FNBF<br />

NM[ .GKVNM BZGCF \CFB \B [KDZP OEBF GN[ FTKDKF NMP FBXG\MG<br />

HBG .FCFB LG\P FNKI\MNP GBC ,\GECMFF NM ,OKZGSKF NM ,\GTZVFF

\GCZTF<br />

230<br />

BNG ,GKVNM OKNTGV[ OFG ,BZGCFP NGCD BNN OKBC OKPIZF YZ[ ,GN FND\P<br />

.FCFBF OTJP BCF SIK G\GB YZ BNB ,ZIB SIK OG[<br />

,"NBZ[K TP[" \NKV\C OKZPGB[ ,"LKYNB ’F \B \CFBG" YGSVC ,ZPGNM<br />

’F GRKYNB ’F NBZ[K TP[" N[ TGXKCN TKDP OEBF[ KZIB BC "\CFBG"<br />

TP[" GPXTN ZPGN NGMK[ FBGZ OEBF GKNB \GBC[ \GNGTVF NMC ."EIB<br />

FBGZ BGF .(GP[ KVN EIB NM ,"NBKZCD TP[" GB ,"NBMKP TP[" GB) "NBZ[K<br />

G\GB ZKTF BZGCF[G ,"EIB ’F GRKYNB ’F" KM \GTZVFF NM NT ,\GKRVF NM NT<br />

.EIBF IGMF \B \GNDN G\GB L[P ,\GTZVFF KEK NT<br />

FKNB FRKCF \DZEC BXPR "NBZ[K TP["G ,EIBF IGMF \B FNDP OEBF Z[BM<br />

,"LKYNB ’F \B \CFBG" FND\P HB ,\GTZVF Q\GB NM KEK NT BYGGE TKDP BGF<br />

TP[" \NKV\ QMN .GKNB ’F \CFBP \GBC \GTZVFF NM[ FBGZ BGF[ ZIBP<br />

.BZGCF OT OEBF N[ Z[YC BK[F BKF KM ,FCG[IG \NNGM FM "NBZ[K<br />

?BZGCN FKRVF KFP<br />

F[DZF GN QKB HB ,\GRVN KPN GN [KG ,BXPRG OKKY BZGCF[ OEBN TGEK OB<br />

,GKNB YGCE ,BZGCN ZG[Y OEBF OB .FKRVC LZGX GN QKB[G TZ GF[P GC [K[<br />

YNIF G\GBN \GRVN GTP[P "FKRV" ?\GRVN GN Q\KR QBN ,GC BXPR ZCM BZGCFG<br />

BKF FKRVFG O[ BXPR BN QKKET BZGCF ;ZGBC QKKET BNGPP BN[ ,GMG\C<br />

CXP ,FZGXF \GG\[FC BXPR BN QKKET BGF TGEP ZZCN ,QGXZF G\GB YGECN<br />

.BZGCF KEK NT BNP\F BGF[ GTP[P[<br />

LG\C OGYP G\GBN ,QGXZ G\GBN BNB ,BZGCN BN OTV UB BKF FKRVF<br />

[KDZP FKF GNKB .BZGCF \B [KDZP BN BGF GC[ ,QYG\P BN QKKET[ ,OEBF<br />

,\GRVN KPN QKB .FRGV BGF[ ZPGNG BGCN FV QGI\V GN FKF BN ,BZGCF \B<br />

.FZ\SFF NB EKP\ BKF FKRV .FNGDP ,BNP ZCM NMF<br />

,ZGCKXF NNM GPM OKNNV\PG BZGCN OKRGV BN \KRIGZF FEGCTC QMN<br />

:QPIZ BGF[ BEGGN ,CGJ BGF[ YGECN OKBCG ,OKKY BZGCF[ OKIGJCF<br />

.BZGCF \[DZF ZSGI KVNM BKF FKRVF \KRIGZ FEGCTC<br />

?O\GB QGGMN Z[VB FEKP GHKBC ,BZGCN SIKF \B OKRGC OKZGSKF OB<br />

.FZ\SFC BXPR FNKI\MNP BGF .GC ZZGT\P FP TEGK BN OTV UB OEBF<br />

FHF KNMFP WGIG ,"FP[R" BZYRF KNM GN [K ,ZPGNM .GMG\P BKF FZ\SFF<br />

FCM[C F[DZFF .\GRG[ \GCM[ QR[K FHF KNMC .OGNM [KDZP BN BGF<br />

."FHF ONGTF \[DZF" \BZYR Z\GKC FMGPRF FRG\I\F

231<br />

"GECNP EGT QKB"N KBR\M "LTZN \CFBG"<br />

\B Z\GK [KDZP BN[ LMC QGZSKI [KDZP BGF .OPGZ\FN FXGZ OEBF<br />

,G\GB BNPN YYG\[P BGF .YKZ OGYPF[ [KDZP BGF .FP[RF LG\C GPXT<br />

TEGK BN BGF HB OD NCB .FNCY EGPKNN BC QMNG ,GF[P GC [KDZFN YYG\[P<br />

.QGZSKIF ,\GRYKZF \[DZF :G\GB NKCGP[ FP BNB<br />

BNPN QGZSKI ,OKRG[ \GRGZSI [KDZF BGF ,OKNGDNDF NM L[PC ,QMN OEGY<br />

\TM NCB .F\GB BNPN QPHF NM WZG ,FP[RF N[ Z\GKC FRG\I\F FCM[F \B<br />

\BXPR[ ,Z\GK FRGKNT ,Z\GK FFGCD FCM[C \GRYKZ ,[EI QGXZ [KDZP BGF<br />

,USM ,NDZGEM :O\GB BNPN QMKF TEKG \GRGXZ [KDZF OEGY KM ?TGEP .FP[RC<br />

IJCGP FHF ONGTC[ TEK BGF .GKRVN SGZV NGMKCM FKF NMF .NMGB ,QKP ,EGCM<br />

FP TEGK BN BGFG .FHF ONGTC KGNKP GN QKB[ [KDZP BGF \TMG .KGNKP GN<br />

.NVBG OTJ ZSI ,YKZ NMF ,\G[TN<br />

KGN\ O\GZZGT\F ZES KM ,GC OKZZGT\P \GRGZSI FHKB TEGK BN GPXT BGF<br />

OGYPP BC EIB NM KM ,OEBN OEBP \GR\[P \GCM[F .FP[RF N[ FRCPC<br />

DGSP QGZSKI ZZGT\P OEB NMC QMN .\KNNMF QG[BZF OEB \P[R N[ ZIB<br />

\GNB[F \GZZGT\P EIB NMC ,\ZIB FCKSP FNCYN TKDP EIB NM .ZIB<br />

KGNKP BXPR BN \GNB[FP \IB UBN NCB ,\GRG[ \GCKSRCG ZIB QVGBC<br />

\GRGZSIF \B BNPN FGGY\C FNCYN OKBC LMG .GRCKCSP ,FHF ONGTC<br />

.\ZIB FZGXC OKKPKRVF<br />

BGF .\GPGE \GNB[ GB OKZGSK GN OKBC TGEP ,NGB[N ZGPB BN OEBF QMN<br />

SRMK[ KZIB ,FP[RF \B ZKMFN NKI\K Z[BM ,LM ZIB YZ OKZGSKF \B QKCK<br />

,UGDF \NKEDN FPGEC FP[RF \NKED N[ OKCN[ O\GB ,FYKRKN TKDKG ZGCKTN<br />

,TKDF BGF LKB \TEN IMGGKK ZGIBN JCPCG ,FP[RF FRCP \B QKCK BGF HBG<br />

OFKNB KNNMF SIKF NCB .FNBF OKVIEFG OKRPKSF KEK NT BYGGE TGEPG<br />

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OB[ \GPGYPM ,ZIB QVGBC GB FHM QVGBC \GRYKZF FND\P G\GTXPBC[<br />

.QGKNTF ONGTF \[DZFN OKTKDP ,QGMR O\GB OKRGGMP<br />

QGGMN CG[I BNB .OKKRYKZF \GRGXZF OKND\P QVGB FHKBC CG[I BN HBG<br />

CTZF \[DZF \B OKBNPP GRKKF OTV KEKP[ GPM .GBNP\K[ KEM ,QGMR O\GB<br />

JZGVS YI[PC FKKVX KEK NT ,FIP[C BNP\FN QGXZF \BG ,NMGB KEK NT<br />

\B BNPN NGMK BGF[ ,[KDZF OEBF GMZE[ ZIB QVGB NMC GB QKKRT ZZGTP<br />

DGSP ZCM OF FNBF \GRGZSIF[ ,\TEN CKKI BGF LZE F\GBC .QGZSKIF<br />

OF KM ,OFN [K OKKGNKP GNB YGKEC TEGK BN BGFG ,KRIGZF DGSFP ,ZIB

232<br />

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233<br />

"GECNP EGT QKB"N KBR\M "LTZN \CFBG"<br />

BKF \GRYKZ F\GB NM ,FGGI[ ZSIF CYT OEGY FKF[ CBMF NM HBG<br />

GR[K \GMNPE KNM LG\C BNB ,"\GMNP KNM" FRGMPF \GRYKZ BN BKF .\ZIB<br />

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NT QGKNTF OT Z[YF \B NKI\P ZCMG ,GN FPGE \GKFN LKB QKCFNG ,GEDRM[<br />

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BN BZGCFG .GF[NM ZGYPP GBC OF OB GPXT \B NGB[N KNC I\V\FG OKZGSK<br />

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OEBFG ,EGTG EGT GC OKI\VR[ OKRJY OKNNIM ,EIBG EIB NMC Z\GKG Z\GK

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(F"M ZPBP "K\TP[" ZVS ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

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.LM FH[ G[KDZK T\VNG ,ZZGT\FN GNKI\K OK[RBF[ ,OEBF IGPN \ZIB<br />

FRP NBZ[K OT QCZGIF KRVN .GNGM OTF \NIR F\KF \BHF F[DZFF ZCTC<br />

LM[ ZGZC FKF ONGMN .BZGCC \GYCE N[ F[DZFC GKI ONGM[ ,OK[RB KRGKNKP<br />

OKKIF \B OK[KDZP GRIRB[ GPM ,\GYCEF \B G[KDZFG GBZ ,GRKCF OF .OKKI<br />

ODG FZCIN SIKC OD ,TKV[FN \RP NTC GMRGI EKP GENGR[ OKENKG .OGKF GRN[<br />

.BZGCN SIKC<br />

,GN[ OKKIF \B NCYP OEBF LKB ,QKKRTF NM[ ,GKC\MC QKKXP ONGSF NTC<br />

QG\R FKF OEBF ,FSKV\ F\GBC GBXPR ONGM .KDGNGMKSV BGF ,GN[ F[KDF \B<br />

GKF ONGM .ZCE G\GB GKF CZF \TV[FG CGZF \TV[F[ BNB ,CGZF \TV[FN<br />

OKZIBF OKPTN[ GBZ OF .\ZIB Z[VB[ GRKCF BNG ,OKKI O\GBC OKKGZ[<br />

.\GYCE N[ SIK YZ [K[ ,ZGZC FKF OPXT OFN NCB ,\BHM FSKV\ QKB<br />

QCZGIC .KR[ \KC QCZGICG QG[BZ \KC QCZGIC NGVKN GNKI\F[ ET FKF LM<br />

YNI YZ Y\R\F QG[BZ \KC QCZGIC NCB .\GYCEFP Y\R\F OTF NM KR[ \KC<br />

\B GXPKB OF .OKRGGKF N[ FTV[F ,FZH FTV[F NCYN NKI\FG ,FPGBFP<br />

\I\ GSRMR KM ?TGEP .OFN[ OKKIF \KKVGSGNKV \B ,ZPGNM ,OFN[ OKSGPKRF<br />

\I\ KGN\ NMF .CGZF \TV[F \B GNCKYG CZF \TV[F \B GECKB ,O\TV[F<br />

.BXPR OEBF FTV[F GHKB

\GCZTF<br />

254<br />

.NYNY\F LGRKIFG DNV\F OTF ,NEDG LNF QPHF NM[ NCYN QGXZN OB\FCG<br />

Z\GKC OKNGEDF OK[RBF .BCKYT KCZ KEKPN\C FTDV FRGZIBF FMPF[ ET<br />

\CFBG" O\GB EPKN[ ,BCKYT KCZ N[ G\TV[F ,CZF \TV[F \B T\VN GECKB<br />

.ORKI \BR[ ,CGZF \TV[F \B GNCKYG ,"LGPM LTZN<br />

\GKFN NGMK LKB QKCFNG QKPBFN OKNDGSP BN[ ,CXPC OKBXPR GRNGM OGKF<br />

.\BHM \GKRIGZ F[DZFC FNKVRN OEGY GKI ,OK[RB KRGKNKP ,FPKN[ FPGB[<br />

,"\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\N FPEYF" \B I\GV ONGSF NTC QMN .FKF LM NCB<br />

,NHZCF \XKIP \B W\RNG FNCYF \PMGI \B ZKHIFN FXGZ BGF[ LMC<br />

EIV \ZZGTPG ,LNKBG \KCF QCZGI HBP FCZ LM NM FEKPC GRKNT FEKCMP[<br />

\EGYR GRC ZXGGK\ BN[ [[I OKKY ,ZPGNM .NBZ[KP IM[K\ \BHF FPMGIF[<br />

.QGKNTF IGMF OT \GYCEC \GKIN ZGHIN ,\GZ[VB ,\NGMK F\GB ,TDPF<br />

?OK[RB QGPF FRGPF FXGCYN CZT \GKFN Z[VB LKB<br />

N[ FXGCYC BKF FRMSF ,BCZEB .[KB OKTCZB N[ FXGCY BN BKF FKTCF<br />

,OFKRKPN \GXGCY \GZXGR ,IGM KYCBP OKNKI\P FC[ ,OK[RB F[KPI<br />

FPM YZ GKRVN FBGZ KTCJ QVGBC OEBF FNGED FXGCYC .FCGJ BN \GZI\G<br />

.EBP FRJY FXGCY ZGICN WNPGP BN QMN .OKZCI<br />

?GPXT OEBC KGN\ FP ,FKNB \GSKRMCG CZF \TV[FP \GBKXKC<br />

,F[GEYF \JKN[ \I\ \XZPR FEKPCG Z[VB[ FPM \GKFN GPXT OEBF NT<br />

.KGN\ FH GC YZ .OKZVGSG OKZVS \JKN[G FXGCYF \JKN[ ,GCZ \JKN[ \I\<br />

GN OKZKMHP[ TDZC \GKZ[VBF OKMZEF NMC ZGHIN GKNT ,FRPP BXGK BGF OBG<br />

ZETFC BXPR BGF[ TP[P ,CZF \TV[F [K[ OEBN OKZKMHP BN OBG .F\GB<br />

.GNKC[C OKKY GRKB FT[ KVN[ ,KRIGZF QKKRTF KVNM ,FZMF<br />

?CZF \TV[FC YKHIFN F[Y TGEP<br />

NMG ,NCYN QGXZF NED OTV NM[ KRVP ,F[Y FEGCT GH CZF \TV[FC YKHIFN<br />

.Q\GB ZZCN CKKI OEBF[ ,\G[EI \GTZVF \GTKVGP OTV<br />

?"GECNP EGT QKB" BGF[ ZGBN KNM \K[TR \GCZTF LKB<br />

ZPGB ONGSF NTCG .OKZIBF KVNM TKV[FN \RP NTC FRGGM BKF \GCZTF<br />

FHM IGM ,FHM KNM ZXGK[ OEBG .LF GRKKF FH BZGCF KVNM GB OKZIBF KVNM[<br />

ZPGB YZ BN FH OEB ."GECNP EGT QKB" OT ZG[Y JNIFC BGF ,FTV[F N[<br />

G\GB FPZP BGF GNKBM ,GN CCGSP BZGCF[ FPN SIKK\PG ,OKKY BZGCF[

255<br />

ZGBN KNM \GCZTF<br />

LG\P BZGCF NB SIKK\P OEBF[ LMC BNB ;OKYI[P KRKP NMC G\B YI[PG<br />

,"GECNP EGT QKB" NB SIKK\P BGF ,GN[ TKV[FN QGXZF LG\P ,U\G[PF KNMF<br />

.GN \GPEKFNG GKNB CZY\FN KEM ,BZGCF N[ GTCJG GKVGB KVN<br />

"GECNP EGT QKB"C \GKFN YKVSP[ \ZPGB[ \IB ,\GTE K\[ [K OB ,QMN<br />

GKVN[ ,ONGSF NTC KVN OKMNGF ,FCG[I Z\GK \GCZTF[ ,\ZPGB[ \ZIBG<br />

\B OKK\RKC CGHTN KGBZF QP ."GECNP EGT QKB"P FCG[I Z\GK \GCZTF<br />

FHF CN[F OD ORPB .OKJSKBGDBM YZ "GECNP EGT QKB"C OKHIGB KM ,BZGCF<br />

TGCYN YZ BNG ,DK[FN LKZX "GECNP EGT QKB" NCB ,\GI\V\FC KIZMF<br />

IGM KEK NT YZ G\GB DK[FN Z[VB .OKKY BGF[ \PMGIPG \KVGSGNKV FZGXC<br />

.\GCZTF<br />

?NMF \B GN CCGSP[ IGM [K[ FNDP OEBF LKB<br />

\EGCTC OKRVGB KRKP NM N[ KGNKDC OEY\P OTV NM BGF ,OEY\P[ OEB<br />

BYGGE GB NJC\FN LKZX BGF OBF .EIK O\GB ZG[YN NGMK BN OKK\RKC[ ,’F<br />

NCYNG "GECNP EGT QKB"C \GKFN LKZX BGF OBG .G\TE \B ZPGNG TKV[FN<br />

HB ,FXGCYF \B LKZX BGF OB .GN[ "KRBF" FVKB HB ,NMF TCGY BZGCF[<br />

.FXGCYC [K[ FP NCYN ,LVKFN GB ,FXGCYC TGCYN LKZX BGF<br />

BGF JBN JBN[ ET ,FMGCPC BXPR OEBF ,OKJZV ZGVSRKB O\GB NMP<br />

,\KJZGBK\ FZGXC EIK O\GB Z[GY BGF[ BNB .EIK O\GB ZG[YN NKI\P<br />

.ZGBG KNM ONGM OF[ OKZPGB QMN .GC OK[CD\P ZCM OF[ BNG ,FTGP[F KVN<br />

EGT QKB" BGF BZGCN KNMF N[ SIKFG ,\GCZTF IGM KEK NT OKRGC KNM[<br />

."GECNP<br />

?G\GB OKRGC LKBG KNMF \KKRC KFP<br />

,TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGM BZYR "KNM" .FTV[FF IGM \KKRC BKF KNMF \KKRC<br />

KNMCG .FZCIF KVNM GPXT \B NJCP OEBF[ FH KEK NT FRCR KNMF .ZHGI ZGB<br />

QGMR EGYV\N ZKHIP[ YCEF BKF \GCZTF .\GCZTF NM \B OKNDP U\G[PF<br />

,BZCR[ EKIKF KNMFP GYZV\F[ ,OKEEGCPF ,OKEZVGPF OKYNIF NM \B<br />

."\GCZT" BZYR OFKRKC YCEF ."QG[BZF OEB" BZYR[<br />

BZGC QKC DGGKH" ,"FCG\M" ,"FVGI" :OKVSGR OK[GZKV \GCZT FNPN<br />

OKRG[ OKNM QKC \GCZT BN NCB ,\GCZT BKF OFN[ \GTP[PF OD[ ,"BZCRN<br />

EIB OKTKV[P FXGCYC OD .OKTKV[P KR[ QKC BNB ,EIB KNMN YCEKFN KEM

\GCZTF<br />

256<br />

\GCZT .\GYCEN FBKCP BZGCN KNMF N[ FTV[F OD .OKYCER FH KEK NTG ,KR[N<br />

.\KEEF FTV[F NT FRCR[ IGM G\GB BGF<br />

?FXGCY LKZX FP NKC[C ,BZCRN BZGC QKC OD \GCZT [K OB<br />

OT \GCZTN TKDFN Z[VB KB NCB ."\GCZT" \BZYR BZGCN OEB N[ FTV[F<br />

OK[MGZ TKV[PF IGM \BG .TKV[PF IGM ,\GCZTF IGM QKB OB BZGCF<br />

OEBFG .GKNB BGCN FP OT QKB ,FXGCYFP FTV[F IGM [GMZN KNC .FXGCYC<br />

BZGCF ORPB .FNTPNP GKNT TKV[P BZGCFG ,FHF ONGTC JSKBGDB ZB[R<br />

OEBFG ,OKK\SF NMF \BH FEGYRC LB ,"GECNP EGT QKB" ,EIB IGM F[TR<br />

OKZCEF NM \B[ FNDP OEBF ?"\PB ZYGI" GFP .NGMKCM \PB ZYGI F[TR<br />

EGTC GNDK OKRTEPF[ ZCE ,TCJF NMC JNG[[ ,"EIGKPG EKIK EIB" IGM TKRP<br />

,EIB IGM [K[ ,OKNKDZ OK[RBN GB OKRTEPN OKZPGB OB NCB .FR[ OKK\BP<br />

,OKPGJBF \B NKTVP[ BGFG ,ONGTF NMC NMF TCGYG JNG[G TKV[PG NTGV[<br />

,\GPNGTF NMG ,OGYKF NM \BG ,OKVGDF \B ,OKB\F \B ,\GNGYNGPF \B<br />

FP FHG ,KRGKDF OFN FBZR FHF QGZYKTF .O\TE NT \NCY\P \BHF FECGTF<br />

,EIB IGP ,EIB IGM BGF NMF[ ,TCJF \GZKYIC FDZEFC OFN FND\P[<br />

.QKKJ[RKKB JZCNB KZCEM ,"EIB FE[" ,\IB FC[IP<br />

NMC NMF TCGYG JNG[G TKV[PG NTGV[ ,EIB IGM [K[ \BHF FSKV\C NCB<br />

HB ,ZCE OG[ GRPP [ZER BN OB KM .OEBFP [ZER[ ZCEF ZSI ONGTF<br />

OB[ ,FHF QGKNTF IGMN NNV\FN LK[PFN NGMK BGF .BGF[ KVM ZB[R OEBF<br />

OEBF .GKNT TKV[P[ EKIKF BGF KM ,CGJ GN OGZDK[ HB ,EIGKPG EKIK BGF<br />

ZGP[KG ,G\GB IM[K BN FHF IGMF[ KBR\C NCB ,EKIKF G\GKF \B NCYP<br />

\GKFN OKRMGP FH NKC[CG GR\GB CFBK[ KEM G\GB OKCFGB GRIRB .GKNT<br />

.OKTP[GPPG OKRPBR<br />

\G\EF NM .LVKFN BNB ,OEBF N[ GDBN EDGRP GRKB "GECNP EGT QKB"<br />

TKV[P BGF GRNHPNG ,BGF GR[KG GRIRB OR[K[ ,QGGKM G\GBN \GMNGF \GRGPBFG<br />

.CGJ GRN FKFK HBG ,G\B ZE\SFN NMGR ,GKNB NNV\RG ,BGF LM[ NCYR OBG .GRN<br />

EGT QKBN" KBR\M \GCZTF \B OKKYN LZGX OG[ OK[RBN QKB \BHM FZGXC<br />

Z[YF \B I\VPG LNGF \BHM F[KDCG ,CNFP [PP LM [KDZP[ OEBG ."GECNP<br />

,OKRVGB KRKP NMC OKND\P[ FNBF \GIGMC QKICP BGFG ,QGKNTF IGMN GN[<br />

BZYR FHM OEB ,’F EK \TV[F GH GNKBM ,NMF \B OKZIBF LZE FBGZG<br />

OKSIKK\P[ ,OKMKK[ OF \E GHKBN Z[Y KNC ,FNBM OKCZ OR[K ."YGEB"<br />

.ECNC QGKNT IGMN

257<br />

ZGBN KNM \GCZTF<br />

BZGCFP \GMHN KEM ,GK\GEKP \B ZV[K[ ?OEBN OKZPGB OF FP BNB<br />

\B GRPP YKVFN KEM ,GKNB DFR\FN LKB OEBF \B OKEPNP .Z\GK CGJ SIKN<br />

BZGCF \ZMFN EDGRP BN GRKKIC ZCE OG[ ,ZPGNM .GRKVNM Z\GKC CGJF SIKF<br />

,\GC[IPC ,ZCE NMC GRC JNG[[ ,GRKNT TKV[P[ ,EIGKPG EKIK EIB IGMM<br />

.BZGCF IGM BGF NMF BNB ,BXPR BN OEBF .FZCIC ,\GRGXZC<br />

KNMF \[KMZ OT EIK \MNGF BN BKF OB ?FNGSV \BHF F[KDF K\P NCB<br />

OG[C GPXT \B CKKIP BNG QGKNT IGMF \B GPXT NT JKN[P[ OEB .QGMRF<br />

OEBF \B BZC BN BZGCF .GEGSKC ,QGKNTF IGMF EDR BXGK F[TPN BGF ,KGRK[<br />

,GRN[ FZMFF \B LKZX BN BZGCF .JNG[M G\GB FNDR[ KEM GB ,GC JGN[N KEM<br />

.GN OKPGE FKFR[ KEM GR\GB BZC BGF BNB .JNG[M GC ZKMR[<br />

FP NMNG ,\G\EF NMN ,\GTEF NMN ,OEBF TCJN \EDGRP \BHF F[KDF<br />

.OGYP OG[C FGPM QKBG ,FNCYF \PMGI N[ F[KDF GH .\G[GRBF FI\KV[<br />

,\G\EF NMP ,\GSKV\F NMP ,\GTEF NM EXP FNCYN \GEDR\F [K[ KBEG QMN<br />

OKNCYPF N[ F[KDF \B ,OKKIC \IGGZF F[KDF \B KZPDN \NJCP BKF KM<br />

\[KDN \GEDR\FF .BZGCN \GPEKFN \[ZGE FRKB[ "GECNP EGT QKB" \B<br />

,\GJKN[ K\[ GZXGGKK GNB OKNECFPG .QPHF OT EGBP FNGED FKF\ FNCYF<br />

BNN "GECNP EGT QKB" D[GPF \B \NCYPF ,CGZF \JKN[ FNGPG CZF \JKN[<br />

.BZGCN \GRGM\F \BGG[FC LZGX<br />

?ONGM NT OMSGP[ "GECNP EGT QKB" GFP<br />

FSKV\F .GECNP EGT QKB[ ,QGKNT IGM OKKY[ ,OKMSFN \VMKB BN OEB KRCN<br />

OKEDR\P BN OKRTEP OD .O\TEN \EDGRP BN BKF ,OFN FCG[I BN \BHF<br />

,FKPKMC ,FYKSKVC ,ZYIPF KPGI\ NMC OKNDP OF \GIGM O\GB .FN<br />

.\GRG[ \GPZC NTGV[ IGM G\GB OKNDP OF .FKPGJRBC ,FKDGNGMKSVC<br />

.FH NT FH OKTKV[P GC OKTGZKBFG ZGDS ONGTF FPM ET FND\P ONGTF NMC<br />

CZYC .ZIB GF[P FZGY KR[F OGYPC ,GF[P WXGV\P EIB OGYPC OB<br />

IGM BGF[ OKPKMSPG OKNCYP .EIB IGM [K[ ,FTEF \CXKK\P ZCM \G[GRB<br />

BN QTEP NM .GRKKI \B CKJKFN JTP GR\NGMKC[ ,GRKNT TKV[P BGF[ ,QGKNT<br />

\TEN Z[VBG NZGD [K[ .FHF IGMN TKV[FN Z[VB[ ,\GZ[VB NNMP BKXGP<br />

.OEBF \CGJN FKFK FP \TEN ,G\GB<br />

OEBC [K[ FECGTFP IGZCN Z[VB KB .EK\TF \B OKNDP[ OK[RB OR[K<br />

TCJF EXP .GRN QKMP QGKNTF IGMF FP \GNDN IGMF OD ONNMCG ,FNBM \GIGM

258<br />

\GCZTF<br />

BGF[<br />

QGXZ<br />

,NCYN<br />

QKB<br />

\GEDR\F<br />

OKZCEN<br />

.FNBF<br />

,BCZEB<br />

QGXZF<br />

NCYN<br />

QMGP<br />

[GMZN<br />

\B<br />

\GTEF<br />

.GNBF<br />

GFP<br />

QKB"<br />

EGT<br />

GC[ "GECNP<br />

\YSGT<br />

?FNCYF<br />

FEGCTC<br />

,\KRIGZF<br />

QKB"<br />

EGT<br />

"GECNP<br />

LKZX<br />

\GKFN<br />

ZCGIP<br />

OD<br />

OT<br />

FP<br />

BZGCF[<br />

,FXGZ<br />

OT<br />

FP<br />

BGF[<br />

,[ZGE<br />

BNG<br />

YZ<br />

OXTN<br />

FECGTF<br />

BGF[<br />

.JNG[<br />

KZF<br />

\GIGMC<br />

GPXT<br />

NGMK<br />

ONGTF<br />

BGCN<br />

FJNIFN<br />

QKB"[<br />

EGT<br />

,"GECNP<br />

BGF[<br />

BXPR<br />

\I\<br />

\JKN[<br />

IGMF<br />

,QGKNTF<br />

FJNIFFG<br />

\BHF<br />

NNM<br />

BN<br />

FTKZVP<br />

GDBN<br />

GN[<br />

LK[PFN<br />

.OKKY\FNG<br />

,BCZEB<br />

GDBF<br />

N[<br />

OEBF<br />

I\VP<br />

\GJK[<br />

\GVSGR<br />

,QFKRKPN<br />

LKB<br />

[P\[FN<br />

QKB"C<br />

EGT<br />

,"GECNP<br />

LKB<br />

NXRN<br />

.G\GB<br />

LKB<br />

BKCFN<br />

LMN<br />

QKB[<br />

EGT<br />

,GECNP<br />

FR\[P[<br />

KVNM<br />

OEBF<br />

CGJM<br />

GB<br />

,TZM<br />

TKV[K<br />

NT<br />

OEBF<br />

YZ<br />

.CGJ<br />

NTG<br />

QGZYKTF<br />

LKB<br />

YKVFN<br />

CGJ<br />

BZGCFP<br />

GIPX<br />

NM<br />

.\G\EF<br />

\E<br />

BKF<br />

KNM<br />

KEKC<br />

OEBF<br />

C[GIF<br />

NT<br />

KEK<br />

FJK[F<br />

\BHF<br />

YKVFN<br />

\NTG\<br />

\KCZKP<br />

,BZGCFP<br />

IGMFP<br />

BKF \BHF \NTG\F .QGKNTF<br />

NM<br />

.\EF QKKRT<br />

FNCYC<br />

QKB"<br />

"GECNP EGT<br />

BKCP BN<br />

OG[N<br />

,ZCE<br />

OB<br />

BN<br />

OKNCYP<br />

\B<br />

EXF<br />

KR[F<br />

N[<br />

QKB"<br />

EGT<br />

,"GECNP<br />

\B<br />

FP<br />

BGF[<br />

[ZGE<br />

GR\KBP<br />

.\PBC<br />

FPG<br />

BGF[<br />

[ZGE<br />

,GR\KBP<br />

OKZKCSP<br />

GRN<br />

,OKNCGYPF<br />

FH<br />

\GPEKFN<br />

.GKNB<br />

,ZGPBM<br />

USGRC<br />

QKB"N<br />

EGT<br />

."GECNP<br />

FP<br />

CG[I<br />

:Z\GK<br />

ZKCSFN<br />

QKB"<br />

EGT<br />

"GECNP<br />

GB<br />

\CFBG"<br />

LTZN<br />

?"LGPM<br />

\XVFC<br />

FNCYF<br />

QMG<br />

FZCSFC<br />

OKEKPN\N<br />

,OKNKI\P<br />

LKZX<br />

ZKFCFN<br />

OEGY<br />

QKB"<br />

,"GECNP EGT<br />

KNC<br />

\B CZTN<br />

QKKRT<br />

\CFBG"<br />

LTZN<br />

,"LGPM<br />

ZPGNM<br />

KNC<br />

QKKRT<br />

,FXGCYF<br />

FTV[FF<br />

.\GCZTFG<br />

JBNG<br />

JBN<br />

OKTKDP<br />

BN"P<br />

"FP[N<br />

,"FP[N"N<br />

\GRPC<br />

,\GRJY<br />

GPM<br />

O"CPZF[<br />

TKXP<br />

.\G[TN<br />

QMN<br />

OKEPNP<br />

FDZEFC<br />

\B<br />

OK[RBF<br />

QKB"<br />

EGT<br />

,"GECNP<br />

GRKCK[<br />

GZKMKG<br />

\B<br />

QGRDRPF<br />

BGF LKB ,GPXT<br />

NTGV<br />

,GRKNT<br />

NT<br />

,\GPNGTF \BKZC<br />

OKNTVGP GRIRB LKBG<br />

NT<br />

,FEK<br />

LKB<br />

NM<br />

\GC[IPF<br />

\GBC<br />

IGMFP<br />

,QGKNTF<br />

LKB<br />

NM<br />

OKZYPF<br />

OKZGY[<br />

OZGYP<br />

.GC<br />

LM<br />

,OKMK[PP<br />

JBNG<br />

JBN<br />

OKN\G[<br />

LG\C<br />

EGPKNF<br />

,FHF<br />

\B<br />

FP<br />

\PBC[<br />

G\GB KVNM GR\KBP [ZER<br />

QKB"<br />

."GECNP EGT<br />

\GRJY \GRPCG<br />

\GKJKBG<br />

[K<br />

BKCFN<br />

\B<br />

OKTPG[F<br />

\ZMFN<br />

\GXKIRF<br />

.\GCZTC<br />

\KNNM<br />

LM<br />

LKZX<br />

\GKFN<br />

LGRKIF<br />

N[<br />

FNCYF<br />

.OKNKI\PN

259<br />

ZGBN KNM \GCZTF<br />

?\GCZTC \GKFN FXGZ BN[ KP \TEN LKZX FP<br />

EGT QKB"N G\GB OEYK[ IGMF[ \TEN CKKI ,\GCZTC BXPR BN[ OEB<br />

FHF ONGTF \EGYRC EGPTN NGMK BGF .GKNT NTGV BN ,\GCZTF IGM ,"GECNP<br />

,"GECNP EGT QKB"N OTV NM OEY\FN NGMK BGFG ,"GECNP EGT QKB" CG[ING<br />

GC[ QGRDRPF ,\GPEY\FF IGM NCB ,EIK GPKT \GKFN \RP NT ,[PP BZGCN<br />

KM BKF LMN FCKSF .\GCZTC \NTGV[ FXGCYFP BGF ,YNEF ZPGI ,TSGR BGF<br />

.K\XGCY KNMC ,NGED Z\GKG Z\GK KNMC FXGCYF OT EIKK\P BGF<br />

FDZE NMC LM .NGED Z\GK \GKFN CKKI KNMF ,BZGCN OEY\P BGF[ NMMG<br />

,\GCZTF KBR\ \B GPXT NT NCYP BN BGF OB[ ,QKCFN LKZX BGF QMN .FDZEG<br />

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265<br />

\KRIGZ \GPEY\FN UGRPM \GTZVF<br />

ZCEN OKNKI\P .FHF ONGTN ZCTP FZJPN FMK[P [KDZP GRKB BGF :\K\ZMF<br />

QGXZ G\GBN LVFR[ ET OKNGDNDF L[P I\V\F[ ,OEBF N[ QG[BZF QGXZFP<br />

."CNC[ FEGYR" BZYRF ,FHF ONGTN ZCTP DK[FN ZKTH<br />

BGF BNB ,"FXGZ KRB" O\S BN BGF QGXZ ?FHF QGXZF \B YHIN Z[VB LKB<br />

YZ [K FBKZCC .GPXT \B BNPN OEBF N[ KPKRVF IGMF BGF ,FBKZCF ZPGI<br />

."KRBF" ,BZCRF BGF QGXZFG BZGCF BGF KGNKPF .KGNKPG QGXZ ,OKKR[<br />

QGXZ ,CNC[ FEGYR ,"BZCR" ,ZGPBM ,\BZYR \BHF FRJYF FEGYRF<br />

BGF KM ,QKKET G\GB ZKMP BN GNKVB GPXT OEBF[ ,GF[PN TKDFN ,YCEKFN<br />

Z[VB KB QKKET .OKEIB \GRGXZ OG[ ,NNI OG[ ,IVR OG[ FMG\C QKB[ ,FEGYR<br />

GC QICBN Z[VB KB[ ,FHF QGXZF .UGS ,LG\ ,[BZ ,KRIGZ UGXZV GC QICBN<br />

NNGMM ,NGEDM OEBF NXB [DZGP \GKFN ,CIZ\FN CKKI ,\GKRIGZC ZCE OG[<br />

OKKGNKPF O\GB GC NCYN Z[VB[ ,KRIGZ UGXZV \GKFN TKDFN ,OKCZ OKJZV<br />

\B GNKVB ,\GRICFF \B [KDZFN FKFK Z[VB HBG .\GRFKN OKXGZ OFP[<br />

.\KRIGZF \GBKXPF \B ZKMFN QMG\PG ,GHN GH \GEDGRPF \GRICFF<br />

UKSGFN OKCKKI ?KRIGZ KNM KEMN \BHF FEGYRF \B IVRN Z[VB LKB<br />

OD FZGY LM ,OEBF I\V\P TZHP[ GPM .FBKZCF ZPGI ,OK[EI \GRGXZ<br />

ORKB[ ,OKRG[ OKDGSP \GRGXZ BNB QRKB[ ,\GTZVF GRN UKSGP BZGCF .QGXZN<br />

OEBF ,OEBN UKSGP BZGCF[ \GRGXZF NM \B OBG .BYGGE FZJPN OKRGGMP<br />

FEGYRN BNB ,CNN BN ,GN[ \GRGXZF \B UKSGP TP[P ,FZJP F\GBN QGGMP<br />

U[GI BZGCF[ FNTPNP FR\P GH .BZGCN \MKK[ FNKI\MNP BKF[ ,CNC[<br />

.GKNB \RGGMPG FZG[Y[ CNC FEGYR :OEBN<br />

,USMC QGXZ { CNC FND\P[ QGXZG QGXZ NM \BHF FEGYRN OKVKSGP[MG<br />

\MVGF ,FZJPN QGXZF \B OKRGGMPG { FIV[PC ,QKPC ,\GNM[GPC ,EGCMC<br />

\GRGXZN ,\GKCTN ,OKNYFG OKRJYF \GRGXZFP FNED BKFG KNMN FEGYRF<br />

BZGCF :FYHI EKM OEBF NXB OK[DZGP FNB .OKECM Z\GKG OKNGED Z\GKF<br />

\GC[IP OEBN Q\GR OGB\V BZGCF ,ZPGNM .GKNT JNG[G ,"ZXY G\GB YKHIP"<br />

[K[ FRCFFP ,BXPR BGF FVKB FRCFFP [N\R OEBF[ ,FNBM \GRGXZG<br />

.KZPDN LGVF QGGKMN ,\KNM\ [KG FZJP<br />

ZPBPC ZKCSP ONGSF NTC .ZGHTN FNGMK FXGCYF YZ[ OKZPGB QMN<br />

,CNC[ FEGYRFP GFGY\KR \GTZVFFG ,LZEFP YZHR[ OEB[ ,"\GZKIF"<br />

GPXT \B ZKHIFN NGMK BGF LKB .FZJPN LZEC BXPR GRRKB CG[ ,FZJPFP<br />

BGF HBG ,FP QPH ZIBN GN ZKBP \BH NMC[ ,BZGCF KEK NT ?FRGMRF LZEN

\GCZTF<br />

QKB[ ,BZGCF BN OBG .ONGTC KI<br />

KEK NT YZ BGF QGZ\KVF HB ,CG[<br />

266<br />

O\SF QP BN BGF[ ,FZJP [K[ ZMHR<br />

OEBF \B ZZGTK BGF LKBG K\P \TEN<br />

.FCKCSF<br />

?Q\GB TGRPN Z[VB GB ,\GKIZMF \GTZVFF OBF<br />

\GTZVFC FSR\F[ OEB[ QCGP .Q\GB TGRPN Z[VB KBG TKDFN \GCKKI \GTZVF<br />

BNB ,LZEFP YG\KRFP YZ BN BGF EIVFG .OK\KTN \GCKBMP QF KM ,QFP [[GI<br />

BXPR BGF[ GRPP \GIKM[^P#[ ,OEBN \GPZGD QPXT \GTZVFF[ NGCNCFP OD<br />

.\GPEY\F LZGXN BZGCFP GKNB TKDP FHF NGCNCF[ IMG[[ ,LZEC<br />

ONGTF[ FBGZ BGF .GNNF \GTZVFFP EIV GC ZZGT\P ,IMG[ BGF Z[BMG<br />

KGZ[ BGF[ ,NGCNC G\GBP \BXN LKB TEGK BN BGF[ ,NCNGCP GN[ KPKRVF<br />

BGF BZGCF NCB .OKK\GJ[ OF[ FNDP BGF LM ZIB YZ[ ,\GEZICG OKEIVC<br />

,ZGMHN YZ BKF GCXPN FVGZ\F .FZKZC QKBG ,FNBM \GTZVF GN SKRMP[<br />

\BHF FC[IPCG .\K\KPBFG FRGMRF FZJPF O[N BZGCFP GIN[R \GTZVFF[<br />

BGF :\GTZVFN GN[ SIKF \B EKP QY\PG OKCXPF \ZPGI \B YK\PP OEBF<br />

QMGP ,ZGCKD GPM BGF LNKBG TDZ G\GBPG .\GK\ZJPG \GK\CKS QFC FBGZ<br />

.GC \G[DZGP[ \GTZVFF \B SGPZN<br />

.FTZVFF \GCYTC FBC[ FIMK[F BNB ,FPXT FTZVFF BN BKF FKTCF<br />

LG\C [CN\P BZGCF[ IMG[G ,GPXT NGP YZ FTZVFF \B [KDZP OEBF<br />

ZGYPFP YG\KRF BKF FKTCF ,\GTZVFF BN BKF FKTCF .NFCK[ KEM ,FTZVFF<br />

SIKKN ZFP Z\GK[ FPM NE\[FN LKZX OEBF FTZVFF N[ ZPGIF \B .QFN[<br />

GPXT \GIGMCG GPXTN ZGHTN NDGSP BN OEBF .FTZVFF \B GN ING[[ KPN<br />

BKCK FZMF ZSGI N[ CXPP LKB ,Y\GRP BGF OB KM ,FRGGMN FZHIC Z[Y\FN<br />

.GN FZKMHP FXGCYF[ GB GN ZKMHP BZGCF HBG ?FZMFN GPXT \B<br />

NE\[FN OKNGMK OFKR[ KZF[ FXGCYFP GB BZGCFP FZHTF FBC K\PG<br />

BN \BH NMC BGFG ,GC ZGTDNG OKNGMK OKZCIF ?ZZGT\P BN \BH NMC OEBFG<br />

KM ?TGEP .OFKNB ZGHIN KEM ZGCKIF \B ZXGK[ ,GF[P G\GB GN QKB .TPG[<br />

TKY[P BGF OB .FRMFF QPHC GRKKF ,OEBF N[ \PEGYF FEGCTC KGN\ NMF<br />

FRMF GN [K ,FZCIN OZG\ ,OFKNB Z[Y\P ,OKZCIN TKV[P ,FTKDK FZCIC<br />

OKXGZ[ OKZCIFP FZHTF NM \B FZHI NCYK BGF FTZVFF QPHC[ ,\BHM<br />

OKNGMK OF ,OKZCIC TKY[P BN OEBF OB NCB .G\GB ZZGTNG GN ZGHTN<br />

.TP[K BN BGFG YGTXNG YGTXN

267<br />

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GKNT FZJPN TKDFN KEMG .FKNB TKDFN CKKI BGFG ,OEBF GR[K ,FZJP FR[K<br />

.OEBN ING[ BZGCF[ ,OKZGFZFF ,\GTZVFF NM BGF FHF ZFF .ZF NT \GNTN<br />

\GRPEHFN FTZVF NM LVGFG ,QFKNT ZCD\P ,\GTZVFF NTP DNEP OEBF<br />

.BZGCF OT ZG[Y \GKFN YKSVP BN BGF FTZVFF \GZPNG ,\GNT\FN<br />

,FIP[C F\GB NCYN GKNT F\KNM\N EKP TEGP OEBF OB :FTZVF NMC LMG<br />

,FHF ONGTC OD .G\GB OEYKG FNTK[ UGRPN F\GB LGVFN \GIGM SKKDN YZG<br />

KNC ,NGDZ\ KNC .\GNGY[P OKZFNG EGCTN NKI\P ,YHI \GKFN FXGZ[ OEB<br />

Q\GB KNC ,ZVS \KCC OKRICP ZGCTN GPM ZG\VN LKZX[ QFKRKPN \GKTC<br />

.OEBF \B \GRCN Z[VB KB ,\GTZVF<br />

\GTZVFN \GYNI\P[ ,FHF ONGTF N[ \GTZVF ,\GKP[D \GTZVF QR[K<br />

,FZCIF KEK NT \GTKDP[ ,\GK[GRB \GTZVFG ,UGDF N[ \GRGXZ ,\GKRVGD<br />

\GTZVF QR[KG .FCKCSFP OKNCYP[ FP NMG ,FNM[F ,EGCM ,USM N[ OKRKKRT<br />

FZMFN SRMRG OGSIP ZCGT OEBF[ ZIBN ,\GKRIGZ \GTZVF ,BZGCF EXP<br />

\GPNGTP ,NBP[ EXP ,ZIB DGSP QF FNBF \GTZVFF .\GKRIGZ F[DZFNG<br />

.BZGCF EDR \GRGGMPG \GND\P[ ,FVKNYF<br />

\GRGGMPM \GND\P \GK[GRBG \GKRVGD \GTZVF[ OK[KDZP BN FHF ONGTC<br />

BNG ,EGCM ,QKP ,USM OKXGZ .BZGCFP Y\GRPC Q\GB OK[KDZP .BZGCF EDR<br />

O[ ,OGSIP OKZCGT[M NCB .BZGCN OKEDGRP FNBF \GRGXZF[ OK[KDZP<br />

QF \GTZVFFG \GDZEPF O[ ,"FYHI EKC" OKRKKRTF OKNFR\P \PBC<br />

.Z\GKC \GKRKXZ<br />

,Z\GK FSGRP OEBF[ NMM .NGCNCF \EKPC BGF \GPNGTF QKC NECFF<br />

OEBF NGCNCF \ZHTC .KPGPZT Z\GK BGF BZGCF QP GKNB TKDP[ NGCNCF<br />

GN[ KRIGZF UGXZVF LG\C \GMZTPF \B [KDZFN NKI\P BGF .\GRICF NCYP<br />

N[ \KPNGTF \MZTPF \B ZKMFN EPGN BGF LMG .BZGCF \DFRF LG\C GB<br />

.FID[FFG FDFRFF<br />

\KPNGTF \MZTPC GNNF \GNGTVF \B TXCN SRMR BGF ,ZCD\P OEBF[MG<br />

NM ,ZPGNM .\GV\G[N Z\GKG Z\GK SRMRG EPGN BGF LM .U\G[ F[TRG ,FPXT<br />

EPGN \GTZVFF NT ZCD\P[ OEBG .FBKZCF ZPGI QF FNBF \GTZVFF<br />

BGF .BZGCN Z\GK CZY\P BGF LMG .FRGMR FZGXC FHF ZPGIF OT EGCTN<br />

.GPXTC OKZCE TXCPG FDFRFF \B GRPP NJGR

\GCZTF<br />

268<br />

?"NBZ[K KC \TDK KM ,CYTK \BZY K\GB BN" JV[PF ZPGB FP<br />

QPKS ,K[GY FHKB GMZEC [KDZP OEB OB[ ,G[GZKV "CYTK \BZY K\GB BN"<br />

.\GNTV\F [KDZP ,FRGMR FZGXC LNGF[ OEB KM .FRGMR FZGXC LNGF BN BGF[<br />

.K[GY [KDZP BGF ,FRGMR FZGXC FKNT ZCD\P BN BGFG FTZVF OEBN FBC OB<br />

YGIPN BN FH GN [GZE[ FP[ ,FKTCF \B ZG\VN Q\KR LKB QKCP OEBF[ TDZC<br />

,GPXT KRVC EPGTF ZCEM FKNB SIKK\FN BN ,FRPP EIVN BN ,FTZVFF \B<br />

FTZVFF \B GN SKRMF FRGGMC BZGCF[ ,BZGCFP FBC BKF[ JGNYN BNB<br />

,FPXT FTZVFF NB QGGMP FKFKG ,FCKSF BGF BZGCF[ IM[K[ KEM ,\BHF<br />

.FNYF [KDZP BGF HBG<br />

,EGTG ,FNIP ,JV[P \KCN QGPKH C\MP GPM ,NCYP OEBF[ \GTZVFF<br />

GNKC[C \GKFN NKI\P FHF ONGTFG ,\KNM\FG FZJPF \B GRPP \GIKM[P<br />

QP BC GN FZGY[ FP NM[ ,FTEC YHI\PG ZMHR BGF[M NCB .OKKBPG NGED<br />

NT ZCD\P BGF LMC ,\BHF FTZVFF \B BZGCF GN ING[ FRGGMC[ ,BZGCF<br />

HB[ ,ZPGB FH QKB NCB .\G[TN LKZX FKF[ FP FC F[T ZCM QM[ ,FTZVFF<br />

NM OK[GTG ,FHF ONGTF \ZDSPC FC NVJN OKMK[PP BNB .FTZVFF FZSGF<br />

FKTCCG BVGZN OKMNGF \KBGVZ FKTCC .FHF ONGTC DGFR[ GPM ,LKZX[ FP<br />

FBC BKF[ OKTE#GP ,FKTCC NGVKJF NM LZGBNG .QKE LZGTN OKMNGF \KJV[P<br />

.F\GB IN[[ FH BGF[ ,BZGCFP<br />

.OKYGNBG F"KGF ,NTPP \GDFRFF K\[ \B EIK OKZCIP \BHF F[KDC<br />

OKZYPF NM NT ,FTZVFF NT FNGTG ,TSGV ,ZCD\P BGF[ BKF ZCEF \GTP[PG<br />

,GMG\C F\GB JNGYG ,FNGM \B TNGC JBN JBNG ,FN[ KPKRVF FRCPF NM NTG FN[<br />

.BZGCN ,FZJPN ZG[Y BGF G\B[ QYG\P ZPGIM ,GN[ ZPGIM \K[TR BKFG<br />

OT Z[Y\FNG ,FTZVFF N[ ZPGIF OT EGCTN \BHM FZGXC NGMK[ OEB<br />

\B SKRMP BN BGF OBG .IGZ \GPPGZ\FCG FIP[C ,\GNKNYC ETGX ,BZGCF<br />

QMNG .K[GY [KDZP BGF FEKP F\GBC ,\GTZVFF LG\N FYKVSP FEKPC BZGCF<br />

29<br />

HB ,BZGCN GPXT \B ZCIP OEBF OB KM , "CYTK \BZY K\GB BN" :CG\M<br />

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?OEBF N[ G\NGMKC FKGN\ \GTZVFF OT \GEEGP\FC FINXF OBF<br />

OEBF N[ G\NGMKN ZCTP FRRKB ONGTN ,OEBN Q\GR BZGCF[ FTZVFF<br />

ZEGS ZCM[ .F\GB I\VN LNGFG CNC[ FEGYR NCKY[ OEBC ZCGEP .ZCD\FN<br />

LK[PFN NGMK BGF FEK NT[ FZCIN G\GB GBKCFG ,FCKCS GN [K[ FNTPNP<br />

.I\V\FNG

269<br />

\KRIGZ \GPEY\FN UGRPM \GTZVF<br />

TCGR ,ZCD\FN \NGMKFP Z\GK FTZVF FNTPNP OKR\GR BN[ ,FHF QGZYKTF<br />

FNDPG \I\VR JBN JBN[ ,[BZP FKGRC \MZTP F\GBP ,\GPNGTF FRCPP<br />

FCKS ZESC ,FZJPN \GKJKBC OEBF \B LG[PN KEM ,GRKVNM FPXT \B<br />

\MZTP GH .\G[Y Z\GKG Z\GK \GTZVFN \GNY \GTZVFP ,L[PRG TGCY CCGSPG<br />

FZGD[F QG[NC OKRMP[ FP FC QKB .\KTEP FZGXC F\GB EGPNN Z[VB[<br />

,OKSKR BNG ,KZYP ZCE OG[ FC QKB .\ZIB LM ZIBG LM FXGZ[ ,"’F QGXZ"<br />

.C[IN Q\KR BN[ OKRG\R BNG<br />

BGF .F\ZJPN FBKZCF \B BKCPF ,FBKZCF N[ KNNMF YGIF BGF BZGCF<br />

KYNI NMG .[BZP QG\R OKGSP CXP ET \PEY\PG \I\V\PG \MNGF[ \MZTP<br />

\PZ F\GB FTKDP[ TDZC .OFN[ \GKCTN OB\FC FEGCTN OKSRMR \MZTPF<br />

OKB\PF QPHCG .OKYNI EGTG EGT GKZIBNG ,FEGCTN SRMR YNI G\GB ,\GKCT<br />

KEM ,OEBF \DZEPN OB\FC FND\P FTZVF NM NCB ,FTZVF EGT FND\P<br />

.Z\GK BN ,FBCF FDZEPN \GNTN GN ZGHTN<br />

OB BNB ,FTZVFF NT ZCD\FN FZ[MFG \NGMK OEBN [K EKP\ ,QMN<br />

ZCD\P BGF OBG .FCKCSF KEK NT YHI\FN \K[VGI FZKIC GN OKZKB[P<br />

\GZKFPC ,\GNYC ,FTZVF F\GB NTP FNT\PG OPGZ\P BGF ,FZCIF \ZHTC<br />

\B BNPP BNG ,LKZX[ FEKPF KVN FZCIC TKY[P BN BGF OB LB .FIP[CG<br />

BN FZGXC FTZVFF \B ZCGT BGF HB ,\K[VGIF G\ZKICN ETGR[ NNI G\GB<br />

.QPHF \GMKZBCG NCSC ,K[GYC :FPKTR<br />

KVN BCF CXPN ,GC OKBXPR[ CXPFP OKZCGT QVGB FHKBC BGF NECFF NM<br />

QKC NECFFG .\GPKTR KBCG QPHF \GMKZBC GB \GNYCG \GZKFPC :\GI\V\FF<br />

ZPBPC ONGSF NTC ZPGB .FCKCSF \B G\ZKICC KGN\ GNNF \GKGZ[VBF K\[<br />

YZ ,FTZVF LG\C BXPR OEBF[M ,FNKVR N[ CXPC KM "\K[VGI FZKIC"<br />

.FPKEY G\GB \M[GPG G\BZYN FBC BKF ,\BXN GN ZGHTN FNGMK FCKCSF<br />

NDGSP BGF[ FEKPN ZCTP FTZVF OEBN OKR\GR BN ONGTN ,ZGPBM ,NCB<br />

ZCD\FN KEM ,FZCIC TKY[FN \K[VGI FZKIC GN OKZKB[P EKP\G FKNT ZCD\FN<br />

GN QKBG G\GB GNK[MF[ ZPGNG BGCN FNKT QKB OEB UBN ,ZPGNM .FTZVFF NT<br />

.G\G[ZN EPGT[ EKIKF KTXPBC [P\[F BN BGF BNB ,HGHN \NGMK<br />

OFC[ ,OKPKTR BN OKCN[ \NNGMG EIGKPC FVK BN \KRIGZF LZEF QMN<br />

FYHI BKF[ NMM HB ,QGMR \NTGV FXGCYF OB NCB .OKN[Z\PG OKTDKK\P<br />

,FZJPF \ZMF ,\GPPGZ\F GN FTKV[PG GKNT \NTGVG ,EIBG EIB NM KVNM<br />

.LZEC[ \GRICFF \B ZGCTN OEBN Z\GK NY LM ,\KNNMF FTGR\F \PXGTG

\GCZTF<br />

270<br />

BN NCB ,LZEC FVK OEY\P OEBF :ZHGP ZCE [IZ\P LKNF\F \ZDSPCG<br />

[KDZFN KEM NNM LZEC .FTZVF [KDZP BN BGF[ OG[P ,OEY\P BGF[ [KDZP<br />

FZCIC NCB .ZCD\P ,WPB\P ,NTGV BGF[ [KDZFN LKZX OEB ,OEY\P BGF[<br />

ET ,FCGJ LM NM OEBF NT FZCIF \TV[F KM ,[DZGP BN GNKVB WPBPF FRGMR<br />

BGF[ [KDZFN OGYPC ,NGKJN BXK GNKBM \GTZVFF NM \B \GNYC ZCGT BGF[<br />

.ZKY NT SVJP<br />

FCGZP FEGCTP FBXG\ BGF OD KM ,GKNT \GEGFNG LKZTFN LKZX FHM CXPG<br />

OKZCIF NMN \ZHGT[ ,\KPNGTF FXGCYCG FRJYF \KHMZPF FXGCYC OK[GT[<br />

\[DZF ZSGIP NCB .CZ K[GY OFC OK[KDZP GKF \ZIB[ ,OKCN[ ZGCTN<br />

BNB ,CG[I BN GPXTN[M BGF[ ,OKZCGT[ FPC OKGSP NGHNH ZXGR ,K[GYF<br />

.FN[ FZHTF \GIGMC OK[I BN KM ,FZCIC NHNHN OKNKI\P[ ,BGF CG[IF<br />

NCKY[ FZHTF \B ECMP BGF ,FZHT FTKDP HBG ,K[GY [KDZP OEBF OB<br />

FZHT NCKY[ [KDZP BN BGF ,FZG[M NFR\P NMF OB NCB .GN ZHT[ KP \BG<br />

FEVYFC \GMZTPF NM NT FZYC \G[TN QPHF NM LKZX QMN .NHNHN NKI\PG<br />

EKP ,FZCIF GB BZGCF KVNM SIKC OKNHNHP[ FEKP F\GBC KM ,CN \PG[\CG<br />

.OKZGSKNG K[GYN FZHI OKNVGR<br />

GB OKECB\P [K TGEP ,ZCD\FN G\NGMK KVN YZ FTZVF NCYP OEBF OB<br />

?OKPSN OKZMP\P<br />

GB \GECB\F KEK NT \GBKXPFP \GY\RKF N[ FTVG\N JG[V ZCSF QKB<br />

BNB .FZMFC BN ZCM OEBF LB ,KI QKKET UGDF FC[ ,OKPSN \GZMP\F<br />

,FZJPN LZEC \GTZVF OKNCYP[ ,OK[RBC ZCGEP \GTZVFF QKKRTC[<br />

OFN [K[ KRVP OKECB\P[ OK[RBC BNG FZJPF \BZYN FZMFC OKMNGF[<br />

.OKZPDR OFN[ OKKIF NM ,OFK\GKRP \B OKEKSVP OF[MG USMN NGED QGXZ<br />

Y\R [KDZP ,GRPP YIZ\P KZPDN KGNKPFG ,GF[PN NGED QGXZ GN [K[ OEB<br />

"\GGP" BKF ,KZ[VBF KGNKPFP Y\R N[ QGXZC \BHF F[DZFF .KGNKPFP ZGPD<br />

BNB ,GPXT \B DGZFN KEM BN BKF ,GPXT \B DZGF BGF FC[ FNGTVF .GZGCT<br />

.KGNKPF \B DK[FN \NGMKF ZSGI \B [KDZFN BN KEM<br />

,EGCMN QGXZC USMN QGXZF \B UKNIP BNG USM EKSVP OEBF OB<br />

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BXPR ZCM \GGPF KM ,\GPN LNGF BN BGF NCB .GKKIN WY OK[N EPGT OEBF[<br />

.OKZGSKF \[DZFP Y\RKFN LNGF YZ BGF ,QM OB .GC

271<br />

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,\GKRIGZN QGXZ NCKY[ OEBF NT BNB ,ZCGEP FNBF OKZYPF NT BN<br />

"QGVX"F NT ZGP[N LKZX QPHF NMG ,FZJPF NT NGTR BGF ZCMG ,CNC[ FEGYR<br />

\GJSN KNC ,QGMRF QGGKMN YZ OEY\FN NGMK FHF OEBF FP \ZHTC .FHF<br />

LK[PFN QPHF NM LKZX OEBF ?OFC NVNV\FNG NCNC\FNG ,OKKEEX OKNKC[N<br />

NGMK FP .Z\GKC FIGRFG FZXYF FZK[KF LZEF \B ZGICN ,FZJPN OEY\FN<br />

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BZGCF .FXGCYF GB BZGCF OR[K WGICG .GN FXGIP[ GF[P ?FCKCS KFP<br />

OKTKY[P[ NMM ,FXGCYF NCB .FZJPF \BG GPXT \B ZKMHK K\P \TEN QKB<br />

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272<br />

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273<br />

\KRIGZ \GPEY\FN UGRPM \GTZVF<br />

\B OK[KDZP OB .DGRT\F Q\GRC BGF ’C FRKICN ’B FRKIC QKC NECFF<br />

FXGZ BGF ,DGRT\F Q\GRN FGG[ \GKFN FXGZ NCYN QGXZF EKP ,DGRT\F Q\GR<br />

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?USMN QGXZ GPM KP[D QGXZ BZGCN QGGMN Z[VB LKB<br />

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GKNT \CMGZ[ FRGGMF ,OTV NM BNB ,QGMR BN BGF[ QGXZ QKBG .GC YCEKFN<br />

.FRGGMN QGXZF QKC OKNKECP ?FRGGMC OKNVJP LKB .ZV\[FN \CKKI<br />

KZIBG .QGXZC [P\[FN BN KZPDNG ,OGXPX \G[TN OKCKKI QG[BZ CN[C<br />

BN QGXZF \GZPN[ KRVP BNB ,QGXZ QKB[ OG[P BN ,GRPP OKY\R\P[<br />

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OXPGXPF QGXZC [P\[FN NKI\FN LM ZIBG ,TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGM ,OKKRKTG<br />

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CKKI BGF ,OKZCEF \B GN ZESP BZGCF[ LMC ZKMP OEBF OB .[YCN OKCKKI<br />

FTZVFF KEK NT GN ZGHTK[ BNB ,FTZVFF \B NZJRN BN { BZGCFP [YCN<br />

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Z[Y\P BGF \BHF FXKIPF LZEG ,OFKRKC FXKIP FGGFPG ,BZGCFP<br />

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274<br />

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OD ,ZPGNM .FZJP F\GBN QGGMN OKCKKI O\GB OD NCB ,O\GB ZKEDFN OKNGMK[<br />

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ONGTC QF BXPR BGF KM ,FBKZCF \ZJP [GPKPN TKDK ZBG\F \GTXPBC[ KEM<br />

EGCTN ,EGPNN OEBF \B \CKKIP FNCYF \PMGI ,QMN .KRIGZF ONGTC QFG FHF<br />

.FHF ONGTF N[ OKKIF NMC U\\[FNG IGZJNG ,FIV[P NTC \GKFNG<br />

?OKNKDZF OKKIN SIK QKCN \KP[D FTZVFN SIK QKC NECF [K OBF<br />

LZE ,FHF ONGTF LZE FBGZ ,QGMR GN[ OKKIN SIKK\P[ OEB .NECF QKB<br />

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275<br />

\KRIGZ \GPEY\FN UGRPM \GTZVF<br />

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\GKFN CKKI ,ZFGSF \KCP GPXT \B BKXGFN NGMK BN OEBF . 31 OKZGSBF<br />

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FPM<br />

NM<br />

\GP[RF<br />

\GMNGF<br />

\GZCI\PG<br />

GC<br />

EIK<br />

ET<br />

FEGYRN<br />

,\IBF<br />

QNGM[<br />

\GZCGIP<br />

NMC<br />

QKKCGT<br />

NMCG<br />

,QZVSP<br />

.EIBN<br />

QMN<br />

EGDKRC<br />

,\GCBN<br />

GRZGE<br />

BN<br />

NGMK<br />

NCYN<br />

FNTPNP<br />

KGNKD<br />

\GKCTC<br />

.[ZG[E<br />

\GCBF<br />

OF<br />

OKNM<br />

BN[<br />

OKPKKY<br />

\GMHC<br />

OPXT<br />

BNB<br />

OKNCYP<br />

O\GB<br />

OK[ZG[M<br />

.FNTPNP<br />

,GRZGECG<br />

GC[<br />

ZCM<br />

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\GND\F<br />

OKYNIF<br />

OKZGC[F<br />

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,KNNMF<br />

FEGCTF<br />

BN<br />

FNGMK<br />

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BNB<br />

YZ<br />

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QKC<br />

NM<br />

.OKNMF<br />

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ZKKXP[<br />

GPXTN<br />

FRGP\<br />

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N[<br />

CXPF<br />

FHF<br />

NKI\PG<br />

NGTVN<br />

,FKVN<br />

NM<br />

\GNGTVF<br />

,GN[<br />

NM<br />

FNGTV<br />

BN[<br />

,F[TK<br />

QF<br />

QTPN<br />

ZGCKI<br />

QKC<br />

NM<br />

.OKNMF<br />

BGF<br />

BN<br />

,FTGJ<br />

NM<br />

\GNGTVF<br />

GN[<br />

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LG\G<br />

QPH<br />

ZXY<br />

BGF<br />

FMGH<br />

\ZKXKN<br />

OKNM<br />

,FNBM<br />

[K[<br />

OFC<br />

FPB\F<br />

BZGCN<br />

KVN<br />

\EKP<br />

FTV[FF<br />

NKI\PG<br />

SRMKFN<br />

\[DZFN<br />

,NKXBPF<br />

\GNDN<br />

\B<br />

\GYGNBF<br />

KVN<br />

\NGMK<br />

FTV[FF<br />

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281<br />

FXGCYC FEGCTC ZGCKIF<br />

\GND\F .\ZIB FZGXC F\GB ZB\N QKBG TKV[FN \RP NT BKF \GYGNB<br />

OEGY[ ,O"CPZF ZPGB[ GPM BNB .FTV[FF \RGM\ KGNKD BKF BZGCF<br />

BGF KRIGZF QKKRTF NM ."OKECT"G "OK[R" ,"OKENK"N "FP[N BN"C OKNKI\P<br />

OKMGH FTV[FF \RGM\C[ BNG .\BH FRGM\F KGNKDP Z\GK QKBG ECNC FTV[F<br />

FTV[FF \RGM\ FND\P BNB ,ZCE OG[ OKNCYP BN KM ,OKZCE KRKP NM NCYN<br />

\RGM\ \ZHTC FND\K FP OKC[GI OB ."\GKRIGZ" \BZYR ECNC BKF YZ[<br />

.\GKRIGZ BN GH ,\BHF FTV[FF<br />

?FTV[FF \RGM\ FND\P ZCIF OT ZGCKIF \NGTVC YZ OBF<br />

,G\GFP ,GPXT ZGCKIF .ZGCKIF FND\P ,ZCIF OT OK[GT[ ZGCKIF \NGTVC<br />

GC[ BNG ,\GYGNBF GPXT BGF ,\KEEF FTV[F BGF ZGCKI ."\GYGNB" BZYR<br />

BN NCB .ZGBF \GND\F \BZYR BKFG FND\P GN[ \GFPF .GF[P FND\P<br />

.KNM FND\P BNB ZGB FND\P<br />

\GFPC .GF[P NT KNMF \CGD\ BGF ZGB[ ,FNCYC OKZPGB LM O\S BN<br />

SIKF .ZIB KNMN ,KN FXGIP F[DZFN \BXNG Z\GGN FH FP OK[KDZP ZGCKIF<br />

GPXTC BGF BNB ,\GYGNBF \[CN\P GC[ BNG ,\GYGNBFG ZGBF GPXT BGF FHF<br />

."ZHGI ZGBG LSP" BZYR[ ,ZHGI ZGBP Z\GK QKB \GMNPC KM .ZGBF<br />

ZGBF BKF ,FPXT FNGTVF \[DZF ,FNGTVF \GFPG ,OEBF \NGTV BGF LSP<br />

FND\P ,GRC FND\P[ \GKCTF NM QMN .BZGCF \RGM\ ,FTV[FF \RGM\ GH[ ,ZHGI<br />

.FHF SIKF \B ,FTV[FF \RGM\ \B \GYPTG YGKE Z\KC FNDR[ KEM<br />

?ZCIN ZCGIP BGF OB YGECN NGMK OEB LKB<br />

BN \BHF FEGCTC .OEBF N[ FEGCTF NM BKF OKZCIN ZGCKIF \YKEC<br />

FHKBM CG[I BN ,FND\P[ \GBKXP F\GB .KGNKDC BNB FZ\SFC OKBXPR<br />

FND\P GH \GBKXP ,FBKZCF ,FZKXKF ,FK[TF ONGT GB ,FHF ONGT ,ONGT<br />

\GP[R OT ZGCKIC \BHF FEGCTF \B TXCN NGMK BGF[ FEKP F\GBC OEBN<br />

,\GRICF Z\GK OTG Z\GK FCZ \GYPTC F\GB TXCN NGMK OEBF OB .\GZIB<br />

.\GZIB \GP[R OT ZGCKIF LZGXN YZG .\VSGR \GBKXP GN FND\P HB<br />

?\GKRIGZN LZEF \B I\GV ZCIF OT ZGCKIF LKB<br />

KZGP EK NT OKCZ OKZPBP GC\MR ,ZCIN ZCI\FN LKB QPXT \GNGTVF NT<br />

SRMR GMZE[ I\VF BGF ZCIF OT ZGCKIF .\GCZ \GXT OFCG DN[B LGZC CZF<br />

\GNGTVC BNG ,G\EGCT NM \B HMZP BGF GCG ,FHF QGGKMC LNGF[ KP YZ<br />

,GCN \PG[\ \B \B EYPP[ KPG .\G[TN LKZX[ GRN FBZR[ \GKRGXKI

282<br />

\GCZTF<br />

\GZCI\FN<br />

OT<br />

,OKZIBF<br />

KEM<br />

Z\GGN<br />

NT<br />

GPXT<br />

KEM<br />

TKDFN<br />

OMZE<br />

\GPEKFN<br />

,\GYGNBN<br />

KM<br />

\GPEKFN"<br />

"\GYGNBN<br />

\BZYR<br />

FNGTVF<br />

FPXT<br />

QKC<br />

HB { OKZCIF<br />

FMG\P<br />

BGF<br />

QKCP<br />

FP<br />

.\G[TN<br />

HBG<br />

\GBKXPF<br />

FND\P<br />

FZGXC<br />

,\BHM<br />

BKF[<br />

\Z[VBP<br />

\GBEGGC<br />

YGSTN<br />

\BHF FEGCTC<br />

TKDFNG<br />

FIJCC<br />

.FZJPN<br />

,OKZYPF NM<br />

OEBF[ ,\GKGBKXPF NM<br />

[KDZP<br />

\B<br />

,GPXT<br />

\B<br />

,G\CKCS<br />

OT<br />

NM<br />

\GRGM\F<br />

GN[<br />

N[G<br />

,FCKCSF<br />

NMG<br />

FP<br />

[K[<br />

OF ,OFC<br />

KNNMF KNMF \GND\F YZ<br />

NMC[ ,GKVNM<br />

FND\P KNMF TDZ<br />

FZGXC<br />

FIGRF<br />

FPKB\PFG<br />

Z\GKC<br />

\NI\FN<br />

FEGCTF<br />

,GPKT<br />

\GZCI\FC<br />

NTC<br />

\RP<br />

.TKV[FN<br />

GNB<br />

NM<br />

\GRGP\<br />

\GBKXPF<br />

\GZCGT[<br />

NGP<br />

NM<br />

EIB<br />

.EIBG<br />

ZIBN<br />

,FZKC[F<br />

GCXP<br />

N[<br />

KNMF<br />

KNNMF<br />

,ZC[R[<br />

BGF<br />

\GNDN<br />

KVNM<br />

NM<br />

YNI<br />

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\GRPEHF<br />

ZCI\FN<br />

OT<br />

NM<br />

Z\K<br />

.OKYNIF<br />

\GRPEHFFG<br />

\BHF<br />

FND\P[<br />

KVNM<br />

NM<br />

YNI<br />

,YNIG<br />

\ZKKJXP<br />

GRKVNM<br />

\GTZGBPM<br />

OKKIF<br />

NM[<br />

EIB<br />

.ZCGT<br />

NM<br />

NBZ[K<br />

OKCZT<br />

FH<br />

FHN<br />

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ZGPB<br />

QKCR<br />

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BKNVP<br />

N"HIC<br />

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NM"<br />

NBZ[K<br />

OKCZT<br />

FH<br />

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BNG<br />

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BNB<br />

KCZ[<br />

ZHTNB<br />

KCZC<br />

QGTP[<br />

:UKSGP<br />

ONGTF["<br />

QGEKR<br />

ZIB<br />

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Z[B<br />

KVN<br />

FH<br />

GRB<br />

OKCZT<br />

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,ONGTF<br />

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FZGBMN[ {<br />

BGF<br />

QKB[ ZCE<br />

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G\NCGS<br />

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LKB KM<br />

CZTK<br />

GZKMP GRKB[ OEB N[ OKBJIN<br />

?NNM<br />

BZYP KZFG<br />

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BN"<br />

G\PGK<br />

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NT<br />

,OKRC<br />

OKRCG<br />

BN<br />

G\PGK<br />

NT<br />

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GBJIC<br />

."G\PGK<br />

ZGPBCG<br />

OKRCGP<br />

OKZCEF<br />

\KNM\C<br />

,\GJK[VF<br />

KZF[<br />

,ZBC\R<br />

KB[<br />

Z[VB<br />

FZG\F[ NNM<br />

\GGXPG<br />

GBGCK<br />

NNMN<br />

,OGKY<br />

OB<br />

BN<br />

\GV\\[FC<br />

NM<br />

.FPGBF<br />

,BXPR<br />

NM[<br />

EIB<br />

F[TR<br />

GKNBP<br />

CZT<br />

.GZKCIN<br />

,ZPGNM<br />

KYZGV[<br />

NGT<br />

OKPZGD<br />

GZB[K[ FZG\F KZPG[N<br />

,Q\PFGHC<br />

KM<br />

BN<br />

GNMGK<br />

ON\[FN<br />

\CFBC<br />

G\NGH<br />

FTV[FCG<br />

O\NGHN<br />

KNC<br />

,O\ZHT<br />

.ZBGCPM<br />

OB[ BXPR<br />

YNI<br />

FPGBFP<br />

,OKBJGI<br />

KZF<br />

OF<br />

OKPZGD<br />

ZB[N<br />

FPGBF<br />

NGCSN<br />

.ONNDC<br />

NTC)<br />

,ONGSF<br />

ZPBP<br />

\CFB"<br />

’F<br />

\CFBG<br />

("\GKZCF<br />

FRGGMF<br />

NM"C<br />

NBZ[K<br />

OKCZT<br />

FH<br />

,"FHN<br />

NM[<br />

EIB<br />

,EIBG<br />

FND\P[<br />

GC<br />

QGXZ<br />

YCEKFN<br />

,BZGCC<br />

,ZPGNM<br />

TKDFN<br />

\RGM\N<br />

,FTV[FF<br />

F\GBN<br />

FEKP<br />

\BXPR[

283<br />

FXGCYC FEGCTC ZGCKIF<br />

?DGBEN LKZX BGF OK[RB FPMN .NGED Z\GK[ FPMG KNNM KNMN YGYH ,NKXBPC<br />

QF[ GPM ,\GP[RF NM OT ?EGCTN LKZX BGF KP OT ?Z\GGN LKZX BGF KP KVNM<br />

.FNTPNP O\BKZCC EIB KNMM \GZCGIP GKF<br />

TXCN LKZX OKYNI FHKBCG ,KZ[VB BGF \GP[RF NM OT ZGCKIF FPM ET<br />

,KNNM KNM G\GB YZ[ ,BGF YGIF NCB .L[PFC ONGSF NTC ZKCSK ,ZGCKIF \B<br />

\GMNP ,ZPGNM .NTGV[ BGF ,NNMF QP BXGK BNN \GP[RF NM \GZCGIP GC[<br />

,LM LG\P GRKNT \NTGV ,\KNNMF FDFRFFG FID[FF NM FBC FRPP[ UGS QKBE<br />

,OKNMF NMC KGNKD \GKFN CKKI[G ,EIB KNMC \GP[RF NM \GZCGIP FC[<br />

.FBNP FZGXC TKV[FN \RP NTC ,FHN FH OZGCKIC<br />

BN QKKET[ FNBM OR[K ,\GKJZVF \GP[RF GB OKNMF NM OGMS LG\P OBG<br />

."\GGXPG FZG\ NGT KYZGV" OKBZYR OF ,\NGHN FTV[F N[ CXPC OKBXPR<br />

Z[C N[ \GK[TP \GNGTVC ,\GKP[DC ,GRKPKC OK[GT[ \GGXPG FZG\N BN FRGGMF<br />

FZG\ OKKYP[ BZYR BGF ,GBGNPC \NGHF \CFB KBR\ OKKYP[ KP BNB OEG<br />

"\GGXP" KM ."\GGXPG FZG\ NGT YZGV" BZYR ,O\GB OKKYP BN[ KPG .\GGXPG<br />

\RP NT FRGGMC ,OEBC[ \GRGXZF L"Z\P QGXZG QGXZ NM ,QGXZF \RY\F GTP[P<br />

.NKXBPC \GYCE [K ZCM GNNF \GNGTVF KEK NT[ BZYR "FZG\"G .TKV[FN<br />

."QGYK\F ZPD" BZYR GPXT CXPF HB ,FHF CXPN TKDP ONGTF NM[ FEKPC<br />

CXP [ZER "NBZ[K OT" BZYR[ ONGTFP YNI G\GBP[ ,ZKCSP ONGSF NTC<br />

\GRMFFG \GYYG\[FF \B ONGM KRVN GN OKR\GR[ ,ONGTF NM KRVN FHM<br />

."\GGXPG FZG\ OGKY" BZYR[ FP NB ,\GCZTN TKDFN \GKPKRVF<br />

."QK[KDZP QNGMG BJGI QFP EIB NBZ[K" :[ZEPC CG\M[ FHG<br />

NJR ,FRKVSC QKC[GK GKF[ OEB KRCN N[P" "K"C[Z H"T NK[PFG<br />

F\B FP GKZKCI GN GZPB ,GK\I\ IEGY NKI\FG IEYP OFP EIB<br />

GN GZPB ?IEGY KRB K\I\ BN OMN \VMB FP ,OFN ZPB ,F[GTG C[GK<br />

,NKTN GRZBC[ KVM GRKKFG ."FRKVSF \B GRKNT QKVKXPG QKNGT OKPF[<br />

OK[GT OF KZF ,\KPXT FCFBC OKTYG[P NGTF KYZGV[ LG\P[<br />

GNKVB NKI\FNP ,FZG\F KZPG[ NT CMTPF ,NHZC N[ ZED OFK[TPC<br />

.ORMKF NT \GGXPFG FZG\F \ZKP[C<br />

("\GKZCF \CFBG ’F \CFB" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

,ONGM KRVN \KEEF \GCZTN TKDFN OKMKZX[ ,OKNMF O\GB OF "NBZ[K"<br />

,OKKRKTG B\NDND ,\"DI E"CI N[ OKNM OFC OK[Z[GP O\BKZC TCJC[ KRVP

\GCZTF<br />

284<br />

NM OT O\GCZT\F CYT BNB .FHF ONGTE \GBKXPN OKMKK[ BN[ OKNM<br />

NCYN QGXZ G\GB OKNCYP OF ,"ONGTF \GPGB" OKBZYRF ,V"IBE OKNMF<br />

OKNMF OT ZCI\P BGF[ KRVP ,Z\GK EGT I\GVPG ,ONGTF \GPGBC GPM<br />

.FTV[FE OKZGC[F<br />

OF Z[BMG .OKPTF NMP OKTGZD OK[TR OF ,OKEZGK OF Z[BM ,NBZ[K LMG<br />

NJGP EKP\ FZKC[F ZIB QGYK\F NCB .OKPTF NMP OKCGJ OK[TR OF ,OKNGT<br />

YZG ,V"IBF LG\C[ OKKRKT B\NDND YNI NTG ,OKKRKTG B\NDND NT NM OEGY<br />

.QCBF C"NC [GPK[ BNN ,FKNTE V"IB NT LM ZIB<br />

FRMF \PKKY OFC[ ,NBZ[KC FNKI\ \GND\FN CKKI \GCZTF EGS QMN<br />

\GCZTF QKKRT[ ,GN[ FKZGJSKFF KVNG OTF N[ GKVGB KVN OKBGZG .\GCZTN<br />

LMG .OKGG[ ONGM BNB ,OKNKXB BNG OKRGEB BN GC QKB[ ,GMG\C [Z[GP<br />

BNG ,OKPMI KEKPN\ YZ ECMN FPGBC FKF [Z[GP ,FKZGJSKFF NM LZGBN<br />

.OEBC ZIB ZCE OG[<br />

FNTPNP [Z[GP BGF OD[ ,KEEFF ZGCKIF ,\KEEFF F[DZFF QKKRT OD [KG<br />

NM .OFKRKC KRIGZF ZGCKIC YGSTN OFN Z[VBN KEM ,KP[DF NBZ[K OTC<br />

TKDFNG ,ZCI\FN ,\GND\FN OKCKKI ,FNBF OKNMF NM ,OKKRKTG \GB\NDNDF<br />

.V"IBF QGYK\C YGSTN NKI\FN Z[VB FKZIBN YZ[ ,\RYG\PF FZGXN<br />

32<br />

,FEGYRF ,FZJPF OF[ , NBZ[K NT FNKI\ BC QKE NM ,FID[FF EXP QMNG<br />

Z[VB OFKZIBG QGYK\N OF GTKDK OEGY[ KEM ,FID[FF NM \CCGS FKNT[<br />

,ZPGNM ,ZGC[F KNNMF KNMC OKYNIF Z\K NM N[ ORGYK\ \B NKI\FN FKFK<br />

NBZ[K KVNM YZ ,TDZM QMN .OKKRKTG B\NDNDC V"IBG V"IBC OKKRKTG B\NDND<br />

BGF ,\GCZTF YGIC NHNHP BGF OBG ,KR[N CZT EIB NM GKVN[ ,QKEF OKKY<br />

.ONGMN TZ OZGD<br />

N[C QF ,OFKNT NTGV KNNMF YGIF ,KNNMF QGYK\F \B OKCMTP OF[ LMCG<br />

N[ GRGYK\N OKPZGD OF[ CGMKTF N[C QFG ORGYK\N OKPZGD OF[ CGMKTF<br />

,O\GKCTC ,QGYK\F ZSGIC OK[KDZP OF OD[ ,V"IBE OKNMFG .GNGM ONGTF<br />

,KGNKP ZSGIG QGYK\ ZSGI \GBZFN ,NBZ[K OT \GZCI\FC OKNKI\P<br />

LG\C OKKRIGZ OKNM OK[CN\P LM .OKZGSKM OEBF KRCCG \GP[RC OK[DZGPF<br />

.OKVGDF<br />

NKC[C BNB ONGTN OKBC \GTZGBP QKB[ CG\M ,FRGKNTF FID[FF EXP OD<br />

KRC NNDC FZGY BGF ,ONGTC FZGY GF[P OB ,GREXP OD LMG .NBZ[K KRC

285<br />

FXGCYC FEGCTC ZGCKIF<br />

FDFRFFG FID[FF NM ,OKKRKTG \GB\NDNDF NM GRYG\K[ ET ,ZPGNM .NBZ[K<br />

.ORGYK\N \RGGMP<br />

KVN" :ZPGB[ QGTP[ KCZC ZHTNB KCZ N[ GZPBP ZBCR F\TG<br />

\IB FGXP F[T ,GCGZ ZIB QGEKR EKIKFG ,GCGZ ZIB QGEKR ONGTF[<br />

KGB \IB FZKCT ZCT .\GMH UMN ONGTF NM \BG GPXT TKZMF[ GKZ[B<br />

EIB BJGIG ZPBR[ .FCGI UMN ONGTF NM \BG GPXT \B TKZMF[ GN<br />

."FCZF FCGJ ECBK<br />

ZCEC Z\GK DKNVP (ïåòîø ØÆł ïÆ łæòìà ØÆł) ["ZC B"Z[ OKBGZ GRB<br />

OG[P ,\BHG ."GCGZ ZIB QGEKR ONGTF[" :ZPGB KZF[ ,\GCZTF<br />

GH G\TEG ,\GGXPFG FZG\F \NCYN \IB FPGB YKVSP GRKB ,G\TEN[<br />

BN QKKET UGS UGS[ OKBGZ GRB KZF[ ,GRKRVN[ \GBKXPFP GB EPN<br />

.GK\GCZP FH \B NCY[ GB ,WYF TKDF<br />

"FTE WZBF FBNPG" :FNGBDF \TN GRN IKJCP[ GTKKSP CG\MF QMG<br />

FN\ QM=NTG .OKYGSV FCZF EGTG ."OKKGDF NM GKNB GZFRG" QMG .’GMG<br />

GN Z[VB KB EKIKF OD[ ,LN ZPGN ,GNGM ONGTF NM NT \GCZTF<br />

KRC NM N[ TGKSC \NGH ,\GGXPFG FZG\F OGKYP ,FXZRF ZPDN BGCN<br />

.ZBGCPM ,ONGTF<br />

("\GKZCF \CFBG ’F \CFB" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

KEM OBF ,NBZ[KC ,OKKRKTG B\NDNDC FNKI\ TXC\FN CKKI QGYK\F OB<br />

YGSTN GB ,OKZGC[F OKNMF NMP O\GB ZZCN OKCKKI ,OKKRKTG B\NDND ZZCN<br />

YGI \B TGCYN NE\[FN OFCG OKNGDP OKKRKTG \GB\NDND O\GBC YZ<br />

FHF OGKYF BGCK ONGTF NMP OD[ ,ONGTF NMC GC YGSTN BP[G ,\GCZTF<br />

.QBMN GB QBMN QF \GTEF ?ONGTF NMN LM ZIBG NBZ[KN OEGY<br />

.ONGTF \GPGBC LM ZIBG NBZ[KC OEGY TXC\FN CKKI QGYK\F FZYP NMC<br />

LKZX NBZ[K YZ GB ,EIK ONGM \KEEF FZGXC \GCZTC YGSTN LKZX OBF ,BNB<br />

ZPGN ,GNGM ONGTF NM NT \GCZTF FN\ QM=NT" :ONGSF NTC ZPGB ?FC YGSTN<br />

TKDFN NDGSP BN EKIKF "FXZRF ZPDN BGCN GN Z[VB KB EKIKF OD[ ,LN<br />

OGKY..." KEK NT FXZRF ZPDN TKDFN OECN OKNGMK BN NBZ[K OD ,GECN \GCZTN<br />

\PMGI \B WKVR BN[ ET ."ONGTF KRC NM N[ TGKSC \NGH ,\GGXPFG FZG\F<br />

KVN F\GB SGV\K EIB NM[ ,ONGTF NMN F\GB [KDR BN[ ET ,ONGTF NMC FNCYF<br />

.\GCZTN TKDP KGBZ[ KPG NGMK[ KP[ ,FHF KBR\F OKKY\FN NMGK BN ,GMZE

\GCZTF<br />

286<br />

B"Z[ OKBGZ GRB" :ZHTNB KCZ N[ G\TE \B BKCP ONGSF NTC ,EIB EXP<br />

BN OB OD[ , \ZIB FTE FR[K KR[ EXPG ,"\GCZTF ZCEC Z\GK DKNVP ,["ZC<br />

QGYK\N OKK\RKC TKDFN Z[VB ,NBZ[K NNM LG\C YZ BNB ONGTF NMC YGSTR<br />

GB OEYGPC[ BNB .\GKP[DC "NBZ[K" OKBZYR[ OKNMF O\GBC ,\GCZTF<br />

.\KPNGTF \GCZTC YGSTN OKCKKI FKFR ZIGBP<br />

.ONGTF NM \B TKZMP BXPR ,F[GT EKIKF[ FGXPG FGXP NM :QM NTG<br />

NM Z[B ,OKKGSP NY[PC \GKRJY NYG[F OEBN FPGEC ,BGFG<br />

\KVGSF FTZMFN OZGD OKRHBPF NT Q\GR BGF[ \KRJYG \KRJY<br />

,FTE WZBF BNP\[ OZJC F[GT EKIKF[ FGXP NM QM { FKGXZF<br />

.FH NNMN GBGCKG ONGTF I\V\K[ OZGD GFKZF<br />

BGF[ BJIF KEK=NT KM ,"FCZF FCGJ ECBK EIB BJGIG" GZPB FHG<br />

FZHI NJGRG EPGT ZIB[ GPM ,NY[PF \\IVFN OZGD GFKZF ,F[GT<br />

ONGTF \B ZKHIP BXPRG .OKRHBPF NT IKRF BGF[ \KRJYF F\GB<br />

.\KRZGIB<br />

("\GKZCF \CFBG ’F \CFB" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

?ONGTF QGYK\N DBEK TGEP ,QYG\P BN GPXT OEBF N[ SIKF YZ OB<br />

\B YZG ,QYG\PM ONGTF NM \B \GBZN LKZX OEBF[ ,OKZPGB FNCYC<br />

GKNT[ FBZK BNB OKZIBP OKRGYK\F \B [GZEK BN[ KEM ,QYG\P BNM GPXT<br />

OF[NM OKETX G[TK OF[ \GVXN KNC ,OKZIBF KVNM GPXT \B NJCN<br />

.GRGYK\NG ONGTN GN[ KPKRVF SIKC GPXT \B \GBZN LKZX OEBF LM .G\BZYN<br />

.FXGCYC \KEEF FEGCTC ZCGEP ,QYG\P BN GNGM ONGTF[M NCB<br />

NGEDF YKEXF NBM ,QYG\P OEB NBM GN[ ZCIN SIKK\FN LKZX OEBF<br />

OB KM ,\BHM FZGXC G\GB \GBZN CKKI BGF GN[ OKNMF EXP .ONGTC Z\GKC<br />

GPXT ZCIF OD NCB .G\GB FBZK \PBC BGF LM ,GN[ OKNMF \B QY\K BGF<br />

QY\N KEM GRBC GRNGM KM .OKZCIF ZB[ KVNMG GKVNM \BHM FZGXC EGCTN CKKI<br />

.OKKEEF OKRGYK\C GFTZN [KB ZGHTNG GRPXT \B<br />

QY\N NJGP OEBF NT YZ[ ,ZGEF NGED NBM \NGHN SIKK\FN KGBZF QP QMN<br />

FH QKBG ,OKZIBN LM SIKK\FN ZGPB EIB NM .\NGHF KVNM GN[ SIKF \B<br />

\TCGR OEBF N[ FKBZF \EGYR .OPXTC QY\KFNG EGCTN OKZIBFP TRGP<br />

\B \GBZN [K NCB .GPXT \B [KDZP BGF[ LKB ,TDZ G\GBC GN[ CXPFP

287<br />

FXGCYC FEGCTC ZGCKIF<br />

\YYG\[P[<br />

FXGCY<br />

.BNPF<br />

QGYK\F ZPDC ,QYG\PF CXPC BXPRM \NGHF<br />

.EIBG EIB NM LM \GBZN \CKKI ,\GPEY\FN<br />

?ZCIF QGYK\N DGBEN G[GZKV \GCZTF \B OKKYN OBF<br />

ZCIF NB \GSIKK\FF BNB .QYG\P FKFK ZCIF[ LMN DGBEN LKZX BN<br />

LKB DGBEN LZGX QKB .\GCZTF \[DZF \B GN FRYPF BKF ,FBNP FTV[FC<br />

LKBG ,\BHF F[DZFF OT \G[TN LKZX BGF FP ,\GCZTF \B [KDZP ZCIF<br />

LKB YZ \GKFN FMKZX FDBEF .FKVNM QGGM\FNG GPXT \B CKXFN ZGPB BGF<br />

.ZCIF NB SIKK\P KRB<br />

ZPDC \BXPR[ FXGCY \GKFN FZGPB FNGM FXGCYF ,EIB NM KRKTC<br />

,QYG\P BNM GKRKTC C[IKFN LKZX GPXT BGF YZG ,ONGTF NM FGPMG ,QGYK\F<br />

ONGTF \B EKZGP BGF ,FRKVSC ZGI IEGY BGF OB[ .ONGTF NM KGN\ GC[G<br />

\B \GBZN LKZX EIB NM .ONGTF N[ GNZGD KGN\ GN[ F[TP NMC[ .OGF\N<br />

KBMH GKXI ONGTF .\GMH UMN ONGTF NM \B TKZMFN NJGP GKNT GNKBM GPXT<br />

\GMHN UMF \B TKZMF ,CGJ F[T ,\IB FGGXP F[GT BGF OBG ,CKKI GKXIG<br />

.ONGTF \CGIN UMF \B TKZMF ,FZKCT ZCT OBG .ONGTF<br />

KEM GN[ GDBF \B NJCN CKKI ,QGYK\F ZPDC OKBXPRM ONGMN SIKK\P[ OEB<br />

OKRYG\PM OKZIBF NB G\GSIKK\FCG .\BHM FZGXC OFKNB SIKK\FN IKNXFN<br />

,QGYK\F ZPDC OKBXPR ONGM[ ,GPXTN ZKKXP[ FRGP\ F\GBN UZJXP BGF<br />

GPXTN ZKKXN NDGSP BGF[ FRGP\ F\GB YZ BNB ,K\KPBF QGYK\F ZPD FRKB[<br />

.FN[ \GMKBC FNT\PG \MNGF OTV NM[ FRGP\ .QGYK\F ZPDM<br />

GN[ \GNGTVF \B JGNYN ,OKZCIF NNMN OKZ[VBP EIB OEB N[ OK[TPFG<br />

BNB ,OK[KDZP BN GNKVBG ,OK[KDZP BNB ,OKBGZ BN GNKVB ,GN[ SIKF \BG<br />

OF LKB TEGK BN GPXTC BGF[ ,OKKRIGZ \GIGM LZE GKZCIN O\GB QKZYP BGF<br />

F\GBC YGSTN OFN OKZ[VBP GK[TP ,OMZE OFKNT TKV[P NCB ,OKNTGV<br />

OFN FYKRTP ,LM F[GT[ GF[KP [K[ ,OFN[ F[DZFF[ KRVP ?TGEP ,FZGXF<br />

.FZCIN UKYP ZGB L[GP EIBG EIB NM LM .QGIJKC<br />

GRBG GRC OKBXPR[ \GIGMC ZCGEP BN ,GFTZN [KB \GCZT OKRKZYP[M<br />

N[ YRCF QGC[I \B BNPN KEM EGCTN OKNKI\P[ GB ,FHN FH O\GB OKR\GR<br />

YKRTP[ ,KRIGZ IGM FBKCP[ BKF \GCZTC GFTZN [KB N[ \GSIKK\FF .ZCIF<br />

\RP NT FRGGMF NT Z\GGN NY Z\GK GN F[TR HB[ ,QGIJKC EIBG EIB NMN<br />

NGMK BGF ,KP[DF ONGTC GCXPC C[I\FN KNC .ZPGIF NTP OPGZ\FNG ,NCYN

\GCZTF<br />

288<br />

F[DZF N[ QKKRT YZ BGF ,\GCZTF QKKRT NM KM EGZP KRT GB NGED ZK[T \GKFN<br />

.OEBC \KDGNGMKSV<br />

?\GCZTF \EGCTC NKI\FN FXGCYN F[Y TGEP<br />

OKNKI\P ONGM BN OB ,\GCZTF NT FEGCTC NKI\FN \NDGSP BN FXGCY<br />

YGSTN NKI\\[ ,FRJY FXGCY \GRCN LKZX FNGEDF FXGCYF LG\C QMN .FC<br />

.\GCZTF QKKRTC<br />

?\GCZT N[ F[DZF ZCIN OKRKZYP LKB<br />

,ZCIF OT OKZCGIP \GKFN KEM ,KNNMF KNMF KVNM KPXT NGJKCC OKYSGT<br />

,ZCIF \B OKCZYP[ LMC .OKYNIF NM OKZCGIP QGYK\F ZPDC[ GPM<br />

\GKFN NKI\P[ ,OKZCIF NMN FNTPNP IGM ZGCKI N[ CXP G\GBP OKRKPHP<br />

.ONGMC [DZGP<br />

LG\P ,GMG\P YZ FR\[P BN BGF .FR\[PG LNGF ONGTF LKB OKBGZ<br />

G\GB BKCFN \GXGZ[ ,FNBM \GXGCY GC \GNTGV[ KRVP FR\[P BGF .OKZGSKF<br />

NTGVF ONGTF CXPP OKPEY\P OF[ OKCXP ;Z\GK FCZF OKPEY\P OKCXPN<br />

.OKZGSK LG\P<br />

\ZKVS ,EGSK BGF "YKEX" .ZGBF \B L[GP[ KP BZYR "ONGT EGSK YKEX"<br />

KP QMN .\GMNPF \B \RY\PG \PEYP LMCG \GMNPN ZGBF \B \M[GP[ ,EGSK<br />

\K\GTP[P \GPEY\F ONGTN LMC OZGD ,\GCZTC QM[ NMG ,EGPKNC YSGT[<br />

.EGBP FZKFP<br />

?FXGCYF FXGIR FP O[N ,GPXT OEBF N[ SIKC KGN\ NMF OB<br />

BXPR OEBF[ ,FXGCYF KZCI EXP FYKECG \KEEF FMKP\ \GKFN \CKKI<br />

O\S NKI\FN NDGSP BN GECN OEBF .\KPKRV FYKRMJ ZCM GHG ,FRGMRF LZEC<br />

GPXT \B FN[K OXTC[ KRVP ,ONGTF NMN FVK SIKK\P BGF[ ,QKKPEN LM<br />

BNB ,ECNC GH BNG ,ONGTF NM \B QY\PG ,FVK SIKK\P \PBC BGF[ ,CG[IKG<br />

.QPHP ZCM GPXT \B QYK\[<br />

ETG \GCZT KFP OKRE ,FC[ QGMRF EGPKNCG FXGCYC OKBXPR BN[ OK[RB<br />

OKRYG\P OPXT \B OKC[GI ,QGYK\F \NGTV BKF YZ KM ,\KIZMF BKF FPM<br />

YZG OKRYG\P ZCM OPXT OF .QGYK\N OKYGYHM OKBGZ OKZIBF NM \BG<br />

\GCZTC OKYSGT BN OF[ KRVP ,LM OKC[GI OF .ONGTF QGYK\N OKMIP

289<br />

FXGCYC FEGCTC ZGCKIF<br />

LG\C K[TP EGPKNCG ,\KEEF \ZGYKCC ,\KEEF FEGCTC ,FRJY FXGCYC ,NTGVC<br />

.BN GB FC OKBXPR OBG ,\ZIB KNGB GB ,LM BKF \GCZTF OB :FZCIF<br />

?FRJY FXGCY KFP<br />

\B QIGC OFP EIB NM[ ,OK[RB FPM BKF "FRJY FXGCY" ,GRN[ FDZEPC<br />

OEBF[ NMM NCB .GN[ \GNGTVN \GCGD\F \B FBGZG ,GKZCI NGP FMG\C GPXT<br />

OD GNKC[C ,KPXTF NGJKCF \GCK[I \B FRGYG GNNF \GNGTVC NNM\[P<br />

.FRJY FXGCY \GGFN OKNGMK OKRGKNKP<br />

?UKYP ZGB OKMK[PP \GCZTF NT \KPKRV FEGCT QPHC OBF<br />

FXGCYC OKZCIF[ KRVP ,UKYP ZGB OKM[GP \GCZTF NT FEGCTF QPHC<br />

NGJKCC ,EIB KNMC OKZCGIP OKBXPR[ ,FGCD Z\GK CXPC OPXT \B OKZB\P<br />

NMC \ZCGIPG \RYG\P[ FEKIK FP[R N[ CXPC ,OKZIBF KVNM EIB NM N[<br />

.UKYP ZGB N[ FZHT GRPP FBC ,FHF CXPN OKYYG\[P Z[BMG .FKJZV<br />

?FXGCYC OKBXPR[ \GPENG ECN \GKFN Z[VB OBF<br />

FPM ET FNB[F NCB ,\BHF FEGCTF NM \B \GPENG ECN \GKIN Z[VB<br />

.\BHF FEGCTF \B F[GT BGF[ ,GPXTN ZY[P BNG ,GPXT \B FN[P BN OEBF<br />

.OKZIBF OT BXPR KRB LKB BKF NTGVC FYKECF ?FYKECF KFP<br />

?FZCIF KVNM NJC\FNG \GCZTF \GRGZYT \B NCYN KEM [GZE QPH FPM<br />

OEB[ ET OKR[ \GZCGT .FDZEFC \GTP[R ,\GCZTF NT \GZPBR[ OKNKPF<br />

,UJVJPG UJVJP FH ,JBN JBN .OKRGYK\ QF GNNF OKR[F ODG .TGP[N NKI\P<br />

\ZCGT[ QGYK\FP FY\TF BKF \BHF FNKEDF OD KM .NED[ OEBN FPGEC<br />

\DZEC OEBN F[TRG NED BGF[ ETG GKKI \B NKI\P OEBF[ TDZP .FP[RF<br />

OD FZGY ZCE G\GB .UGSF BN QKKET FHG ,"FR[ OKZ[T" GKNT \GZCGT ,KIF<br />

,\GKCYTCG F[Y ECGT BGF OB OD ,F[TK OEBF[ FP FR[P BNG \GKRIGZC<br />

QF GNNF OKR[F[ BNB .OKR[ GN IYGNG ,NGEDN KEM WPB\P[ ENKN FPGEC<br />

GNNF OKCN[F KNC NCB .FBXG\ OFC [KDZP BN QKKET BGF[ ,OKRGYK\<br />

.Z[VB KB<br />

?FDZEFC GB \IB \CC { FXGCYF \TE \B \GRYN LKZX LKB<br />

?GKNTP \GDZEP FPM \BXPR[ FNGTV \G[TN ,\IB \CC ,OGKF NDGSP KP<br />

Z\GK \GDZEP FPMC QYG\P \GKFN OEBFP [GZEN FMKZX FRKB FXGCYF<br />

FZGY[ FPN FPGEC ,G\DZE \B QGC[IC BKCFN FZGPB FXGCYF .G\DZE#P

\GCZTF<br />

290<br />

BKFG ,\GIV OKNGEDG Z\GK OKNGED ,OKENKG \GYGRK\ FC [K[ ,\K[GRBF FZCIC<br />

KEM ,ZKTXF ZGEF OT OKECGT FZCIF NNMP HGIB OKT[\M .OFN \DBGE<br />

.G\GZDCC OKRKY\ OKKIN GBKCFNG ,GKMZX \B YVSN ,G\GB NEDN ,GC LGP\N<br />

.ZKTXF ZGEN FDBEF BGF \K[GRBF FZCIF LG\C KZYKTF F[TPF<br />

,O\DZEN OB\FC SIKK\FN [K \KRIGZ FXGCYN OKTKDP[ FNB NB OD QMNG<br />

.OKTPG[ BNG ,OKRKCP BN ,OKJSKBGDB ,OKP[GDP QKKET OF[ LMP ONT\FNG<br />

NM \B NCYN LKZX HB ,NGEDN OKXGZ[ OKENK GPM ,NGEDN OKXGZ OF OB<br />

OKBC[ OKZKTX QMNG .ZCE NMC OFN ZGHTNG ,TXC\FN CKKIM OFN[ LKNF\F<br />

OKKIC OKENKN FPGEC CNF \PG[\ NMN OKKGBZ OF ,NGEDN OKXGZG FXGCYN<br />

.OKKP[DF<br />

?FXGCYF \TE KRVC NJC\FN LKZX EKIKF OBF<br />

OFG ,\KRPH GB \KZYP FRKB[ FJNIF ,GF[P FJKNIP FXGCYF NM OB<br />

FRGMRG \KBEM BKF[ ,OKBGZ ORGKSKR LG\PG ,F\GB OKPKKYPG FKNT OKEPGT<br />

,\GBKXPF N[ YGI G\GB KVN \BHG .CGZF \TE KVN \MNN LKZX HB ,FNKTGPG<br />

NMC \GKFN LKZX LM ."\GJFN OKCZ KZIB" BZYRF ,ONGSF NTC ZCEP GKNT[<br />

.FRJY GB FNGED OB FR[P BNG ,FZCI<br />

ZGI IEGY BGF[ G[GZKV OBF ,\BHF FRGGMC \GKFN WPBP OG[ F[GT BN[ OEB<br />

?FZKSC<br />

ZGI IEGY BGF[ KBEG \G[TN G\NGMKC[ OKXPBPF NM \B F[GT BN[ OEB<br />

,CGJ GF[P GN BXGK BN NCB ,NDGSP BGF[ FP NM \B F[GT BGF OBG .FZCIC<br />

.ZC[G NYNKY[ C[IR BN ,ZCG[G NYNYP YZ NCB \G[TN FXGZ[ ENKN FPGEC<br />

.IGJC ZCE OF ,GRN[ OKKIF KMKNF\P [PP EGPNN KBEM<br />

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F[GTG NED FKF ,\GKP[DC \GGXPG FZG\ F[GTG LNGF[ ,OEBN LVGF[ ET NEDG<br />

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ONGM HB ,CZT \GKFN \GKZIB FXGCYF NM OT GKNT NCYP ZCIF OB<br />

EIK ONGM OT BXGK BNB ,UGIF NT ZB[R BN BGF .\IB FRKVSC OKBXPR<br />

BGF ,ZGI IEGY BGF HB ,GEKYV\ \B TXCP BN BGF OKF CNC OBG .OK CNN

291<br />

FXGCYC FEGCTC ZGCKIF<br />

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BN ?FRGGMF FP .\GCZ \GTGP[ QR[K[ OKZPGB FNTPN FJPNP TGXKCF<br />

KNNMF LKNF\F GFP GRN TGEK BN[ BNB ,\ZIB Z[VBG LM DFR\FN Z[VB[<br />

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NCB .FJPN FNTPNP OKN[N\[P OKMKNF\F LKB OKEPGN FNCYF \PMGIC<br />

,FNTPN FJPNP OKNGT[M ,O\GB TXCN GRKNT LKB QKCFN Z[VB KB FH LG\P<br />

FP QKCFNG \TEN NKM[R BN ONGTN .FNGED Z\GK FDZEPN FRJY FDZEPP<br />

.FFGCD Z\GK FDZEPN FNT\R[ KZIB FH NT TER .TDZM OK[GT<br />

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BNB ,FJPN FNTPNP OKVGXZVF \GN[N\[FC FZGY[ GPM ,"UGD"C LM ZIBG<br />

LM ZIBG ,NGEDF K[TP \B FYIP[ ENKN FPGEC ,QGKNTF N[ UGDN YCER BGF<br />

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,QGTP[ KCZ QC ZHTNB KCZ N[ FTGP[G ,QGTP[ KCZ N[ FTGP[ [K OB ,QMN<br />

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F\GB KVN ONGMN OKIG\V .EPNN HB ,OKKGDF \B EPNN Z[VB OB .EPNN HB<br />

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292<br />

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TKDFNG<br />

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FRY\GF \KNBZ[KF FPGBF ORPB"<br />

FHC<br />

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OKBXGK<br />

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293<br />

FXGCYC FEGCTC ZGCKIF<br />

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ZPGN Z[VB KB ,ZPGIC GTXGC BN EGT[ OKZCE NCB ,ONGTC [IZ\PF LKNF\N<br />

ONGTF QGYK\ N[ FVGY\F ,IK[PF \VGY\ KCDN GPM ,GZYK OF LKB \GBEGGC<br />

N[ FRMF [K NBZ[KN[ ,GKZCEP TP\[P EGT .GK[MT FI\VC OKEPGT GRB[<br />

.NBZ[K YZ BNB ,\GRG[BZ TXCN \GNDGSP BN ONGTF \GPGB QMN ,\GCB \GMH<br />

.CN[ G\GB TXCN \GNGMK ONGTF \GPGB HB ,OKTXCP NBZ[K[ TDZC NCB<br />

,DGFRN FKNT LKB :FXGCYF \EGCTN OD \GBXG\ LG[PN Z[VB FHF CXPFPG<br />

EIB NM HBG .\GCZTF KVNM ,FZCIF KVNM ,FXVFF KVNM ,\G[TN FKNT FP<br />

N[ KNMF G\GBN ZCI\FN NGMK BGF OB ,OGBNG NKD ,QKP NECF BNN EIBG<br />

KNNMF QGYK\F ,ZPGNM .FRKVS F\GBC \GKFN KGBZ GRF ,ONGTF NMC \GCZTF<br />

,QGTP[ KCZ QC ZHTNB KCZ N[ G\TKCY KVN TXC\PG LNGF ,GK[MT NKI\P[<br />

ONGSF NTC ,QGYK\F ZPDC ,QGYK\F UGSC OKYSGTF ,GKZCE \B BYGGE[<br />

.OKNCGYPF ZB[ NMP Z\GK ,EIGKPC JJXP<br />

?QGYK\F ZPD ON[GK K\P<br />

KRVN KNGBG FR[ OKVNB \[[ OG\C ON[GK QGYK\F ZPD[ ,ZPGB ONGSF NTC<br />

\GRPEHF \NCYP \G[GRBF[ TDZ G\GBP FRGGMF "QM KRVN" .GRC KGN\ ,QM<br />

NCKY NBZ[K OT[ TDZP ,FR\KR \GRPEHFF[ TCGY BGFG .QGYK\ ZPDN TKDFN<br />

YGSTN NKI\FN \GRPEHFF GH .\KP[D FZGXC FKNB ZHIG NBZ[K WZB \B<br />

\GKGND WGCKY F[TR[ TDZP .\KRIGZF NBZ[K WZBN \GNTN :QGYK\ G\GBC<br />

KGN\ OKRGYK\F N[ OGKSFG TGXKCF ETGP :GR\G[ZN ZCTGF NMF ,NBZ[K WZBC<br />

.GRN[ FTKDKF \PXGTCG CXYC YZ<br />

FPM BGF QPKSFG ,ONGSF NTC ZPGB ,QGYK\ ZPDN OKTKDP LM QKCG LM QKC<br />

LKB EGPNN OKXGZ[ GB .QPHF \GMKZBCG OEC ,OKZGSKC FH NT OKPN[P<br />

.EGPNN OKPKMSP \BH NMC[ ET ,OKXIGN OKZGSKF[ GB ,OKRGYK\ \G[TN<br />

BN BGFG ,’B F\KMC EGPNN NKI\FN ,ZVS \KCN SRMKFN LKZX[ ,ENKN FPGEC<br />

FXGZ BN[ QCZSF \B HBG .EPGNG SRMR ,CGJ ENK BGF[ ,GZCI EGTC .FXGZ<br />

NKI\P BGF \BH NMC[ ET ,OKR[ 5 L[PC ,OKZGSK KEK NT OKVIGE ,EGPNN<br />

NKI\FN CKKI BGF .’F F\KMN Z[K WGVYN Z[VB KB KM ,’B F\KMC EGPNN

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294<br />

OGYPC ,OKMIF[ ET ,FVKIEG QGCZE NT OKR[ [PI HCHC[ BNB .FNI\FP<br />

.GPXTC NE\[FNG KGIKE BNN TGP[N<br />

EGT BKF OKZGSK LZE[ BN .OKZGSK LZEN FZG\ LZE QKC BGF NECFF NM<br />

OKCKKI TDZG TDZ NMC .FZG\ LZE OGYPC OEBF \B \PEYP Z[B LZE<br />

NM BGF OKZGSKCG QPHC OEBF N[ QGMSKIF .FZG\ LZEC \MNNG JZI\FN<br />

QGXZ KEK NT BN OB QYG\K KNMF[ Z[VB KB ,CN[G CN[ NMC NCB .NECFF<br />

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DK[P BGF Q\GB[ ,TZF \ZMF N[ \GMPFP BNB FNTPNP GN \GIN[R[<br />

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OKK\BP EGTC OD [IZ\K BN QGYK\ ZPD ,LM O\S FR[ OKK\BP FMIR OB NCB<br />

OKKGRK[ ZVSP N[ BNB ,FHF ONGTC OKR[ QKKRP N[ QKKRT BN BGF KM ,FR[<br />

BN BGF KM ,ZGCTN QPHN \\NG QK\PFN OTJ QKB .ZGCTN LKZX O\GB[ ,\GDZEPG<br />

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295<br />

FXGCYC FEGCTC ZGCKIF<br />

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F[Y GRNG ,\K[BZC ZVS \NKI\C ,FZG\C ZBG\P[ GPM ,FR[ UNB GPM GRN<br />

FR[ \GBP TCZB ,FR[ \GBP FRGP[ GKI OKRG[BZF N[ \GVGY\C LKB ,SGV\N<br />

.TZC BNB ,CGJC BN ,GRN[ OKKIF GBZKK GRK\G[GI\C LM NCB .’GMG

296<br />

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297<br />

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LTZN \CFBG" N[ FPZN GTKDK ONGM[M ,\GP[RF NM N[ QGYK\F ZPDC YZ[

298<br />

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SRMR BGF[ ,GPXT OEBF KVNM BKF FZKC[F .\GP[RF Z\K NMN IZMFC ZG[Y<br />

ZB[R GPXT BGF .GK[GI KVNM ,GKVNM YZ BKF NCB .[KDZP BN BGF[ ,Z\SFN<br />

,FCGJ BN FC[IPC BXPR BGF Z[BM .FR\[P BN[ \MZTPC ,ONGM OT ZG[Y<br />

,\GP[RF NMN ,ONGTF NMN TZ OZGD BGF ,BZGCN Z[K \RGGMP BN[ FC[IPC<br />

.BN OB QKCG LMN TEGP BGF OB QKC<br />

.\KJNIF FZGXC ,ONGM OT ,\GKJRC ,\GRGXZC ,\GC[IPC OKZCGIP GRNGM<br />

NGMK UGD[ ,QGXZ QFG UGD QF [K GC[ ,GRN[ ONGTF BN BGF KRIGZF ONGTF<br />

BKF \GKRIGZ .FHM ZCE QKB \GKRIGZC .ZIB GF[P QGXZG ,EIB GF[P \G[TN<br />

KPKRVG KRGXKI QKB ,OKKR[ BNG NTGV[ EIB OZGD GR[K IGMCG ,OKVGD BNN \GIGM<br />

.G\GB DGZFN \GXZN QPH G\GBCG GF[KPN LKKIN GPM ,FHP FH OKMGVF[<br />

\GNDN BKF GRN[ \KNM\F :OKKYF YGIF \B ZKCSP ONGSF NTC ,\GCZTF QKKRTC<br />

,FRCF LG\P G\GB OKKYNG ,\K\ZMF FZGXC ,GN[ FPZN \GNTNG FHF YGIF \B

303<br />

OKGGY ’D QGYK\FG \GCZTF<br />

OKPKKYP BN[ FEKPCG ,CKGIPC FHF YGIC OKBXPR BN OB .K[VGI QGXZ LG\P<br />

.CGJG KGNKP OGYPC TZG FNKN[ :YGIF N[ GMGVKF \B OK[KDZP ,G\GB<br />

CXPF BGF ,GRN[ OKKIF BGF \GCZTF YGI .FHF YGIC OKBXPR GRNGM<br />

\B [KDZFN KEM ,GRKNT NJGP[ FP OKKYN LKB BKF FNB[F .GRN[ K\KPBF<br />

NTGV \GCZTF YGI FPM ET ,QKCFN Z[VB QBMP .\GKFN GRN KGBZF KVM GRPXT<br />

.LGVF CXPC OK[KDZP GRNGM[ ,\GKMVFC GK[MT GRKNT<br />

,CGJ NM BNP U\ZPC BXPR[ OEB N[ GCXPN GRCXP \B FPEP ONGSF NTC<br />

NCB ,CGJ NMC KGZ[ BGF .GCKCS [K FP TEGK BNG FBGZ BN BGF .ZGB GC QKB[<br />

BXPR BGF .FZMF KBC BXPR[ ,FNGI GPM .KI BN BGF ,GC [P\[FN NGMK BN<br />

,\PKKY FNGM \MZTPF .FZMF KBC BXPR BGF NCB ,BNP ONGTC ,FHF ONGTC<br />

.OK[GI \GFYC BXPR GPXT BGF YZ<br />

FXGCY LG\C YZ BN \GCZTF YGI[ ZKCSFN LK[PP ONGSF NTC J"K \GBCG<br />

\BZYR[ ,FRJY FXGCYC FND\F BGF .\GP[RF NMC BNB NTGV BGF FRJY<br />

.FBNF J[V\P BGF GRPP[ ,QJY YNIP YZ NKI\FN NGMK QGYK\ KM ,"NBZ[K"<br />

OF V"IB ODG OKKRKTG B\NDND OD .\GP[RF NMN ETGKP \GCZTF YGI NCB<br />

BZGCF KVNMG .EIK OKZCGIP[ ,"QG[BZF OEB" N[ EIB UGD G\GB KYNI ONGM<br />

.UGS QKBE \GMNP GPM ,\IB \MZTP ONGM ,OFKRKC NECF OG[ QKB<br />

,OKNMF QGYK\ .OKNMF \GjH KVN BGF LKNF\F ,LKNF\ [IZ\P[MG<br />

OKNMFP ZGCTN CKKI ,\GCZTF YGIN OFN[ \GG\[FFG ,OFN[ \GZZGT\FF<br />

.OKCT Z\GKFG OKNGED Z\GKF OKNMN ,OKMHF ,OKRJYF<br />

GN KE BNG ,\GCZTF ZCEC Z\GK EGT DKNVP K"C[Z N[ GRC ZHTNB KCZG<br />

.\GCZTF ZCEC OKSRMR ONGTF NM BNB ,FHN FH OKCZT NBZ[K NM[<br />

FPGB FYKVSPG FKE FNKI\P[ OKEGP NMF KM ,KDKNV BN ORPB<br />

KRVP ,ONGTF QGYK\ \NI\FN YZ GRKKFG FZG\F N[ FPGKYN \IB<br />

N"H OZPBM ,\IB \CC ONGTF \GPGB NMC NKI\FN FKF Z[VB KB[<br />

ZPGNM ,FNCYN GXZ BNG QG[NG FPGB NMN FZG\F OT F"CYF CCS[<br />

GNB ,OPJGIP FNTPN ET \KPXTF FCFBF \PFGHC OKTGY[ GKF[<br />

NT \GNTFN Z[VB FKF BN[ ET ,FPGEMG FIKXZG NHDC GNBG UGBKRC<br />

FCFBP [GZVN OKPKMSP OB ,OFPT ZCEN ,OFF OKPKC \TEF<br />

|...~ \KPXTF<br />

(J"K \GB "\GCZTF" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)

\GCZTF<br />

304<br />

,\GMNP BNB .BZGCF BZC[ ,EIB NCYN QGXZC ,EIK \GMGZM \GP[RF NM<br />

FXGZ BKF OB ,\GKCT KYNI F[KPI GMG\C [K[ ,ECNC NCYN QGXZ BKF[ KRVP<br />

BKF[ GTP[P ,FKVNM BZGCF SIKN \GPEKFN ,FN[ \GKCTF KYNI \[PIC<br />

.\GRG[BZ \GZKVS ’JN \GPEKFN FPXT NT \NCYP<br />

FNGMK \GMNPF QMN .\GZKVS ’JC FKVNM EEPR \GMNPF KVNM BZGCF SIK<br />

,FN[ \GKCTN OB\FCG ,FN \GPEGYF \GZKVSF ’J KVNM FPXT \B YNIN<br />

.FPXT \GMNPNG QKVRB ZKTHN ,FRKCN ,FPMGIN ,Z\MN FPXT \B \GPEN<br />

\GKCTC Z\GK NY \GZKVS ’JN \GPEKFN KM .ZES KVN OKMGZT OKRGYK\F QMNG<br />

LMG .’E \GKCTC GB ,’D \GKCTC GB ,’C \GKCTC GB ,’B \GKCTC Z[BP [ZG[E<br />

OKNMP G\GB [GZENG ,OKKYN LKZX[ YGIF \TKEK \B BKCFN Z[VB KB[ ,BXGK<br />

,\GNNM\F KEK NT OKMHF OKNMF HBG ,OKMH OKNMC OKKY\P BGF[ KRVN ,OKCT<br />

.QGYK\N SRMKFN OKCTF OKNMN OKZHGT<br />

Z\GK \GKCTN F[GNY \GKCTP ,ZPGNM .ECMN NYFP BGF QGYK\F ZES QMN<br />

NGMK BN BZGCF :\GZIB OKNKPC G\GB ZB\P ONGSF NTC[ KVM .FCT Z\GKG<br />

OKBZYRF ,’E=G ’D ’C \GKCT N[ OKNMN ,OKCTF OKNMN \GZK[K \GRVN FKF<br />

QY\N NKI\FNG ("FV" ,"OJGI" ,"QHGB" OKNM) "V"IB" ,"ONGTF \GPGB"<br />

OKNMN ,’B=G [ZG[ \GKCT N[ OKNMN FNKI\ \GRVN LKZX FKF BNB .O\GB<br />

."NBZ[K" ,"OKKRKTG B\NDND" OKBZYRF<br />

QMN .\GNGED Z\GKG Z\GK \GXGCYN FRJY FXGCYP LNGF QGYK\F LM OG[P<br />

NT BN .\GP[RF NM NT ,ONGTF NM NT [GZV \GCZTF YGI[ ,TCGY ONGSF NTC<br />

KNM G\GB N[ OKYNI :\KRIGZF G\ZGX NT BNB ,OEB KRCM GRN[ ONGTF<br />

OKYNIF QKC OEGY TXC\FN \CKKI OFKRKC \GZCI\FFG ,FHP FH OKY\GRPF<br />

,OKCT Z\GKG Z\GKF OKYNIF QKC LM ZIB YZG ,FRJYF \GKCTF OT ,OKMHF<br />

.\Z[Z[ \CGD\ ZXGK[ LKNF\<br />

.GRC ZHTNB KCZG QGTP[ KCZ EKP\ OKZCEP GNNF QGYK\F \GDZEP K\[ NT<br />

,OKKRKTG \GB\NDND ,NBZ[K N[ KYNIF QGYK\F NT EIGKPC ZCEP QGTP[ KCZ<br />

,GRC ,ZHTNB KCZG .OKV"IBN OFN[ OKRGYK\F \B ZGSPN OKNKI\P OF[ ET<br />

.V"IBF QGYK\ NT EIGKPC ZCEP ,G\NGTV \B LK[PPG ,QGTP[ KCZP BXGK[<br />

[K OBG .KRB BGF KZF ,EIB OEB ONGTC [K OB :QGTP[ KCZ ZPB[ KVM<br />

,\IB FP[RN ,"EIB OEB" D[GPN FRGGMF .KRCG KRB OF KZF ,OKKR[<br />

.\KNNMF

305<br />

OKGGY ’D QGYK\FG \GCZTF<br />

\NGH FZG\F \NCYN OKZ[MGP GKFK[ QG[NG OT OG[ F"CYF BXP BN ,LMKVNG"<br />

BZYR Z\GKC LHF KNMF :"OFN FEPT O\GCB \GMH[ CYTKG YIXK OFZCB KRC<br />

QMN .GRPP FCT "YIXK"G .QKPK GY ,FRKC \RGM\ KZPDN ,ESI GNGM BGF ,"OFZCB"<br />

GY BXGK GN[ QGYK\FPG .FZG\C ZVGSP[ FP NMG "YIXK \EKYT" \GKFN FMKZX<br />

\GRGM\ QKC .BZCRN BZGC QKC \GZCI\FF \EKP BKF "CYTK" ."CYTK" ,KTXPB<br />

.NBP[ GY ,"YIXK" ,BZCRF \GRGM\ QKCN ,QKPK GY ,"OFZCB" ,BZGCF<br />

.[ZG[C ,EGBP OKMH GKF \GCBF .\GjH# BKF "\GMH" ?"O\GCB \GMH" KFPG<br />

OKKRKTG B\NDND[ ,"\GCB \GMH"C FRGGMF .OK[ZG[ QKKET BNB ,\GP[R BN<br />

[ZG[ \GKCTC \GCZTF YGI \B OKKYN OKNGMK OF QMN ,FHF [ZG[FP OKBXGK<br />

.OFC GNT[ ’B=G<br />

OKMHF OKNMFP BNB QGYK\F \B NKI\FN Z[VB KB[ ?"LMKVN" GFPG<br />

OFZCB KRC" YZ ?F"CYF BXP OKNM FHKB ,ZPGNM ,"F"CYF BXP BN" .Z\GKC<br />

,OKGGY ’D GN [K[ ,Z\GKC LHF KNMF .Z\GKC LHF KNMFP FBXG\ :"CYTKG YIXK<br />

,"OKRC" BZYR ,FHF [ZG[FP FBXG\FG .EIK "CYTK YIXK OFZCB" BZYR<br />

KGRC FKF OFKRVN[ FRGGMF ,"OFN FEPT O\GCB \GMH[" .OKKRKTG B\NDND<br />

\GKCTG [ZG[ \GKCT NT FHF QGYK\F \B OKMK[PP OFG ,OKGGY ’D QGYK\ ZCM<br />

."OKRC" BZYR FH[ ,’B<br />

FZG\F \NCYN OKZ[MGP GKFK[ QG[NG OT OG[ F"CYF BXP BN ,LMKVN"<br />

N"HZ GZPB[ GPMG ,OFN FEPT O\GCB \GMH[ CYTKG YIXK OFZCB KRC \NGH<br />

\GPPGZ LG\P[ G[GZKV[ ,FR\KR[ OZJC EGT FZG\F NM GPKKY \GCBF<br />

N[ F\GKRIGZ \RKICC ’F KMZE NMC BCNG DK[FN \NGMKF OFN F\KF Q\P[R<br />

:"FZG\C[ \GK[TPF N[ ONGSF OEYF KNC ’\K G\GYKCEP \TCGRF ,FZG\F<br />

TXCN LKZX FKNT[ ,\GKCT QKKET OFC F\KF BN[ ,OKMH LM NM GKF OF<br />

.\GKCT NT QGYK\ TXCN KNC GTP[P "FZG\C[ \GK[TPF KNC" .OKRGYK\<br />

QKB QKKET .FDZEPF [BZN FPGEC ,"\GCB" OKBZYR OF QMN ,OK[ZG[ OF<br />

,OKGGYF KR[ QKC ,FHF CGNK[F ,\BHF \GKYGIF LM ZIBG .FRMF YZ ,\GKCT<br />

.G\GB OKMK[PPG ,OKGGY ’D N[ KNMF \B OKIYGN[ .K[KN[ GYC TXC\P<br />

.’E ,’D ,’C ,’B ,[ZG[ \GKCT QY\N OKNKI\P \BHF FJK[C<br />

?FZG\C LZGX QKB "\GCB"F CN[C OBF<br />

NT \GKCT QGYK\ BZYR "FZG\" .FZG\C LZGX FKF BN CYTKG YIXK OFZCBC<br />

[ZG[ \GKCT OKRY\P[ GNKVB .\GKCTF NM N[ QGYK\F QVGB ;OKGGY ’D KEK

306<br />

\GCZTF<br />

\GKCTG<br />

,’B<br />

[K<br />

OKCXP<br />

OFC[ \GDZEG<br />

QKB<br />

LZGX<br />

.FZG\C<br />

OD<br />

OKTC[ O\GB<br />

[VR<br />

GEZK[<br />

OKZXPN<br />

BN<br />

GNCKY<br />

.FZG\<br />

YZ<br />

,OKZXPC<br />

ZIBN<br />

OKNCYP[<br />

\GKCT<br />

OK[MGZG<br />

OKNM<br />

LKZX[<br />

QY\N<br />

,O\GB<br />

[PP[<br />

FND\P<br />

,\GKCTF<br />

HB<br />

OKNGT"<br />

,"OKZXPP<br />

OKNKI\P<br />

QY\N<br />

\B<br />

.OKNMF<br />

HBG<br />

OKMKZX<br />

\B<br />

.FZG\F<br />

KFP<br />

?"FZG\"<br />

\JK[<br />

QGYK\<br />

’D<br />

OKGGY<br />

NT<br />

,\GKCTF<br />

.QYG\PF KNMF N[ KGNKPF \JK[G<br />

LKB ,ZPGNM<br />

.OKMSP [GMZN<br />

ONXBG<br />

GKF BN<br />

.OKMSP<br />

FHKB<br />

LSP<br />

NGMK<br />

,\GKFN<br />

OB<br />

QKB<br />

?\GKCT<br />

YZ<br />

FJK[F<br />

FPXT<br />

F\KF<br />

,\RCGP<br />

NCB<br />

BKF<br />

FPKKY\F<br />

LG\P<br />

G\GMH<br />

N[<br />

.KNMF<br />

TGEP<br />

OFZCB<br />

C[IR<br />

KCB<br />

?FJK[F<br />

\BZYR[ FRGM\F<br />

"ESI"<br />

\BZYR<br />

GFP ."OFZCB"<br />

OFZCB ?"OFZCB"<br />

BZYR<br />

,IGM<br />

FRGM\<br />

,\EIGKP<br />

."OT#"="CB@"<br />

FRGM\F<br />

\EIGKPF<br />

\BHF<br />

\BZYR[<br />

,"CB"<br />

,[BZ<br />

YYG\[K[ KNMN<br />

BKF ,BZGCN<br />

\BZYR<br />

."OFZCB"<br />

,ZPGNM<br />

LG\ ,[BZ<br />

UGSG<br />

N[<br />

,KNMF<br />

OKMKZX<br />

ONGM<br />

YYG\[FN<br />

.BZGCN<br />

[BZFG<br />

,GN[<br />

GRPP[<br />

OKBXGK<br />

LG\<br />

,UGSG<br />

BZYR<br />

;"OFZCB"<br />

F\GB<br />

,FRGM\<br />

OB[<br />

KNMF<br />

NCYP<br />

,F\GB<br />

BGF<br />

BZYR<br />

."NBZ[K"<br />

QMN<br />

BKF<br />

\BZYR<br />

,"OT=CB"<br />

CB"<br />

."FPGBF<br />

GFKP<br />

?"CB"<br />

"CB"<br />

BGF<br />

,YGI<br />

,FRGM\<br />

ZIB[<br />

LM<br />

OKP[KKP<br />

F\GB<br />

NT<br />

NM<br />

,OKNMF<br />

NT<br />

NM<br />

.\GKCTF<br />

OBF<br />

YIXK<br />

BGF<br />

\GKCTF<br />

?FPXT<br />

YIXK<br />

BGF<br />

BN<br />

\GKCTF<br />

,FPXT<br />

BNB<br />

NPS<br />

N[<br />

,\GKCTF<br />

GKNT[<br />

FMKZX<br />

BGCN<br />

\RGM\<br />

.FTV[FF<br />

BGF<br />

GPM<br />

,FZGCD<br />

FZGCDG<br />

BKF<br />

BN<br />

.\GMNP<br />

KP<br />

OF<br />

"OFZCB"<br />

"YIXK"<br />

?"CYTK"<br />

,"OFZCB"<br />

,"YIXK"<br />

,"CYTK"<br />

OF<br />

[GN[<br />

\GRGM\F<br />

\GBXPR[<br />

,[BZC<br />

\GBXPR[<br />

.TCJC<br />

OF<br />

BN<br />

KRC<br />

.OEB<br />

OFZCB<br />

BGF<br />

\RGM\<br />

,ESI<br />

YIXK<br />

BGF<br />

FZGCD<br />

CYTKG<br />

BGF<br />

.\ZBV\<br />

QMN<br />

OF[ ,ZPBR<br />

OKMH<br />

BNG<br />

OKMKZX<br />

.FZG\<br />

OF<br />

BN<br />

OKYGYH<br />

,QGYK\N<br />

OF<br />

FRGM\F<br />

.FPXT<br />

FP<br />

FJK[C<br />

BZYR<br />

,"OFZCB"<br />

FP<br />

"YIXK"<br />

FPG<br />

?"CYTK"<br />

FJK[F<br />

BKF<br />

."CYTK"<br />

"OFZCB"<br />

BGF<br />

F\GB<br />

FRGM\F<br />

FKNB[<br />

.OKYYG\[P<br />

"OFZCB"<br />

BGF<br />

FTV[F<br />

,ECNC<br />

NCB<br />

FTV[F<br />

FMKZX[<br />

BGCN<br />

NT<br />

KRV<br />

.\GKCTF<br />

\GKCTG<br />

FMKZX[<br />

TKDFN<br />

FTV[FN<br />

BKF<br />

."YIXK"<br />

QMN<br />

OFZCB<br />

LKZX<br />

EGYTN<br />

\B<br />

.YIXK<br />

BGF<br />

LKZX<br />

TKCJFN<br />

NGMKCM<br />

\B<br />

\RGM\<br />

FTV[FF<br />

LG\C<br />

.\GKCTF<br />

YIXK<br />

NPSP<br />

\B<br />

,\GKCTF<br />

NCB<br />

\GKCTF<br />

N[<br />

YIXK<br />

BKF<br />

BN<br />

\GKCTF<br />

LG\C[<br />

.UGDF

307<br />

OKGGY ’D QGYK\FG \GCZTF<br />

FNCY KNM BGF YIXKG .FTV[FF \JK[ ,FPXT FJK[F ,[BZ BGF OFZCB<br />

.[BZC \BXPR[ UGDF N[ \GKCT ,ZPGNM .[BZC[<br />

FHKBC ?YIXK NB F\GB YK\TFN NGMK ,ECNC FTV[F BGF[ ,OFZCB LKB<br />

\JK[ KEK NT OKRYG\P GKFK YIXK N[ OKNMF[ NMM .KTXPB GY \ZGXC YZ ?QVGB<br />

FHF FRCPF NM QMNG ."CYTK" BZYKK GNGM KNMF QM ,OFZCBN GPEKK ,OFZCB<br />

.UGDF NTP OKRGKNT OKYGI QKKET GNGM ,ZPGNM ."FCMZP" GB "\GCB" BZYR<br />

FPM ET ,ZPGNM ,OFZCBN \GPEKFN NGMK YIXK[ FC[ FEKPF ?CYTK GFP<br />

FPM :CYTK KVN YZ OKKY\P UGDF NM HBG .\GKCTF NT NTGV FTV[FF YGI<br />

BN QKKET \BHF \NGMKFG .FTV[FF \JK[ \B NCYN QGXZC OKKYN OKNDGSP[<br />

\B :FZG\ OKMKZX BN OF QMN ."\GjH#" \BZYR BKF QMN ."OKNM"N \C[IR<br />

.\GNGTV OG[C LZGX OFN QKB .\GPKGSP \GNGTVN TKDFN LKB FPXT FJK[F<br />

\GKCT ?FZG\F \B OKKYN FNKI\ NJGP OFKNT[ ,OFN[ OKRCF OF KPG<br />

?EIGKP YNI OF TGEPG ."OKKRKTG B\NDND" ,"NBZ[K" \GBZYRF ’B=G [ZG[<br />

,Z\M \GKCT EDRM BNB ,NCYN QGXZN QKKET \MKK[ BN OFC[ \GKCTF[ KRVP<br />

ZKTH ,FRKCE QG\I\ KXI ,OFP FJPNG .FRKCE QGKNT KXI ,FRKCE Z"DG ,FPMGI<br />

\GPGB" \GBZYRF ’E ’D ’C \GKCT .V"IB ,FNCYE OKNM OF ,\GMNPG QKVRB<br />

."ONGTF<br />

OKMKK[ BN OF[ ,ONGTF \GPGB QKC NBZ[K \B OKRGP BN[ ,OKZPGB QMN<br />

\B ZKCTFN KEM YZ ONGTC BXPR[ ,LKK[ BN[ YNI ,EEGCP YNI OF .ONGTN<br />

OEB N[ \KRC\F KVN YGKEC OPXT \B OKRGC NBZ[K OB NCB .QGYK\F \JK[<br />

."ONGTF \GPGB OKTC[" BZYRF ,ONGTF NMN FPDGEG \KRMG\ GH KZF ,QG[BZF<br />

FP NMG EIK \GMNPG QKVRB ZKTHE \GZKVS TC[ :ON[ ZVSP BGF "OKTC["<br />

. OKNNGM OF[<br />

?V"IBF \GKCT \B OKRY\P K\P<br />

QGYK\F[ ,ZPBR QMN .OKKRKTG B\NDND KZIB OKRY\P V"IBF \GKCT \B<br />

,NBZ[KN OKMKK[[ ONGTF \GPGBP GNBN LM ZIB ,NBZ[KN TKDFN OEGY LKZX<br />

.ONGTF \GPGBN UGSC YZG<br />

\GPGBN OEGY FRV BZGCF TGEP ,OKKRKTG B\NDNDP NKI\P QGYK\F OB<br />

?ONGTF<br />

\ZJP[ KRVP ,NBZ[KN LM ZIB YZG ONGTF \GPGBN FNKI\ FRV BZGCF<br />

\B \GRCN ,FBKZCF \C[IPC ZCGEP GKNT[ KNMF .ONGTF \GPGB BKF QGYK\F

\GCZTF<br />

308<br />

,\GKCTF BGF ,FNCYE KNMF BGF ,V"IBF YZ BGF ,QGYK\ GN \\NG BZCRF<br />

KNMF BGF V"IBF .BZGCC GPM FTV[F N[ YGI G\GB OKKY\FN LKZX FC[<br />

.FBKZCF \ZJP \PKKY\P HBG ,BZGCF N[ FCGDN \GNTN CKKI[<br />

FGGFP[ KNM G\GB ,OKKRKTG B\NDND KNC V"IBF \B QY\N Z[VB KB NCB<br />

BNB ,V"IBC OKKRKTG B\NDND N[ YZ BN \GNNM\F [K QMN .ORGYK\N KTXPB<br />

,ZPGNM .FZKC[ ZGCTN NBZ[K \B CKKIP[ FP .OKKRKTG B\NDNDC V"IB N[ OD<br />

QM KZIBG ,NBZ[K \GKFN LKZX FP ,FJPN FNTPNP FPDGE \G[TN OEGY<br />

B\NDNDC V"IBF \GNNM\F OT ,ONGTF \GPGBP OGYNG ZGHIN HBG .ZC[KFN<br />

.V"IBF \B \GRCN \BHF FPDGEF KVNG ,\GRCKFN ,OKKRKTG<br />

LG\P OKND\P \GP[RF KYNI NCB ,NBZ[K OF KP OKBGZ BN GRN[ ONGTC<br />

BGF QKKRTPFG ."NBZ[K" OKBZYRF OF ,BZGCN OKM[PR[ FNBG ,OKZGZKCF<br />

OD[ ONGTF \GPGBC YNIG NBZ[K BZYR[ YNI [K GRN[ ONGTC OD[<br />

OK[GT EIK ONGMG ,\GNNM\FF QFG NBZ[K QF ,EIK GKFK ZCM OF[ ,YYG\[P<br />

.FEGCTF \B<br />

,FNBM \GKGNNM\F GKF BN ,FZKC[ F\KF BN OB .FZKC[FP FBXG\ GHG<br />

BNB \GNDN NBZ[K GBXK BN[ CG\M .V"IBFP OKEEGCP GKF OKKRKTG B\NDNDG<br />

B\NDNDN OKVZJXP[ V"IB O\GB ,ZPGNM ,OKZD \GP[R OFKNB UZXN KEM<br />

\B LM ZIB ,OKKRKTG B\NDNDF \B OKRY\P OEGY KNMF \GjH KVN LMG .OKKRKTG<br />

.V"IBF \B UGSCNG ,OKKRKTG B\NDNDC V"IBF<br />

.Z\GKC OKCTF OKNMF NKC[C ,V"IBF NKC[C ?OKKY ONGTF FP NKC[C NCB<br />

.ONGTN OKMKK[ OKC[IR BN ,’B=G [ZG[ \GKCT ,OKKRKTG B\NDND ,NBZ[K QMNG<br />

NM FND\P[M NCB .V"IBN EIGKPC BNB OFN FETGR BN FBKZCF \ZJP<br />

GPM ZCM FND\P BGF .FGG[C ONGMC FND\P BGF HB ,KNNMF KNMF NMC ,ZGBF<br />

.UGS=QKB \RKICC<br />

OKZ[MGP GKFK[ QG[NG OT OG[ F"CYF BXP BN ,LMKVNG |...~<br />

FEPT O\GCB \GMH[ CYTKG YIXK OFZCB KRC \NGH FZG\F \NCYN<br />

OZJC EGT FZG\F NM GPKKY \GCBF N"HZ GZPB[ GPMG ,OFN<br />

\NGMKF OFN F\KF Q\P[R \GPPGZ LG\P[ G[GZKV[ ,FR\KR[<br />

\TCGRF ,FZG\F N[ F\GKRIGZ \RKICC ’F KMZE NMC BCNG DK[FN<br />

BN[ ,FZG\C[ \GK[TPF N[ ONGSF OEYF KNC ’\K G\GYKCEP<br />

QF YVS KNC[ ,(H"J \GB N"RM) ,NNM OPKKYN \GZ[VBF OFN F\KF

309<br />

OKGGY ’D QGYK\FG \GCZTF<br />

FCZF GNTV ’YF GRK\GCB N[ \K[VRF \GPPGZF QFG KRVGDF LGMKHF<br />

ZGEF G\GBN OFN FEPT GH O\GMHG ,FNB OFKRC KRCG OFKRC NT EBP<br />

FFGCDF FEGCTF \B GKNT NCKY FPGBF KZCIP EIBG EIB NM Z[B<br />

FH OTJPG .TP[RG F[TR BNP FVC ZPB EIBG EIB NMG \BHF<br />

KRC YZ[ ,BXPRG .OKPTF NMP FNGDS OTN IZMF LG\P GRZICR<br />

\GPGB KRC BNG F[GZEF \GCZTC GSRMR ECN \KNBZ[KF FPGBF<br />

LKBG ,BKF \GBKXP KM JG[V FHG ,ZCEC GV\\[F BN KM ,NNM ONGTF<br />

.GKNT YGNIN ZHTNB KCZ NMGK<br />

(J"K \GB "\GCZTF" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

BN \GCBC[ ,"’YF GRK\GCB N[ \K[VRF \GPPGZF QFG" :ZPGB ONGSF NTC<br />

QGXZ BGF[ ,BZGCF .BZCRF \MZTP NTP OKKY[ YGI OF[ ,\GKCT OG[ F\KF<br />

NCYN QGXZC ,BZCRC[ KEMG .NCYN QGXZ BGF[ ,BZCRF \B BZC ,TKV[FN<br />

,"CYTK"G "YIXK" "OFZCB" FHF [NG[PF \GKFN CKKI ,TKV[FN QGXZ OKKY\KG<br />

ET GTP[P[ CGNK[F ,OFKRKC CGNK[FG NCYN QGXZF ,TKV[PF IGMF ,ZPGNM<br />

.BZGCF GPM \GKFN ,TKV[PF GPM EGCTN NGMK NCYN QGXZF FPM<br />

\GDZE NM NT ,"FNB OFKRC KRCG OFKRC NT EBP FCZF GNTV" ,FHF YGIFG<br />

KVM ,\GKCT OFC QKB[ OKNMC QKKET ,OFN[ \GjH#F ,"GH O\GMHG" .\GKCTF<br />

F\GBN ,"ZGEF G\GBN OFN FEPT" ,JBN JBN FJPN FNTPNP N[N\[P[<br />

,FJPN FNTPNP ,\GCZTF N[ FHF YGIF \SKRM OFN FEPT \GI\V\F \DZE<br />

.OKCT Z\GK OKNMN OKMH Z\GK OKNMP<br />

FEGCTF \B GKNT NCKY FPGBF KZCIP EIBG EIB NM Z[B ZGEF G\GBN"<br />

CXP G\GB NT ZCGEP .OKKRKTG B\NDNDF YNI YZ QKKET FKF[ ,"\BHF FFGCDF<br />

N[ \GKCTC YZ FKF[ ,"EIBG EIB NMG" .OKZXP \BKXKC \GKCT JTP GNCKY[<br />

ZPGNG OKGGY ’D N[ FEGCTF \B GPXT NT YK\TFN FKF NGMK ,OKKRKTG B\NDND<br />

."TP[RG F[TR" ,GC FND\P[ \GKCTF NM NT LSPN FRGGMF ,"BNP FVC"<br />

BKF "FTKP[" .TP[RN ,"FP[N"N TKDFN KEM OK[TPF NM \B \G[TN QMGP[<br />

."QHGB" :FRKC \DZE<br />

OKNMF ,OKKRKTG B\NDND ,’B=G [ZG[ \GKCTC GKF OKNMF[ ,"FH OTJPG"<br />

\DZE KVN ,\ZIB \GKFN NGMK BN ,ZPGNM ."IZMF LG\P" GZICR FNBF<br />

OEB" BZYR[ ,BZCRF N[ NGEDF KNMF NMP .OFC[ TCJF KVN ,OFC[ \GKCTF<br />

FXGCY \GKFN ,"OKPTF NMP FNGDS OTN" ,GNECR GNNF OKNMF YZ ,"QG[BZF<br />

.OKNMF Z\K NMP

\GCZTF<br />

310<br />

OFC [K[ ,"NB" "Z[K" OF[ FNB ,"\KNBZ[KF FPGBF KRC YZ[ ,BXPRG"<br />

F[GZEF \GCZTC GSRMR ECN" OF ,FTV[FC BZGCN OKPGE \GKFN \GYYG\[F<br />

.V"IBC OKBXPR[ FNB ,\GZIBF \GPGBF ,"NNM ONGTF \GPGB KRC BNG<br />

ZHTNB KCZ NMGK LKBG ,BKF \GBKXP KM JG[V FHG ,ZCEC GV\\[F BN KM"<br />

FNB[F ?\GCZTN SRMKFN OKCKKI ONGM[ ZPGB ZHTNB KCZ LKB ."GKNT YGNIN<br />

FNB YZ ,\GCZTF \B TXCN CKKI OEGY[ ,YNI G\GBN :FRGGMF KPN BKF<br />

,YNI G\GBN OD GB ,OFN[ OKNMF \GMH KVN ,\EIGKP \GYYG\[F OKNCYP[<br />

?OFC \PPGZ\P[ CNC[ FEGYRF \B ,\BHF \GYYG\[FF \B NCYP LM ZIB[<br />

:’M \GBC ZPGBG LK[PP ONGSF NTC QKKRT G\GBCG<br />

EGSC ONGTF KBC NM \SRMFC FKFK ,ONGTF QGYK\ N[ ZPDF ONGB<br />

’F FKFK BGFF OGKC WZBF NM NT LNPN ’F FKFG ["PM ,’\K G\EGCT<br />

FPM QMG ,FH KRVN BNG "BGFF OGKC" CG\MF YKKEG ,EIB GP[G EIB<br />

.’GDG OKKGDF NM GKNB GZFRG ,’GDG ’F \B FTE WZBF FBNP KM :OKCG\M<br />

N[ OEKYV\N FPGE ONGTF NM KVNM NBZ[K N[ OEKYV\ ONGB<br />

GRK\GCB \GMH[ GPM GRKKFE ,\KNBZ[KF FPGBF KVNM ’YF GRK\GCB<br />

,FZG\F \NCYN OKKGBZ GRK[TR[ ET LMEHFNG I\V\FN GRN FEPT<br />

GRKKF BN HB KM ,FR\KR[ OZJP FZG\F NM GPKKY[ GRK\GCB BNGN[<br />

|...~ QCGPM \GPGBF ZB[P NNM OKICG[P<br />

(’M \GB "\GCZTF" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

BN ,OKGGYF ’D \JK[ \B OPXT NT GNCKY[ KRVN ,’B=G [ZG[ \GKCT ,NBZ[K<br />

OKTC[ .FJK[ OFN F\KF[ TDZP ?OTN F[TR NBZ[K K\PP .OKRYG\P GKF<br />

BN QKKET OF .FRJYF FXGCYF ,FJK[F KNTC OKBZYR OKZXPN GEZK[ [VR<br />

O\GB LVF FPG .SZVC[ OKE[M ZGBC GKI[ OKEGG#R GKF BNB ,OKNBZ[K GC[IR<br />

OKNMF KRV NTG ,’B=G [ZG[ \GKCT \GND\F ,OKZXP \GND \B GZCT[M ?FPGBN<br />

OF HBG ,"CYTK YIXK OFZCB" \JK[ \B GNCKY OF ,’B=G [ZG[ N[ GNNF<br />

. 33 "OTN O\K[TR OGKF" :CG\MF KZCEM ,OTN G[TR<br />

[ZG[ \GKCT OT NBZ[KC FNKI\ F[TR OKGGY ’D \NCY N[ FHF LKNF\ F<br />

NM KVNM G\GB OK[GT ,OKKRKTG B\NDND ,’B=G [ZG[ \GKCT QM KZIBG ,’B=G<br />

.ONGTF \GPGB KVNM NBZ[K OT LM ,NBZ[K OT KVNM \GCBF GPM .ONGTF<br />

\GKCTN FRJY Z\GK \GKCTP :OKGGY ’D N[ FJK[ F\GB \NDND\P \BHM FZGXC<br />

.FNGED Z\GK

311<br />

OKGGY ’D QGYK\FG \GCZTF<br />

;"FP[N \GGXPCG FZG\C YSTF K"T \KNBZ[KF FPGBF NT NJGP QM GPM"<br />

\NJGP \KNBZ[KF FPGBF NT ,FJK[M ,FPDGEM YZ OF[ ,\GCBF GPM BN[<br />

\B ZK[MFN" BZYR FHG ,FTV[FF N[ FHF YGIF \B F\GKCTC OKKYN FCGIF<br />

\B QY\N OKCKKI OKKRKTG B\NDND ,ZPGNM ."GNGM ONGTF KRC \BG OPXT<br />

.FPDGE [P[N YZ BNG ,V"IBF<br />

\CFB N[ GHF FFGCDF FEGCTF \B" ONGM "OFKNT NCYN GI\V\K[ ET"<br />

YNIF ."ZBGCPM ’\K G\GYKCE BKF[ ,FBKZCF \KNM\N ONGSF BGF[ \NGHF<br />

OEB .GPXTC NVJN YZ BNG ,ONGTF N[ KNNMF QGYK\N OGZDN CKKI ,ZZGT\P[<br />

NM QGYK\N OGZDK[ ,FHF UIEF \B ZKCTFN CKKI ,QGYK\N UIE NCYP[<br />

.ONGTF<br />

GNGM ONGTF KRC \BG OPXT \B ZK[MFN OKMKZX OF[ ,ZPGB ONGSF NTC<br />

OK[RTR OF ,\BH G[TK BN OBG .\GCZTF \B OFKNT NCYN GI\V\K[ ET<br />

NM[ ET ,QGYK\F L[PFN OGZDN BNB GRKB OEKYV\ KM ,\ZXTR O\GI\V\FG<br />

.QGYK\N SRMK ONGTF<br />

Z"R \G[TN KEM F[GT NBZ[KP EKIK NM[ FGXPG FGXP NM Z[B ,QVGBC"<br />

OG[N BNG" ,BZGCN FZHIC \G[TN NGMK EIB NM[ FTV[F NM ,"GZXGKN<br />

KRC NM \GI\V\FC ZGTK[ FHKB FHC NTGV BXPR ,\KPXT FCFBG NGPD OGN[\<br />

,EIB NM QMN ,IZMFC \MZTP F\GBC EIK OKZCGIP ONGM[ KRVP ,"ONGTF<br />

.ONGMN \KCGKI \KRIGZ \GI\V\F GN[ FTV[FC OZGD ,GRGXZN Z[Y KNC<br />

."JBN JBN \K\DZEF \GI\V\FC BNB ,\IB \CC F[TR ZCEF QKB KM"<br />

ZGTK[C OKCZ\P[ ET" .ECMN NYP \GKCTF \GDZEC ,FRGGMF "JBN JBN"<br />

."FKGXZF \GMMEHFN ONGTF KRC NM \B TKZMFN GNMGK[ QVGBC FHM NGED<br />

OKNNMR ,ZPGNM ,OKMH GMVFKG OFN[ \GKCTF KRV NT OKMSP GNCYK ONGM[<br />

.FTV[FF \NGTV F\GBC<br />

N"HI \XKNPC FRGMPF GFHG" ,LH \GKFN ONGTF NMN LSPF KEK NT OGZDN<br />

OKNT\P OF LSPF KEK NT ,OKCT Z\GK OKNMF[ NMM ."\GMHN UMF \TZMF<br />

NTC ,FTV[FC OKECGT V"IBF OB ,ZPGNM .OKMH Z\GKG OKFGCD Z\GK OK[TRG<br />

ZGBF .OKKRKTG B\NDNDP FGCD Z\GK OKTKDP OF ,LSPF KEK NT ,TKV[FN \RP<br />

.Z\MF ET TKDP V"IBF N[ ZHGI<br />

UMC NYG[ GPM ZCEF GPKEG ,FKGXZF \GMMEHFF N[ NY[PF ZPDR[ ,ZPGNM"<br />

FP[RF[ ET ."NYG[N FXZRF NY[PF ZPD BGF UMF \TZMF Z[B ,OKRHBP

\GCZTF<br />

312<br />

.FPGYF NMC Z\GKC NGEDF ZGBF ZSI ,QGYK\N \BXGK BN V"IBFP FRGZIBF<br />

LMCG ,Z\GKC NGEDF ZGBF ONGTN TKDP ONGTF \GPGB NM N[ QGYK\C BYGGE QMN<br />

."OKNMG \GZGB LGVF LZT" KVN :BZGCC \GYCEN TKDP ONGTF<br />

FBXG\ ,OKK\[ GB \IB FNGTV GH OBF "ONGTF KRC \BG OPXT \B ZK[MFN"<br />

?OKK\[ GB \IB<br />

\B QFG OPXT \B QF ZK[MFN \GKFN \CKKI FRGGMF .\IB BKF FNGTVF<br />

C[GI BN BGF OB GPXT QGYK\ NT CG[IN NGMK BN OEBF .ONGTF KRC<br />

QM\K LKB .FTV[F FRKB GN[ FRGGMF \ZIB .G\GB QY\PG ONGTF NT NKCYPC<br />

FRKB \BH ?ONGTN CGJ Z\GK FKFK[ \GXZN KNC \KRIGZ FNGTV F[TK OEB[<br />

.\KRIGZ FNGTV<br />

KRVP ,FZCIF LZE .FZCIF LZE BGF BZGCN SIKF ,FNCYC OKZPGB[ KVM<br />

BN CXPC QMN .FTV[FN GPXT \B QGGMP ,FTV[FC SIKK\P OEBF[ IGJC HB[<br />

NT ,FXGCYF NT ,GPXT NT CG[IN ZGPB BGF F[GT OEBF[ FNGTV NMC ,QYG\P<br />

BGF[ ZPGN Z[VB HB ,QGMR GPXT \B CKXP BGF OBG .BZGCF NTG ,ONGTF<br />

OKZCI\P FNBF OKJZVF NM ,FTV[FN TKDP[ OEBC .FTV[FF \ZGXN CZY\P<br />

,EIB GNKC[C OF BZGCF QFG ONGTF QF GN[ FRJYF FZCIF QF HBG .EIBN GC<br />

.OFKRKC GPXT \B YNIN LKZX BN BGFG .NECF OG[ BNN<br />

?BZGCNG ONGTN ,FZCIN SIKK\FN OEBF NT LKB<br />

GPXT \B QGGMN FXGZ[ OEBG .\IB \MZTP NBM OFKNB SIKK\FN GRKNT<br />

GKFK GNNF OKCKMZPF \[GN[[ BNB ,\ZIB \GZ[VB GN QKB ,\K\KPBF FNGTVN<br />

ZB\N GKNT ,FTV[FF \RGM\N \GPEKFN ,BZGCN \GPEKFN FXGZ[ OEB .EIBM<br />

OKGG[ OKBZCRF NM BZGCF ZGCT :OKBZCRN SIKK\P BZGCF LKB GRGKPEC<br />

."OKCGJNG OKTZN CKJKPG CGJ" :CG\M[ GPM ,\IB \MZTP OKGGFPG<br />

FPGE BGF[ ZPGN Q\KR BN ,ONGM QKC FGG[M GPXTN SIKK\P BN OEBF[ ETG<br />

OKYNIN ,GRN \\N KEM YZ ZC[R QG[BZF OEB ,ZPGNM .GF[PC BN GNKVB ,BZGCN<br />

SIKK\P[ OEB ?LKB .BZGCF GPM FRGGM F\GBC GRPXT \B QGGMN \GZ[VB ,GN[<br />

.FTV[FN QGGMP \PBC BGF BZGCF KVNMG ONGM KVNM FGG[ QVGBC<br />

OEB NMN Z[VBN BKF ,QG[BZF OEB \ZKC[N FCKSF ,FZKC[F \ZJP<br />

OKBKCP ?FZJPN OKZGK LKB .FZJPN FTKNYN FPGEC .TKV[FNE FRGGM ZESN<br />

?FRPP FYGIZ FZJPN QKTF \B OKRGGMP LKB .EIB GYN FZJPF \BG QKTF \B

313<br />

OKGGY ’D QGYK\FG \GCZTF<br />

KVNM EIBG QKTF KVNM EIB ,GY QKTP QPGSP FKZKF KNM NT .\RGGMF \ZHTC<br />

.EIB GYN EIK O\GB ZCIN LKZXG ,FZJPF<br />

,BZGCF ,TKV[FNE FRGGMF :TKV[FN \RP NTE \GRGGMF NT NI F[TP G\GBG<br />

FRGGMF FP TEGK GRKB ,G\GKPKRVC GPXT OEBFG .D[GP K\NCG YGIZ BGF<br />

GPXT \B QGGMP BGF OB[ ,GN OKZPGB NCB .GRPP \PNTR BKFG ,GN[ \YKGEPF<br />

.FZCIN YGYH OEBF QMN .EIB GYC QGGMP BGF[ QPKS ,BZGCN FZCIF LZE<br />

FZCI GGFK OKYNI O\GB[ KEM :OKYNIN ZC[R "QG[BZF OEB" QMNG<br />

GB QGMR QGGMP BGF OB ,GPXT \B YGECN NMGK BGF FEK NT[ ,OEBN CKCSP[<br />

LKZX OEBF ,ZPGNM .ORGYK\N OGZDN ODG OEK NT GPXT \B QY\N HBG ,BN<br />

,ZPBR QMN .BZGCF OT \GKFN FXGZ BGF[ OKSIKF O\GBC FZCIF OT \GKFN<br />

\B FZCIC \GBZN LKZX OEBF KM .ZIPF N[ KRBF BKF OGKF N[ FZCIF[<br />

.GN[ BCF CN[F<br />

LMC Y\R\PG ,\KMGRB FC[IPC BXPR BGF GRGYK\ NT C[GI[ OEB OBF<br />

?BZGCFP<br />

GPXT NT CG[IN BN LKBG BZGCN \GPEKFN GKNT LKB GPXT NT FC[IPF<br />

,GPXT QGYK\ NT CG[IN KNC ,OEBF LKB KM .QGYK\C BXPR BGF[ F\GTP[P<br />

\C[IR BNG ,\Z\GP BKF YZ KPXTF QGYK\F NT FC[IPF ?GPXT \B QY\N NMGK<br />

."GPXTN BN" \GKFN LKB FC C[GI OEBF KM ,KPXT NT \KMGRB FC[IPN<br />

?KJZVF GRGYK\ NT YZ CG[IN LKZX OEBF OBF<br />

QGYK\ NT ?CG[IN [K EGT FP NT .OEBN \GKFN FZGPB[ FEKIKF FC[IPF GH<br />

LKB OEBF N[ FC[IPF .ONGTF \B QY\N OKXGZ[ OK[RBF OF OKCZ ?ONGTF<br />

.KPXT \B QY\N LKB FC[IP OD BKF ,BZGCN IGZ \IR OGZDN<br />

GPXT OEBF[M .TKV[PF \GKFN QGXZF ECNP ZCE OKKY BN ,ZCE N[ GVGSC<br />

NT CG[IN HBG ,BZGCN FPGE \GKFN \GXZN GTP[P ,TKV[PF \GKFN FXGZ<br />

KEK NT Z[VB LKB CG[IN BNB ,KN[ NCYN QGXZF NT CG[IN GTP[P QKB ,KPXT<br />

.GPXT NT C[GI BN OEBF HBG .TKV[PF \GKFN NCYN QGXZF<br />

?ZCI QGYK\N FNKV\ KFP<br />

GN ZGHTN OKZCIF N[ QGXZF HB ,FKTC GN [K[ ,[NIR ZCI[ OKBGZ[M<br />

HB ,EIB UGDN OKMKK[ OKZCIF NM[ \GKF ."FNKV\" BZYR ,OFN[ \GC[IPC<br />

,OFN[ QGXZC ?FPC .GN[ FBZCFN OGZDN OKXGZ ,UGDF KYNIN FPGEC OF<br />

.\GBKZC GN OKING[ NGMKCM OF ,OFN[ FC[IPC

\GCZTF<br />

314<br />

\GTZVF<br />

OT<br />

\GEEGP\F<br />

"\GCZTF" ZPBP NT (14.4.2004) FIK[<br />

.FHC FH OKCZT NBZ[K NM[<br />

.J"N \GTGC[ :H"M QKZEFRS<br />

FR\KR BN KM ,FHN FH OKCZT G[TR NBZ[K NM Z[B \GCZTF ZCE GFHG<br />

BGF OKMSP OB NBZ[KP EIBG EIB NM NB[R[ OZJC FZG\F OFN<br />

\CFBG" ,CG\MF ZGTK[C \NGHF \CFB N[ FGXPF \B GKNT NCYN<br />

ä"øò ’âå ’Æ œåà "äłåœ ïœî" łîàîÆ łàÆœîä Øôº) GZGTK[ NMC "LGPM LTZN<br />

EGCTNG DGBEN ,GPXT NT NCYK NBZ[KP EIB NM[ GRKKFE .(äìîÆ äìî<br />

FPP \GIV BN GKMZX NM \GBNPN FPGBF KZCIP EIB NM ETC<br />

|...~ GPXT KMZX ETC DGBEN OEBC TCJGF[<br />

(H"K \GB "\GCZTF" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

NCYN QGXZF OF OKNMF ,FJPN FNTPNP \GZGBFG OKNMF \GI\V\FC<br />

.FTV[FF \ZGX \B ,ZGBF GPM FRGM\ F\GB NCYN CKKI[ ,BZCR[<br />

\GKFN OKTKDP OF[ ET ,OKCN[C OK[TR OKNMF N[ QGYK\FG \GI\V\FF<br />

.\GZGBF GPM<br />

FNTPNP NDND\P BGF O[P .UGS=QKB ONGTC BZCR QG[BZF NCYN QGXZF<br />

.FHF ONGTF ET BCG ZC[R BGF QG[BZF OEBP .QG[BZF OEB ET TKDPG FJPN<br />

OPGEF ZPGIF NMC ,\GTVG\F Q\GB KP[DF ZPGIC ZGCTN OKCKKI FHF ONGTC<br />

.FHF ONGTC[<br />

LG\N GSRMK BZGCF \GRGM\[ :\IB BKF FHF LKNF\F NM N[ FZJPF<br />

NKI\F \G[GRBF \GI\V\F LKNF\ N[ QGZIBF CN[F ,FHF ONGTC .BZCRF<br />

OMZEG ,NBZ[K OT \GKFN \MVGF[ ,OKNCGYP \XGCY GBC GKZIBG ,EIB OEBC<br />

\GPGB QKC NBZ[K \GND" \BZYRF ,BZGCF \TKEK ONGTF NMC FXGVRG \MNGF<br />

\GXGXKRF OT ,OGKSN FTKDP FJPN FNTPNP \G[GRBF \GI\V\F ."ONGTF<br />

,FNTPN FJPNP FEGCTF FNKI\P HB YZG ,ONGTC BZGCF \TKEK N[ GNNF<br />

.ZGBN FZGXF \GG\[FC QY\KFN OKNKI\P OKNMF[<br />

\GKFN YYG\[P[ KP :"FNTPN FJPP" BNB "CYTK" BZYR BN NBZ[K<br />

FNIF ONGTF \GI\V\F .KTXPB GY G\GB NB YYG\[P[ KP BGF NBZ[K

315<br />

\GTZVF OT \GEEGP\F<br />

BZYR \GRJYC[ ,KTXPB GY BGF[ CYTK OFKZIBNG ,YIXK GKZIB ,OFZCBC<br />

CYTK .YIXKG OFZCB \B NNGM BN CYTK ."NBZ[K" BZYR \GNEDCG ,"CYTK"<br />

.YIXKP IZGC NGMKCM[ ,YIXK KRV NT OFZCB \B UKETP[ KP BGF<br />

FH ,EIK YIXKG OFZCB \B NNGMF ,KTXPB GY \GKFN YYG\[P[ KP NCB<br />

BGF ."NBZ[K" BZYR BGF ,QKPK GY \I\ G\GB CKMZPG ,NBP[ GY \B IYGN[<br />

OKNMC [GPK[ ,"OKKRKTG B\NDND" BZYR \GRJY .\GNEDC BNB ,\GRJYC GRKB<br />

,ZPGNM .\GNED ,"NBZ[K" BZYR OKNMF KDGS KR[C [GPK[G .ECNC FTV[FE<br />

GYN TKDFN ,FZJPN YYG\[P[ KP QMN .GNGM "YIXK"F IGMC OK[P\[P[M<br />

."NBZ[K" BZYR ,\GNEDC KTXPB<br />

YYG\[P[ OEB NM[ ,"\GCZTF" ZPBPC ZKCSP ONGSF NTC FZGX F\GBCG<br />

ZKCSPG ,"NBZ[K" BZYR BGF ,\GNEDC KTXPBF GYN TKDFN ,FNTPN FJPNP<br />

EIB FV GPKMSF FPGBF NM[ ZIBG" :NBZ[KM \GKFN TKDFN KBR\F FKF FP<br />

FP ZCE ZSIK BN[ CZT F[TR NBZ[KP EIB NM[ KZF ,TP[RG F[TR GZPBG<br />

FNTPP OKBR\F GN[N\[F LKB ZKCSP BGF ."FPGBF KZCIP ZCI OG[N<br />

.FNTPN FJPNP ZCE G\GB \G[TN GRKNT \TM[ QKKXPG ,FJPN<br />

OG[P ,\NGH BNG FZG\F \NCYN OKKGBZ G[TR HB YZ Z[B |...~<br />

KMZXN GK\GDBE NMP FPGBFP EKIK NM ZJVR \BHF \KNNMF \GCZTC[<br />

Q\KNG GZGTK[ NMC LGPM LTZN \CFBG \GXP OKKYN NGMKG ,GPXT GVGD<br />

GPXT GVGD OGKY ETC EGT DBGE GRKB[ \GKF ,LZXR NMN GN [K[ FP NM<br />

OKBXPR OKRPBR OKCFGB UNB \GBP [[[ BGF IGJCG TEGK KM<br />

|...~ (ä"øò æ"Ł œåàÆ łàåÆîº) ,GNKC[C DGBEN QMF OKEPGT G\CKCSC<br />

(H"K \GB "\GCZTF" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC)<br />

NCYN NMGR GC[ ,ON[ KNM GRN FKFK K\P ,ZPGNM ,FZG\F \NCYN KBR\F GFP<br />

OF NCB ,EIBM OKYNIF NM OKZCGIP GKFK FHF KNMC Z[BM ?ZGBF NM \B<br />

.UNB \GBP [[ GKFK<br />

34<br />

BNB ,ZVSP GRRKB UNB \GBP [[ ? "UNB \GBP [[" ,FHF ZVSPF QMKFP<br />

ZKTHP BC[ ZGBF NM ,ZPGNM .KNMF LG\C \GKFN FMKZX[ ,FPXGTN QPKS BGF<br />

[BZC ,O[ KM ."UNB \GBP [[" BZYR OKNMF \B QY\N \GNKXBE QKVRB<br />

\GBP [[ BGVKB BGF ZVSPF .GNGM KNMF \B QY\P[ ZGBF HGRD ,QKVRB ZKTHE<br />

.ON[ KNMN OKTKDP KM ,UNB

\GCZTF<br />

316<br />

\GI\V\FM FENGR[ OKNCGYP \XGCY F\GBC ?ON[ KNMN QPKSF GFP<br />

G\GBN ZGHIN ,OGKFG ."LGPM LTZN \CFBG" FHF KBR\F OKKY\F ,OFZCBP<br />

\BHF FDZEC \GKFN \YYG\[P[ OKNCGYP \XGCY LG\C YZ Z[VB CXP<br />

Z[VB BNP\P FHF KBR\F[M YZ ."LGPM LTZN \CFBG" KBR\F \B OKKYNG<br />

.GRPXTN FDBEFP ,\KDGNGMKSV FRKICP ,ZJVKFN<br />

OKBXPR OKRPBR OKCFGB UNB \GBP [[" KM F[DZF OEBN \\N KBZIB KP<br />

?"G\CKCSC<br />

QGIJKC ,ZPGNM ,"UNB \GBP [[" N[ F[DZF OEBN \\N FNGMK FXGCY YZ<br />

ZKTH GPM BGF OEB NM[ KRVP ,GC \GKFN OKNGMK[ \GRGXZF NM EDRM BNP<br />

OEBC BNB .OKYNI O\GB OKNNGM ,FNGM FBKZCF QFG EKIKF OEBF QF .QKVRB<br />

OKRVC OEBF NXB OD QMN ."LKZB"C ,NGEDC OF FBKZCF NMCG ,"ZKTH"C OF<br />

YVSN ZGPB BGF[ ,\GRGXZ KYNI GB ,\GRGXZ ,OKYNI UNB \GBP [[ OKPKKY<br />

.GRPP \GNT\FN GN Z[VBK FHF KNNMF QGXZF[ KEM ,ONGM \B<br />

OKCCGSF UNB \GBP [[P \GCZTF IGM \B NCYN ,QM OB ,ZGPB EIB NM<br />

FZGPB[ F[DZFF \PXGTN BNB ,K[PP OK[RB ZVSPN FRGGMF QKBG .G\GB<br />

\B GFTZN YVSN NGMK [KB OB ,OK[RB KR[ N[ FXGCYC GNKVB .OEBC \GKFN<br />

QG[BZF KTCJ QVGBC KZF ,GPXTN Z[BP Z\GK GN DBEK BGF[ QGIJKCF<br />

.DGBEN YKSVP<br />

OKZCI KR[ OB ,N[PN .GRC FKGN\ FRKB[ ,\KTCJ FZGXC FZGY FHF KGRK[F<br />

\BHM FEKPC GZCI KMZX \B YVSP EIBFG ,FC OKYI[PG \GCZTC OKYSGT<br />

,"BGCKZ OK[K[" GN YVSP BGF[ TP[P ,GPXTN Z\GK DBGE BN ZCIF[<br />

KVNM BNPP BGF LMC ,ZPGNM .GC[ \GRGXZF UNB \GBP [[ NM \B GN BNPP[<br />

.OKRPBR OKZCI UNB \GBP [[ N[ EKYV\ ZCIF<br />

,FPXGTF N[ NPS FH .K[PP ZVSP BNG QPKS FH "UNB \GBP [["<br />

.FTV[FC YGSTN NMGKG TDZKK GN[ NCYN QGXZF[ KEM EIB NMN YVSN OKCKKI[<br />

?F[DZF N[ GHM FPXGT \NGHN YKRTFN Z[VB LKB<br />

\BHF F[DZFF \PXGT \B \NGHN YVSN Z[VB[ GR\GB EPNP ONGSF NTC<br />

,FCFB N[ \GRG[ \GZGX GKVNM OKTKCPG \NGHF NT OKC[GI OB .FCFBC YZ<br />

BN KGN\ BN FHF QGIJKCFG .G\GB OKBNPP[ IGJC F[TR ZCIF FHF SIKFP<br />

.FCFBC U\G[PF YGSKTC BNB GKZCIC BNG GC

317<br />

\GTZVF OT \GEEGP\F<br />

.\NGHF KVNM TKV[FN QGXZ N[ ,FTV[F N[ \KRGXKI FTCF \BZYR "FCFB"<br />

OKTKV[P OBG .GN OKTKV[P[ [KDZFN NKI\P BGF ,FCFB GKVNM OKRKDVP OB<br />

OKBNPPG ,UNB \GBP [[ N[ EKYV\ OKBNPP[ GTP[P ,FBNP FEKPC GN<br />

NCYN QGXZF \KTCJ FZGXC HBG .UNB \GBP [[ N[ FPXGTC GB ZVSPC G\GB<br />

.GKNBP TDZR GN[<br />

OKYVSP OKZCIF[ KRVP TDZR BN BGF ?\GIGM GNKB \ZHTC ?TDZR BGF FPP<br />

UGXZVC GPM GN TKV[FN FNGTV F\GB OK[GT OKZCIF[ KRVP BNB ,\GIGM GN<br />

FZGX F\GBPG .\KEEF FTV[FC OKBXPR OF GC[ ,QG[BZF OEB FRCPC ,QGKNTF<br />

FZGXF KVNM OKSIKF O\GBC OKBXPRG OKRYG\P OF FC[ ,OFN[ FRGKNT<br />

NCB ,FTV[FC OKBXPR BNG OKRYG\P BN OF FC[ ,OFN[ FRG\I\F<br />

."UKYP ZGB" BZYR[ ZGB FNTPNP BC ,FRGKNTF FZGXN TKDFN OKYYG\[P<br />

\RYG\P FRKB[ ,\K\KPB FRKB[ FKJR ,ZCIF \B CGFBN FKJR F\GB LG\CG<br />

ZGBF ZKBP ,CGFBN FKJR F\GB LG\C ,F\GB \G[TN OKNDZ\P[ NCB ,QKKET<br />

OKBXPR BN OB GNKVB ZKBFN NGMKG ,YGIZP ZKBP ,"UKYP" BGF[ KRVP ,UKYP<br />

.ZCIN FCFB N[ \RYG\P FZGXC QKKET<br />

NGMKCM OKZCIF[ ,QGIJKCF \[DZF \B ZCIN Q\GR[ FP BGF FHF ZGBFG<br />

TKV[FN OEBF N[ QGXZF ,ZPGNM .GN[ KNMF \B OKBNPPG GN OKTKV[P<br />

.K\KPB QGXZ GRKB QKKET FHF QGXZF KM UB ,GZCI KVNM UKYP ZGB QGGMP G\NGHN<br />

.GKVNM ZGBF \TV[F KNTC OK[TR ,ZCIN TKV[FN OKYYG\[P OB NCB<br />

?GPXT ZGBF N[ F[GI\F QKCN \GCZTF QKC NECFF FP<br />

QKKET ,\KDGNGMKSV BKF ,F\GB FGGI OEB OB ZGBF \[GI\[ ,BGF NECFF<br />

.GN[ OKKP[DF \GRGXZF \B TKDZFN LKZX KZF OEBF .\KRIGZ F[GI\ BN<br />

ZGBF YVSP[ \GRGXZ ,OGSIPP FJPN OKBXPR[ \GRGXZN ,FRGGMF "OKKP[D"<br />

NM GPM ,\JTGP FZBF OFN \R\KR BNB ,[PP ZGB OFC ZKBP BN[ ,UKYP<br />

.OGSIPN NTP FZGYP[ ,YGIZP FBC[ FZBFN \GEGF KI[ ,GRN[ ONGTF<br />

OKNMF \PXGT N[ F[DZF BKF OGSIPP FNTPN OKNCYP[ F[DZFF NCB<br />

OKSIKFG ,OKKGND OKNMFG \GZGBF[M ,FKGND ,\K\KPB FZGXC \GZGBFG<br />

OF OEBF \B OKBNPP[ \GZGBFG .OKMSPF KEK NT BGF OFKRKC Z[YFG<br />

OT OKSIKN FPGEC .OFN[ ZGYPF BGF KM ,BZGCF \[DZF \B GN OKR\GR[<br />

\MZTP \GI\V\F GH ,OGSIPF NTP ZPGNM ,KGNDC OK[IZ\PF \KCF NTC<br />

.KGNKDC ,FBGNPC OFKRKC OKSIKF

\GCZTF<br />

318<br />

YZ FR[K ,"FZG\" BZYR[ KNMC FND\P[ ,QG[BZF ZGBF \NCY KRVNG<br />

GBXK[ OK[RBF .OKVKYPF \GZGBF KEK NT OKNMF QGYK\ BKF[ ,\GCZTF<br />

,ZCEPC GFTZN [KB YVSN OKNGMK OF FP ,OGNM KNC FRPP GIZC[ ,OKZXPP<br />

FHN FH YVSN OKNGMK ZIPN QGIJKC FHKB ?ZCE FKF BN OFP [KBN Z[BM<br />

OKNGMK OF FPC ?[BGR OCXP[ ,OKMRG OKENK ,OKRYH ,OK[R ,[KB QGKNKP F[GN[<br />

NMF LKN[FN Z[VB LKB ?[GBKC KNGB ?ZPGIF NTP \GKFN KEM OKIGJC [KDZFN<br />

.\GBEG ZSGIP \GKV[F \B ECBN Z[VB KZF ?FKFK FP \TEN KNC<br />

KGSKMG BNP QGIJKC \[DZF GFTZN [KB OKYVSP OF ,FHF CXPC BYGGE<br />

NNGM ,GNGM ONGTC JNG[F LNP EIB NM GNKBM ,GKFK BN[ \GRGXZF NM NT BNP<br />

YVSN EGZK LM NM CXPP Z[VB LKB .IGM OG[ GKNTP QKB GNKBMG ,GN[ GKKI<br />

NDGSP BN OFP EIB UB KZF ?F\GB YVSP KPG ?FFGCD LM NM F[DZF<br />

HB[ ,IGMF BGF \GCZTF IGM BNB .ZIPF OGKN OIN \SGZV GFTZN IKJCFN<br />

.ONGM \B BNPPG WZGV<br />

?\KRIGZ \GYYG\[F \ZXGR \KDGNGMKSV F[DZFP LKB<br />

G\PXGTC ZGBF GRKB QKKET BGF[ KRVP KDGNGMKSV KGNKP FRGMP FHF KGNKPF<br />

FTVG\ N[ \G[IZ\FM ,\GCZTF \B OKZB\P QMN .FKGNDF FZGXC G\TVGFCG<br />

IGMF[ ,ZGBF QP TDGZF ZGYP[ OKTEGK BN EGTG OKTDZR ,ZPGNM ,\KDGNGMKSV<br />

,FHF QGIJKCF ZGB FND\P[ KZIB NCB .BZGCFP BC OFKRKC FND\P[ FHF<br />

BNPP FRKCF ZGB GNKBM KGSKM [K NCYN QGXZNG NMFP OKIGJC OK[KDZP[M<br />

.D"S C"T ZGB TKDP ZCM HB ,KGNKPN FDBEP TDZKFN OFN Q\GRG OKNMF \B<br />

?UNB \GBP [[ N[ FPXGTN ONGTC OKZGHV[ \GRGXZ EIBN Z[VB EXKM<br />

\PXGT NT TKCXP[ ZVSP ZGPBM GFH ,(BGCKZ OK[K[ GB) UNB \GBP [[<br />

ZGEM NM KRV NT OKZHGVP GRB OB \BHF FPXGTN TKDFN Z[VB LKB .BNPF QGYK\F<br />

YIZPC OKBXPRG GNGM ONGTC OKZHGVP OKZCIF GC[ ,FHF CXPF BYGGE ?WZBF<br />

.\GCZTF KBR\ \B \GRCN Z[VBP[ BGF ,OFKRKC EKZVP ONGTFG FHP FH ZMKR<br />

."[VR" ,"FR[" ,"ONGT" OKBZYRF OKEEP F[GN[P KGRC GRN[ ONGTF<br />

ONGM Z[BM .OGYPG FTGR\ ,QPHM OEBC OK[DZGP NNM LZEC FNB OKRG\R<br />

OZHV\FCG ,\PKGSP ZGCKI \PZ ET EIK OKZCI\P OF ONGTF NMP OKVSBR<br />

.OGYPFG FTGR\F ,QPHF OFRKC EKZVFN OKZHGI<br />

FE[N FPGEC ,FTGR\ F\GBC GKF ONGM ,GSRM\F Z[BM ?"FTGR\" [GZKV FP<br />

NMC OKBXPR ONGM \TMG .EIB QGGKMN EIK \GTR OKNGCK[F NM GC[ ,FJKI N[

319<br />

\GTZVF OT \GEEGP\F<br />

FTGR\C ,ZIB OGYPC ,GN[ ONGTF TKV[P EIB NM NT .\GRG[ \GTGR\ KRKP<br />

.\GEKZKG \GKNTN GN[P IGN EIB NMN .ZIB QPHCG ,\ZIB<br />

OKZJPZVF \[GN[ \B NNGM[ GRN[ ONGTF ,OGYPG FTGR\ QPH \GZPN OBG<br />

OB QKKET ,FYKVSP BNG FNGED BN KNGB \KBZR[ ,\GEIB F\GB FRGC GNNF<br />

NKI\FN KEM FYKVSP \BHF \GEIBF HB Z[Y N[ FEKP F\GB NT OKZPG[<br />

.KRIGZF FCGDN \GNTN<br />

,\PKGSP \KRIGZ FKNT F\KF \GSRM\FC .\GVXN GRKNT \BHF FKNTNG<br />

KZIB NCB .(FNTPNP \GZZGT\F) BNKTNE B\GZT\BPG \PEGY FRMFP FTCR[<br />

NT \ZCD\PF \GKCTF OT ZGP[N KEM EGCTN EIB NM LKZX \BHF FKNTF<br />

GRC OKKY\KG WGZVK \PBC HB[ ,"KRKS ZF" \BZYRF FEKP ET FKNTF F\GB<br />

.\GCZTF KBR\<br />

OKCKKI FHN OB\FCG .EGBP \KRKXZ FEGCT N[ ,FEGCT N[ QPH NKI\P \TM<br />

\GBRES N[ ,\GCK[K N[ ,OKZGTK[ N[ ,ONGT \GYCGI \GKNNM \GMZTP TGCYN<br />

EIK QKKET OKBXPR OKZCIF NM GNKBM ,\BHM FZGXC GPKKY\K[ ,\GKPGBNRKC<br />

.FEGCTF GH \GNNMC .GZHI GRPP[ OGYP G\GBC<br />

F[Y TDZM .FND\K JTP EGT ?\MZTPF NM \B \GRCN LKZX FZGX GHKBC<br />

[IZ\K LKNF\F[ QCGPM NCB .LKNF\F [IZ\K OKRVGB FHKBC ZPGN GNKVB<br />

GF[[ QPHC OKZCIF QKC FKF[ ZGCKI G\GB \B ZGXKN NGMK[ ,KTXPB NMC<br />

,OK[RBF NT WGINNG ,BGCN \GNKI\P[ \GTZVFF NM \B QGC[IC BKCP[ ,EIK<br />

,\RGGMPF ’F EK \B [PP [KDZFN LKZX GNNF \GTZVFF NMC .OFKRKC EKZVFNG<br />

.IKNXR ,QFKNT ZCD\R OB[ LM<br />

FXGCYF[ ,QVGBCG FPXGTC ,FZGXC YGKEC \GTZVFF \B Q\GR BZGCF<br />

,\GTZVFF DGSC ZPGNM .\GCZTN GNBF OKBR\C BYGGE TKDFN KEM QFN FYGYH<br />

ZGHTN LKZX EIB NM GC QVGBC ,OKRG[F \GPGYPC ,OFN[ KVGBC ,O\PXGTC<br />

FZGXC FEGCTF \B OK[GT ,OKXGZ BN GB OKXGZ ,LMC .\GXGCYF NMN<br />

LKZX FVKB GRN FBZP BZGCF GNNF \GTZVFC .GRKRKC OKSIKF QGGDPC ,\RGGMP<br />

.ZCI\FNG TKY[FN<br />

?[EIF CXPF KVNM FRGMR FEGCTC OKBXPR[ \TEN Z[VB LKB<br />

ZT OEB .FDBEG \GKZIB ,FRCF \GKFN NM OEGY \CKKI \BHF FEGCTC<br />

YHIN \GRGGDP OKMZE BGXPN NGMK ,GKNB UBG[G FHF CXPF NT C[GI[ ,TEGPG<br />

DGBEN FHF Z[YF KRV NTG ,Z[YN QGXZF \B KR[F EXC ZZGTNG ,Z[YF \B

\GCZTF<br />

320<br />

\GRCN LKB [GIR ,\BHF FEGCTC YPT\R OBG .U\G[PF KNMNG FCFBF KKGJKCN<br />

KNMF \PXGT FND\PG \MNGF LKB [KDZFN NKI\R OFCG ,GNNF OKZ[YF \B<br />

.U\G[PF<br />

\B [KDZFN OKNGMK BN QKKET ,EIB OGYPC EIK ONGM OKBXPR[ QPHC<br />

.[ZG[ \DZE YZ FND\P EIK OKBXPR Z[BM KM .[DZFG ZGBF ,FPXGTF \XKZV<br />

OK[KDZP GC[ ,"Z[C" OKNCYP ,\GKCT FKNB OKVZXP Z[BM ,QM KZIB NCB<br />

\B [KDZFN OKNKI\P OMG\C[ ,\G[DZFG OKSIKF \PXGT NM \GND\F \B<br />

.GNNF OKSIKF LG\C NTGV[ ,BZGCF<br />

.OKBZCRF QKC BZGCF \GNGTV KGNKD BGF ZGBF .ZGB O\S BN BGF ZGBF<br />

.ONGM QKC OKSIKC ,\K[PPG FKGND FZGXC ,[GIC \GNDN OKNKI\P G\GBG<br />

.G\GB \GNDN OKNKI\P OFCG ,BZGCF OF OKZCIF NM QKC[ GNNF OKZ[YFG<br />

\B FNDR ,OKZCIF QKC Z[YF \B YHING [KDZFN U\G[PF WPBPC ,ZPGNM<br />

UIGE BGF GC[ QVGBF \BG OKBZCRN GN[ SIKF \B ,BZGCF N[ \MZTPF<br />

.GR\GB ZESPG LZGTG GR\GB<br />

,FR\P OEBN OKR\GR \C[C .\C[N \C[P FZGY[ GPM ,[EIP OTV NM LM<br />

L[PC LM ZIBG .FR\PM GC [DZGP[ ,OKGSP KGNKP ,FNTPNP \PKGSP FPXGT<br />

\C[N \C[P FKNTF .FNGT BGF GKRV NT ,KGNKP G\GB OT ECGT BGF OB ,TGC[F<br />

ZVSP BGF "UNB" . 35 "NGIE QKPGK UNB" ZPBR QMN .NGI KPK KEK NT BKF<br />

.OKNGT[ FKNTF \PXGT \B NPSPF<br />

36<br />

,GREXP FRMFG FTY[F KZIB : "TZGV KRBG KNB GRV" EKP\ BGF LKNF\F<br />

\NCY OT .FR\PF \B GRN GR\K[ KEM ,ZCI\FN \GRPEHF OKR\GR ,\GIGM OKNCYP<br />

KRV NT ,OKNCYP[ FP OT EGCTN LKZX FKZIBG ,\KPKRV FRKTJ GRNCKY ,FR\PF<br />

.OKZCIF QKC \GND\P[ \GTZVFF KRV NTG ,EIB NMC FND\P[ \GKCTF<br />

,ONGMC[ OKCXPF \B ,\ZCD\P[ \GKCTFG \GTZVFF \B ZESP ZCM BZGCFG<br />

.OKZCIF QKC ZGCKIF \B \G[TN OEDRMG ,NVJN LKZX OFC YZ[ \BHM FZGXC<br />

\TMG .ONGM QKC ZGCKIF QPHC GN F\KF[ F[DZF F\GBP O[GZ ZB[R EIB NMC<br />

.\GTZVFF NM KRV NT ,\KPKRV F[DZF F\GBN TKDFN LKZX BGF<br />

\GVKSBC :OKRPHF Z\KCG OKEGPKNF QPHC [EIN LKZX \KPKRV F[DZF F\GB<br />

QKCG \GVKSBF QKC ,OKZ[YF QKC[ OKPKC ODG .OKZCIF QKC OKZIB OKZ[YCG<br />

.[IZ\\ \GND\FF ,Z\GK ZFP IKNXR[ NMMG ,F[EIN IKNXR OB .OKEGPKNF<br />

EDRM EGCTN OKCKKI \BH NMC[ KRVP ,GF[PC YZ IKNXR OB OD [IZ\\ BKF

321<br />

\GTZVF OT \GEEGP\F<br />

\GNDN OKNKI\P QFKRV NT EKPG ,\GZCD\P[ \GTZVF EDRM ,\ZCD\P[ \GKCT<br />

.\GYGNBF \GND\F \B<br />

FND\\ \BHF \GEDR\FF LG\C HBG ,CN \PG[\ ,[DZ Z\GK JTP YZ LKZX<br />

,NP[I OKPKZHP \GEDR\FF LZE OB ,KNP[I NDTPC EDR#N FPGEC .\GYGNBF<br />

\GTZVF Z\GK GKFK[ NMM .FPXGTF \B OKNDP GCG ,EGCTN NKI\P BGF HB<br />

GZ[Y\K \GTZVFF \GZPNG OFN GEDR\K OKZCIFG ,OKZCIF QKC \GKGEDR\FG<br />

.BZGCF FND\K \GKGEDR\FF Q\GBC LM ,OFKRKC<br />

\EKPN OB\FC ,JBN JBN \GTZVF Q\GR BZGCF .FNGED FKF\ BN FTZVFF<br />

KNMF \PXGT NM FC FND\\[ ET ,FNT\G LN\ \BHF \GEDR\FF ,L[PFC .\GRGMRF<br />

Z\GK GRN QKB ,\GP[RF QKC \BHF FEGCTFP WGIG .K"IRZRN TKDR HBG ,FCTF KPNGTF<br />

.QG[BZF OEB \ZKC[ EDRM BKF \GP[RF QKC FEGCTF KM ,\G[TN FP<br />

?\GTZVFN \GEDR\FC F[GZEF CN \PG[\ F\GB KFP<br />

ZZGTP BZGCF[ ,\GTZVFN \GEDR\FC OK[GT[ FEGCTN ,WPBPN CN OK[N [K<br />

[KB EKZVP BZGCF .ONGTC OKRG[ \GPGYPN O\GB ING[[ ZIBN ,OKZCIF QKC<br />

F\KF[ GPM \GIVN ,Z[Y \EKP F\GBN OKZHGI OF \BH \GZPN ,GFTZP<br />

,\IB \V\G[P FKNTC ,EIB OGYPCG QPHC ,KR[N EIB OKCGZY GKF[M OFKRKC<br />

.OFKRKC FEZVF BNN ,\GKRIGZF KVNM F\GB G[KDZF[ ,\IB FTGR\C<br />

,OGYPG FTGR\ QPH N[ FNBF \GTZVFF [GN[ NT OKZCD\P \BH NMC OB<br />

\GTZVFN \GEDR\FC OKTKY[P[ FEGCTF KRV NT ,\BHF \GEDR\FF KRV NT HB<br />

OK[N [K .GRKVNM BZGCF N[ SIKF \B OKNDP \BHF \GEDR\FF LG\CG ,FNBF<br />

QPH" BZYR[ EDR# G\GB ,OKZCIF QKC FND\P[ FHF EDR#F LG\C KM .FKNB CN<br />

.BZGCF \B OKNDP O[ ,"OGYPG FTGR\<br />

BGF BZGCF KM .OFKRKC Z[YC BNB ,OKBZCRF LG\C FND\P BN BZGCF<br />

BN FID[FG FDFRFG .FID[FFG FDFRFF N[ KNNMF YGIF ,KNNMF Z[YF<br />

,FNCYF \PMGIC OKEPGN[ GPM .OFKNTP BNB ,OKZCIFP EIB NMC \GND\P<br />

,ZPGNM .Z[K ZGBF FND\P ZHGI ZGBF LG\CG ZHGI ZGB GKNTPG LSP [K[<br />

KVNM EIB NM N[ \KPXTF \GEDR\FC BNB ,EIB NMC FND\P BN BZGCF<br />

.BZGCF FND\P FHF ZHGIF ZGBC ;ZCIF<br />

?OKNMF \KKRC \K[TR K\P<br />

KVM ,"OKRCNG ZPGI" LKZX FKRCN .FEZVFF QPHC \K[TR OKNMF \KKRC<br />

KNC ,FKRCC FEGCT EGTG EGT OKVKSGP ,OKPEY\P[ NMM NCB .OKZXPC G[T[

\GCZTF<br />

322<br />

BZYR<br />

ZCEFG<br />

,OKNMF<br />

\B<br />

\GRCN<br />

KEM<br />

,JKJ<br />

BNG<br />

[Y<br />

BN<br />

ZPGI<br />

OG[ \\N<br />

."FECMF"<br />

?\GCZTF FBC FP EDRM<br />

QGXZ OF OEBF N[ \GRGXZF .OEBF N[ \GRGXZF EDRM FRKB \GCZTF<br />

OB NCB .OKZIBN BNG KPXTN \GRFKN FRGGMF ,OKKNZJKR \GRGXZ OFG \GRFKN<br />

G\GB CFGB GZCI[ TEGK OEBF OB .ZIB GF[P FZGY O[ ,FCFB NT ZCGEP<br />

.DGRT\ ZCIN YVSN KEM ,\GRFKN CKGIP BGF HB ,GKNT YZ NM\SPG<br />

NTP BXPR[ FP BKF FRGGMG .OPXT \GRGXZC BNG ,FRGGMC FND\P NMF<br />

GC[ ,ZHGI ZGBM BKF HB ,ZIBFF KVNM BKF FRGGMF OB .ZHGI ZGBM ,QGXZF<br />

NMG .OFKRKC SIKFG KNMG ZGBP Z\GK QKB ,EIB BGF NNMF .Z[K ZGB FND\P<br />

.BZCR KVNM BZGC GPM BGF ,GFTZ KVNM [KB<br />

?OGYP FTGR\ QPH OFP<br />

OF ."OGYP" ,"FTGR\" ,"QPH" OKBZYRF GRN[ ONGTF N[ OKEPKPF \[GN[<br />

F[DZFF LG\C ,\K\GFP FTZVF N[ BNB OKPGEP OKYIZP N[ OKEPKP BN<br />

,\TEN KNC GF[NM CXPC BXPR OEBF ."FHF ONGTF" \BZYR[ GRN[ \KIMGRF<br />

[KDZP BGF LKB ,GCXPP \GP[Z\F NCYP BGF NCB ,"KCKCS FP"G "KRB KP"<br />

GC OKRGC FNB .OGYPG FTGR\ ,QPH N[ FNBF OKEPKPF \[GN[C ,GPXT \B<br />

SVG\ BGF GC[ QVGBF \B ;GN[ [BZF \B ,GN[ KNMF \B ,ONGTF \[DZF \B<br />

.\GBKXPF \B<br />

ZESN CKKI ,BZGCF KVNM QGMR GN[ \GBKXPF \B EKPTFN FXGZ[ OEB<br />

GR\DZEC .GPNGT LG\C FND\P BZGCF HBG ,BZGCF NB FRGGMF OT F\GB<br />

OEBF KNMF \B .KNMC ,UKYP ZGBM ,\EIGKP FZGXC FND\P BZGCF ,\KIMGRF<br />

GNKBM O\GB QGGMP BGF ,GPXTN QKKPEP BGF[ OGYPG FTGR\ ,QPH[ ,LM ZESP<br />

,\GRGXZ BN OD ,ZCE OG[ TCGY BN OEBF .OKZIBF KVNM OKBXPR BN OF[<br />

TDZ NMC ,OGYPG FTGR\ ,QPH N[ FNBF \GTZVFF NM NT ZCD\FN NE\[P YZG<br />

.GC ZZGT\P[ FP KVN<br />

?\GCZTF KBR\ \B NCYN WPBPC OKZCI U\[P OEBF EXKM<br />

,CYTKG YIXK OFZCB QPHP FZG\F NCYN NNM OKRMGP GKF BN FH OTJPG"<br />

GNCKY OF ,ZPGNM ,"FPXT KRVC FPKN[ FPGBN GKFG OKZXPP GBXK[ ET BNB<br />

YZ BKF[ ,CYTKG YIXK OFZCB N[ ,[ZG[E \GKCT F\GB \PGTN ,\GKCT FCZF<br />

KNC GKMZX NMC IJCGP ’KFK EIB NM[ \GBKXPF F\[TR HB KM" .ZGCKTF CXP

323<br />

\GTZVF OT \GEEGP\F<br />

BZYR[ ,QJYFG [EIF QGXZF N[ \GBKXP F\GB ."NNM ZGFZFG FDBE OG[<br />

QGXZF LG\C TCJR[ LMC ,\GKCT ZCT[ ,"OKGGY ’D" ,"CYTK YIXK OFZCB"<br />

KRV NT GZCD\F OF[ KRVP IJCGP F[TR EIB NM ."OKZXP" BZYRF NCYN<br />

,OFZCB ,OKGGYF \[GN[ KM ,EIK CG[ OKBXPR OF[ GNKBM ,FHF NCYN QGXZF<br />

FNGMK ,"OKGGY ’D" \BZYR[ \BHF FEGYRF LG\C QMN .EIK OF ,CYTK ,YIXK<br />

NM FND\K GC[ ,ON[ KNMC "\GCZT" \BZYRF FTVG\ F\GB \GND\FN ZCM<br />

."FZG\" BZYRF ,ZGBF<br />

\GKCTF \B OKRGY GKF BN GNKB ,ZPGNM ,OKZXPN OKEZGK GKF BN GNKBG<br />

OKNGMK GKF BN HB ,\GCZT G[TG QFKNT GZCD\F[ ,\GTZVF Q\GB KEK NT \BHF<br />

,\KNP[I \GEDR\F GPM ,\BHF \GEDR\FC KM .BZGCF \GND\F \B NCYN<br />

FPG .BZGCF \GND\FN NGMK ,FHF NCYN QGXZC ,"OKZXP \GTZVF" \BZYR[<br />

,ON[ ,QJY ZVSP ,OKZXPN OKEZGK[ "[VR OK[K[" QKC BGF NECFF ?NECFF<br />

TC[ GZCT .ON[ KNM \PGTN FEGYR :"BGCKZ OK[K["N O\MKVF QKCN ,EIB<br />

NM KRV NT ,K\KPBF KNMF \KKRC F[IZ\F ,ZPGNM ,CTZ \GR[ TC[G TCG[ \GR[<br />

.OEBN \GRVN LKBG FVKB YGKEC TEGK[ ,NCYN QGXZF \JKN[ KRV NT ,\GTZVFF<br />

,FEGCTC FECMF \\N K\PG ,OKRCF NM \B DGZFN K\P TCY[ FTZV G\GB OY<br />

KDGS NM \B OEBN BKCFN KEM \PMIG\P FZGXC ECGT NCYN QGXZF .EGTG<br />

BGF GNBF \GTZVFF NM KRV NT YGKEC[ ,GC \GND\FN \GMKZX[ \GTZVFF<br />

.OKRGYK\F \B \G[TN ZGPB<br />

BXPR NCYN QGXZF QKKET[ :"OKKZXPF QKC OKCZGTP EGT O\GKFC M"B[P"<br />

OKGSP YNI Z[B BGF IZMF" HB ,\GCZT N[ QGYK\ GKNT G[T BN EGTG ,OFC<br />

,"\KPXT FCFB OKBNPF GNNF OKBZVF OKZMRF KEKC ZGSP FKF OFKMZXP<br />

BGF[ FNBM \GRGXZ QKKET GN [K BNB ,OKZIBN KZPDN ZGSP BN OEBF ,ZPGNM<br />

OKZMRF KEKC ZGSPF ZGTK[ G\GB[ BXPRG" .\KJSKBGDB FZGXC OFN DBGE<br />

DBGE OEBF[ \GRGXZF O\GBC :"NBZ[KP EKIK NMN NNM IJCGP K\NC FKFK<br />

GKZCI KM" .BZGCN Z[K ,"NB"N "Z[K" QGGMP[ ,"NBZ[K" BZYR BN BGF GPXTN<br />

ZSGP BN OEBF ."OFKEKC ORKB[ OG[P GNB GKZGSIP GN \GBNPN GNMGK BN<br />

OF[ ,O\GB GBNPK OF[ ,GKZCI KEKC ,OKZIB OK[RB KEKC GK\GRGXZ \B<br />

.GPXTC OFN DBGE BGF BNB ,QGIJKCF \B GN GYVSK<br />

NNM Z[MGP GRKB GPXT GK\GDBEC EZJGP EKIKF[ EGT NM[ ZBC\R ZCMG"<br />

D[GPN TKDFN ,ZPGNM ."LGPM LTZN \CFBG N[ FGXPF OGKYC NKI\FN GNKVB<br />

,GN[ OKNMF \B ZCIN IG\VN CKKI OEBF .\KEEF FEGCT GH "\GCZT" BZYR[

\GCZTF<br />

324<br />

,ZCIF NT BNB GPXT NT C[GI BN OEBF .O\GB BNPK BGFG ,OFN DBEK BGF[<br />

YZ .G\NGH \B BNPN LKB BNB ,GPXT NT C[GI BN ZCIFG .G\GB BNPN LKB<br />

\GIK\VCG BNP QGIJKCC :ZPGNM ,\GCZTF KBR\ \B NCYN Z[VB \BH FZGXC<br />

N[ CXP DK[FN QGXZC ,FRK\RC BNP QVGBC U\\[P BN OEBF OB KM .FBNP<br />

KGNKPF \[DZF \B GN YVSN GNMGK BN OKZCIF ,GPXT \B I\GV BNG ,FTV[F<br />

."\GCZT" \BZYRF<br />

IG\VN BKF FRG[BZF FEGCTF .OKZCIF KVNM FNGVM FEGCT [K EIB NMN<br />

FZGXC .KR[F N[ GCXP \B YGECN BKF FKR[FG ,ONGMP FZHT NCYNG GPXT \B<br />

.CNC[ FEGYR GMG\CG CN ,\GRICF K\[ CNC [K EIB NMN[ ,ZPGN Z[VB \ZIB<br />

FZHT \NCYN I\GV BGF ,OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF NM \B ,GN[ CNF \B<br />

GNGM NM BGF ,CNC[ FEGYRF LG\PG .GPXT NT DGBEN YKSVFN KEM ,ONGMP<br />

GN[ FCFBF \EKP \B OKZIBN YVSN ,OKZIBN GPXT \B ZGSPN YYG\[P<br />

.OPXTN GDBEK BNG OKYVGSP GKFK OF[ ,\BHM FEKPC<br />

?"ONGMN GPXT \B IG\VN" [GZKV FP<br />

DBEK BN[ QGIJKCF \B ,\GCZTF \[DZF \B GN GYVSK ONGM[ FVXP OEBF<br />

\B GN YVSN ,ZCIF \B CGFBN YYG\[P BGF ,GN[ CNF LG\PG .GPXTN<br />

FPC QKB [KBN[ \BH UB NT ,FHN FH LM OKSIKK\P OB .QGIJKCF \[DZF<br />

OKSIK OKRGC OKZCIF NM OB NCB ,QGIJKC GN \GRYFNG GFTZ \B YVSN<br />

OF[ ZIBP KZ[VB ZCEF ."\GCZT" \BZYRF \BHF F[DZFN OKTKDP ,FNBM<br />

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?"\GCZTF \[DZF \B GN GYVSK OF[ ,OKZCIFP \GVXN" FRGGMF FP<br />

DGBEN KNC ,TKV[PF \GKFN \GIGM GN[ OKZCIFP NCYN FVXP OEBF<br />

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BGF[ GPXT NT C[GI OEBF[ BGF BZGCN OEBF QKC Z\GK NGEDF NECFF[<br />

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.GPXT NT C[GI BNG<br />

NT CG[IN \BHM \GZ[VB NNMC GN QKB ,GPXTN FNCY N[ D[GP NNMC GN QKB<br />

OT TKDFN LKZX OEBFG .FTV[F IGM YZ BGF ,NCYN QKB GN[ \GBKXPC .GPXT<br />

GN[ \GRGXZF GNKBM ,GPXTN FKRV QKB GN OD[ ,FPGE CXPN GN[ \GRGXZF NM

325<br />

\GTZVF OT \GEEGP\F<br />

G\GB LGVFN OEBF LKZX ,NCYN QGXZC GN [K[ FPXGTF NM OT HBG .BXPRC BN<br />

.BZGCN GPXT \B FPEP BGF LMC .FRK\RN GN[ \GKCTF \B SKRMFNG<br />

OT OKSIKF LG\N TKV[FN \RP NT FNCY N[ \MZTP OD OKSKRMP LKB<br />

?OKZCIF<br />

.YGIZ QKKRT FH ,OKSIKF LG\N TKV[FN \RP NT FNCY N[ \MZTP SKRMFN<br />

BN QKKET TKV[FN \RP NT NCYN .ECNC FTV[F NT CG[IN LKZX OKK\RKC<br />

OEBF[M ;OK[RB KR[ QKC FCFB FND\P[ KBR\C YZ OKKY BGF .GRNKC[C<br />

BGF FPM ET GN FBZP BGF[ KBR\C ,FBRF GZCIN OGZDN NGMK BGF[ ,FBGZ<br />

FRFR GN[ ZCIF[ KRVP BNB ,G\BRFP BN ,\GRFKN NKI\P BGF .FRFR GPXTC<br />

[KDZP BGF .GZCI N[ OKNMC BNB ,GN[ OKNMC BN FRFR OEBF LMG .G\BRFP<br />

Z[VB[ FEKIKF FZGXF GH[ ,ZCIN GN[ DGRT\F \B ZSGP BGF G\BRFC LKB<br />

.ZCIF \B BNPN<br />

?OKZIBN GN[ FDBEF QKCN ,OEBN \GBC[ \GK[KB \GTZVF QKC Z[YF FP<br />

\KPGB\V F[DZF BKF FTZVF .OKZIBN FDBEF KRV NT BYGGE \GBC \GTZVFF<br />

OKNM\SP[M .KR[N FDBEF EDRM ,KR[N \GZ[Y\F EDRM FBC[ ,KPXTN FDBE N[<br />

\GZGXC KPXTN FDBEF \ECMF QF[ ZZC\P ,\K\ZJP FZGXC \GTZVFF NM NT<br />

NT[ ,GPXTN OEBF N[ FDBEC \GKTC KRKP NMG \GZX KRKP NM \GND\P .\GRG[<br />

.OKZIBN DGBENG Z[Y\FN NKI\FN \BH \GZPN CKKI BGF QFKRV<br />

\GTZVFC NVJN GKNT ?FNBF \GTZVFF NM LG\C GPXT OT \G[TN GKNT FPG<br />

\TEN ,\GTZVFF LG\C ,OKRVCG .OEBF KRC NM GPM ,GKNDZCG GKEKC ,\GKP[DC<br />

LG\ ,OKZIBF OT Z[YN TKDP[ LMC ,QFC NVJN GPXT \B QGGMNG ,\GBC QF FPN<br />

.OKZIB NT FC[IPFP G\GB Y\RN GNNF \GTZVFF \ZJP[ FZGZC FTKEK<br />

LG\N NCB ,\G[GRBF ZB[ NM GPM \GNGTV OK[GT \GKP[DC[ BXGK LMG<br />

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CNFG IGPF \B Y\RN GETGR[ ,\GTZVFF NM \GZPN[ ,FRGGMF \B SKRMFN

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326<br />

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NKXK[ BZGCN LM O\S NNV\FN FNGIN ZGSB .FNGIF OEBF NT FPDGEC<br />

FNIPF \B ING[F BGF ,OKNGIF NMN BVGZF BGF BZGCF ORPB .G\GB<br />

NGED ,OEG Z[C BVGZN \MNN CKKI GPXT OEBF NCB ,GECNP EGT QKBG ,OEBN<br />

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.FVGZ\ GRPP NCYN<br />

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\B CKKIN OKXGZ[ GNKBM ,QKKRTF \B ZGPDN LMCG ,UEPF NT F\GB OK[N BNG<br />

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GN ZEKS BZGCF[ ,ZPGN CKKI BGF ,FVGZ\N \GEGF BKZCP BGF OBG .BVGZF<br />

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327<br />

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328<br />

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,\GPINP<br />

OKNDGSP<br />

BNG<br />

OKNDGSP<br />

\MNN<br />

ZIB<br />

QGKTZF<br />

.FHF<br />

ZVGSP<br />

NT<br />

NM<br />

LKNF\F<br />

FZGY[<br />

ZIBN<br />

Q\P<br />

.FZG\<br />

NM<br />

FZG\F<br />

\ZVSP<br />

YZ<br />

NT<br />

LKNF\F<br />

[IZ\P[<br />

,OEBC<br />

ZCD\P[<br />

NT<br />

QGXZF<br />

NCYN<br />

,GN[<br />

ET<br />

BC[<br />

\DSVN<br />

G\[KDV<br />

OT<br />

.BZGCF<br />

LKNF\CG<br />

FHF<br />

OR[K<br />

OKCN[<br />

BN<br />

,OKPKTR<br />

\B[<br />

ONGM<br />

LKZX<br />

.ZGCTN<br />

NM<br />

ZGVKSF<br />

FHF<br />

BGF<br />

NT<br />

QGXZF<br />

NCYN<br />

BC[<br />

ZZGT\PG<br />

ZCD\PG<br />

LG\C<br />

.OEBF<br />

FP<br />

NECFF<br />

QKC<br />

CXPF<br />

KRVN<br />

Q\P<br />

FZG\<br />

QKCN<br />

CXPF<br />

ZIBN<br />

Q\P<br />

?FZG\<br />

NECFF<br />

BGF<br />

KZIB[<br />

\GND\FF<br />

FRG[BZF<br />

N[<br />

Q\P<br />

,FZG\<br />

[K<br />

OEBN<br />

OT<br />

FP<br />

\MNN<br />

YGSTNG<br />

OKNMC<br />

FZGXC<br />

,\KJNIF<br />

\RGGMP<br />

.\K\ZMFG<br />

OEBN<br />

[K<br />

KNM<br />

,EKC<br />

BGFG<br />

FBGZ<br />

KRVC<br />

FP<br />

BGF<br />

.EPGT<br />

HBG<br />

\GND\P<br />

GN<br />

NM<br />

,\GTZVFF<br />

FR[ OKTCZB"<br />

,"ZCEPC<br />

\GMNP[ ET<br />

FNGT<br />

.FRKCN<br />

N[ FCGDF<br />

FRKC<br />

BGF<br />

,OKTCZB<br />

’P<br />

.FPG\S<br />

\GMNPC<br />

FNGT[<br />

FRKCN<br />

OKZCGT<br />

OKTCZB<br />

,\GRICF<br />

OKTCZB<br />

FR[<br />

.ZCEPC<br />

GFP<br />

\GMNP[ ?"ZCEP"<br />

\RYG\P BN<br />

QKKET<br />

NT<br />

KEK<br />

N[ OKESI ZGB ,FRKCF IGM<br />

FRKC<br />

BZYRF<br />

."OKP"<br />

ZIBNG<br />

OKZCGT[<br />

NT<br />

NM<br />

\GMNPF<br />

OKRY\PG<br />

F\GB<br />

NT<br />

KEK<br />

,FRKCF<br />

HB<br />

OKBC<br />

CXPN<br />

N[<br />

,FRKC<br />

BZYR[<br />

WZB"<br />

."NBZ[K<br />

"WZB"<br />

BZYR<br />

,QGXZ<br />

"NBZ[K"G<br />

BZYR<br />

Z[K<br />

.NBN<br />

KZIB<br />

GTKDF[<br />

WZB"N<br />

"NBZ[K<br />

NM<br />

\GRGXZF<br />

GNCY<br />

QGYK\<br />

\GKFN<br />

OKRGGMP<br />

.BZGCN<br />

NCB<br />

BN<br />

YKVSP<br />

\GKFN<br />

OKRGGMP<br />

:BZGCN<br />

LM<br />

OK[MGZ<br />

YZ<br />

B\NDND<br />

.OKKRKTG<br />

LKZX<br />

NKI\FN<br />

ZCIN<br />

OFKNB<br />

\B<br />

.V"IBF<br />

V"IBCG<br />

BZYR

329<br />

\GTZVF OT \GEEGP\F<br />

."[EGY" \BZYR FRKCG ,"\KC" \BZYR \GMNP ."[EYPF \KC OKRGC"[<br />

FRKCP BNB ,FRKC OT F\GB ZCIN YZ BN .\GMNPF OT EGCTN OKNKI\P<br />

.FKNTE V"IBF \B FEGCTN OKSKRMP .\GMNPN FZHI NGMKCM OKEZGK<br />

FR[ OKTCZB ZGCTN" \BZYR \GNKXBE \GMNPN FHF ONGTFP FKNTF<br />

B\NDNDP HBG ."NBZ[K WZBN TKDFN" BZYR \GNKXBE \GMNPN TKDFNG ."ZCEPC<br />

\EZN ,FKNTE V"IBN \EZN OKNKI\P ,\GNKXBE Q"GH OGYPC OF[ OKKRKTG<br />

.FKK[TN \EZNG ,F\GB \GNTNG FZKXKN \EZN ,\GNKXBN F\GB \GNTNG FBKZCN<br />

FMG\C \NNGM K[KN[F [EYPF \KC \KKRCG ."[EYPF \KC" \KKRC BZYR FHG<br />

OKVZXP OFKNB .EIK OD FPMGI QFG OKESI QF ,KR[ \KC QFG QG[BZ \KC QF<br />

.QCBF C"N \B<br />

KNM" .GRKRKC \GTZVFF NT \GZCD\F N[ FJK[ F\GB KEK NT YZ NMF NCB<br />

\GTZVFF NM N[ KGNKDC ,EIK OKZCGIP GN[ OKYNIF NM[ BKF FRGGMF "ON[<br />

FND\P[ ,FCFBG Z[Y OFKRKC [K \BH \GZPN[ ,Z\GKC \GPGKBFG \GNGEDF<br />

,EIB UGD GPM ,"QYG\P KNM" BZYR FH .FNBF \GTZVFF KCD NT BYGGE \PKKYG<br />

."EIB CNC EIB [KB"<br />

GH .OKCZF OK[RBF \GZPN EIB GPM OK[KDZP ONGM[ ,FNGED FVKSBC GPM<br />

,\GKRIGZ KVN FBC \BHF \GEIBF KM .F\GB ZB\N F[Y[ ,\EIGKP F[DZF<br />

QGGMP GPXT LG\P EIB NM .OGYP OG[C BNG BCXC BN FGPM \GRCN Z[VB KBG<br />

LM .\ZIB NGMK BN BGF ,FXGZ BN GB FXGZ ,OKCCG\SP ONGM[ QBN ,CCG\SPG<br />

FZGXC BGC\ BKF[M NCB ."\KDGNGMKSV FPZ" \BZYR QKKET[ ,\KRIGZ FPZC<br />

Z[VB KB .OK[RB N[ CZ ZVSPC ZCGEP[ F[DZFFP BXR ,\KRIGZ=\K\ZMF<br />

.FHN FH QKC NKECFN FKFK<br />

?\GTZVF KDGS FPM [K OBF<br />

NMC ZZGT\P NCYN QGXZF BNB .\IB BKF FTZVFF .\GTZVF KDGS FPM QKB<br />

.\GCZ \GTZVF GN [K[ FPER HB OEBNG OKRVGB KRKP<br />

?FTZVFF NT ZCD\FN QGMRF ZESF GFP<br />

GRPP[ KZYKTF YGIFP ,KZYKTF ZSPFP ,"GECNP EGT QKB"P NKI\FN [K<br />

N[ [ZG[G FNI\F BGF[ ,BZGCF N[ EGIKF EDRM BKF FTZVFF .NKI\P NMF<br />

:"GECNP EGT QKB" FC[IPF \NI\F NM OEGY OEBC \GKFN \CKKI .NMF<br />

,GK[MT OEBN FZGY[ FP TCGYG ING[F ,JNG[F ,TCGYF ,BXPRF BGF BZGCF

\GCZTF<br />

330<br />

FC[IPF \B ING[ BGF FP O[N TCGYF BGF .\GBKXPCG NM[C ,F[DZFC<br />

.TGXKCN TKDP BGF[ ET FC \G[TN ZGPB OEBF FPG ,GHF<br />

EGT QKB"C YV\SFN BNG ,"KN KP KN KRB QKB OB" ZPGN OKCKKI TGXKCC NCB<br />

.\G[TN FP OEBN QKB ,TEGKG QRM\G F[T BZGCF OB KM CG[IN BNG "GECNP<br />

BGF[ FTZVFF[ ,LM GPXT \B CKXP BGF ,Z[YF \B TXCP OEBF[ KZIB<br />

KNGIP NCGS BGF KM UB ,KPNGTF KNMFP \K\C[IP G\GB \Y\RP BN FC BXPR<br />

NCB ,FHF KNGIC NVJN LK[PP BGF .\GDBEG \GKTC GN [KG ,BVGZN LNGFG<br />

.KPNGTF KNMF OT Z[Y YKHIPG GCXP \B ZESP BGF FC[IPC<br />

\GKPKRVC ,\GKRIGZCG \GKP[DC F[T[ FP NM KZIB ,\ZPDR FTZVFF[ KZIBG<br />

\B ZESP OEBF[ KZIB ."GECNP EGT QKB"[ ZPGNG ZGHIN CKKI BGF ,FRGGMCG<br />

BGF ,\GKRIGZC QFG \GKP[DC QF ,\BHF FTZVFF KZIB ,GCXP \BG GN[ KNMF<br />

CXP G\GB ,OGNM F[GT FKF BN GNKB OD[ ."GECNP EGT QKB"[ CG[IN CKKI<br />

BNG ,FVGSCG FEGCTF \NKI\C YZ CG[IN LKZX LM NCB .OKKY\P FKF QRMG\P<br />

EGT QKB" CG[IN ZGSB ,\eEIBN \GRGGMC QFG UGDC QF TXPBC ZGPBM .TXPBC<br />

."KN KP KN KRB QKB OB" YZ BNB ,"GECNP<br />

QKB" ZPGBG ,"KN KP KN KRB QKB" QKCG "GECNP EGT QKB" QKC EKZVP[ OEB<br />

,\GRGGMCG UGDC ,\KP[DFG \KRIGZF FNGTVF UGSCG FNI\FC YZ "GECNP EGT<br />

\GEDR\FF \B FNDP FH OEB "KN KP KN KRB QKB OB" ZPGB TXPBC NCB<br />

KP KN KRB QKB OB" ZPGB OEBF Z[BM .F\GB YIGP BNG ,GN ING[ BZGCF[<br />

NTG .\GEDR\FF \B FNDP BGF .GPXTC \BHF FTZVFC NVJN CKKI BGF ,"KN<br />

\B [KDZFN ,\BHF FTZVFF LG\C ,GMG\C NKI\P BGF \BHF \GEDR\FF KRV<br />

.OKZIBF OT GN[ Z[YF \PXGT \B ,KNMF<br />

OKYIGPG "GECNP EGT QKB" KVN YZ OKDFGR[ ,\G\EC DGFR[ FP \PGTN FH NMG<br />

,QEGSKC FNBF \GTZVFF NM \GYIPR LMC ORPB ."KN KP KN KRB QKB OB" \B<br />

OKBXPR HB NCB .\GTZVF KNC OKKIF KPZHC EPTP YKHIFNG IKNXFN Z[VBG<br />

LMC ZCE N[ GVGSCG "\TEFP FNTPN" BNG "\TEFP FJPN" BKF[ FRGPBC<br />

FNBF OKZGFZFF NM BGF[ ,"KRKS ZF" KRV NT ,FCGDC \GPEY\F OKEKSVP<br />

.BZGCN OKNGT GRPP[ ,ZFF \B OPXTN OKRGC BNG ,GNBF \GTZVFFG<br />

?\GCZTF IGM FND\P FTZVFC NGVKJF LG\C QMKF<br />

GNKVB FTZVF NM ,\KP[D FZGXC :\GND\FN \GCZTF IGM CKKI OKRGGKM KR[C<br />

YPI\FN BN ,ZPGNM ,\KP[D FZGXC YNSN NE\[FN OKCKKI ,Z\GKC FNGEDF

331<br />

\GTZVF OT \GEEGP\F<br />

OKDGFR[ OKNFRF NMC FC NVJNG ,BZGCFP \RGGMP FBCM F\GB NCYN ,FRPP<br />

,KN [K[ \GKGZ[VBF KVN ,KZGDP OGYPC ,KN[ FRKEPC ,FHF ONGTC OKNTGVG<br />

.K\NGMKN OB\FCG<br />

,OKZIBN DGBEN CKKI OEBF ,\BHF FTZVFF KRV NT :\KRIGZ FRKICC<br />

\[DZF ,OFKVNM GN[ \GIMGRF \[DZFG FCFBF \EKP \B OFN YVSN YYG\[FN<br />

HBG .OFN BKF GN[ FDBEF NM BNB .\GTZVF OG[ GN QKB GNKBM ,GRPP QGIJKCF<br />

.GKF BNM QFKNBP \GZ\VR \GKP[DF \GKTCF NM LKB \GBZN IMGR BGF<br />

\B OKZ\GV ,KPNGTF KNMF KVNM F\GBR \GDFR\FG FKTCF KVNM QGMR SIK<br />

OKRG[ \GTZVF KDGSC ,OKKGVKZC LC\SP OEBF[ KNC ,KEKP QVGBC FTZVFF<br />

GNKBM ,EKP \GPNTR \GTZVFFG .SRC [PP Z\VRG ZE\SP NMF .\GPINPCG<br />

.FBNF LMG ,ONTR BGF ODG ,ZY[ EGT FND\PG .ONTR BGF HBG ,ZY[ FND\P<br />

?FPINP N[ FT@ZVF KFP<br />

OGYPC ,GPXTN FDBE KPGB\V QVGBC \ZZGT\P OEBC[ GTP[P "FT@ZVF"<br />

OBG .KPNGTF KNMF OT ZGCKI EDR EKP\ BKF FTZVF .OKZIBF NT CG[IN<br />

G\GB NDNDN FNKI\P BKF ,FTZVFF NT FRGMR FZGXC ZCD\P BN OEBF<br />

.FPINP GNKVB ,BZGRG OGKB GF[P \BZYN G\GB LG[PNG<br />

,QGMR GN[ SIKF \B QY\P EKPG FEGSKC FTZVF FFHP OEB OB NCB<br />

ZCD\P ,KPNGTF KNMN GN[ SIKC ODG ,UGDC LKZX[ GPM NVJP ,\GKP[DC<br />

I\V\FN OKTXPB \BHF FTZVFN QKB HB ,FRGMR FZGXC KPNGTF KNMN SIKK\PG<br />

.\ZIB FTZVF FBCG ,F\GB QY\N KGIKE KNC OKPKKSP FHM NGVKJC .FBNF<br />

BZYR FHG .OKR[G OK[EGI \BHF FTZVFC OKBXPR BN ,QPH OKIKGGZP NCB<br />

."OKRPHF \B OKHZHP NBZ[K"<br />

N[ OKKGNKD QF \GTZVFF NM KM ,FTZVFG FTZVF NM ZGCTN CKKI OEBF<br />

FPM L[PC GB FKR[ LG\ ,Q\GB ZGCTN NGMK BGF NCB .GN[ NCYN QGXZF<br />

\GRGXZ O\GB OKZCGT FTZVFC QGMR OKNVJP[M .\IB NMC CMT\FN OK[EGI<br />

.QPHF ZGXKY BKF GRN[ LZEF NMG .QPHF ZGXKYC NCB ,OKK[YG<br />

?KPNGTF KNMF \B GPXTN ZB\P OEBF LKB CG[I OBF<br />

ZB\N OKCKKI .KPNGTF KNMF \B GPXTN ZB\P OEBF LKB FR[P FH QKB<br />

OKZCIF OT \GZCI\F QPHC OEBN GKF[ Z\GKC \GCGJF \G[DZFF KVN G\GB<br />

[KDZFNG ,GPXT \B OFN ZGSPN QMGP[ [KDZF[ GTP[P "\GZCI\F" .ONGTC<br />

.\GTZVFF \GZPN F[DZF F\GBN TKDFN [K .GPXT \B GPM O\GB

\GCZTF<br />

332<br />

NCB ,F[DZFN TKKSN CKKI NM[F .F[DZFC \GKFN CKKI KPNGTF KNMF ZGBK\<br />

.\GZCD\P QF HBG { \G[DZFF Q\GBN TKDFN OKCKKI OEGY<br />

.QFKRKPN \GTZVFF KRV NT \GND\P QF KM ,\GJNGC Z\GK \G[TR \G[DZFF<br />

BKF[ ,FTZVFN FCKSF \B [KDZFN NKI\P OEBF FTZVFC[ JZVG JZV NMC<br />

KEK NT[ BKF FBXG\FG ,GPXT GN[ \GV\\[F BKF FHF JZVC QMKFG ;BZGCF<br />

KM ,BZGCF OT ZCI\P BGF \BHF FTZVFF KEK NT .ZCI\P BGF FHF JZVF<br />

\PEGY F[DZF \EGYR NMP GC QVGBF GFH .KPNGTF KNMF DKXR BGF BZGCF KVNM<br />

.ON[ D[GP OKNCYP<br />

?"FZG\ Q\P" GFP<br />

LG\C BZGCF KGNKD \NI\F ,QGYK\F \JK[ \GND\F BKF "FZG\ Q\P"<br />

\\N KEM ,QY\N FP GRKCK[ KEM NCB .OPXT \B QY\N GNKI\K[ KEM ,OKBZCRF<br />

"NGYNY" .NGYNYF \B QKCFN NM OEGY OKMKZX OF ,QGYK\ \JK[ \B OFN<br />

QMGP BGFG ,OKRYG\P BNF OKNMF KGNKD OEBC [K :OKZXPP \BXN BZYR<br />

.OKZXPP O\B \BXN<br />

ZCI\FN KEM ,FHF TCJFP \BXN FXGZG ,JSKBGDB ,TZ BGF[ FNDP OEBF<br />

BZYR FHF QGXZF .FTV[FF \ZGXN TKDFN ,BZGCC YCEKFN KEM ,OKZIBF OT<br />

QGYK\N FJK[ OKNCYP QM KZIB .OKZXP \BKXK KZIB BC BGFG ,"QMGP KRB"<br />

,ZG\KG \G[TN OKRMGP[ LMC ,KNNMF KNMF LG\P BZGCN \GRVN LKB .KPXT<br />

.K\GB QY\K[<br />

,\GTZVFF KRV NT \GND\FN FNKI\P[ ,QGYK\F \JK[ \B NCYP OEBF LMG<br />

NM KRV NT FJK[F \B [PPP OEBF .FJK[F \NCY KZIB \GBCG \GMK[PP[<br />

NM OTG FTZVF NM OT ,FPXT FJK[F \B Z\GK CGJ QKCP LMG ,GNBF \GTZVFF<br />

.OFC NVJP BGF[ ,QGXZ<br />

NMC<br />

EIK<br />

?EGIN \IB NM GB EIK \GBC ,OGYP ,FTGR\ ,QPH N[ \GTZVF OBF<br />

OKBXPR O\[GN[ .FHP FH OKY\GRP ORKB ,OGYP ,FTGR\ ,QPH<br />

.OFKRKC OKNKECP BN QKKET GRIRB NCB .FTZVF<br />

?"OKKI" OFP<br />

QKB ,FNGED Z\GK FDBE QKB .OKKI FNB ,KPXTP ZJVKFN ,"KRBF"P ZJVKFN<br />

OEBF[M ?"OKKI"N OKTKDP LKB .GPXT BGF Z[BP ,OEBN FNGED Z\GK FKTC<br />

."OKKIF WZB" \BZYR FRKC .OKKIF OKNKI\P GPXTP ZJVR

333<br />

\GTZVF OT \GEEGP\F<br />

FXGIP OKZH OKNM LG\C YZ ,OKZIB LG\C YZ OKDGRT\ NCYN NGMK OEBF<br />

BGF ,GPXTP ZJVR OEBF[ KZIB YZ .OKDGRT\ [KDZFN NGMK BGF OFC ,GN<br />

SIKC ,OKZIBC FND\PG FZGY[ FP OF[ ,OKKRIGZ OKDGRT\ [KDZFN NKI\P<br />

BNPP[ FP OK[KDZP ,OKZIBF \B OKCFGB[ FEKPC .OFKNB GN[ FCFBCG<br />

NM OEGY .OKKIXRF OKKIF \[DZF GHG ,EGBP ZK[T F[TR KNMF HBG .O\GB<br />

.GHF F[GI\F \B ZKCTFN \GZ[VB QKB .\GKIXRF \[DZF OKNCYP<br />

?F[EI F[DZF BNG \GZCI\F N[ \PEGY F[DZF [VIN [K TGEP<br />

K\[DZF[ F[DZFF \B [VIN LKZX ,OGKF N[ \GTZVFF NT \GZCD\FC<br />

FBC[ FTZVFF KRV NT OB[ KEM ,KNNMF KNMF NB ZCGIP K\KKF[ QPHC ,OEGY<br />

,OEGY FKF[ GPM \GIVN ,OKZIBF OT ZCGIP \GKFN YYG\[P BGF ,OEBN<br />

FISGRN FPGEC ,FTZVFF \PXGTC G\GB OKNKVMP .FEKP FRY FHKB GN FKFK<br />

.OK[VIP GRIRB[ FPXGTF GHG ,I\P Q\GR \GEDR\F NeVM OZH& FC NP[IC<br />

\PZGD[ ,\GEDR\F LZE ,ED#R# LZE ZCGT BGF NCB FR\[F BN OZHF<br />

,\ZIB F[DZFN DGBEN FP NKC[C ,QMN .FHF EDRC KGXZF I\PF \GZCJXFN<br />

N[ ,\G[DZ\FF N[ FHF GPK[ZF YZ ?GPK[Z GC ZKB[F[ GF[P OEBN [K OB<br />

KR[ [K ,KNM NMC GPM .F[EIF \GKCTF NT ZKCTFN LKZX OEBF ,\GNTV\FF<br />

OT OK[PPP ,O[GZF ZB[R GRPP[ ,ZGBF QP GPK[ZF \BG .\GPK[Z KDGS<br />

.F[EIF \GKCTF

335<br />

OKZCIF<br />

\GCZT<br />

GRN[ TCJN<br />

NTP[ FDZEPF<br />

OKZCIF<br />

\GCZT<br />

(B"M=I"K \GK\GB) \GCZTF ZPBP NT (20.1.2005) FIK[<br />

NKI\P BGF QMB LMG .KRIGZF ONGTF N[ ZT[N I\VPF BGF \GCZTF ZPBP<br />

FR\KR BN KM ,FHN FH OKCZT G[TR NBZ[K NM Z[B \GCZTF ZCE GFHG :ZPGBG<br />

NCYN BGF OKMSP OB NBZ[KP EIBG EIB NM NB[R[ OZJC FZG\F OFN<br />

NMC "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" ,CG\MF ZGTK[C \NGHF \CFB N[ FGXPF \B GKNT<br />

.GZGTK[<br />

KPKRVF CXPN TKDFN CKKI EIB NM :OKEYP KBR\ [K QGKNTF ZGBC FKMHN<br />

BN ,FHF KBR\F GMG\C FKFK BN[ OEB .KNMF \RMF BGF[ ,"\GCZT" BZYR[<br />

OBG .OGKM BXPR BGF GC[ KRIGZF L[GIC ZB[K BGFG QGKNTF ZGBF GC [CN\K<br />

,FHF IGMF \B ,\BHF FRGM\F \B DK[FN BKF GRN[ FEKIKF FPK[PF ,LM<br />

."\GCZT" BZYR[<br />

\ZMFN TKDFN YYG\[P[ ,"NB" "Z[K" BZYR[ ,NBZ[KP EIB NM[ GRKKFE<br />

,QGXZF \B [PPK ,ZPGNM ,NCYKG FXZK BNB ,IGMC BN ,GPXT NT NCYK ,BZGCF<br />

ZGCT EGCTN LKB .FPGBF KZCIP EIB NM ETC EGCTNG DGBEN ,QGXZ G\GBN TKDK<br />

KMZX ETC DGBEN OEBC TCJGF[ FPP \GIV BN GKMZX NM \GBNPN ?ONGM<br />

OB ,GN[ \GC[IPFG \GRGXZF \B NYG[ BN OEBF[ GPM ,\ZPGB \BH ,GPXT<br />

FZGXC BZCR BGF LM KM) G\CGJN ONGM OF IJCN KM ,BN GB GPXT KVNM OF<br />

GECTK GN[ \GC[IPF NMG \GRGXZF NM[ CXPN TKDFN ZGPB BGF LM ,(\KTCJ<br />

.TDZM OK[I GRB[ FPP FMGVF \KTCJ FZGXC<br />

OKRMGP OF[ ,TP[RG F[TR GZPBG EIB FV GPKMSF FPGBF NM[ ZIBG<br />

,"TP[R" \BZYR[ FRGM\N ,"FTKP["N TKDFN KEM ,[ZER[ FP NM \G[TN<br />

CZT F[TR NBZ[KP EIB NM[ KZF ,\NGHF \CFB N[ FRGM\N ,FRKCF \RGM\N<br />

OKZCIFP EIB NM[ ,ZPGNM ,FPGBF KZCIP ZCI OG[N FP ZCE ZSIK BN[<br />

F[GT BN BGFG .GPXTN BNG OKZCIN YZ DBGE IJCN BGF[ ,LM KEM ET QYG\P<br />

GTP[P "\GCZT" KM .\KTCJ FZGXC BNB ,\XNGBP ,\K\GMBNP FZGXC \BH

\GCZTF<br />

336<br />

,GHF FDZEFP G\GB NKVP[ ,GF[P GN FZGY TDZ EGTC[ BNG ,FKNT O\GI BGF[<br />

.GN[ TCJN \MVGF FRKCF \RGM\[ BNB<br />

BNG FZG\F \NCYN OKKGBZ G[TR ,FHN FH OKCZT G[TR[ ZIBN ,HB YZ Z[B<br />

QKB GKNT[ KIZMFF KBR\F BKF \GCZTF ,\ZPGB \BH .OKZG\KG QKB { \NGH<br />

ZJVR \BHF \KNNMF \GCZTC[ OG[P ,BZGCF FND\P GC[ KNMF GFH KM ,ZG\KG<br />

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\B NJCP BGF LMC ,NCYP BGF[ FNCYF \B YKEXFN NGMK GRKB OB NCB<br />

BN OEBF :"F[GC" BZYR FHF CXPFG .GPXT \B EKZGP BGF ,GN[ "KRBF"<br />

.NCYPF \GKFN BN YZ ,NMF \G[TN QMGP BGF .\BHM F[DZFC YKHIFN NDGSP<br />

GB OKCRD ONGM[ WGZK\C ,\BHF F[DZFF \B NZJRN OKEPGN GRIRB OKKIC<br />

\VBG[[ FXGCYC NCB .GRN[ OK[TPFP OKCZN FYEXF GH[ ,OKNCYP ONGM[<br />

BNG "OKCRD" YGKEC BN OF OKZCIF KM ,FNBM \GYEXF BGXPN F[Y \GCZTN<br />

."OKNCYP" YGKEC<br />

Q\GRFG ,Q\GRF \B FBGZ BGF KM .\GCKGIPN OEBF \B SKRMP "NCYN"F (C<br />

.\PKKY G\NGTV KM ,GRPP GK[MT ONTR BN BGF .Q\GRFM GNGP EGPTN ZB[R<br />

\GKRIGZC \K[TR[ FNGTV NM NCB .GFHG \IB OTV Q\GR BZGCF KP[DF ONGTC<br />

G\GB CKKIP GN[ KPXTF EGCMFG ,Q\GRF NGP BXPR OEBF HBG .\KIXR BKF<br />

GN FP NKC[C ,LM OBG .KF[NM FZGXC GN[ FNCYF \B QHBN ,\\N ,ZKHIFN<br />

."OZM[ BNG OF BN" ZPBR[ GPM ?NCYN<br />

OKTDZ FPM EGTC .\KIXR NCB ,TDZ G\GBC \GKFN FMKZX \GCKKI\FF (D<br />

FNCY \GKFN \GCZTF \NCY \CKKI ,TDZ G\GBC ,\BH OTG ,F\GB IM[R[ QM\K<br />

ZXKF ODG .GRNGMN GPM ,\GYKVS [K ,NCYN QGXZC BXPR[ OEBN .[VRG CNC<br />

LPS NTG FVKBP ,FHF QKKRTF NMC NKI\P BGF TGEP ,GKVNM QTGJG BC TZF<br />

,QFKNT NM\SP BGF OB[ ,\GTZVF ZGVS QKB [K OEBN ,\ZPGB \BH .FP<br />

BKF \GTZVFF NM EDRM FCG[\F QMN .USGR ETX \G[TN \NGMK KNC ,ZXTR BGF<br />

\B NKEDFN ,\GYCEF \B NKEDFN ,BZGCF \B NKEDFN ,FZJPF \B NKEDFN<br />

.\GCZTF<br />

GRIRB KP OKTEGK GRIRB .KN[ OKZCIF OFKPG KRB FPG KRB KP CG[IN QKB<br />

\GC[IP \GBXPR[ FVKB KM .GPXTC TGY[ \GKFN OEBN ZGSB .GRIRB FPG<br />

\GC[IPC \GRVN ,FNTPN \GKFN LKZX GN[ [BZF BNB .BXPR BGF O[ ,OEBF<br />

:OKKGRK[F \B GC NNGIPG UKYP ZGB GKNT TKV[P O[P ,HBG .BZGCN \GRGXZCG<br />

\B GC LZGTG OKKPKRV OKECZ GC HKHP ,ZGBF N[ \GRGXZG \GC[IP GN BKCP<br />

.OKNTGV ,OEBC ZZGT\P[ GPK[ZFG UKYPF ZGBF KM .KGXZF KPKRVF ZESF<br />

.GNBF \GNGTVF OT OKMSFN YZ ZGPB OEBF

347<br />

GRN[ TCJN NTP[ FDZEPF<br />

?OKZXPP BXGKG OFP IZGC OEBF[ ,OKBZGRF OKZGSKF OFP<br />

OKTKDP OFG ,NCYN QGXZF \JKN[ \I\ FKF[F N[ FBXG\ OF OKZGSKF<br />

CKKI BGF ,\ZPGB \BH .GKRKTC \GKRIGZF \NEDF NT ECGT BGF OB YZ OEBN<br />

USGK" ,"USGK \B TEK BN[ ,OKZXP NT [EI LNP OY" :BCF CXPN TKDFN<br />

\ZKVS ,"EGSK" ,"USGK" { GP[ NT \BZYR FTV[FF NM[ ,"ESI WVI" ,"YKEXF<br />

,FTV[F KFP TEGK BN[ [EI LNP BGVKB OYG ;"ONGT EGSK YKEX" ,EGSK<br />

.FC C[I\P BN NNMC BGF[G<br />

.\GKRIGZFP OKMGVF OF ,GN[ \GRGXZF[ ,GN[ GDBF[ \GNDN NKI\P OEBF<br />

BGF GZGBCG ,GN ZKBP[ "UKYP ZGB" GPXT NT QKPHP[M ?\BH FNDP BGF K\P<br />

BGF GPXTN FBR[FPG .GPXT \B BGR[N NKI\PG ,JSKBGDB BGF FPM ET FBGZ<br />

,LKB TEGK BN BGF ,NDGSP BN BGF .OKZGSKFP IGZCN GKNT[ FJNIFN TKDP<br />

GZGTP \BXN QGXZ N[ \BHF F[DZFF .GN[ ZGTFP \BXN FXGZ BGF NCB<br />

."OKZXP \BKXK CZT" \BZYR<br />

[IZ\\ BKF[ YZ BNB ,\TEN QKB ,[IZ\\ LKB .\[IZ\P BKF HBG<br />

LKB FBGZ OEBF T\VN .OKZXPP \BXN OEBN OKZPGB .\GKPGB\VC ,QGHVKIC<br />

,"\GCZT" BZYR[ LKNF\F [IZ\P FKZIBG .OGSIP ZCGTG ,GC \[IZ\P BKF<br />

BNB ,EIB UZ NTP FXKVY GRKB OGSIPF ZCTP ,ZPGNM .EGTG "FZG\F \NCY"<br />

.KRIGZF KNMC \GKFN KEM ZGCTN LKZX OEBF[ OKBR\ FPM<br />

BNB .LNP G\GB FKF ?OEGY FKF LNP FHKB ?"[EI LNP" OKZPGB TGEPG<br />

,\GKRIGZC YSGT[ FDZEPF \B ZPGDG \KRIGZ \GPEY\FC YSGT[ KRVP ,OEBF<br />

,"[EI LNP" OY HBG \GZGB Z\GK GPXT NT LG[PN ,FKNB TKDFN FXGZ OD FXGZ<br />

\B ZKMP Z\GKG Z\GK[ ,\GKR[F OKR[F TC[ ZIBN ,\BHG .TZF \ZMF FTKDP<br />

KB L[GIC ,YPT\FN Z[VB KB TZC .TZC YPT\P[ KRVP BN NCB .GC[ TZF<br />

Z\GKG Z\GK OKVKYP \GZGB GPXT NT ZZGTN CKKI QPHF NM BNB .\GBZN Z[VB<br />

.TZ BGF GN[ QGXZF FPM ET GN OKZVSPG OKNDP[ OFG ,OKNGED<br />

?\GCZTP WGI GF[P EGT [YCN LKZX OBF<br />

NT ,[YCN NGMK BGF FP NT .[YCN FP OEBN QKB \KJSKBGDBF G\ZGXC<br />

Z[VB FZGX EGT GHKBC ,FTV[FF \EKP NT ?BZGCF \ZMF GHKB ?BZGCF \ZMF<br />

\TXC\P[ FTV[FF \EKP YGKEC BKF \GCZTF ?\GCZTP WGI FTV[F TXCN<br />

FTV[FC OEBF N[ QYG\PF KNMFP ,OKZCIF KVNM FEGCT BKF \GCZT .GC<br />

FTV[FF \RGP\ YGKEC GH[ .[PP LGPM ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" ET ,OFKNB<br />

.DK[FN OEBF NT[

\GCZTF<br />

348<br />

F\GB DK[FN NGMK BGF NCB ,GN FZYK \GKRIGZF[ [KDZP OEBF FP[N BNC<br />

GN Z[BP[ \KB[I FTCXFC TKCXK GMZEC EPGT[ OKZCIFP EIB NM OB YZ<br />

QKCN GRKC OKXXGI[ GN[ OKZCIC KGN\ BGF ,BN OBG FXGZ BGF OB QMN .ZGCTN<br />

,\KNNMF FP[RF FRCPP ,TCJFP KM ,O\GB BGR[N GN ZGHTK BNG .\GKRIGZF<br />

GXZKG G\GB GCFBK OF[ \G[TN GKEKC YZG .\GKRIGZF QKCN GRKC OKEPGT OF<br />

.\GKRIGZF \B GNKC[C IG\VN<br />

?KPXT QGYK\ [YCN OTJ FP<br />

\B OKZCIC OKZHFN NKI\FN KEM BKF GPXT NT OEBF N[ QGYK\F \[YC<br />

,FNGTVF F\GB OFP OD [YCPG FCFBC OFC NTGV BGF[ FH LG\PG .G\CFB<br />

KB NCB .KNNM KNM LMC OKI\GV ,NKCYPCG .FHN FH OKI\GV[ CXPN OKTKDP<br />

NGMKG ZGPD ZESC BGF[ ,EIBN Z[BN Z[VB KB ,FHN FH YZ IG\VN Z[VB<br />

KM .GN YZ LZEF \B OKI\GV OB ,BGCN FP OT GN QKB .BN OKZIBNG ,ZGCTN<br />

.ONGM N[ KNM [GZE ,\GKRIGZF \GND\FN TKDFN ,\GKRIGZ NCYN<br />

.\GKRIGZF \GND\F \B NCYN KNM OEBN QKB \ZIB ,OKZCIF \B CGFBN OKCKKI<br />

NMGK BGF ,G\GB GCFBK OF[ KBR\C YZ KM ,G\GB OKCFGB OKZCIF[ ZHGT BN<br />

BN KM .O\GB CGFBN NGMK BGF HBG ,\GCZT N[ KBR\ GN OKR\GR OF :O\GB CGFBN<br />

OF[ ,F[DZF GN OKR\GR OF .GPXT NT CG[IN LKZX BN BGFG ,OGNM Z\GK GN ZSI<br />

.O\GB CGFBN LKB YZ BNB ,\ZIB FDBE GN QKB HBG .GN YZ OKDBGE ONGM<br />

FP GN QKBG FHF ONGTC GYGVKS NT BC BGF QMNG ,GN OKDBGE ONGM KM ?TGEP<br />

ZB[R ,CGJ TV[CG FCFBC G\GB OKVKXP ONGM[ ,QKCP OEBF[ TDZC .\G[TN<br />

OFN[ FDBEC .GPXT NT CG[INP ZGJV BGF HBG ,\GKRIGZ { EIB ZCE YZ GN<br />

ONGM[ FBGZ[ LG\P BN .GPXTN GN[ FDBEF \[DZF \B OKNZJRP OF GKNB<br />

DGBEN FP GN QKB[ F[DZF GCNC OKTJGR OF BNB ,OFN QKPBPG OKP\GI<br />

KBR\F \B GC OKRGC OKZCIF LMCG .OFP FBC F[DZFF[ [I BGF KM .GPXTN<br />

BC[ ,QGKNTF ZGBF OT OKYI[P \BHM FZGXCG .FZHIC OFKNT CG[IK[<br />

.GRN[ OKNMF \B QY\PG<br />

OF ,G\GB OKCFGB OF OB .FCFBC OEBF \B CKKIN OKNGMK OKZCIF<br />

?LMN IGMF QMKFP ?O\GB CGFBN NGMK BGF LKBG .FCFB ZKHIFN G\GB OKCKKIP<br />

F[DZF GN OKYVSP BNG G\GB OKCFGB BN OKZCIF OB .\GCZTF BGF IGMF<br />

OKNCYP BN FHF IGMF \B .O\GB CGFBN NGMK BN BGF ,OGNM GN ZSIK BN[<br />

"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" OKKYN ,\ZPGB \BH .OKZCIFP BNB ,BZGCFP ,FNTPNP

349<br />

GRN[ TCJN NTP[ FDZEPF<br />

KBR\ KETNCG ,\GCZTF KBR\ KEK NT BNB ,BZGCFP ,FNTPNP IGMM OKNCYP BN<br />

ONGM[ KBR\C YZ[ ,C\GM ONGSF NTC QMN .\BH OKKYN Z[VB KB \GCZTF<br />

.OFKNT CG[IN NGMKG GPXTN FDBEFP ZGJV OEBF ,EIB NMN OKDBGE<br />

?\GCZTF QKKRT NMC BZGCF FVKB<br />

GETGR FZCIC \GNKTVG EGPKN N[ FNBF \GNGTVF NM .KBR\ YZ FH \GCZTF<br />

\B GRC OKNNGIPG \GZGBF OKBC FRPP[ ,\KVGSF FZJPN GR\GB ZG[YN<br />

OKTKDP[M WGIR BGF BNB .BZGC QKB \GCZTC OKK\RKC NCB .GNNF OKKGRK[F<br />

BGF LKB [KDZFN KEM ,BZGCN IGZ \IR TKV[K[ KNM \GRCN KEM ,\GCZTN<br />

G\GB .GRKCN KRKC ,\KEEF \GCZT [K FHC OD[ .GKNB GRIRBG GRKNB SIKK\P<br />

.BZGCF QKCN KRKC NTGV , LN Q\BG KN Q\ N[ QGZYKT<br />

CGFBN \GSRN LKZX[ FH BGF KRB[ GB K\GB CGFBN ZCIN OGZDN LKZX OBF<br />

?G\GB<br />

BN ZCIFG .QGIJKC \[DZF KN Q\GR ZCIF[ KRVN ZCIF \B CGFBN Z[VB KB<br />

\GCKKI\F ING[ BN BGF .K\GB CFGB BN BGF OB QGIJKC \[DZF KN \\N NGMK<br />

ZCIF[ OK[KDZP Z[BM .CNFP CGFBN LKZX BGF BNB ,K\GB CFGB BGF[ YRCFP<br />

.IJCGP KN[ EK\TF ;EIVN FP KN QKBG KN DBEK BGF[ QPKSF FH ,K\GB CFGB<br />

HBG ,GRPP FCFB [KDZB[ LM KEM ET K\GB CFBK[ LMN TKDP ZCIF LKBG<br />

.KRPP \BHF F[DZFF \B NCYN LKZX BGF ?ZCE KN ZSIK BN[ IGJC FKFB<br />

NKI\FN LKZX[ BGVKB BXGK .KNT CG[IN OGYPC GPXT NT CG[IK BGF \ZIB<br />

,TDZM GC OKBXPR[ CXP G\GBC ,EIK BNB ,FH ZIB FH BN ,EIK FEGCTF \B<br />

NM[ ,\GXZN NKI\FN \KEEF FZGXC BNB ,ZES OG[ KNCG \GRTPG \GRTJ BNN<br />

,O\CFB \B [KDZFN NE\[K BGF HBG .G\GB OKCFGB ONGM[ [KDZK EIB<br />

.FCFB N[ FEKP F\GB OFN ZKHIKG<br />

ONGMP KRB { FNBF OKCXPF KR[ \B CNC [KDZFN NKI\FN LKZX EIB NM<br />

\GKFN NKI\P BGF ,FNBF OKRGGKMF KR[C EGCTN NKI\P CNF OBG .ONGMN KRBG<br />

.LM ZIB KPG OEGY NKI\P[ KP QKBG .\GCCNF NMC ,QG[BZF OEBP YNI<br />

?OKZCIF QKC QGC[IF LZTR LKB<br />

OKZCIF QKC BXPR[ GF[PC ZCGEP BN .KPN FP Q\R KP QGC[I OK[GT BN<br />

\B \GNDN NE\[P OEBF FMG\C[ ;CNC[ F[DZFC YZ BNB ,\K[IGP FZGXC<br />

OFKVNM SIKK\FN NGMK BGF LM LG\PG .FRPBR FCFBM GKVNM OKZCIF SIK<br />

.Z\GK BN .FZGX F\GBC

\GCZTF<br />

350<br />

FRGKNT<br />

\GBKXP<br />

QKKPEN<br />

(D"M=C"M \GK\GB) \GCZTF ZPBP NT (21.1.2005) FIK[<br />

,OEBC[ KPKRVF YNIF \B OKDK[P BN OF .OF KP OKRKCP ORKB OEB KRC<br />

BN FH NCB .GC YZG ,FHF ONGTC OKBXPR[ OKVGDM OPXT \B OK[KDZP YZG<br />

NKECFN ,OFN FKGND KRIGZF ONGTC OFN[ FD[FF[ ,OKNCGYPF KCDN QGMR<br />

\GPGBN LKK[[ KP NMP ,CNC[ FEGYR GC [K[ KP NMP ,OKNKDZ OEB KRCP<br />

.NBZ[K OTN GB ONGTF<br />

KZGIBP EPGT[ FPN OKSIKK\P OF ,GRKNT OKZCEP OKNCGYPF Z[BM QMNG<br />

ONGTC YNI [K EIB NMN KM .KRIGZF ONGTC TXCP EIB NM[ FPN ,EIB NM<br />

NE\[FN LKZX QMN .\BHF FRGP\F \B GRN OKZK\SP GRN[ OKVGDF YZG ,KRIGZF<br />

\B ,GN[ EKYV\F \B EIB NM \GBZNG FHF ONGTF N[ \GRGP\P ZHR\FN<br />

NBKXRJGVN OB\FC [IZ\P[ LKNF\C ZCGEP .OKKRIGZ OKIRGPC GN[ LKNF\F<br />

OKEKYV\F[ ,\ZPGB \BH .EIK ONGM N[G EGIN EIB NM N[ KRIGZF<br />

,\GKGPMN ,\GKGPEN WGIP[ ,ZIB EPKPG \ZIB \GBKXP OF GNNF OKMKNF\FG<br />

.OGYPN ,FTGR\N ,QPHN WGIP[<br />

\GPGB CZYC NBZ[K OT N[ GEKYV\ NT OKZCEP OKNCGYPF[M QMNG<br />

QKC ,FHF ONGTC \GBKXPF \B \GR[N [K GC[ QVGBF NT ZCGEP BN ,ONGTF<br />

FP NT ZCGEP BNB ,OKRKKRT KRKP NMC \GRKEPFG \GXZBF QKCG OKVGDF<br />

.\GKRIGZC FR\[P[<br />

KZCEC BZYPFP QGTP[ KCZC QGTP[ KCZ QC ZHTNB KCZ TKK\SP[ GFHG .CM<br />

\GCZ \GP[RN ZG[Y BGF KM ?TGEP .FCZF FCGJ ECBK EIB BJGIG :CG\MF<br />

,OKNVGR OF ,GN[P \GCZT IGM OFN UKSGP BN BGF OB .GNCYK FP TCGY LMCG<br />

NGMK FKF KM .FCZF FCGJ ECBP[ BZYR FHG .O\NKVRC O[B BGF HBG<br />

OKMGH GKF OF ODG ,O\GMHN] EGCTN ,OFN ZGHTN TKDP FKF OD :IKGGZFN<br />

.LVFF NCYP OD FHN OB\FC ,LVKFF \B OZGD[M NCB .G\GMHC<br />

TKDPF \GNTV\FF [DZF Z[B (’º œåà œåÆłòÆ ì"ðº) NKTN ZBC\R ZCM KM<br />

\GNTV\FF [DZF OT KZPDN FG[ BGF OGYPN OEB QKC \GGXPF YSTC OEBN<br />

LKB QKC NECF QKB ,ZPGNM ,GZKCIN OEB QKC[ \GGXPF YST \TC GN TKDPF<br />

CKGIP \GGXPF NM KM .OKZCIN OKSIKK\P[ LKB QKCN BZGCN OKSIKK\P[<br />

FZBF OG[ GN QKB[ ,ZPGNM ,\KPXT FCFB N[ FGY\ OG[ KNC FP[N O\G[TN

351<br />

FRGKNT \GBKXP QKKPEN<br />

OGNM OB .FPGEMG EGCM GB NGPD OGN[\P GH G\IZJ KEK NT GKNB \ZHGI FGY\G<br />

\B ,NGPDF \B GN WGIP ING[ BGF KPN BGF CG[I FH FP HB ,OEBN ZHGI BN<br />

.ZCIN GB BZGCN OB { FTKDKF \ZGP\ NCYK[ FP \B ,ZM[F<br />

\GVXN Q\KR BN GRPPG ,OEBF KRC ZB[M ,ZCI BGF ZCIF[ FPER GRN<br />

NCB .FZGP\N \GVXN Q\KR FRPP[ FRGKNT \G[K BGF BZGCF GNKBG ;FZGP\N<br />

FPM ET OK[KDZP ,FTKDKF NT FZGP\ NMP OKY\R\P[ CXPN OKNT\P OB<br />

\KK[TN FZJPM ,QKJGNIN OKGG[ OK[TRG GR\KBP OKY\GRP ZCIF ODG BZGCF<br />

.TKV[FN \RP NT FNGTVF<br />

GB NGPD OGN[\P GH G\IZJ KEK NT GKNB \ZHGI FGY\G FZBF OG[ QKB[<br />

\CFBG ’F \CFB OKZCI\P \BHF FFGCDF FEGYRC QBM Z[B ,FPGEMG EGCM<br />

OG[CG JNIGP QVGBC OB .(å"Ł œåà "äłåœ ïœî" łîàîÆ ì"ðº) ,[PP \IBN GZKCI<br />

GKRKTC QKB HB ,FZHIC GF[P GPXTN ZB\P BN BGF ,FZMFF \\C GNKVB ,FZGX<br />

\GPEY\F N[ OKGSP ZGTK[ FHC NTGV BGF[ BXPR .ZCIN BZGCF QKC NECF<br />

EKIKF G\GB[ GH FDZEP KM ,ONNMC ONGTF KRC NMC G\NGH \CFB N[ ONGSC<br />

\VZJXP \BXPR UGS UGS ,FRJY FEP GB FNGED FEP OB GK[TPC OZD<br />

O[ UZJXPG SRMGF GYNI OD KM ,\GMH UMN ONGTF \TZMFC EK\TN IZMFC<br />

NYG[ N[PC CJKF O[ QKKT .(’º œåà "œåÆłòä" łîàîÆ ì"ðº) FTZMFN<br />

.OKPG[PG[F<br />

,GPXTN OEBF N[ FKRV OG[ BNN ,FTV[F \EKPC FBC[ FRJY FTKDK NM<br />

.GPXTN QGC[IFP Y\RKFN FMGH OEBF OVGSC[ ,OKRGMRF \GRGC[IN \VZJXP<br />

\B [KDZPG \GP[RF OT QGC[I ZCM F[GT ,\KPXT FCFBP Y\R\P Z[BMG<br />

.EIBG EIB NM N[ FP[RF \B ,EIBG EIB NMC[ TKV[PF YNIF<br />

NMG ,ONGT KBC NM ,\GP[RF Z\K NMG GZCIG BGF ,\GBKXPF NM[ FBGZ HBG<br />

.\IB \GBKXP BKF ,\GRG[G \GZIB \GZGXC OKBXPR[ BNB ,ONGT KBC ORKB[<br />

TKV[FN GB OKZIBN TKV[FN ,\ZPGB \BH ,GN WGIP GF[PN SIKK\FN[<br />

K\NC EIBM GNXB OKSV\R \GP[RFG BZGCF KM .LF GRKKF FH GNKC[C ,BZGCN<br />

GKF BNG ,\GBKXPC EIK OKBXPRG FHN FH OKZG[Y[ BNB .OKKR[M BNG EZVR<br />

.OKKR[M O\GB ZB\N FKF Z[VB[ ,OKEZVR OTV KB<br />

FCFBF \B [GCMNG ZCD\FN NGMK BN[ F\GTP[P[ ,\IB FZKCT F[GTFG<br />

\B IN[N NGMK BN[ ,GPXTN \GKRV QKKET GN [K \BH NMC[ ,\PFGHPF \KPXTF<br />

BZYR ,FPGEMG FCRDC WZGV QM NTG GPXTN FXGIP NB EK\TN[ \GGY\F NM<br />

\BG GPXT \B TKZMP BXPRG .\NTG\ LMP YKVFN C[GI BGF OB ,CRGD BGF[

\GCZTF<br />

352<br />

TCJF KZF \KPXTF FCFB N[ F\PFGH KGNKDC KM ,FCGI UMN GNGM ONGTF<br />

LG\P OKGSP ZGTK[ TZGD BGF[ BXPRG ,YHI\PG ZHGI FBKZCF N[ NV[F<br />

.\KVGSF \GMHF UMN FTZMFF<br />

EKIKF OG[PG[F G\GB OKRHBPF UM QP NJGRG ZHGI EIB[ GPM FPGEC<br />

N[ UMF \B JTP FKCDPG ZHGI FH ZGTK[C Z[B BXPR[ ,O[ IKRF GZKCI[<br />

FHG ,\KRZGIB GNGM ONGTF \B ZKHIP BGF[ BXPRG ,\GMHF UMP FNTPN FCGI<br />

NT YVB\FN NMK BN[ NKC[C[ ,FCZF FCGJ ECBK EIB BJGIG N"HI GZPB<br />

.GNGM ONGTF N[ G\GKRIGZN \KRZGIB FVKIEN OZD ,FRJRJYF G\GB\<br />

BNG .\IB \MZTP GR\GKFP TCGR BGF BNB ,GRC KGN\ GRKB FHF QGC[IF<br />

OB ,BN GB F\GB OK[KDZP OB ,BN GB \PKKY BKF[ GRN FBZR OB CG[I<br />

QKB ZGBC FBNPG ,EIK FZG[Y[ \GP[RF \MZTP \B OKVGDF KZGIBP OKBGZ<br />

NT NYP FH QKB ,GR\KBP \Z\SR BKF OB OD .OGNM OKKY BN FRPP WGI[ ,UGS<br />

,\MZTPF KYNI NM N[ YGIF BGF[ ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" YGIF \ZPGI<br />

\GYGNBF \GND\FN OKNKTGPG \KNNMF \MZTPN OKNKTGP GKFK[ IKJCPF<br />

.\MZTPF LG\C<br />

?FZG\F \NCYN KGBZ FKFK[ ,ONGTF NM \B ZK[MFN KBZIBF KP<br />

\GZG[Y \GP[RF ,FHF ONGTC FN FPGE \MZTP QKB[ ,\GP[RF \MZTPC<br />

ZGBF BXPR \BHF \MZTPC .EIB WCYPC ,EIB UGDC ,TGCY Z[YC QFKRKC<br />

\MZTPFP Z\GK OKNDP BN GRIRBG .QFC BXPRG Q\GB BNKP ,Q\GB BZC[<br />

,\MZTPF KGNKD N[ LKNF\C[ BNB ."QG[BZF OEB" \BZYRF ,\BHF FTGCYF<br />

BKF LKB OD OKEPGN ,F\GB [KDZFNG F\GB \GBZN OKNKI\P JBN JBN[<br />

.OKCXP EGT [K IJCNG ,OKDK[P BN FHP FNTPN NCB .FZXGR<br />

OKBZIB ,QYG\PF CXPN FNGM \MZTPF \ZHIFN OKBZIB[ OKYNIF<br />

,FN[ \GMKBN ,FMG\C ZGBF KGNKD N[ ,FN[ CXPN \GP[RF \MZTP \ZHIFN<br />

CXPN BKCFN GNB OKYNI NT ;FC[ ZGBF KGNKDG KEEF Z[YN ,\GEIBF CXPN<br />

OKBXPR O\GKFC F\GB BNPPF ZGBF QKCN \GP[RF \MZTP QKa+ EGIKF<br />

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357<br />

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358<br />

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,[KDZP BN[ OEB ."FP[R" BZYRF ZGEM FMG\C[ ,FKCGY GPM BGF OEBF<br />

,ZPGNM ,\KRVGD FZGXC YZ OKK\RKC BNB ,GC[ FP[RF KEK NT NTVGP BN[<br />

FEGYRF \B ,ZGEMF \B GMG\C OKNDP BN .G\B ZCI\FN Q\KR BN ,ECNC FKCGYM<br />

,ZPGNM ,OKKPFC OKKI KI[ ,FHF ONGTC OEB NM NBM GKNB OKSIKK\P .CNC[<br />

.\GKRIGZN \GZG[Y BN QKKET[ ,GK[MT GN \GND\P[ \GRGM\F KVN EYV\P[<br />

,BZGCN FBGG[FN TKDFN G\GB \GM[GP BN FNTPNP NCYP BGF[ \GEGYVF<br />

.FTV[FN GRKKF<br />

.YGIZ ZMP OB QKCG FIV[P CGZY BGF OB QKC ,EIB NMN SIKK\FN [K LMG<br />

,GMG\C OKRMG[ ,CNC[ FEGYRF ,"ZGEM"F[ ,GYKSYPP GF[KP GRKNB BGCN NGMK<br />

\I\V\P[ FEGYR ZCM GN [K ,"OEB" BZYR \PBC BGF .SIKK\R OFKNBG<br />

FEGYR GN QKB NCB ,NNMF QP BXGK ZGIC BGF[ ,GRN[ QM[ GNKBG .BZGCFP<br />

\GBZN Z[VB FNCYC QMN .\GPEB KNT OEB NM \YHIC QKKET BGF ,BZGCN<br />

GRKKF BN ,\GNKDZ OKKRKTC OFKNT OKNM\SP GRKKF GNKB[ ,OK[RB USGB<br />

.\GKRGXKIF \GRGM\F KVN OFP EIB UB OKZIGC

359<br />

FRGKNT \GBKXP QKKPEN<br />

\[ZGE ,\ZTGC BKFG ,CNC[ FEGYRF \RMG[ GNNFP EIB NMC[ KRVP NCB<br />

O\B EIK BXPR KRB QMNG ,O\B ZCI\FN CKKI KRB QMN ,KNXB OD LMG ,QGYK\<br />

GPM DGFRN BNB \ZIB FZKZC QKB .CG[IN CKKI ZCI NM LM .K\B OKBXPR OFG<br />

ONGTC OEB NM \GKFN NGMK LMG ."GNBF OKZCIC K\ZIC FPN" ["CZF ZPBPC<br />

YZ BGF GRKRKC Z[YF KM .LRM[P LKNB CGZY Z\GK QMNG ,BZGCN CGZY BGF[<br />

.\GCK[I \BHN SIKKNG CN \PG[\ LMC TKY[FN LKZXG .\GP[RF QKC Z[Y<br />

?FZCIN YHRF \EKP \B OKYEGC FP KVN<br />

UGDF EGYV\N FPGEC ,\MZTPF EGYV\ KVN OKRICR \NTG\F GB YHRF<br />

KEM YZ KIG ,UGDN NMF OZG\[ ,\KNBKEKB FZGXC EYV\P ZCKB NM[ ,KP[DF<br />

,GMZE OEF NM \B UGIEN IGMP WGI GPXTN OGNM LKZX BN CNF .UGDN OGZ\N<br />

\B GPXT NT IYGN[ OG[P ,CG[I ZCKB C[IR BGF .GPXTN ZCE [ZGE BN ODG<br />

.GPXT KRVC \GCK[I GN [K[ BNG .\MZTPF N[ KNNMF EGYV\C ,FEGCTF CGZ<br />

\B \GBZN LKZX ZCI NM LMG .UGDC OKZCKBFG OKYNIF Z\K NM OD ,CNF GPMG<br />

,KP[DF UGDF EYV\P[ GPM KNBEKB EGYV\C \GKFN BN .OKZCIF \BG GPXT<br />

.FHM EGYV\N FKJRC \GKFN NCB ,QGYK\F ZPDC GPM GB<br />

FRGGMC[ OKYK\G OT BNB ,OK[EI OK[RB OT BN \G[TN LKZX QGC[IG<br />

LG\IN EKP LKZX O\GB .OFKRKC OKSIKC NGYNY GB OKZCIF QKC Y\R OKPZGD<br />

ZCKB OEBF UGDP OKBKXGP[ GPM ,FZCIF LG\P ,KNNMF UGDF LG\P BKXGFNG<br />

KRVP OKVSGR OKRPKSG QGRY\ KVN ?OKZCIF \B OKYEGC LKBG .YKHP[ FNGI<br />

.\KPKRVF \NTG\F KVN \GKFN \CKKI FYKECF .F[DZF N[ QKKRT GFH[<br />

,OGNM OK[GT BN[ ,OKKCKSV OK[RB OD[ ZPGBG \MN YKIZP ONGSF NTCG<br />

ORPB .OFN[ \GCZTF \EKP \B ONGMC OKPKN[P BN OF KM .OKYKHP OF OD<br />

NCB .OEXP FCGD\ BGC\[ ET QK\PFNG O\GB ZZGTN ,\GRNCSC \GMIN Z[VB<br />

KNGB .KNNMF UGDFP YKIZFN LKZX O\GB OD HB ,FRGMR FCGD\ FBC BN OB<br />

.FRGMR FZGXC FXGCYN GZHIKG OEKYV\ \B GRKCK OF WGIC<br />

ODG .CG[ O\GB \GSRN LKZX ,OKKCKSV YZ BNB ,OKYKHPF QP BN OF OBG<br />

OKRYG\P YKVSP BN GRIRB YZG GRYG\ ZCM OF[ \GKFN NGMK ,GYKHF[ FNB<br />

KNGB[ \GTZVFF \B QY\N KEM OKYHI YKVSP BN GB FZHI O\GB NCYN KEM<br />

N[Z\F YZ BNB YKHF BN[ ZCI .FZCIF \B NYNYN \GNGNT[ OFP GBGCK<br />

KM .CG[ UZXN \GSRN Z[VB G\GB ,\KCKJYB FZGXC BN NCB ,YKHF QMNG JTP<br />

KVNM OD \G[TKFN FZGPB FYKECFG .FYKECF \B LGZTN \NDGSP FXGCYF

\GCZTF<br />

360<br />

\GCKKI\FC YNI \IYN FXGZ BNG BXPR[ KP OTV BN KM .OKBXPR[ FNB<br />

.YKHP { \KNNMF<br />

œåà "äłåœ ïœî" łîàîÆ) NKTN GREPT[ FP CJKF OKZBC\P GNNF OKZCECG .DM<br />

QKBG KBEG GFH KM ,\KNBZ[KF FPGBF THD NB EGIKC FZG\F FR\KR[ FPC ,(’ä<br />

:EIK K[GRBF QKPF NM NT NJGP FBKZCF \KNM\ ZCE Z[B ,ZCEC \GTE ’C QBM<br />

\GKZCF TCJ N[ G\EKZK LG\P ONGB ,GZYKTP NECF OG[ KNC CGFXMG QCNM ZGI[<br />

\JNG[F \KPXT FCFBF QKRT BGF[ NKTN ZBGCPM ,FRG\I\F BJGKEN ET<br />

Q\PG B[PC BCN BGCPG LZE OG[ FKF BN ,\G[GRBF NM NT OKZXP KNC FJKN[<br />

FIJCFC GNKVB ,OPXT NT NCYN GPKMSKG GTKZMK[ ,OFN ZKCSFNG OFPT<br />

.\NGHF \CFB N[ CIZF ONGTF NB FZXF O\ZDSPP \BXN ,BPNTC<br />

,BZGCF NT ZVGSP[ GPM .FZK[K FZGXC TKDFN Z[VB KB NCYN QGXZN<br />

\GNDGSP GKF BN QFG ,FZG\F \B NCYN QFP [YKCG \GPGBF QKC CCG\SF[<br />

NCYN QGXZF HB ,UBR\ BNG IXZ\ BNG CGRD\ BN ,OKZGSKB YZ [K OB .NCYN<br />

FZGXF \GG\[F KNC QGKNT ZGB \NCYP \GKFN FNGMK BN \GMNP .QMGP BN<br />

LGVF BGF[ ,\GRFKN QGXZ BKF FBKZCF NM KM .OEGY QGYK\ \CKKI BKF .GKNB<br />

.TKV[FN QGXZFP<br />

Z[B ?"NBZ[K" OKBZYRF OKNMC EIGKPF FP ,\KNBZ[KF FPGBF ECNP<br />

FR[ \GBP TCZB OKZXP N[ \KBZVF \GMNPFN EGCT[F OFN OKEYF[ IMP<br />

\B Y\PP INP FP" GZPB[ N"HI KZCE TEGRG ,OKBZGRG OKNGED OKZGSKC<br />

UGDF NB QKBKCP[ GRKKFE ,"OEB N[ GK\GRGT QKYZPP QKZGSK QM Z[CF<br />

OFN FEPT OK[GEYF OFK\GCB \GMMEHF[ ,FH NT USGRG ,FNGED \GMMEHF<br />

FPM FH NT OKEKTP[ GPM ,ZYKTF GFH[ ,(æ"Ł œåà "äłåœ ïœî" łîàîÆ ì"ðº)<br />

.FZG\C[ \GBZYP<br />

EIB EXP OKZGSK KEK NT ,LGMKH OEGY NCKY YNI ,BZCR[ NCYN QGXZFP<br />

FCM[C ZXGR LMG ."GRK\GCB LGMKH" BZYRF ,KR[ EXP BZGCN Z\K \MK[PG<br />

.Z\KF NM QGYK\N OGZDNG OEGY QY\KFN NGMK[ DGS ,\GP[RC \PKGSP<br />

?LGMKHN OKBKCP OKZGSK LKB<br />

FNB[ GN FPER .NCYN QGXZC BXPR OEBF KM ,LGMKHN OKBKCP OKZGSKF<br />

GPXT \B NBG[ NCGS[ NCYN QGXZG .NCGS NCYN QGXZF[ ,NCYN QGXZC OKZGSK<br />

GN[ KGNKPF[ QKCFN NKI\P BGF LMG .BNP \GKFN NGMK GRKBG NCGS BGF TGEP<br />

.ZIB GF[KPC BNB GC KGN\ BN

361<br />

FRGKNT \GBKXP QKKPEN<br />

,TKV[PF N[ GMGVKF BGF[G ,TKV[PFP BC KGNKPF[ \GBZN NKI\P BGF HBG<br />

QGXZC \ZZGT\P ,GPXT \B BNPN FXGZ[ QGGKMPG .NCYN NDGSP BN BGF QMNG<br />

FRKBG FNTP FRKB FRGGMF NCYN QGXZN KM .GN[ TCJF KVNM FTZ F[DZF NCYN<br />

ZYKTF BNB { TKV[FN \RP NT \GKFN GB NCYN \RP NT \GKFN { FEKZGP<br />

.BNP\FN<br />

,TCJF NT ,NCYN QGXZF NT OKZCEP BN FNCYC .YeKE N[ QKKRT [K QBMG<br />

BN OEBF .TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGM GB NCYN \RP NT FRGGM :FRGGMF NT BNB<br />

FHP NCGS BGF BNB .GN[ TCJF FH KM ,NCYN QGXZFP ZJVKFN NDGSP<br />

BN BGF[ FNDP OGB\VG .BNP FKFK[ FXGZG ,BNP\P BN GN[ NCYN QGXZF[<br />

;GN \MKK[ BN NNM \BHF FRGGMFG .NCYN \RP NT FRGGM GN [K[ KRVP BNP\P<br />

QGXZN EPXGF[ ZCE BNB ,ZYKTF BGF BN .FNBF \GRGGMF \B LKZX BGF BN<br />

.GN[ NCYN<br />

OEBF ,GN[ \GZXF NMN FCKSF BKF NCYN \RP NT FRGGMF[ ,FNKD[ ZIBN<br />

\RP NT FRGGMFP ZJVKFN FXGZ BGFG ,ZB[R NCYN QGXZF .FRPP ZJVKFN FXGZ<br />

NT \MNN QMGP QMNG ,CGJ FH TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGMF[ GN OKZPGB KM .NCYN<br />

.FTV[FC FKFK OB CGJ GN FKFK[ C[GI[ ,"FP[N BN" BZYR FHG .FH<br />

[PP\K ZCEF OB GN CG[I BN ,BNP\FN NCYN QGXZN IJCGP OB<br />

,GPXTN DBGE NCYN QGXZF .LMN QMGP BGFG ,TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGMF \GTXPBC<br />

.LM ZIB GKNB GVSGR \GRGGMF NMG .ZYKTF BGF ,FBKZCF N[ ZPGIF BGF KM<br />

TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGM [GMZN LNGF OEBF[ CN[F ,"FP[N BN" QKKRT BC QMN<br />

.GPXTN CKJKFN KEM<br />

?QGXZF GB FRGGMF ,LMEHP FP<br />

ONGTNG FRGGMC \GMMEHF [K LSPC .LSPC GPM .OTV UB \GMMEHF QKB QGXZC<br />

,G\B EGCTN OKNGMK[ FEKPN OB\FC ,\GIV GB Z\GK ZZGT\P QGXZF .QGXZC BN<br />

OB\FC G\B EGCTN NGMK OEBF[ QGXZF NEGD QF[ ,\GZZGT\P[ \GPK[ZF KVN<br />

.QGXZ G\GBC OK[P\[P ,\GRGGM OKVKNIP[M OD NCB .\GRGGMN<br />

TXPBC OKCKKI ,TKV[FN \RP NTN NCYN \RP NTP \GRGGM UKNIFN KEM<br />

OKXGZ BN[ ,CXPN OKTKDP HBG .G\GB OXPXN ,QGXZF \B BKVYFN QFKRKC[<br />

NCYN \RP NT FRGGMF Z[BMG .NCYN \RP NT GN[ FRGGMF KM ,QGXZC [P\[FN<br />

\RP NT FRGGM \GRGXZF NT OK[MGZ JBN JBNG ."ZCGT" CXPF BZYR ,\NVGR<br />

.TKV[FN

\GCZTF<br />

362<br />

?\GMH# EGT OF[ OKZGSK O\GB OFP<br />

,OKK\ZJP OKZGSKN FRGGMF .NCGS NCYN QGXZF[ O\S BN FRGGMF "OKZGSK"<br />

GTP[P "OKZGSK" .GC OKBXPR FNBF \G[DZF TGEP QKCP OEBF GC[ CXP<br />

.TZ BZYR FH CXP .YKZ ,TZ [KDZP OEBF GN[ NCYN QGXZF LG\C[<br />

BKF \GRYKZF OB ."KN ZSI"M ,\GRYKZF \[DZGP ,’C ,’B ,[ZG[ \GKCTC<br />

NMF ."KN ZSI" BNG ,"KN CBGM" ,CBM OK[KDZP ,NCYN OKMKZX[ ’EG ’D \GKCTC<br />

NT NBG[ OEBF FN OB\FCG ,\GRYKZF \KND\PG \BXPR \GKCT GHKBC KGN\<br />

.OKZGSKF \CKS<br />

,ZPGNM ,OEY\P QPHF NM OEBF ODG QPHF NM \PEY\P \G[GRBF NCB<br />

OKZSI[ [KDZF OTV OBG .\KRYKZ Z\GKM FND\PG \MNGFG FNED GN[ \GKCTF<br />

.\G[DZFF Q\GB OGYPC CBM [KDZP BGF OGKF ,KGNKC JTP GB OIN \SGZV GN<br />

,’C ,’BN [ZG[P \GKCTF FND\P[ NMMG .\KRYKZ BKFG \GKCT Z\K GC FND\P KM<br />

LK[PFN Z[VB ,ZESC OKKIF ,BZGR BN"[ F[DZFP ZCGT OEBF LM ,’E ,’D<br />

.FRPP \BXN LKZXG FKTC GN [KG GN CBGM[ F[DZFN ,"\GNCN<br />

TKDP[ KRVN ,\GRYKZN FCKSF NT CG[IN NKI\P BGF ,OMI OEB BGF OB<br />

NCKY[ ZIBN YZ GN[ NCSF ZGYP NT \GF\N NKI\P BGF HB ,BN OBG .CBMN<br />

GN[ NCSN FCKS [K[ ZPGNM ,K\ZJP CBM \GBZN NKI\P BGF .\GCZ \GMP<br />

YKSVP[ OEBF .LZEF \NKI\ ZCM GHG .GN TZ FPN QKCFN ,F\GNDN FXGZ BGFG<br />

FCKSF \B [VIP BNB ,IZGC BGF G\GB OKMP Z[BM[ ,ZGPI GPM DGFRN<br />

.GPXT NT GN[ ZYIPF \B NKI\P LMCG ,\GMPN<br />

?FZGXF \GG\[F KBN GN[ CBMF \B EKP ZG[YN NGMK OEBF OBF<br />

BGF .CBMC ZCGEP[ QKCFN NKI\P BGF[ ET QPH ZCGT ,CBM [KDZP[ OEB<br />

OGYPP WZ BGF ,UIER BGF ,ZCE EGTG ZCE FXGZ BGF BNB .GN TEGP BN<br />

ET .\GCZ OKR[ L[P LMG .GPXT \B BNPN FGGY\C ,YGSKTN YGSKTP ,OGYPN<br />

GKNT ZCGT FHF [GVKIF[ ,GN ZKCSFN OKNKI\P O[[ ,OGYPN TKDP BGF[<br />

.QGGMPC<br />

KZ[VB ZCEF .FZJPF OT CBMF \[DZF \B ZG[YN CZ QPH ZCGT HB ODG<br />

,UKYPF ZGBF N[ ZGYPF \B CBGMF OGYPF LG\C OK[KDZP[ KBR\C YZ<br />

\KCF NTC" ONGSF NTC N[PC ZGBK\F GPM .CBM \[DZF \B GC ZZGTP BGF[<br />

.IZGBF C[GK QING[N CKCSPG \KCF NTC EPGT GEKN[ QING[F NT :"IZGBFG

363<br />

FRGKNT \GBKXP QKKPEN<br />

LG\P GKNB BC CBMF[ [KDZP FKF BN BGF ,\KCF NTC ,ZGYPF \[DZF BNGN<br />

.KF[NM FZJP<br />

LG\C LKZX ,ZGYPFP BC BGF[ F[DZFF OT ,CBM GC FND\K[ KEM NCB<br />

\Z[VBPG CBMF OT EIK UKYP ZGBF \B \SVG\[ ,CNC[ FEGYR NCYN QGXZF<br />

\B GNGPG BZGCF \B [KDZFN NKI\FNG ,OFKR[ QKC FBGG[F \G[TN OEBN<br />

\[ZGEG OKVKYPF \GZGBF KEK NT \K[TR \BHF \GI\V\FF .YKZF KNMF<br />

.OKR[ FPM N[ FEGCT<br />

O\GB FRMP QM NTE ,FHF ZCEN OKZ[MGP HB G[TR GNB \GPEYF ’C IMPG<br />

N"HI G[ZKVG ,ZFF EDR NBZ[K O[ QIKG ["PM ,EKIK QG[NC BKFF \TC CG\MF<br />

YNKS FPGBFP EKIKG EKIK NM[ KRVP ,EIB CNC EIB [KBM :"O[ QIKG" FH FP<br />

GPM ,GZCIN NKTGFN YZ F\KF G\PDP NMG ,\KPXT FCFBP KZPDN GPXT \B<br />

LTZN \CFBG N[ FGXPF \GTP[PC (æ"Ł œåà "äłåœ ïœî" łîàîÆ) NKTN GRIMGF[<br />

CNN G[TRG FPGBC[ OKEKIKF NM EIK GEMN\R[ BXPRG .CJKF O[ QKKT ,LGPM<br />

FZG\F \NCYN GZ[MGF HB YZ KM ,\IB FRGGMC EIB QGXZ ,EIB [KBNG EIB<br />

BGF \GZ[MF QKKRT NMG ."Z[MGP" BZYR ZGBN FPB\FC BXPR[ KNM .ZBGCPM<br />

.GNBF OKNMF \B ZK[MFN LKB<br />

?FZCI FXGIR[ \KNM[F FRCFF OEBC \KRCR LKB<br />

OT \GZCI\F N[ FZGXC YZ[ ,FRCFF FND\P ,FCKSF FND\P[ FEKPC<br />

GRN \KND\P .EIB OF FZJPFG FZCIF KM .FZJPF \B DK[FN Z[VB FZCIF<br />

"QKCFNG SGV\N" BNB .GPXTC ZCIPG QKCPG C[GI OEBF[ BNG .\MZTP<br />

.ZCEF \B OKJNGY GRIRB HBG GF[P GRN FND\P[ GTP[P<br />

FBGZ BGF HB ,GRN[ OKNMC \G[CN\FC BC ZCEF[ JNGY OEBF Z[BMG<br />

OKCKKI ONGM[ ,\BHM FZGXC \GZCGIP[ ,\GP[R USGBC GB ,FXGCYC ZCGEP[<br />

FND\P HBG .EIK OFC BXPR BZGCF HBG ,OPXTP FBKXK KEK NT ONGMN DGBEN<br />

.OFKRKC \GKFN LKZX[ YGIF FPG FXGCYN ZSI FPG GN ZSI FP OEBN<br />

NCB .FN[ OKCKMZPF NMC FND\P BKF ,Z\GK EGT GN FND\P FRGP\F OBG<br />

.\TEFP FNTPN EGCTN ,LVKFF BYGGE OEBFP [ZER ,FND\P FRGP\F[ KRVN<br />

NB Z[Y BNG FHN OKVIE GRN QKB ,\GIMGF OG[ GRN QKB ,\GEGSK GRN QKB KM<br />

."GCZ \RGPB"C \MNN YZ BNB .GRKRKT \B ZKB\[ FPN[F FRGP\F<br />

\KNBZ[KF FPGBN EGIKC FZG\F FR\KR ,ZGPBF IZMFF LG\P LMKVNG .EM<br />

\TEF NT \GNTFN GNKVB OGYP FKF BN KM ,FECNC CYTKG YIXK OFZCB THD

\GCZTF<br />

364<br />

EXP .\GMH#F EXPG OKZGSKF EXP FRMFF NNDC ?TGEP .FPT U\\[K ZH OG[[<br />

\GKRIGZF \B GNKD[ ,\GCBF[ FP ,\GMH#F EXPG .OKZXP KZGSK NM ,OKZGSKF<br />

.FPGBF LG\C GZKEIFG GRKMF ,FNCYF \JK[ \BG<br />

OFKEK NT[ ,ZCTP QKPM \KNBZ[KF FPGBF F\[TRG FRY\R ,FH NNDC ORPB<br />

KXGXKR[ QVGBC ,GNGM ONGTC[ K[GRBF QKPF NMN \GMMEHFF KXGXKR GPZHK<br />

GBNP\K[ ET ,ZXGBN Q\GRF QGKPEM OGK OGK OKCZ\PG OKMNGF GNNF \GMMEHFF<br />

OTGRF \B QKCFN GNMGK[ ,LM KEKN GBGCKG GI\V\K[ ET GRKKFE ,FXZRF ZGTK[N<br />

UM \B TKZMFN GRKCK HB KM .G\NGH \CFB N[ QKTZDC OKKGZ[F FGN[F \BG<br />

.WZBF QP ZTC\K FCGIF UMG ,LZC\K GNGT \I\ OPXT \B GSKRMKG \GMHF<br />

NT FNTV OKZXP \GND[ O[MG ,NBZ[K OT \B \GMHN GNTV GRK\GCB[ O[M<br />

KVNM NTGV NBZ[K OT LM ,NCYN QGXZF \B ,UGDF \B OD YZPN OKZGSKF KEK<br />

NBZ[K OT LM ,NBZ[K OT KVNM \GCBF GPM .O\GB \GMHN KEM ONGTF \GPGB<br />

KVNB L[PC ONGTF \GPGB NT OKZCGT[ OKZGSKF OD LMG .ONGTF \GPGB KVNM<br />

GNMGK[ CXPN GTKDK[ ET ,OFN[ NCYN QGXZF \B OKYZPPG OKMMHP ,OKR[<br />

.OFKNT NJGP[ FP \B ,\KNM\F \B TXCN

365<br />

OKGG[ NNMG JZV<br />

(J"M=E"M \GK\GB) \GCZTF ZPBP NT (21.1.2005) FIK[<br />

\KNBZ[KF FPGBN EGIKC FZG\F FR\KR ,ZGPBF IZMFF LG\P LMKVNG .EM<br />

FH LG\P ODG .\GCZTN FRMF [K OFC[ KRVP ,FECNC CYTKG YIXK OFZCB THD<br />

SRMKFN FRMF OFN [K TZF EXP QFG CGJF EXP QF ,ZPGNM .OKZXP \B GZCT[<br />

\TEF NT \GNTFN GNKVB OGYP FKF BN KM ,"EIB CNC EIB [KB" N[ KBR\N<br />

.FPT U\\[K ZH OG[[<br />

NT[ ,ZCTP QKPM \KNBZ[KF FPGBF F\[TRG FRY\R ,FH NNDC ORPB<br />

ONGSF NTC .GNGM ONGTC[ K[GRBF QKPF NMN \GMMEHFF KXGXKR GPZHK OFKEK<br />

OKMKZX OPXT NBZ[K[G ONGTF NM KVNM BKF \GCZTF[ ,[KDEPG ZHGI<br />

KNM FKFKG BGCK[ ,ONGTF N[ KNNMF QGYK\F LZGXN YZ FHN FH OKCZT \GKFN<br />

.BZGCC YGCE<br />

FP O[N FRGGMF \ZMF LG\P FNKI\MNP \G[TKFN CKKI FHF LKNF\F NMG<br />

KEM FNBF \GNGTVF \B OK[GT OF OB .GNNF \GNGTVF \B OK[GT NBZ[K<br />

OBG ;ONGTF \GPGB KVNM NCYN \RP NT Q\GB OK[GT OF ,OKEIGKP \GKFN<br />

.BZGCF KVNM NCYN \RP NT FKFK FH ,ONGTF NM OT EIK<br />

NM N[ FRGGM LG\P FNKI\MNP \GKFN \CKKI \BHF \Z[Z[F NM QMN<br />

OKNMC NKTV YNI \GKFN ZGPB KPXT \B QY\N QGXZF .NBZ[KP EIB<br />

FPGBF" OKBZYR[ ,FNB OKNM ."\KNBZ[KF FPGBF" OKBZYR[ FTV[FE<br />

GKFK NBZ[K OT EIK[ ,OKKPNGT OKNMN ZCT#P# [P[N OKZGPB ,"\KNBZ[KF<br />

.FRKM[F \BZ[FN KNM<br />

FRGGMF .FPGDV FNGM \ZIB ,EIK LKNF\F NM \B NGNMN \CKKI FRGGMF<br />

HGIB OK[KPIC GB FRPP EIB HGIBC YZ NCYN QGXZF \B NGNMN FNGMK<br />

CKKI JZVF ODG .OKGG[ JZVG NNM KM ,FPN[ \GKFN \CKKI BKF NCB ,FRPP<br />

.NKTV BGF FP NKC[C \TENG ,FHF LKNF\F NM \B \GBZN<br />

Q\GRF QGKPEM OGK OGK OKCZ\PG OKMNGF GNNF \GMMEHFF KXGXKR[ QVGBC<br />

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Z\GK OKKY BN GRKRKC .ZIB GF[PN \MVGF FCFBF .BZGCN FCFB GRN [K<br />

ZPGN Z[VB KB HB ,GRKRKC NECF OG[ QKBG ,EIB UGD GRNGM OB .FCFBF JV[P<br />

.NDZF \B CGFBN FNGMK BN EKF ,UGDC[ GPM .FH \B CFGB FH[<br />

ONTR ,OGYPN OEB QKC[ \GGXPN GZCIN OEB QKC[ \GGXPC FHF NECFFG<br />

NM KN KM" HB ,[GEY KGD \GKFN OKMVGFG QFKRKPN \G[GI\F \GPNTR Z[BM<br />

"[GEY KGDG OKRFGM \MNPP" \B \GBZN LKZXG .BZGCN OPGZ\P NMF { "WZBF<br />

QMN .FRGMR F[KD OEBN FRYP FH KM ,EIB JV[PM NMF "WZBF NM KN KM"G<br />

\GZPN ,\IB \CC FHF JV[PF NM \B F[P LZE ZKCTFN LKZX FKF BZGCF<br />

OEBF[ FZGXF \BH .OGNM NCKY BNG ,QYG\P KNMC BXPR BN QKKET OTF[<br />

.FNKI\MNP GMG\C GPXT CXKKN LKZX<br />

?ONGTFG OTF ,FXGCYF LG\P BZGCN \GRVN LKZX ,QGYK\ FXGZ[ OEB<br />

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\RP NT BKF F[YCF HB , BZGCF ET G\B OKMNGF BNG ,ONGT ,OT ,FXGCY<br />

NM KN KM" ZPDKFN \CKKI FKRV NM KM .ONGTNG OTN GB FZCIN GB GPXTN NCYN<br />

UGD"M ,ECN Z[GBP \GKFN NGMK BN KRB QM KRVNG .BZGCN FNT\P NMF[ ,"WZBF<br />

CKKI NMF NCB .ONGTF OT HB ,OTF OT BN OBG .OTF OT KRB HB ,"EIB<br />

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?OKZCIN FGG[ SIK GFPG "FGG[" FRGGMF FPN<br />

,LN[ EXFP FGG[ BNB FEKP F\GBC ONGMN SIKK\FN GTP[P QKB "FGG["<br />

,BKZC UGDN FPGEC .LN[ FEGCTN Z[YC BXPR OFP EIB NM[ FPMN OB\FC<br />

OKSIKK\P CNC "ZC["N .NDZN Z[BP Z\GK IGPNG CNN DGBEN CKKI BGF[

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372<br />

LK[PFN Z[VB ,NDZF \B OK\ZGM OB .NDZC ZC[N Z[BP \ZIB<br />

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EIB NMN NCB .EIB UGDN GPM ,FGG[ QVGBC OKZCIF NMN SIKK\P OEBF<br />

ZPBR QMN .ZB[R FEKPZKVF FRCP .FZCIC GYNIN OB\FC SIKK\P BGF<br />

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EKYV\ F[GTM BGF GKNB SIKF HB OD[ .OKKYN GKNT[ FP NM GBGNPC OKKYP[<br />

\EKP KVN OKC[IP BZGCN SIKC ,OKCG[I BN GB OKCG[I NCB .BNP<br />

.KNNMF KNMC OFN[ \GCK[IF<br />

NCB .\ZIB BKF \GNNM\FF ,FRG[ YGIF QGYK\F ZPDC .QGYK\F ZPD ET LM<br />

GNKVBG .OEGYF BGF KM ,NBZ[K OT \B QY\N \GCK[I [K ,QGYK\F ZPD ET<br />

KRV" \B ,G[BZC BXPR[ KP \B QY\N OEGY ,ONGSF NTC ZPGB ,NBZ[K OTC<br />

HBG .QGYK\F NM \B OKNYNYP[ FNB OF ,QGYK\C OKYSGT BN[ FNB { "ZGEF<br />

OKNTGV ,\KNNMF \MZTPC TDZM Z\GKC OKCG[IF OKYNIF NT ,OFKNT<br />

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.QGYK\N GK[MT CG[IF<br />

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BGFG OGKN OGKP OKZCGD NGCNCFG GN[ WINF[ ,KNBZ[K \GKFN QKCN ,OKKGRK[<br />

.CG[I Z\GKF BGF QGYK\F \GCK[I KVN QM[ .\GZ\GMC EKP\<br />

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FRGGM^F# GHKB \[IZ\P QM OB BNB .ZESC ZCI NM HB ,ZESC OKZCIFP<br />

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\GKFN \CKKI .ZESC \GKFN OFKNBP OFN OZGD BGF LMCG .\GCZTG \GEIB<br />

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OB ,ZESP BZGCF Z\KF \B .GKVNM SIKC ZCIN OKPZGD KP[D QGIJKC<br />

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NT<br />

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NT<br />

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NM

396<br />

\GCZTF<br />

T"FGB<br />

GZKMK<br />

GEGKG<br />

\NTPC<br />

NBZ[K<br />

.OFKNT<br />

GPKKYKG<br />

CG\MF<br />

FKT[K)<br />

(E"K<br />

OGIYNG<br />

OKPT<br />

OGBKCFG<br />

NB<br />

,OPGYP<br />

OGNIR\FG<br />

\KC<br />

NBZ[K<br />

NT<br />

\PEB<br />

’F<br />

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QMG<br />

(J"P FKT[K)<br />

GBKCFG<br />

LKRC<br />

QXGIC<br />

LK\GRCG<br />

NT<br />

.FRB[R\ U\M<br />

["HG<br />

ZFGHC<br />

B[R<br />

UE<br />

EMY<br />

C"T<br />

N"HG<br />

KBFC<br />

BZGCKI<br />

LNKE<br />

GFKBE<br />

ZVS<br />

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QGYVK<br />

FKC<br />

QP<br />

B\GND<br />

KPIZC<br />

GRKKFE<br />

.ZBGCPM<br />

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397<br />

ONGSF<br />

NTC<br />

\BP<br />

"ZFGHF<br />

OGKSN<br />

ZPBP" LG\P<br />

\G[ZP F[GEYF GRXZB BKXGF F"CYF[ BKF FECGTF KM |...~<br />

GR\G[ZN WZBF GRNCY BN QKKET \BH NMCG ,GRN FZKHIFG OKZMRF<br />

\GPKN[ QKRTC GRZBKC[ GPM ,FNCYF QPH TKDF BN EGT[ KRVP<br />

\GBPXT GRN QKB KZF[ .GRNCY BN EGT GRIRBG Q\R[ QVGBC ,FD[FF<br />

FCZF EGTG .\KNMNM \GBPXT KNC \KRKEP \GBPXT QKBG ,\KNMNM<br />

KRC CGZ[ EGT NMG ,[VRF \NGBD KNC UGDF \NGBD QKB KM ,FHP Z\GK<br />

NNM OKNDGSP ORKBG \GPGBF N[ \GZHF \GKGCZ\C OKKGC[ WZBF<br />

\GIGMF \I\ OKKGC[ \GVGDF OD KZF ,NBZ[K \GCZ\G NBZ[K \EN<br />

ECNC BNG |...~ ,OKZMRF KEKC WZBF EGT \BXPR GH FRKICPG .OKZMRF<br />

BNB ,FNGBDF QP \GRFKNG GRKNB BGCN OKNTV\P FNGDF KRC QKB[<br />

QGKNMC OKVXP ,GRMG\C OKC[GK ZCMG GNBDR[ O\GBP NGED YNI<br />

K"VTB[ KZF .OFKZGHV \GXZBN CG[NG GH FNGBDP ZJVFN OKRKT<br />

BN EGT GRB H"MT ,GRN FR\RG \GPGBF \G[ZP WZBF BKXGF F"CYF[<br />

\B F"CYF GRN Q\R GH FRK\RC[ BNB .FHP OKRFR GRB QKBG ,FGRNCY<br />

\EGCT GRKNT NCYNG [EY\FNG ZFJFN GRKKFE ,FNGBDN \GRPEHFF<br />

WZBF NCYRG [EYPF \KC FRCK HBG ,FP[N \GGXPCG FZG\C ,’F<br />

GRBC BN[ EGT NM NCB .FNGBDF \IP[C [KDZRG [GIR HBG ,GR\G[ZN<br />

,F\T WZBF KSGPR QKC [ZVF OG[ QKBG ,FR\[R BN ZCE OG[ ,FHN<br />

QFG FNMNMC QF ,JV[PC QF ,OKZH KEK \I\ QKKET F\KF[ KVMP<br />

.FNGBDN \GRPEHF BNB GRN QKBG .’F \EGCTC<br />

LMKVNG .IK[PF \GPK N[ ZGEF BGF FH GRZGE[ ,GRKZCEP BXGKF<br />

ZVS \GND\FN GRKMH OD .OKZMRF KEKP F[GEYF GRXZB \NGBDN GRKMH<br />

BNG .’GDG ’F \B FTE WZBF FBNPG CG\MF OGKY \NKI\ BGF[ ZFGHF<br />

K\[C NCB .ONGED ETG ORJYPN K\GB GTEK ONGM KM .’GDG EGT GEPNK<br />

BN EGT GRKEKN GRB NCB ,F"CYFP FRK\R \RKICC YZ GRKMH FNB<br />

\EGCTC NKI\FN FHC \GRPEHF GRN FR\KR[ BNB ,OGNM GRNCY<br />

FNGED FINXFN FMHR HB[ ,FP[N \GGXPCG FZG\C YGSTN ,\"K[F<br />

,GRKRVN[ \GZGEF NM GTEK BN[ FP ,IK[PF N[ GZGEN IJCGPF NMM<br />

FNGBDF"G "FD[FF \GPKN[" :FNB K\[ N[ FNCYF QPHN FMHR HBG<br />

."FPKN[F

\GCZTF<br />

398<br />

"\GCZT"G<br />

"FZG\<br />

Q\P"<br />

ONGSF<br />

NTC<br />

KZPBP<br />

\KXP\<br />

"FZG\ Q\P"<br />

(I"K J"K BZYKG) "LGPM LTZN \CFBG"<br />

.(E"MV Z"C) ."FZG\C NGED NNM FH ZPGB BCKYT KCZ"<br />

LTZN \CFBG" \DZEN ET OHKBGDBF QGYK\[ ,BCKYT ’Z KEK NT ZPBRF (B<br />

OGMS NT FZGP "NNM" FNPF .ZCSF [ZGE BGFG ,FNCYC NGED NNM BGF "LGPM<br />

612 ZB[[ ,BGF ZCEF [GZKV .FHF NNMF \B OKCKMZP EIKC[ ,OKJZV N[<br />

OKRGYK\ NMF LSC OF GN[ OHKBGDBC TXCN CKKI OEBF[ OKRGYK\F (C"KZ\)<br />

,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" ,FHF EIBF QGYK\F \B EIK ONGM OKCKMZPF ,OKKJZV<br />

.GC OKR\GPG<br />

NCB ,G\GB OKCCGSF OT OEBF N[ GKSIKN QGMR FHF NNMF[ \GKFN NGMK<br />

,BZGCF OT OEBF N[ OKSIK \B NGNMN GZCIG OEB KSIK OKNGMK LKB<br />

?F\CKSG FBKZCF OXT \B OKZKEDP F[TPN[<br />

ET QGYK\N LZT FGG[ BGF "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" \RGM\N ET QGYK\F TGEP<br />

?"YCE\ GCG"G "LKFNB ’F \B \CFBG" \RGM\N<br />

\CFBG" \RGM\N ET QGYK\F BGF NNGMG NGED FPM \GBZN OKNGMK GRIRB (C<br />

NM \B EPNN [YC\F QYHF NNF .QYHF NNF NB[R[ FNB[FP "LGPM LTZN<br />

NB LKNT BGR[[ FP" :FRT BGFG .(QGYK\F \JK[ NM \B) \IB NDZ NT FZG\F<br />

\GRGXZF 612 LG\P EIB QGXZ GNG QKB ,ZGZC QBMP ."LZCIN F[T\<br />

FNB NMG ."LGPM LTZN \CFBG" \D[F NT UKET GRGYK\[ ,GNNF OKKJSKBGDBF<br />

OEBF \B QKMFN KEM ,"LTZN \CFBG" \RGM\ \D[FN YZ OKETGKP EIK<br />

.FPKKYN<br />

,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" \RGM\P OKYNI OF OKRGYK\F ZB[ NM ,ZPGNM<br />

.BNP UYKFC "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ OGKYF Z[VB\K BN OFKETNCG<br />

FC[ FEKP F\GBC \NGHF \B CGFBN LKZX[ LM NT FZGP "LGPM" KGJKCF (D<br />

OEB[ ,BGF ZCEF [GZKV .LMP \GIV BN QVGB OG[CG ,LPXT \B CFGB F\B<br />

BN ,NBZ[KP OEB NM N[ GKMZX BNPNG ZP[PF NT QPHF NM EGPTN CKKI<br />

.GN[ GKMZX N[ OPGKY \ZP[P NT EGPTN Z[BP \GIV

399<br />

"\GCZT"G "FZG\ Q\P" ONGSF NTC KZPBP \KXP\<br />

DGBEN QPH KE QKB OEBN[ OG[P ,\K\GBKXP BN \BHF F[KZEF KZF NCB<br />

?GNGM OTF N[ GKMZX \B YVSN NMGK LKB HB ,GN[ GKMZXN<br />

QMNG ,JNIGP YGKEC EKP\ \GISGRP OKBZCRFP BZGCF N[ GK\G[KZE NCB<br />

BZGCF N[ \BHF F[KZEF \B TXCN Z[VB \BH NMC LKB ,QKCFN [K<br />

.OEBFP<br />

FPM ET F[KIPP LN[ FNB KRV NT \NGHF KMZX \B UKETFN F[KZEF (E<br />

BGF ,FHN YGYH G\NGHG FP ZCE OEBN [K OB[ QGGKM ,TGXKC \C FRKB BKF<br />

.GPXTC GN YGYH ZCEF N[ OKNTCF[ \GZPN ,G\NGH QGXZ \B YVSN CKKGIP<br />

YYEHK[ KP BXPKK EKP\[ OG[P ,G[GMZ NMP EZVKFN FKFK OEBF NT ,ZPGNM<br />

.GN [K[ FPN<br />

:\GEGYR FPM QKCFN GRKNT OEGY (F<br />

EIK OKPTF NMN BNG NBZ[K OTN YZ ,QGYK\F \JK[ ,FNCYF FR\KR TGEP<br />

ZGZC KZF ?\GZIBF KRV NT \IB FPGB N[ FVETF QBM QKB OBF ?FGG[CG<br />

QGYK\N FJK[F \B TKXF BZGCF[ GZPB N"HI .LM CG[IN NGMK FJG[ YZ[<br />

N[ ZCSFF .F\GB NCYN FXZ BN EIB UB NCB ,OKPTF NMN OHKBGDBF<br />

!G\B OKMSFN F[YG KEKP KRJ[V FBZR OKPMIF<br />

NBZ[K OT TGEP ,FNCYF \PMGI \B NCYN FXZ BN OT UB[ OKZPGB OB<br />

QKC ZCGT BZGCF \B QKKPEN Z[VB LKB ?BZGCF K"T "ZICRF OTF" OKBZYR<br />

?GFP [GNY D[GP OFN QKB[ ,GF[P OFN ZGSPN FSRPG ,OKYK\T BZV KPT<br />

.FHM TZGBP ZMHGP BN OKPTF \GENG\C<br />

\C[IPC OKKYF KVGSF GRCXPN GR\GB BKCFN BKF QGYK\F \JK[ \KNM\ (G<br />

GPXTN CKXF[ \KNM\F KV NT GK[TP \B QRM\P[ OEBC TGCJ OD LMG FBKZCF<br />

.\TE ZC GRKB QM OB BNB ,[BZP<br />

FHF QGYK\F N[ FBXG\F .OHKBGDBF QGYK\N FJK[ BKF FNCYF \PMGI<br />

.BZGCC \eYCE :FNGM FBKZCF \ZJP \D[F BKF<br />

,FNCYF \PMGI KYGI \B OKKYN OEBN Z[VB\[ FZGXC BZCR ONGTF<br />

.FBKZCF \ZJPN TKDFNG<br />

DGRT\M GEK NT [DZGP \GKFN ZPGNM ,OEBN \GND\FN BKF BZGCF \KRM\<br />

.JNIGP<br />

\D[FN ET \KRIGZ FNT\P BGF ,FNCYF \GTXPBC FDZEFC I\V\P OEBF[M<br />

."\GYCE" BZYR[ FP BKF { \BHF \GPN[F .FZGPD \GPN[N ET :BZGCF

\GCZTF<br />

400<br />

FP O[N ?FNKI\MNP BZGCC OKYGCEG OKPN[GP GRBZCR BN TGEP NCB (H<br />

?KPXTF QGYK\C GRN[ OKXPBPF OK[GZE KPNG<br />

"KRBF" EGCKB KEM ET ,F[GC [KDZP "ESI OIN" NMGB[ KP KM BKF FCG[\F<br />

BGF ,GN OKPGE ,OKPN[ OPXT \B G[KDZK OKBZCRF[ FXGZ BZGCFG \GKFG .GN[<br />

OKTY[GPF OKXPBPF \GTXPBC \GPN[F NB TKDFN \GZ[VBF \B OFN Q\R<br />

.KPXTF QGYK\C<br />

,G\GB FY[F ,G\GB NKMBF ,KRT G\KC NB BKCF[ ZK[TN FPGE ZCEF (I<br />

LNF KRTF [KDZF[ DGRT\F ORPB .\GXZN FKF NGMK FNF[ FP NM \B GN YKRTF<br />

UB GC FZCD FEKP F\GBC ONGB ,GNEDG GMNF ORKIF \GR\P[ NMM ,NEDG<br />

KRTF GN FRT ,GK\GRGXZ NM \B BNKP OB KRTF \B NB[ ZK[TF[MG .F[GCF<br />

NCY\K[ BNG G\EGCT NT ZM[ FKFK FH NM[ ,EIB QGXZ YZ GC ZB[R[ ZPBG<br />

YGI .GN YVSN NMGK BN EIB UB FHF LZGXF \B[ ,ZPB ZK[TF .GKEKP FYEXM<br />

NCYPN \PZGD OKPIZG ESI LG\P ORKI \GR\P \NCY :GRPNGTC BGF TCJ<br />

.IGZ ZXGYG F[GC [KDZFN<br />

\B UGSF ET BNPN NMGK[ OEB ONGTC QKB :KR[F YGIF TCGR QBMP<br />

KBPXT D[KFN G\R\P \B LGVFN NMGK BN ONGTN[ OG[P ,\NGHF N[ GK\GRGXZ<br />

.DGRT\F \GPN[ N[ F[DZF GN \\N NMGK FH YZ BNFG ,NCYPF N[<br />

,GRPXT \GIGMC \GPN[F \B DK[FN \GZ[VB ON[GPF BZGCF GRN QKMF QMN<br />

.FNCYF \JK[ KVN KPXTF QGYK\C FTKDKG WPBP \TY[F \GTXPBC<br />

IRGPC NGNM[ FP NM ,ZPGNM ,GRPP GRN BCF DRGTFG CGJF NM ,FHM FZYPC<br />

YZ .GRN[ OKXPBPN \GEGF GRKEK NT D[GF[ ,GRN[ KPXT D[KF FKFK ,"BZGCC \GYCE"<br />

.\GPN[F \B [KDZRG ,"\KCF KNTC" ,ZCEF KNTC GRPXT \B [KDZFN NMGR LM<br />

BKF ,ESIC FP ZCE ZIB OEBP OKNCYP GRB Z[BM OK[I GRB[ F[GCF (J<br />

CKKI ,URT NM N[ ,FBXG\ NM N[ FTCJ GKVN[ ,TGEKF TCJF YGI N[ FBXG\<br />

NM QKC NTGV FHF YGIF .G[ZG[N FPGEG ,G\GB FZXK[ FCKSN CGZY \GKFN<br />

.ZVGP GRKB ONGTNG ,OK[ZG[ O\GBP OKI\V\PF OKVRTF NMG OK[ZG[F<br />

:KM TCGR QBMP<br />

N[ F[DZFN OZGDG ,OKTR ,NKTGP ,CGFB ,Y[IR BGF [ZG[C OKKY[ FP NM<br />

.[ZG[F NB UB[K URTFG ,URTC DGRT\<br />

OZGDG ,YKHP ,NCSR K\NC ,NCY\P K\NC BGF [ZG[N KRKKVGB GRKB[ FP NM<br />

.GRPP YIZ\FN UB[K BGFG ,URTC OKZGSK N[ F[DZFN

401<br />

"\GCZT"G "FZG\ Q\P" ONGSF NTC KZPBP \KXP\<br />

\GKF :ONGTC OKZGSKF NM N[G OKDGRT\F NM N[ OZGYP \B QKCR QBMP<br />

BZGCC NGNMF NM :LMKVN ,OKBZCRF NM N[ [ZG[F BGFG NMF \B BZC BZGCFG<br />

KRKKVGB GRKB[ FP NM ,GRN OKTRG GR\GB L[GP { GRKNB GRPP \GZK[K EZGKG<br />

\GMGVFF GK\GRGM\ KGNKDP FBXG\M BC BNB ,\GZK[K GRPP TCGR GRKB[ ,BZGCN<br />

.OKZGSK OZGDG GRN[ TCJN EDGRP { GPXT BZCRF N[<br />

FTGR\ NM[ LM KEM ET { FTGR\ OKBRG[G FIGRP OKCFGB GRIRB ,FPDGEN<br />

,BZGCF ,GRN[ [ZG[F[ OG[P FHG .FIGRPF \D[F O[N BKF OKTXCP GRIRB[<br />

Z[GT ,FZGCD ,FPMGI OKCFGB GRIRB FCKS F\GBP .\JNIGP FIGRPC BXPR<br />

.GRN[ [ZG[F BGF[ OG[P ,GC BXPR FH NM KZF { FBNF QMG<br />

,F[NGI ,\G[VKJ { GNB \GRGM\N EDGRP[ FP NM \B OKBRG[ GRIRBG<br />

.GRN[ [ZG[FP QKJGNIN OKZETR OF[ OG[P { KRGT<br />

,GKVRT ,GRIRB[ KZF ,NCYP GRKBG Q\GR YZ BGF ,GRN[ [ZG[F ,BZGCFG \GKF (K<br />

.ESI LG\P OKNCYP GRB[M F[GC OK[KDZPG ,OKR\GR GRIRB[M DGRT\ OK[KDZP<br />

?BZGCC \GYCEFG FBKZCF \ZJP KFP ,QM OB (BK<br />

\BZYR ,FNCYF EGPKN GRN IKJCP F\D[F \B[ ,"BZGCC \GYCEF"<br />

,CD[RFG OKTRF NM \B [KDZFN OKNGMK GRIRB :OFK[ZG[N OKVRTF \BGG[F<br />

.BZGCC BXPR GTCJP[<br />

\GRGM\F QGKPE) BZGCF OT FZGXF \GG\[F BGF DGRT\F[ TCGR QBMP<br />

.(BZGCN<br />

,GRN[ [ZG[N KRKKVGB[ FP NMN GRK[TPC OKPGE \GKFN OKMVGF GRIRB OB<br />

ZPGNM .OKZGSK GRN OZGD GRN[ [ZG[C NGNM GRKB[ FP NM .DGRT\ OK[KDZP GRIRB<br />

.GKNT SSC\PG ,GR[ZG[N GRN[ \GRGM\F N[ QGKPEF \EKPC KGN\ NMF<br />

FCFBF { OHKBGDBF QP ZFJKFN LKZX OEBF ,[ZG[N \GPEKFN KEM (CK<br />

BNN ,GPXT QTPN QF OEBF N[ GK\GTGR\ NM .GC FTGCJF \JNIGPF \KPXTF<br />

.GN EDGRPG [ZG[F QP \KCJGY YIGZP BGF QMNG ,G\NGHN (FRK\R) FTV[F NM<br />

G\PGTNG ,NCYN QGXZ BNN ,JNIGP OHKBGZJNB BGF ,BZGCF ,[ZG[F KZF<br />

N[ FHM CXP ,QMN .FTV[F N[ WGXKR BNN ,GPXT QTPN FNCYC KGZ[ GNGM OEBF<br />

.BZGCN EDGRPF CXPM ZEDGPG ,GRN[ ONGTC Z\GKC \GIRN C[IR OEBF<br />

BXPR OEB OB .GN[ OHKBGDBFP \GMMEHF KEK NT NI OEBF N[ GRGYK\<br />

\GNGTV TXCN FDZEFC LRI\P BGF ,\NGHN FTV[FF \B FMKZTP[ FCKCSC<br />

GB ,FHF ONGTC ,ZM[ NCYN \RP NT FTV[F N[ \GNGTV QRKF GNBG ,FTV[F

\GCZTF<br />

402<br />

Z[VB KB K\NI\FF CN[C[ OG[P ,"KPXT QTPN" FRGGMC ZPGNM ,BCF ONGTC<br />

.ZM[ NCYN \RP NT BN[ G\NGHN TKV[FN G\GB EPNN<br />

N[ \GNGTV TXCN NKI\PG \KRIGZ NED OEBF Z[BM ,FNCYF EGPKN LNFPC<br />

QTPN" FRGGM OT FTV[F N[ \GNGTV TGXKCP TKDFN EXKM GN OKNDP ,FTV[F<br />

YZ ,ZPGNM ,"BZGCF QTPN" FRGGM OT FTV[F N[ \GNGTV TGXKC NB "KPXT<br />

.\KPXTF FCFBF QTPN BNG BZGCN IGZ \IR \G[TN<br />

,\KJSKBGDBF \KPXTF FCFBFP ZGZI[F ,OEBF LG\C FRGGMF QGYK\<br />

TGXKCCG FNCYF EGPKNC FTGCJF ,\EIGKP FRGM\P FBXG\M OK[IZ\P<br />

OKNED\P TKV[FN \RP NT \GNGTVFG \GRGXZF NM ."BZGCF QTPN" \GNGTVF<br />

DHP\P BGF UB ,NCYP BGF[ (\eKIZMFF) JTPF GNKVB[ ,\BHM FEKPC OEBC<br />

.TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGMF OT<br />

;(BZGCN) OGYPN OEB QKC :FTV[F \GNGTV N[ OKDGS KR[ OKPKKY ORPB (DK<br />

FZJPN YZ OEBF \B OKNKCGP OFKR[ \BH \GZPN .(\NGHN) GZCIN OEB QKC<br />

\NGTV N[ QTGXKC ,OEBF \RKICP ."BZGCC \eYCEF" NB :\KVGSG FEKIK<br />

NECF OG[ [KDZP BN BGF .QKJGNIN \GFH QF ,G\NGHN GB ,BZGCN FTV[F<br />

\CFB LG\P ECGT BGF OB GB ,GZCI \CFB LG\P ECGT BGF OB :GK\GNGTVC<br />

.GPXT ZGCT \NTG\ OG[ YKVP GRKB BGF OKZYPF KR[C ,BZGCF<br />

GVGD \GNGCDN WGIP BXPR[ FP NM[ ,BGF BZCR NM N[ KTCJF YGIFG NKBGF<br />

F[GT BGF ,G\NGH \CFBN F[GT OEBF[ FTGR\ NMG ,GKCDN OKKY C[IR GRKB<br />

QVGB OG[C \GNGMK QRKB FH DGSP \GNGTV LMG NKBGF ,GF[NM FGeYP ZM[ QTPN<br />

.OGN[\C \K[TRF FNGTVN Z\GK \GPGE QF ."\NGHF \CFB" BZYKFN<br />

ZM[N FGGY\ NM BNN ,\NGHN FCFB LG\P KF[NM FNGTV TGXKC ONGB<br />

WGIP \BXPR \NGHF \CFBG \GKFG .NNM KZ[VB GRRKB ,OKZCEF TCJP ,GF[NM<br />

FCFBP TCGR BN ,\NGHF QTPN F[TR[ ESI NM[ KZF ,GRN[ TCJF \GNGCDN<br />

.\KPXT FCFBP BNB GKVNM<br />

TCJ JB JB OPXTN [GMZN \GZ[VBF \R\KR FNCYF \PMGI \B OKEPGNN<br />

OTCJ LG\P YZG LB OKNTGV OKBZCRF ZB[ O\PGTN ;\NGHF \CFB BGF[ KR[<br />

FRGPBP GB OKNTR OKMZTP OKTCGR OFKYGSKT[ OZPBC ODG ,KJSKBGDBF<br />

OTCJ NTP OPGZ\FNG OPXTP \BXN OKNGMK ORKB ,\NGHF \CFBM ,\K\E<br />

.JTPC GNG KJSKBGDBF

403<br />

"\GCZT"G "FZG\ Q\P" ONGSF NTC KZPBP \KXP\<br />

FNGTV QKCN "\NGHF QTPN" FNGTV QKC[ NECFC [KDZP GRKB OEBF ,QMCG (EK<br />

.\NTG\ \ZSIG FYKZM \[DZGP BKF OKZYPF KR[C :"BZGCF QTPN"<br />

\IR \G[TN FRGGM LG\P FXGCYC FEGCTG ,FNCYF \XVF ,FNCYF EGPKN YZ<br />

NCYP BGF ,KJSKBGDBF GTCJN NTP FDZEFC OEBF \B OKPPGZP ,BZGCN IGZ<br />

.BZGCC \GYCE ,\KVGSF FZJPC FMGHG ,\NGHF \CFB ,KR[ TCJ<br />

,FKGXZF FZJPF NB G\GB BKCFN OKNGMK \NGHF OT OEBF N[ GKSIK LMKVN<br />

OFKNT FCKDP FCKCSF ;\KRIGZ FDZEP KEK NT OKZEDGP ORKBG OKTGCY ORKB KM<br />

.\ZGYKCN OKR\KRG OKZYGCP OFG ,EK D[KFC \BXPR O\ZJP ,KEKP QVGBC<br />

FT[ KVN ,OKTGCY \GKFN OKCKKI BZGCF OT OEBF N[ GKSIK ,\BH \PGTN<br />

\GNGTV NMG FCGD\ QFKNT QKBG ,OPGKY \B \[ZGEF F[DZF OEBN QKB QKKET<br />

.FH CXPN \GZKFPC ND\SP OEBFG ,\NTG\ \GZSI LMKVN QRF F[TK[<br />

\B DK[FN FXZ[ OEBN NNF N[ G\CG[\ \B QKCFN Z[VB QBMP (GJ<br />

ZB[G ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" YGIF BKF FNCYF N[ F\GFP :BZGCC \GYCEF<br />

KZYKTF QGYK\F N[ GTGXKCN FRMF OF OEBF \GRGXZ N[ OKRGYK\F 612<br />

."LTZN \CFBG" KNNMF<br />

,"LTZN \CFBG" N[ GPGKYN FRMFC OKNGNM BZGCF OT OEBF N[ GKSIK OD<br />

N[ LGMKH OKGGFPF ,OKRGYK\F NM N[G FNCYF N[ \KVGSF FZJPF BGF[<br />

."\NGHN FCFB" N[ KR[ TCJ [GMZK[ ET ,OHKBGDBFP UGDF<br />

OF[ OKRGYK\ 612 \GTXPBC ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ OGKYF ,ZPGNM<br />

FMGH BGFG ,\KVGSF FZJPN OEBF \B NKCGP ,\NGHF \CFB ,BZGCF \CFB<br />

.BZGCC \GYCEC EKP<br />

’F \B \CFBG" YGSVC \ZEDGP FRKB \KVGSF FZJPF[ LMN FCKSFG<br />

\CFBN BZGCF \CFB QKC NECF NM QKB[ BKF ,"L[VR NMCG LCCN NMC LKFNB<br />

NM[ OG[P ,OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZC QKKET BXPR[ OEB N[ G\RKICP ,\NGHF<br />

.GKCDN K[PP GRKB ,GN FXGIP BXPRF<br />

,QGYK\F NM N[ G\GFP NT NNF \B NB[ BZGCC \GYCEN TKDFN FXZ[ OEB<br />

KREPN" GZPBC [YKC[ KVM ,FKNB LZEF \BG FZJPF \B YKGEPC ZKEDFN KEM<br />

\CFB \B GN ZKEDF NNF QMN ".\IB NDZ NT EPGT KRB[M ,FNGM FZG\F NM<br />

OG[P ;OEB N[ G\D[F IGGJC \BXPRFG Z\GKC GKNB FCGZYF FZJPM \NGHF<br />

.GPXT \YKEC KEK NT \GKGTJP TRPKFN NGMK OEBF FKNB LZEC[

\GCZTF<br />

404<br />

FZG\F TGEP QKCFN KEM OPKKYN [K[ OKKIZMFF OKBR\F OFP QKCR F\T (HJ<br />

FH \B LGVFN KEM .GRGPM GRTZ \B CGFBN ,KZ[VB K\NCF \B TXCN GR\GB \CKKIP<br />

,EIBN BN ,OFZCBN BN FZG\F GRN FZSPR[ KVM QGYK\F \JK[ FZSPR ,KZ[VBN<br />

FHF OTF[M ,"20 NKD" NTP [KB UNB \GBP [[ FRP[ ON[ OT ZXGR Z[BM BNB<br />

NM ;\BHF \CD[RF FEGCTN QMGP BGF OB NB[R OTF QP EIB NM ;OKZXPP BXK<br />

."TP[RG F[TR" BZYG GEGBPG G[VR NMC FHN OKMSF EIB<br />

[[ OB :\NGHF \B CGFBN F[KZEF \B OKKYN \GZ[VBF \ZXGR FHM FZYPC<br />

OFKRKKTP NM \B G[KEYKG ,OFN[ OFKMZX YGVKSC YGSTN GNEIK [KB UNB \GBP<br />

BN EIB UBG ,IJCGP EKIK NM N[ GPGKY HB KM ,O\NGH N[ OKSZJRKBF YGVKSN<br />

\JK[ \B NCKY BGF ,G\PMSF \B Q\R OTF[ TDZC QMN .Z\GK DGBEN LKZX<br />

.F\GB TXCN NDGSP \GKFN LVF[ OG[P ,BZGCF OT \GDHP\FN QGYK\F<br />

\B OKKYNG TXCN NDGSP FKF BN ,ON[ OT N[ OKEPPN NED[ KRVN NCB<br />

BNPF UYKFC GZCIN OEB QKC[ \GGXPF OGKY[ OG[P ,\NGHF \CFB KBR\<br />

K\NC BGF ,OEB KRC N[ OXPGXP ZVSP KEKC "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" \GGXP N[<br />

.QGYK\F \JK[ OEKC FZSPR BN QMNG ,KZ[VB<br />

QG[BZ JCPP .FHN FH OKCZT NBZ[K NM TGEP QKCFN NMGR NKTN ZGPBF QPG (HK<br />

TGEP KMG .K\GB [KRTP BZGCF ,BJI GF[KP OB[ ,YEGX BN NNMC FBZR FH<br />

?G\GB ZKMP KRKB GNKVB[ QKJGNIN ZH OEB N[ GKBJIN KBZIB KRB FKFB<br />

ZPGNM .CGZF KV NT OKRGER ONGTFG OEBF[ ,ZPGB QGTP[ ’Z QC ZHTNB ’ZG<br />

,\GMH UMN GNGM ONGTF \BG GPXT \B TKZMP BGF ,EIB QGXZ QY\P OEBF[M<br />

ONGTF \BG GPXT \B TKZMP BGF ,GN[ G\BRF LZGXN GC [P\[P BGF[MG<br />

,\KEEF \GCZTC CZT ONGTF NM[ ZPGB[ ZHTNB ’Z KZCEM .FCGI UMN GNGM<br />

.GNGM ONGTN FCGI GB \GMH GK\GNGTV KEK NT UKSGP EIB NM[<br />

KBR\ N[ GPGKYN \SIKK\P QGYK\N \G[KZEF 613=P \IB NM[ LMP TCGR FH<br />

Q\KRF NGCDN ZCTP BXPR GPXT KBR\FG ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" ,ECNC EIB<br />

.FHN QMGP FKFK GRPP EIB NMG ,GNGM OTF NM QM OB BNB ,[GPKPN<br />

"\GCZTF"<br />

FHN FH OKCZT NBZ[K NM<br />

F[KZEF TGXKC \B GPXT NT NCYN OKMSFG NB[R OTFP EIB NM[ ZIBN<br />

YGVKSN Z[BP \GIV BN ,ONGMN DGBEN OEB CKKI ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG"

\KXP\<br />

KZPBP<br />

NTC<br />

ONGSF<br />

Q\P"<br />

"FZG\<br />

"\GCZT"G<br />

405<br />

GKMZX<br />

GN[<br />

OKTGCJF<br />

GC<br />

QP<br />

.TCJF<br />

G\GBC<br />

TDZ<br />

ONGM[<br />

EIBM<br />

GBZY<br />

F[TR"<br />

,"TP[RG<br />

GMVF<br />

NM<br />

NBZ[K<br />

\GKFN<br />

OKCZT<br />

FH<br />

FHN<br />

YZG<br />

HB<br />

GMH<br />

NCYN<br />

\B<br />

\JK[<br />

.QGYK\F<br />

NM<br />

EIB<br />

NBZ[KP<br />

LVF<br />

\GKFN<br />

KBZIB<br />

BN[ LMN<br />

NGIK<br />

ZGSIP<br />

GF[NM<br />

NT<br />

UB<br />

JZV<br />

LG\P<br />

.NNMF<br />

\GCZTF<br />

\KNNMF<br />

\BHF<br />

FZZIK[<br />

\B<br />

ONGM<br />

NMG<br />

EIB<br />

EGIN<br />

\GDBEFP<br />

,OFKMZXN<br />

FBXG\MG<br />

LMP<br />

FZ[VB\F<br />

\KVGS<br />

FTGXKC<br />

N[<br />

F[KZEF<br />

\CFBG"<br />

LTZN<br />

,"LGPM<br />

ZPGNM<br />

\\N<br />

NMN<br />

\B YYHR<br />

LKK[ Z[B NM<br />

,LN<br />

BNG<br />

DGBEN<br />

Z\GK<br />

KMZXN<br />

UGDF<br />

OKKJZVF<br />

,LN[<br />

\BHG<br />

QGGKMP<br />

NM[<br />

EIB<br />

TEGK<br />

[IG<br />

QGIJKC<br />

,LMC<br />

OK[K[[<br />

BGCKZ<br />

N[<br />

OKCFGB<br />

OKRPBR<br />

OKBXPR<br />

,GEXN<br />

OKRMGP<br />

\G[TN<br />

GRTPN<br />

,NMF<br />

NMC<br />

TDZ<br />

.QG\R<br />

QMNG<br />

YZ<br />

ZIBN<br />

\BKXK<br />

OKZXP<br />

FZXGR<br />

,\GBKXPF<br />

FC[<br />

UB<br />

EIB<br />

BN<br />

NKJF<br />

YVS<br />

YGVKS[ LMC<br />

QM[ ,IJCGP GKMZX<br />

O\GKFC<br />

\EPGTF FPN[ FPGBN<br />

\G[ZC<br />

,FPXT<br />

OF<br />

BN<br />

GKFK<br />

OKKGN\<br />

O[N<br />

YGVKS<br />

OFKMZX<br />

OG[C<br />

OZGD<br />

.KRGXKI<br />

ONGB<br />

GNKVB<br />

OKJTP<br />

LG\P<br />

OTF<br />

GCG[K<br />

FCFBN<br />

,\KPXT<br />

KZF<br />

FDBEF[<br />

OKMZXN<br />

N[<br />

ONGM<br />

F\KF[<br />

\NJGP<br />

NT<br />

,OPM[<br />

WNB\<br />

\B<br />

NM<br />

ZB[F<br />

ZGHIN<br />

DGBENG<br />

,OPXTN<br />

LMCG<br />

OF<br />

GTRPK<br />

NMP<br />

OTF<br />

\B<br />

OGKY<br />

\GGXP<br />

\CFBG"<br />

."LTZN<br />

NMF[ OG[P<br />

BN<br />

GNMGK<br />

KBR\F \B OKKYN<br />

\CFBG"<br />

LTZN<br />

"LGPM<br />

TKDFNG<br />

\CFBN<br />

\NGHF<br />

BNN<br />

O\ZHT<br />

N[<br />

OKDZGIF<br />

.KBR\FP<br />

QBMP<br />

,BXGK<br />

EXN[<br />

OGKY<br />

\GCKKI\FF<br />

N[<br />

NM<br />

OT<br />

NBZ[K<br />

\GKFN<br />

OKCZT<br />

FH<br />

,FHN<br />

EPGT<br />

EX<br />

.KNKN[<br />

KBR\F<br />

EKIKF<br />

OGKYN<br />

\GCZTF<br />

BGF<br />

NM[<br />

EIB<br />

DBGE<br />

ONGMN<br />

\B YVSPG<br />

N[ GKMZX<br />

NM<br />

,EKIK<br />

YZG<br />

Z[VB\P LMC<br />

F[KZEF \B OKKYN<br />

QGYK\N<br />

,OHKBGDBF<br />

,ZPGNM<br />

\G[TN<br />

\IR<br />

IGZ<br />

.BZGCN<br />

OB NCB<br />

OTFP YNI<br />

CZSK<br />

\B OKKYN<br />

\GCZTF<br />

ZB[KG<br />

FCFBC<br />

,\KPXT<br />

BGF<br />

OGZDK<br />

LMC<br />

NMN<br />

ZB[F<br />

ZB[KFN<br />

OHKBGDBC<br />

BNN<br />

\NGMK<br />

\BXN<br />

.O[P<br />

(IK<br />

QMN<br />

FPGE<br />

\GCZTF<br />

OKKR[N<br />

OKJ[F<br />

FZKSC<br />

,\IB<br />

EIBG<br />

OFP<br />

IEGY<br />

GK\I\<br />

ZGI<br />

\KTYZYC<br />

.FZKSF<br />

BGF<br />

FIGE<br />

\B<br />

\GEDR\F<br />

GZCI<br />

,LMC<br />

ZPGB[<br />

QKB[<br />

FH<br />

GRKKRTP<br />

QGGKM<br />

GRKF[<br />

IEGY<br />

ZGI<br />

\I\<br />

GPXT<br />

BNG<br />

\I\<br />

.ZIBF<br />

NTG<br />

LM<br />

QCGPM<br />

CKDP<br />

:KR[F<br />

FJG["<br />

!L\GPM[<br />

KZF<br />

GRKR[<br />

OKBXPR<br />

F\GBC<br />

FZKS<br />

TCJRG<br />

."EIK<br />

G\GBC<br />

,QVGB<br />

FNB<br />

OKTGY[F<br />

\CFBC<br />

OKPKYP[ ,OPXT<br />

FPGI<br />

K\NC<br />

FZKEI<br />

CKCS<br />

,OPXT<br />

OKZ[VBP BN<br />

FNBN<br />

OKRKKRGTPF<br />

GNKVB QGYK\C<br />

NKI\FN<br />

QGYK\C

\GCZTF<br />

406<br />

OF LMCG ,BZGCC \GYCEN NKCGPF ONGSF GFH[ ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" \EKPC<br />

.O\B EIK TGCJN ONGMN OKPZGD<br />

OKPTF NM OD BNB NBZ[K OT YZ BN[ QTGJ ,K"C[Z N[ GRC ,ZHTNB ’Z (JK<br />

,EIB OT N[ G\GCZT FYKVSP ONGTF QGYK\ \NKI\ O[N NCB ;FHN FH OKCZT<br />

.\IB \CC ONGTF QGYK\C GNKI\K OKPTF NM[ Z[VB KB[ OG[P<br />

QF NCB ,ONGTF \GPGB NMN FNCYF \B TKXF BZGCF ,OKPMI GZPB[ GPM<br />

QGYK\N FJK[F \B GIE[ LM KEM ET FCGZP \KPXT FCFBC \GKGZ[ GKF<br />

Z\GGN GPKMSK[ KEM ,Q\B ZCEN NKI\FN GNKVB FKF Z[VB KBG OHKBGDBF<br />

.FKNT<br />

FV[ FBXPR BN ,OHKBGDBF QGYK\C NKI\FN QGXZ FNKD BN OT UB[ ZIBPG<br />

QGGKM \BHG ,NBZ[K OT NXB ECNP ,BZGCF QKCN OKPTF QKC \V\G[P<br />

\GPPGZN \GEGF ,QGYK\F \B GTXKC CYTK=YIXK=OFZCB OFK\GCB[<br />

\GRPBRP FBXG\M .GNGM OTN FZSPR \BHF FJK[F[ KRVN EGT ,OFK\GP[R<br />

BNN ,BZGCC \GYCENG \GKRIGZF \GDZEPN TKDFN OFN GZ[VKB BZGCN \GCBF<br />

,\NGHN FCFB N[ \GNGTVC \GCZTF KBR\ N[ K[TPF YNIF N[ OKEYP TGXKC<br />

.Q\GB TXCN \GZ[VB OG[ OFN F\KF BN \GKCT F\GBC[<br />

OFKBXBX NT GTKV[F \GCBF N[ \GKRIGZF \GD[FFG \GP[RF \GPPGZ<br />

EIBM ONGMG ,\BHF \CD[RF FEGCTF \B GPXT NT NCKY EIB NM[ ,FHM QVGBC<br />

F[ZG\F IGMP ,QM OB ,OFC F[Z[GF \GCBF \[ZGP ."TP[RG F[TR" GBZY<br />

.OKPTF NM QKC ZICRF OTN LGVFN OKCKKI GKF OFG<br />

OG[P ,\[ZERF \GCZTF \B OPXT NT GNCKY NBZ[K KRC YZ ,ZGPBM<br />

FHC GNJR BN ONGTF \GPGB ZB[ .LMN O\GB FCKKI FPXT \GBKXPF[<br />

.YNI OG[<br />

NB \GYYG\[FC GEIB\K ONGM Z[BM ,BGCK ONGTF N[ GRGYK\ ZPD (M<br />

LNPN ’F FKFG" :OKPMI GZPB[ GPM ,ONGTF \GPGB NMN FND\K BGFG ,BZGCF<br />

,’F \B FTE WZBF FBNPG .EIB GP[G EIB ’F FKFK BGFF OGKC ,WZBF NM NT<br />

."OKPTF NM GKET GBCG<br />

OT KVNM \GCBF N[ EKYV\N FPGE ONGTF NM KVNM NBZ[K OT N[ GEKYV\G<br />

OKKGBZ \GKFNG \GNT\FN OFKBXBXN GTKKS ,\GCBF G[T[ OKRGYK\F :NBZ[K<br />

\GTXPBC GPXT \B OPGZN CKKI NBZ[K OT OD LM .QGYK\F \JK[ \NCYN

407<br />

"\GCZT"G "FZG\ Q\P" ONGSF NTC KZPBP \KXP\<br />

\CFB ,\BHF FFGCDF FEGCTF \NCYN \G[GRBF NM \B LMC QKMFNG QGYK\F<br />

.BZGCC \GYCEF :FBKZCF \ZJP \D[FN NKCGPF ONGS BKF[ ,\NGHF<br />

DGRT\ \TV[F) "BZGCF QTPN" FRGGMF OT NBZ[KP EIB NM F[T[ QGYK\ NMG<br />

\GI\V\FN FVKIE Q\GR (GPXTN FCFB GB GF[NM ZM[ \[KZE BNN ,BZGCN<br />

\GI\V\FC BNB ,\IB FXKVYC QGYK\F \B TXCN Z[VB KB .FNGM \G[GRBF<br />

.FKGXZF \GMMEHFN TKD\ \G[GRBF NM[ ET \DZGEPG \KJKB<br />

QGGM\F BGF ,CGZF KV NT QGER ONGTF[ ZPB QGTP[ ’Z QC ZHTNB ’Z[M (BM<br />

OKPTF ZB[ GC[ CXPN ET OHKBGDBP ONGTF LGMKHC NBZ[K OT N[ EKYV\N<br />

.BZGCF QTPN FEGCTF \B OPXT NT NCYN GNMGK<br />

OT TKDF FKNB[ GH BKF ,FKNB TKDFN FZGPB \G[GRBF[ \GMMEHFF \DZE<br />

\CFBG OKRGYK\F GH FDZEC .QGYK\F \JK[ \B NCYN \GMHN KEM NBZ[K<br />

.\KPXTF FCFBF NGP UMF \B OKTKZMP \NGHF<br />

,"!TP[RG F[TR" :OKTE=\GPKP\CG EIB FV BGZYN NMG\ \G[GRBF HB YZ<br />

.NBZ[K OT \BH F[T[ KVM<br />

UMF \B TKZM\ \NGHF \CFB[ LMN OZG\ ,QGYK\ F[GT[ NBZ[KP EIB NM<br />

\B FTKZMP NBZ[KP EIB NM N[ QGYK\ \NGTV NM QMN .\KPXTF FCFBF NGP<br />

.GH FNGTV BNN \KZ[VB FRKB \KVGSF \KNM\F .\GMH UMN ONGTF<br />

\B UKYFN FMKZX \GCZTF[ QGTP[ QC ZHTNB ’Z KZCE QKC FZK\S QKB<br />

NT ZCKE ZHTNB ’Z .FHN FH OKCZT NBZ[K NM[ ,FZKPBF QKCN GNGM ONGTF<br />

OT YZ[M ,FGGFN GRGGM\F OKPMI[ FT[C ,ONGTF NM N[ KEK\TF QGYK\F<br />

.QGYK\F \JK[ \B NCKY NBZ[K<br />

FCGJ ECBK EIB BJGIG" YGSVC LPG\ K"C[Z QC ZHTNB ’Z OD (CM<br />

\KKJFN \PZGD \KPXTF G\CFB NT ZCD\F BN[ KP N[ FZKCT QM[ ,"FCZF<br />

.FCGI EXN OKKRHBPF UM<br />

FBZ[F N[ F[GI\ F\GB \B NCYP ,BZGCF QTPN FNGTV F[GT[ OEB<br />

\G[TR BZGCF QTPN \GNGTVF[M .G\NGH QTPN FNGTV TXCP[ OEB NCYP[<br />

NT GF[NM ZM[ \NCYN FGGY\ OG[ BNN ,\KPXT FCFB N[ CGZKT OG[ BNN<br />

\CFBG BZGCF \CFB GH FFGCD FEGYRC \GZCI\P HB GB ,GNNF OKXPBPF<br />

.EIB ON[ \GKFN \GMVGFG \NGHF<br />

NM N[ \PKKGSP \GPEY\FN \PZGD ,EIB OEB N[ GNKVB ,\BHM FNGTV<br />

\BXPR FC[ OKKRHBPF UM \KKJFNG \NGHF \CFB \BZYN FNGM \G[GRBF

\GCZTF<br />

408<br />

KGN\ \NGHF QTPN NGTVN FJNIF NCYN QGXZF[ OG[P ,\GMHF EXN ,\G[GRBF<br />

.EIB NM N[ G\PGZ\C<br />

\PZGD ,\KPXTF FCFBF NT ZCD\FN IKNXF BN[ KP N[ ,\IB FZKCT<br />

FCFBC KZF .FCGIF EXN ,\G[GRBF \IRGP FKNT[ ,OKKRHBPF UM \KKJFN<br />

BKF FNED FC [GPK[F \EKP[ NMMG ,BZCRF N[ GTCJ \GNV[ FND\P \KPXTF<br />

NJCP BGF ,\GMHF UMC[ OKCGJF OK[TPC JKTPP OEB[M .\PXT\PG \MNGF<br />

OEB L[GP LM .GZCI O[ IKRF[ \GMHF \B OKKRHBPF UM \KKJFP NGMKCM<br />

.ZGIBN ONGTF NM \B EIB<br />

GEGIKB ZIBN YZ QGYK\F \JK[ FZSPR TGEP ZKCSP NKTN ZPBRF NM (DM<br />

.NBZ[K OT NM N[<br />

FDZEN ET \BHG ,BXGPC NECF BNN ,ONGMN \IB BKF FBKZCF \ZJP<br />

,\G[GRBC \N[GPF \KPXTF FCFBF BKF[ ,FBKZCF N[ Z\GKC FMGPRF<br />

.NBZ[K OTC GN[P[ OKZXPN FPGEC<br />

ZKCSFN NKI\FN GNKVB Q\KR BN ,\G[GRBF N[ \KJSKBGDBF \GECTF CXPC<br />

DK[FN GNKVB GB ,FBKZCF \ZJP \D[F \B GPXT NT NCYN GF[NM OT TRM[NG<br />

NB OHKBGDBF N[ FZXF \ZDSPFP \BXN NE\[FN FIJCF O\S GRPP<br />

IGM \B GNCKY[ ,NBZ[K OF FH NNMP OKBXGK .\NGHF \CFB N[ CIZF ONGTF<br />

FR[ \GBP TCZB N[ \GECTC ,GRPBKK BN[ OKZGSK LZE OHKBGDBN \GEDR\FF<br />

OEBF NXB ,TGEKM ,OKZZGTP OKZGSKF[ OG[P .OKKZXPF OKJSKBGDBF NXB<br />

.OHKBGDBP ZFJKFN QGXZF \B<br />

OFN FZCTGFG ,FBKZCF \ZJP \B QKCFN \NGMKF \B GNCKY OF[ OD FP<br />

.\GCBF N[ \KPKRVF FRMFF<br />

NMG ,EIBM ONGM[ OG[P ,EKIK QG[NC "NBZ[K" OTF N[ GP[ BZYR QMN<br />

OFN[ \GVKB[F NMG ,\KPXTF \KJSKBGDBF FCFBF NT GZ\KG ,NBZ[KP EIB<br />

GEIB\F[M ."LGPM LTZN \CFBG" KBR\F OGKY O[N ,\NGHF \CGJN GRGGM<br />

.FNCYC GMH HB YZ { EIB CNC EIB [KBM ,\IB FPGBN<br />

,NBZ[K OTN FNCYF FZSPR ,NKTN OKZMHR[ FCGIF KBR\P FBXG\M (EM<br />

.TGXKCN F\GB NCYN OKMSP FKF[ ZH OTN BNG ,CYTKG YIXK ,OFZCB KRCN<br />

OEBP ZSPR[ FP ZCE OD BGF F[GZKVG ,"NCYN" QG[NP BKF "FNCY" FNPF<br />

.FNCY KEK NT OEBN

409<br />

"\GCZT"G "FZG\ Q\P" ONGSF NTC KZPBP \KXP\<br />

NMN \GMMEHFF \GXGXKR N[ GRKPC EKIK NKCGP \GKFN LVF NBZ[K OT<br />

NEGDN GTKDK[ ET ,OGKN OGKP GCZKG GMNK GNNF \GXGXKRF .FNGM \G[GRBF<br />

QM .\NGHF \CFB \GFPM FGGN[FG Z[GBF \RCFN GTKDK[ ET ,ZPGNM ,KGXZF<br />

QGYK\F \EGCT \NCY KM ,\GMHF EXN UMF \B \GJFN IZMFF \RCFN GTKDK OF<br />

.FCGIF UM \GPNTFN OGZD\ BZGCF QTPN<br />

FD[FF[ QGGKM ,\GCBN FR\KR BN FNCYF[ QKCFN [K NKTN ZPBRFP (FM<br />

ZB[ NMG KZYKTF NNMF BGF[ ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" N[ KBR\F N[ OGKYFG<br />

YZ BNB ,EIB OEB KEKC \G[TKFN OKNGMK ORKB ,GRPP YNI YZ OF OKRGYK\F<br />

,OKZXP \BKXK KZIB YZ FD[GF GH FPMSFG ;OTF NM N[ FPKEYPF G\PMSFC<br />

OGKY \B GPXT NT NCYN OKMSP BGF OB NB[R OFP EIBG EIB NM[ ZIBN<br />

\JK[ OFN FZSPR ,FPMSF EIB FV GTKCF ONGM[ ZIBN YZG ,GHF FGGXPF<br />

.FNCYF ,QGYK\F<br />

?FHF QGYK\F \B OKKYN NBZ[K OT N[ G\PMSF \B NCKY BZGCF EXKM<br />

\B O\ZP[G KNYC GTP[\ TGP[ OB F\TG" :ZPBG NBZ[K OTN FRV BZGCF<br />

\MNPP KN GKF\ O\BG :WZBF NM KN KM OKPTF NMP FNGDS KN O\KKFG K\KZC<br />

"F[TR ’F ZCE Z[B NM ,GZPBKG GKEIK OTF NM GRTKG ...[GEY KGDG OKRFM<br />

.(I ,G=F ,JK \GP[)<br />

KFP ,FEGCTF \GFP KFP ,"\KZC" KFP ,"NGY" GFP ZPBRF QP ZGZC BN<br />

OTN \GKFN LGVFN \RP NT QGYK\C WPBP TKY[FN [K OBG ,ZM[F \GFP<br />

Z[VB LKB ZGZC BN QMG ?CGJ QGXZ LG\P Q\KR FH[ GB ,OKPTF NMP ZICRF<br />

\MNPP" QKC NECFF FPG [GZKVF FPG ,KFP \TEN KNC FEGCTF \B NCYN<br />

."[GEY KGD"G "OKRFM<br />

ONGTC [GMZ QKB OKRFGMN[ O[M :"OKRFM \MNPP KN GKF\ O\BG" (HM<br />

[EYGP ,GXZB ,NBZ[K OT N[ G[GMZ OD LM ,BZGCF \EGCT O[GMZ NMG ,FHF<br />

NMN FDBECG \NGHF N[ GKMZX YGVKSC YZ YSGT OTF EGTC ,ECNC BZGCN<br />

.BZGCC \GYCEF QTPN ,GZGSIP<br />

OEB[ OG[P ,\GRCZGYF EDRM BGVB FNGY[ FHF ONGTC OEBF N[ G\EGCT<br />

N[ GPGKY ,FHP Z\GK .BZGCN QCZGY CKZYPN FPGE G\NGH \B NKMBFN DBGEF<br />

.\GRCZGYF \CZYF \GGXPP FCZFC CG[I "LGPM LTZN \CFBG"<br />

,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG" \EGCT \GFP NM \BJGCP ,"OKRFGM \MNPP" OKNPC<br />

[GMZ NM OKKY BNG ,BZGCF BGF [GMZF ,OKRFGM ONGM FC[ FZCI \ZKXKC

410<br />

\GCZTF<br />

.KZPGI<br />

YZ[ ZCEF [GZKV<br />

BGF ’F"<br />

,"O\NIR<br />

N[ FDZEF[ O[M<br />

\CFBG"<br />

LTZN<br />

,"LGPM<br />

\NNGM<br />

FMG\C<br />

\B<br />

NM<br />

.OKRGYK\F<br />

QGYK\<br />

OHKBGDBF<br />

Q\KR<br />

YZ<br />

KEM<br />

EIBN<br />

\B<br />

\GRGXZF<br />

OKKJSKBGDBF<br />

OKCZF<br />

QGXZN<br />

LMGHP<br />

{ EIB<br />

OT"<br />

{ "NBZ[K<br />

NT<br />

\RP<br />

\GMHN<br />

ZM[C<br />

\GYCE"F<br />

,"BZGCC<br />

KFGH[<br />

\ZJP<br />

.FBKZCF<br />

NTG<br />

ZM[F<br />

,FHF<br />

\GYCE"F<br />

,"BZGCC<br />

\GZGP<br />

OKNKPF<br />

KGD"<br />

."[GEY<br />

\GYYG\[FC<br />

\GYCEN<br />

BZGCC<br />

FMHR<br />

,F[GEYN<br />

GPM<br />

CG\M[<br />

OK[GEY"<br />

,GKF\<br />

KM<br />

[GEY<br />

,KRB<br />

’F<br />

."OMKFNB<br />

ZPGNM<br />

OKNKPF<br />

KGD"<br />

"[GEY<br />

\GBJCP<br />

\B<br />

\GFP<br />

,ZM[F<br />

BGF[<br />

\GYCEF<br />

.BZGCC<br />

(IM<br />

\\KZM<br />

\KZCF<br />

F[GZKV<br />

BGF<br />

BGVKB<br />

\GKFN<br />

OTF<br />

ZICRF<br />

NMP<br />

:OKPTF<br />

GKF\ O\B["<br />

NT[ ,FNGDSF KN<br />

OMKEK<br />

GZCTK<br />

\GMMEHF KXGXKR<br />

UGZKXG<br />

UGDF<br />

NB<br />

NM<br />

OKPTF<br />

\GPGBG<br />

,ONGTF<br />

NM[ EGTC<br />

\GPGB<br />

ONGTF<br />

QKKET<br />

ORKB<br />

OKRMGP<br />

NNM<br />

ZCEN<br />

,FHF<br />

LKZXG<br />

KRB<br />

FPGBN<br />

\IB<br />

NT<br />

NM<br />

OKRV<br />

NKI\FN<br />

FC<br />

,OKPTF NMP FNGDS F[T\[ F\T<br />

NTG<br />

OKKSP QM<br />

NT<br />

FH<br />

KM"<br />

KN<br />

NM<br />

"WZBF<br />

,ZPGNM<br />

NM<br />

KPT<br />

WZBF<br />

UB<br />

OKMKK[<br />

KN<br />

OVGSG<br />

YCEKFN<br />

KC<br />

.OM\GPM<br />

BNB<br />

,F\T<br />

F\GBC<br />

FT[<br />

FPF[<br />

QKKET<br />

ORKB<br />

OKNDGSP<br />

EKYV\N<br />

,FH<br />

FRF<br />

FNGDS OTN<br />

KRB<br />

,LKZX<br />

OBG<br />

O\B<br />

OKPKMSP<br />

,FHN<br />

GRKKFE<br />

\GKFN<br />

FNGDSF<br />

NMP<br />

,OKPTF<br />

KRKZF<br />

FGXP<br />

,OM\B<br />

Z[B<br />

O\BG<br />

GKF\<br />

KN<br />

\MNPP"<br />

"OKRFM<br />

BKF[<br />

\RKIC<br />

\CFB<br />

G\NGH<br />

FKVGBC<br />

QGZIBF<br />

N[<br />

\CFBG<br />

LTZN<br />

BKF[ ,LGPM<br />

N[ FCJGY<br />

\GNNM<br />

FZG\F<br />

".\GGXPFG<br />

,"[GEY KGD"G<br />

GFH<br />

ZM[F<br />

G\ZGXC<br />

,FRGKNTF<br />

\GYCEC<br />

,BZGCC<br />

\NNGMF<br />

FMG\C<br />

\B<br />

NM<br />

OKNGPD\F<br />

YZ[<br />

Q\KR<br />

.ZB\N<br />

(JM<br />

\GFP<br />

FEGCTF<br />

\BJGCP<br />

F\ZGXC<br />

\KVGSF<br />

OKNPC<br />

\MNPP"<br />

,"OKRFGM<br />

GH[<br />

FZEDFF<br />

N[ \JNIGPF<br />

\GGXP<br />

\CFBG"<br />

LTZN<br />

."LGPM<br />

F[P<br />

BN<br />

FNKD<br />

OTN<br />

\B<br />

NM<br />

\GFP<br />

FEGCTF<br />

FPZC<br />

FFGCDF<br />

,\[ZERF<br />

\MNPP"<br />

,"OKRFGM<br />

KEM<br />

OT[<br />

NBZ[K<br />

BN<br />

NMGK<br />

BGXPN<br />

FYEXF<br />

QGXZN<br />

Z\GGN<br />

NT<br />

NM<br />

[GMZF<br />

KZPGIF<br />

ZGSPNG<br />

\B<br />

NM<br />

OFKSMR<br />

.BZGCN<br />

LM<br />

ZPGB<br />

OD<br />

,O"CPZF<br />

OK[RN[<br />

OKRJYNG<br />

ZGSB<br />

\GNDN<br />

\B<br />

\GTP[P<br />

,"\GECT"F<br />

\CKKIPF<br />

BN[<br />

NCYN<br />

OG[<br />

,ZM[<br />

BNB<br />

LKZX<br />

\GMIN<br />

OF[<br />

GPKMIK<br />

GKFKG<br />

OKNDGSP<br />

JGNYN<br />

\B<br />

\GTP[PF<br />

.\K\KPBF

411<br />

"\GCZT"G "FZG\ Q\P" ONGSF NTC KZPBP \KXP\<br />

\GTP[PF \B OZGCT LMZN { "\GIV BN" :F[PN BZGCF FZGF QMN<br />

."OKRFGM \MNPP" O\GKF N[ \K\KPBF<br />

\GYCEC[ ZM[F \GPPGZ \BG Z[GBF \B OFN FNKD F[P \BH \PGTN<br />

QKJGNIN Z\GGN ,OKRFGMF \EGCT \B OPXT NT NCYN OFN ZHT LMCG ,BZGCC<br />

.FHF ONGTF KDGRT\ NM NT<br />

\GTP[P NM \B ZBCN BNG JKTPFN { "Z\GK BNG" :F[PN BZGCF FZGF QMN<br />

\B OFN FNDP FKF GNKB KZF ."[GEY KGD" OKNPC G\GB NKCDFN BNB ,ZM[F<br />

KEM YZ BZGCF \EGCT \B OKNCYP GKF KBEG OF ,ZM[C NGNMF Z[GBF NM<br />

FCFB N[ KGNKD ,OPXT QTPN FEGCT FKF ZCEF [GZKVG ,FHF ZM[F \B NCYN<br />

.\GKRG[BZF \GRGGMF NM N[ UGNKS ,\KPXT<br />

BN" F[PN ZPBR "OKRFGM \MNPP" OKNPC FNGNMF FEGCTF \GFP NT QMN<br />

"[GEY KGD" OKNPC FNGNMF ,ZM[F \GTP[P N[ F\Z\SF \EKP NTG ,"\GIV<br />

."Z\GK BN" GN ZPBR

412<br />

\GCZTF<br />

Q\P"<br />

"FZG\<br />

\BP<br />

NTC<br />

ONGSF<br />

\CFBG<br />

LTZN<br />

LGPM<br />

BZYKG)<br />

J"K<br />

.(I"K<br />

KCZ<br />

BCKYT<br />

ZPGB<br />

FH<br />

NNM<br />

NGED<br />

FZG\C<br />

Z"C)<br />

.(E"MV<br />

.B<br />

ZPBP<br />

N"HI<br />

FH<br />

ZPGB<br />

GRN<br />

.KRGZBC<br />

KM<br />

\NP<br />

"NNM"<br />

FZGK<br />

NT<br />

OGMS<br />

N[<br />

OKJZV<br />

OVG\K[P[<br />

EIK<br />

EPTGF<br />

G\GB<br />

.NNMF<br />

BXPR<br />

BGF[M<br />

ZPGB<br />

NT<br />

FGXPF<br />

N[<br />

\CFBG"<br />

LTZN<br />

"LGPM<br />

BGF[<br />

NNM<br />

NGED<br />

,FZG\C<br />

FRF<br />

GRKNT<br />

FZG\C[ \GGXPF C"KZ\ ZB[[ QKCFN<br />

OT<br />

QRKB FMG\C[ \GBZYPF NM<br />

BN<br />

\GIV<br />

BNG<br />

Z\GK<br />

Z[BP<br />

OGMS<br />

OKJZVF<br />

OKSRMGPF<br />

OKR\GPG<br />

FGXPC<br />

\IBF<br />

\BHF<br />

N[<br />

\CFBG"<br />

LTZN<br />

"LGPM<br />

QKB[<br />

GNB<br />

BNB<br />

OKZCE<br />

,OKFKP\P<br />

KM<br />

FH<br />

YEXK<br />

\GGXPC<br />

QKC[<br />

OEB<br />

,GZKCIN<br />

ONGB<br />

LKB<br />

FNGMK<br />

F\GB<br />

FGXP<br />

\IB<br />

NKMFN<br />

NMNMNG<br />

FMG\C<br />

\B<br />

NM<br />

\GGXPF<br />

QKC[<br />

OEB<br />

,OGYPN<br />

QF[<br />

KZYT<br />

FZG\F<br />

CGZG<br />

QKRP<br />

QKRCG<br />

.FN[<br />

.C<br />

OBG<br />

EGT<br />

Z[VB<br />

GRN<br />

TDK\FN<br />

BGXPNG<br />

LZE<br />

C[KKN<br />

OFKZCE<br />

,QBMC[<br />

FRF<br />

LGZT<br />

GRKRKTN<br />

ZPBP<br />

KR[<br />

EGT<br />

Z\GK<br />

,JNGC<br />

G\GBC<br />

ZDF<br />

BC[<br />

KRVN<br />

NNF<br />

œÆø)<br />

à"ì<br />

(’à<br />

ZPBG<br />

GN<br />

KREPN"<br />

NM<br />

FZG\F<br />

FNGM<br />

KRB[M<br />

EPGT<br />

NT<br />

NDZ<br />

,\IB<br />

ZPBG<br />

GN<br />

NM<br />

FP<br />

LNTE<br />

KRS<br />

LZCIN<br />

BN<br />

,EKCT\<br />

,LEKBG<br />

B[GZKV<br />

BGF<br />

NKH<br />

,"ZGPD<br />

KZF<br />

GRKRVN<br />

FMNF<br />

,FZGZC<br />

Z[B<br />

QKB<br />

GRN<br />

OG[<br />

FVETF<br />

NMC<br />

C"KZ\<br />

\GGXPF<br />

NMCG<br />

\GBZYPF<br />

FZG\C[<br />

NT<br />

FGXPF<br />

\IBF<br />

N[<br />

\CFBG<br />

LTZN<br />

.LGPM<br />

QGKM<br />

OKBC[<br />

YZ<br />

KEM<br />

[ZVN<br />

Z[VBNG<br />

GRN<br />

OKKYN<br />

\GXP<br />

\CFB<br />

\NGHF<br />

NT<br />

,FRMKF<br />

KZF[<br />

ZPGB<br />

[GZKVC<br />

LEKBG"<br />

B[GZKV<br />

BGF<br />

NKH<br />

,"ZGPD<br />

ZB[ NM[ GRKKFE<br />

OF FZG\F<br />

N[ [GZKV<br />

FGXPF<br />

\IBF<br />

\BHF<br />

KB[<br />

Z[VB<br />

ZGPDN<br />

\GXP<br />

\CFBG<br />

LTZN<br />

LGPM<br />

.O\NGH<br />

.D<br />

OZJCG<br />

ZGEIR<br />

YPGTN<br />

ZCEF<br />

GRKNT<br />

QRGC\FN<br />

FGXPC<br />

\BHF<br />

,FVGD<br />

KM<br />

GRKGJXR<br />

\CFBG"<br />

LTZN<br />

"LGPM<br />

Z[B<br />

\NP<br />

,"LGPM"<br />

ZPGB<br />

GRN<br />

CFB\[<br />

LZCI \B<br />

\B CFGB F\B[ ZGTK[F G\GBC<br />

LPXT<br />

BN<br />

\GIV<br />

OG[C<br />

OKRV<br />

,ONGTC[<br />

CKGIP F\B[ \ZPGB \BH<br />

EKP\ EGPTN<br />

ZP[PF NT<br />

\GBNPNG<br />

KMZX<br />

NM<br />

[KB<br />

[KBG<br />

NMP<br />

FPGBF<br />

,\KNBZ[KF<br />

BN<br />

\GIV<br />

GPM<br />

F\B[<br />

EPGT<br />

EKP\<br />

NT<br />

ZP[PF<br />

\GBNPN<br />

\B<br />

KMZX<br />

,LPXT<br />

Z[B<br />

FH<br />

BGF<br />

KZPDN<br />

QP<br />

,\GTRPRF<br />

KM<br />

BN<br />

OKCZ<br />

FPF<br />

GNMGK[<br />

OGKC<br />

FEGCTF<br />

OFN[<br />

\GBNPN<br />

KE<br />

KMZX<br />

OPXT<br />

LKBG<br />

F\B<br />

NKJP<br />

GKNT<br />

EGCTN<br />

YVSNG<br />

\B<br />

\GNB[P<br />

NM

413<br />

ONGSF NTC \BP "FZG\ Q\P"<br />

KM FPHDF LZE NT \ZCEP FZG\F[ CG[IN NNM QM\K BN \BHG ?FPGBF<br />

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......................................................................<br />

47<br />

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Q\KR<br />

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KPC<br />

BN[<br />

FXGZ<br />

TKDFN<br />

?\GCZTN<br />

........................................<br />

48<br />

LKB<br />

OKNKECP<br />

QKC<br />

FKJS<br />

QP<br />

LZEF<br />

QKCN<br />

FNKVR<br />

?\KRPH<br />

..................................<br />

49<br />

LKB<br />

QM\K<br />

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\NCY<br />

FZG\F<br />

FKF\<br />

OFC<br />

?FDKSR<br />

....................................<br />

50<br />

\G[KIR<br />

\KPKRV<br />

.............................................................................<br />

50<br />

LKB<br />

YGECN<br />

KP<br />

OKB\P<br />

NNMKFN<br />

QGKTZC<br />

?\GCZTF<br />

........................................<br />

52<br />

FZHI<br />

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OEB<br />

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53 ...........................................................<br />

\GCZT<br />

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\D[FN<br />

FRKM[F<br />

.............................................................<br />

57<br />

FP<br />

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OB<br />

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............................................................................<br />

59<br />

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OKMKNF\<br />

LKZX<br />

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60<br />

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KNMF<br />

ZGC[F<br />

........................................................................<br />

61<br />

\ZKIC<br />

QGRDRPF<br />

BKCK[<br />

ZGCKIN<br />

............................................................<br />

63<br />

\GCZT<br />

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65 .............................................................................<br />

[PI<br />

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QGYK\<br />

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KNNMF<br />

...........................................................<br />

67<br />

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OKZCIC<br />

............................................................................<br />

67<br />

\GXKIR<br />

FEGCTF<br />

\KPKRVF<br />

..................................................................<br />

68<br />

QMG\<br />

OKRKKRT<br />

CIZGP<br />

445

LKB<br />

OEBF<br />

TEGK<br />

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.......................................<br />

69<br />

OBF<br />

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OKTPG[<br />

OKTKV[P<br />

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KP<br />

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69<br />

FHKB<br />

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TDZP<br />

OKXGZ[<br />

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........................<br />

70<br />

CXPC<br />

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OK[KDZP<br />

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FP<br />

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70<br />

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......................................................<br />

71<br />

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\GCB<br />

NT<br />

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72 .....................................................................<br />

\GNDP<br />

FNGBDN<br />

..............................................................................<br />

72<br />

KP<br />

CKKI<br />

?\GCZTC<br />

..........................................................................<br />

74<br />

OBF<br />

FMK[P<br />

\GKRIGZN<br />

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?F[ZG\C<br />

...................................................<br />

75<br />

LKB<br />

NBZ[K<br />

OKC[IR<br />

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OB<br />

OF<br />

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78<br />

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?FZG\F<br />

..............................<br />

78<br />

OGXPXF<br />

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80<br />

LKB<br />

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OKKGRK[<br />

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81<br />

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?ONGTF<br />

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82<br />

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82<br />

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83<br />

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84<br />

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?GRZGEN<br />

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85<br />

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86 .................................................................<br />

GMZEC<br />

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GRKCB<br />

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86<br />

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88<br />

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88<br />

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FKNB[<br />

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90<br />

OBF<br />

OKCKKI<br />

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91<br />

OBF<br />

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OMSF<br />

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GB<br />

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NGMK<br />

OKKYN<br />

F\GB<br />

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FPMSF<br />

?\K\ZCI<br />

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92<br />

OBF<br />

OEBF<br />

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GB<br />

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92<br />

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92<br />

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95<br />

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?TGRM[F<br />

.....................................<br />

96<br />

[GPKP<br />

KBR\<br />

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97<br />

OBF<br />

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DGBEN<br />

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........................................................<br />

97<br />

446<br />

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LMN<br />

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........................................<br />

98<br />

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99<br />

OGEKY<br />

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100 ...................................................................<br />

OBF<br />

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101 ...........................<br />

TGEP<br />

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BKF<br />

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101 .....................................<br />

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EK\TF<br />

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103<br />

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103...............................................................................<br />

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\KPKRVF<br />

111 .............................................................<br />

F[DZFF<br />

QPHC<br />

FZKICF<br />

112 ...................................................................<br />

GFP<br />

NGYF<br />

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BZGCF<br />

LG\C[<br />

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113.......................<br />

LKB<br />

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113...............................<br />

FP<br />

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114 .....................<br />

OBF<br />

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115 ..................<br />

OBF<br />

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116 ......................................<br />

LKB<br />

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116 .........................................................<br />

KP<br />

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117 .....................................................................<br />

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ONGTF<br />

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119<br />

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123............<br />

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125 ..............................<br />

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125 ...........................................<br />

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126 .........................................<br />

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127 ..........................................................................<br />

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127 ...........................................................................<br />

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128 ............<br />

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129 ........................................<br />

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130.........................................<br />

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130...............................................................<br />

OBF<br />

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?FKDGNGBKEKB<br />

131.........................................................<br />

QKBP<br />

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132.....................................<br />

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132.........................<br />

QMG\<br />

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447

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133..........................<br />

LZE<br />

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134<br />

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135................................................................<br />

GSKRMK"<br />

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136............<br />

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136...<br />

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136...............<br />

LKBG<br />

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BZGCN<br />

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?\G[DZ\F<br />

137........................<br />

OBF<br />

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KEPGN[<br />

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OKTKVGPF<br />

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137...............<br />

FEGCTF<br />

FZM[G<br />

137............................................................................<br />

FPN<br />

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OKZBG\P<br />

OKCN[<br />

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\BKXK<br />

OKZXP<br />

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139...........................................................................<br />

LKB<br />

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ZCTP<br />

?OGSIPN<br />

139..........................<br />

GFP<br />

G\GB<br />

QGKNT<br />

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LKZX<br />

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140 ...................................................<br />

LKB<br />

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140 .................................................<br />

KFP<br />

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140 ..................<br />

F[KZE<br />

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141 ..............................................................<br />

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..................................................................<br />

143<br />

NMF<br />

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144 ............................................................................<br />

CNF<br />

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144 ..................................................................................<br />

LKB<br />

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145 ....................................<br />

FHKB<br />

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146 ..........................<br />

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146 ...<br />

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147 .................................<br />

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147 .............................................<br />

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147 ....................................<br />

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148 ...............................<br />

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148 ..........................<br />

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149 ............................................<br />

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.........................................................................<br />

151<br />

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153..................................................<br />

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154 ............................................................<br />

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156 .........................................................................<br />

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157 ........................................................................... ?OKRFGMF OFKP<br />

157 ....................................................................... OKPTF NMP FNGDS<br />

158 .................................................. ?\GYCEN \NGHF \CFB QKC Z[YF FP<br />

159 .................................................... ?FRGZIBF BKF \BHF FGGXPF TGEP<br />

159 ........................................................... ?ONGTF NM BXPR CXP FHKBC<br />

160 ........................................................... ?\GCZTF NT EGCTN [K KP OT<br />

160 ....................................... ?QYG\PM ONGTF \B \GBZN ZCEF \GTP[P FP<br />

160 .................................. ?ZCI GRKB[G ZCI QKC NECFF FP ,FRGKNTF FDZEPC<br />

160 .................................................................... ?OKRFGMF \EGCT KFP<br />

QGZIBF FKVGBC G\NGH \CFB \RKIC BKF" OKRFGM \MNPP[ C\MR TGEP<br />

161 ................................................................. ?"LGPM LTZN \CFBG N[<br />

161 ............................................. ?V"IBF \B OKRY\P OKKRKTG B\NDND LKB<br />

162 ................................................... ?"TKV[FN" D[GPF NNGM \GNGTV GHKB<br />

162 .............................................................. ?KGNKP \NCYP \GMNP K\P<br />

163 ................................................................ GCGZ ZIB QGEKR ONGTF<br />

164 .............................................................. NBZ[KN FZG\F FR\KR FPN<br />

ONGTF NM OGKFG ,FZG\F \B FNCKY \IB FPGB KRKS ZF EPTPC TGEP<br />

165 ..................................................................... ?\GCZTN TKDFN ZGPB<br />

166 .................. ?FRGZIBF \GNDF ZIBN \GCZTN KRKS ZF EPTPC \GCZTF QKC FP<br />

168 .............. ?\GCZTF QKKRTN [EI JCKF FVKSGP OKPTF QKC \KEEFF \GN\F OBF<br />

FNCYF KZVSC GB FZG\C YKKGEPC ZBG\P BN \GCZTF \GJ[V\F LKNF\F OBF<br />

168 ......................................... ?\GPNGTFG \GZKVSF \GJ[V\F NT OKZCEP[<br />

168 .................................................. ?ONGTF NMN TKD\ \GCZTF \TKEK LKB<br />

169 ................................................. OEBF N[ KPKRVF EPTPF { "KRKS<br />

169 ................................. ?EIGKP C[IR "KRKS ZF EPTP" N[ FHF CXPF TGEP<br />

169 ............................................. ?SRN C[IR FHF KPKRVF CXPN TKDFN FPN<br />

170 ........................................................ ?FZG\F \ZKC[C LZGX FKF FPN<br />

170 .................................................................. ?QGYK\F \B [PPN LKB<br />

171 ...................................................................... \GKRGXKIN \GKPKRVP<br />

173 ......................................................................... \GRGGMF ONGTC<br />

173........................................................ \GRCZGY \CZYFG QGYK\F F[TP<br />

174 ....................................................... OGYPN OEB QKCG OEBN OEB QKC<br />

175 ................................... ?FZCIF GB BZGCF :FHF KNMF \D[FN KTXPBF KP<br />

175 ....................... ?’F \EGCT \BZYR BKF TGEP ,OEBF \EGCT BKF FEGCTF OB<br />

177 ....................... ?LZEF UGSN GN[ QJYF KIMGRF F[TPF \B Z[GY OEBF LKB<br />

ZF"

\GCZTF<br />

450<br />

178 ...............................................................<br />

F[TPF \B FR[P FRGGMF<br />

179 ...................................................................... FRGGMF LG\C OKKIF<br />

179 ........................ ?FRGGMC \GT[ 24 EYGPP \GKFN \GIGM NCYP OEBF FVKBP<br />

179 ............................. ?OKKI FH FRGGMF[ [KDZP BGF[ KRVN [KDZP OEBF FP<br />

180 ........................................................................ ?FZCIN OKRGV LKB<br />

180 ........................................................................ \GP[R N[ \GEIB<br />

180 ......... ?FZCIC OKKY[ FEKPZKVF FRCP OT EIB FRYC FNGT \GCZTF QKKRT OBF<br />

181 ..................................................... ?\GP[RF QKC[ KRG[F ZGYP FP HB<br />

181 ....................................................................... KNNMF YGIF \TKEK<br />

181 .............................. ?FZCIC ,FXGCYC GB GPXT OEBC { FRGGMF<br />

FKGN\ FPC<br />

181 ...................... ?\GKSKV \GNGTVC NGHNHN OZGD BN FRGGMF EPKPN ZCTPF OBF<br />

EI ZCTP BGF TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGMN NCYN \RP NT FRGGMP ZCTPF OBF<br />

182 ....................................................................... ?K\DZEF LKNF\ GB<br />

183........................................................... ZSIF YNIF \ZMFN \GXKIRF<br />

183....................... ?Z\GK CGJ ZCE N[ GPGKY NT ,GN TZ[ QPHC ,TEGK OEBF EXKM<br />

\GNDN BKF ,KNNMF YGIF N[ GPGKY \B IKMGFN FEKIKF LZEF OBF<br />

184 .......................................................................... ?GRN TZ GKETNC[<br />

185 ............................................................................. OKRFGMF ZM[<br />

186 ............................................................................ F[TPC \GCZT<br />

\GIGM Z\GK [MGZ BGF ,\KVGSF FZJPF \B GPXTN ZZCP OEBF[ NMM OBF<br />

186 ................................................................ ?\GCZTN SRMKFN \GXKIRG<br />

186 .............................................. ?BN GB FRGGMC OKBXPR OB FYKECF KFP<br />

187 .................................................................. ?FYKECF \TXC\P LKB<br />

187 ........................................ ?OKKI ZSIM FRGGMF EPKP \B OK[KDZP TGEP<br />

188 ................................................................... ONGTF QTPN NBZ[K<br />

190 ........................................ ?"Z\GK BNG \GIV BN" ZPGN F[P ZFHGP FPN<br />

190 ................................................................... ZGB N[ IKN[ { NBZ[K<br />

190 ........................................ ?V"IBF LG\C OKPKKY\P OKKRKTG B\NDND LKB<br />

192 .................... ?ONGTC GEKYV\N \GCKGIP [KDZFN NKI\P NBZ[K OT FP LG\P<br />

193.............................. ?V"IBN \GRVN OKMKZX OKKRKTG B\NDND QY\N KEM OBF<br />

194 ................. ?\K[VGIF FZKICF \B [PPN G[GZKV OKKRKTG B\NDND \GKFN OBF<br />

195 ...................................................... \KPKRV FPMSFN OKKRGXKI OKRPKS<br />

195 ............................................ ?FNCY EGPNN \CKKIP QGYK\F \JK[ OBF

451<br />

CIZGP OKRKKRT QMG\<br />

196 .....................................................<br />

\GBKXPN SIKFG FRGGMF QKC Z[YF<br />

197 ........................... ?\PEGY FRMF GN QKB[ KPC FRGMR FRGGM \GRCN Z[VB LKB<br />

197 ............................................................... ?FRGMR FRGGM OKIVJP LKB<br />

198 ................................................................................ ?FRGGM KFP<br />

198 .................................................... ?KSKVF UGDF NTP BKF FRGGMF TGEP<br />

198 .............................................. ?FC[IP BKF \BHF FRGGMF \VSG\ OBF<br />

199 ............................ ?EIK EGCTN GMZJXK OKKGDFG NBZ[K ZCE N[ GVGSC OBF<br />

201 .......................... ?FRGMR LZEC LNRG LKNF\F \B HZHR OB \G[GRBN KGVX FP<br />

201 .................................... ?"NBZ[K WZB"G "NBZ[K OT" \GRICFF K\[ QFP<br />

202 .................................. ?NBZ[K WZB GB NBZ[K OT :QGYK\ ZGCTN ZGPB KP<br />

202 .................. ?BZGCNG OKZIBN QGMRF SIKF GFP ,FNCY EPGN BN[ KP QKCK LKB<br />

203...................................................................... F[TP \BZYR FRGGM<br />

203................................. ?FRGMR FRGGM BKF OEBN [K[ FEKIKF FZKICF OBF<br />

203...................................................................... ?FBKZCF \RGGM KFP<br />

204 .................................................... ?FRGGM N[ \GXKIR ZGXKN Z[VB LKB<br />

205 ..................... ?\GMP OGYPC IGP \VKJ[ [YCN [K[ FRCFN TKDP OEBF LKB<br />

205 ................................................................ ?FCFBN LVGF EIVF LKB<br />

206 .................................................................... LGPM LTZN \CFBG<br />

207 .................................. ?"Z\GK BN" GB "\GIV BN" QKKXP ONGSF NTC TGEP<br />

207 ....................................... NCYN QGXZ N[ \GDZE OF OK[RG OKRJY ,OKECT<br />

210 .................... ?BZGCF GPM OKBR\ OFN FR\PG NBZ[K OT KRVN CXKR F[P LKB<br />

211 ............................................................ ?\GYCEF \D[FC U\\[P KP<br />

211 ................................... ?LKNF\F UGS BGF "OKRFM \MNPP KN GKF\" OBF<br />

212 ................................ ?FNI\FF N[G UGSF N[ \GGXYF KR[C OKYKHIP LKB<br />

ONGTF QGYK\N KTXPBM FNCYF \XVF<br />

215 ............................................................ FNCYF ZSP \B ZKCTFN<br />

217 ....................................... ?\GBKXPF N[ KNNMF YGIF GFP OKZKCSP LKB<br />

218 ................................................... TEPG FNCY QKC FND\P[ Z[YF<br />

218 ................................ ?QGKNTF IGMF N[ GPGKYN \M\GI FIMGF FZSI OBF<br />

219 ..................................... ?IMGP TEPM BNG FKZGBK\M \[DGP FNCYF TGEP<br />

220 ................................................. FJNIF \NCYN KTXPBM FNCYF EGPKN<br />

222 ......................................................... FNCYF KV NT KEGFKF OTF<br />

224 .................................................................... F[TPN OEGY QGYK\F

\GCZTF<br />

\EGCTG<br />

OEBF<br />

NGP<br />

GBZGC<br />

\CFBG"<br />

"LTZN<br />

KBR\M<br />

QKB"N<br />

EGT<br />

"GECNP<br />

.......................................<br />

227<br />

KFP<br />

FKRVF<br />

?BZGCN<br />

230.......................................................................<br />

OB<br />

OKZGSKF<br />

OKRGC<br />

\B<br />

SIKF<br />

,BZGCN<br />

GHKBC<br />

FEKP<br />

Z[VB<br />

QGGMN<br />

?O\GB<br />

230.............<br />

KPN<br />

OEBF<br />

?NNV\P<br />

232.......................................................................<br />

LKB<br />

OKI\VP<br />

SIK<br />

OZGDN<br />

WGIP[<br />

?KN<br />

233...................................................<br />

LKB<br />

OKZ\GV<br />

FZGXC<br />

\KRIGZ<br />

ODG<br />

\KP[D<br />

FTZVF<br />

\ZZGT\P[<br />

FKTCM<br />

GB<br />

?QGZSKI<br />

234....<br />

KPC<br />

KGN\<br />

QGZ\KVF<br />

N[<br />

?FTZVFF<br />

236........................................................<br />

OB<br />

\GBKXPF<br />

FNGM<br />

,YI[P<br />

HB<br />

SIKK\FN<br />

FKNB<br />

?\GRKXZC<br />

236............................<br />

QMKF<br />

FXGCYF<br />

\SRMR<br />

FRGP\N<br />

OZGDM<br />

NMC<br />

YI[PF<br />

?FHF<br />

237..............................<br />

EXKM<br />

OEBF<br />

NGMK<br />

ZG[YN<br />

\B<br />

GPXT<br />

,BZGCN<br />

QPHC<br />

GRKB[<br />

BXPR<br />

?FZCIC<br />

239.............<br />

LKB<br />

BZGCF<br />

NGMK<br />

ZGHTN<br />

NMN<br />

,\G[GRBF<br />

FRKB[<br />

\MNGF<br />

\BZYN<br />

Z[YF<br />

?GPT<br />

239.........<br />

OB<br />

NMF<br />

KEKC<br />

,BZGCF<br />

TGEP<br />

BGF<br />

BN<br />

HZHP<br />

\B<br />

LKNF\<br />

\GZZGT\FF<br />

LZEN<br />

?FZG\<br />

240 ...<br />

FP<br />

BKCP<br />

\B<br />

OEBF<br />

TKDFN<br />

EGPKNN<br />

FXGCYC<br />

?\KRIGZ<br />

241 .................................<br />

\GCZTF<br />

KNM<br />

ZGBN<br />

.....................................................................<br />

243<br />

LKB<br />

OEBF<br />

NGMK<br />

TGCYN<br />

FP<br />

SRMK<br />

LG\N<br />

GCN<br />

FPG<br />

BXK<br />

,GRPP<br />

EDR\FN<br />

FTV[FN<br />

,KF[NM<br />

GB<br />

\GXZN<br />

ZB[KFN<br />

?FC<br />

OBF<br />

G\ZKICC<br />

GIGMCG<br />

IYVN<br />

FPC<br />

BNP\K<br />

?GCN<br />

244 .........................................................................<br />

LKB<br />

\TE<br />

ONGTF<br />

FNGMK<br />

\GKFN<br />

Z\GK<br />

FYHI<br />

\TEP<br />

?GCZ<br />

247 ................................<br />

OBF<br />

\GC[IPF<br />

L[PC<br />

OGKF<br />

QF<br />

FRMF<br />

ZGTK[N<br />

ZYGCF<br />

N[<br />

?ZIP<br />

248 .....................<br />

OB<br />

OEBF<br />

WKPIP<br />

\B<br />

I\VF<br />

OKI\GV[<br />

,GN<br />

FPC<br />

BGF<br />

?N[Z\F<br />

248 ......................<br />

OBF<br />

IGM<br />

\GCZTF<br />

FSMP<br />

\B<br />

\GC[IP<br />

?CGZF<br />

248 .........................................<br />

KFP<br />

\GKNM[F<br />

SIKC<br />

CNN<br />

?[VRG<br />

250 .........................................................<br />

LKB<br />

NM[<br />

FRGC\G<br />

OKNGMK<br />

\GKFN<br />

FBXG\<br />

?\GYCEP<br />

251 .....................................<br />

FP<br />

OF<br />

OKZCE"<br />

OKBXGKF<br />

QP<br />

?"CNF<br />

251 ....................................................<br />

TGEP<br />

\GYCE<br />

\BZYR<br />

?FNGDS<br />

252 .............................................................<br />

OBF<br />

\GYCEF<br />

BKF<br />

?FZJPF<br />

252 .............................................................<br />

OBF<br />

\GZCD\F<br />

OK[GT<br />

NT<br />

KEK<br />

\GCZTF<br />

GB<br />

NT<br />

KEK<br />

?\GNJC\F<br />

253.........................<br />

KVNM<br />

KP<br />

LKZX<br />

,EGCTN<br />

FXGCY<br />

FRJY<br />

GB<br />

FXGCY<br />

?FNGED<br />

253................................<br />

LKB<br />

Z[VB<br />

\GKFN<br />

CZT<br />

FXGCYN<br />

FRGPF<br />

QGPF<br />

?OK[RB<br />

254 .................................<br />

\GBKXKC<br />

\TV[FP<br />

CZF<br />

\GSKRMCG<br />

,FKNB<br />

FP<br />

KGN\<br />

OEBC<br />

?GPXT<br />

254 .....................<br />

TGEP<br />

F[Y<br />

YKHIFN<br />

\TV[FC<br />

?CZF<br />

254 .....................................................<br />

LKB<br />

\GCZTF<br />

\K[TR<br />

KNM<br />

ZGBN<br />

BGF[<br />

QKB"<br />

EGT<br />

?"GECNP<br />

254 ..............................<br />

LKB<br />

OEBF<br />

FNDP<br />

[K[<br />

IGM<br />

CCGSP[<br />

GN<br />

\B<br />

?NMF<br />

255 .....................................<br />

452<br />

\GCZTF

KFP<br />

\KKRC<br />

KNMF<br />

LKBG<br />

OKRGC<br />

?G\GB<br />

255 .....................................................<br />

OB<br />

[K<br />

\GCZT<br />

OD<br />

QKC<br />

BZGC<br />

,BZCRN<br />

NKC[C<br />

FP<br />

LKZX<br />

?FXGCY<br />

256 ........................<br />

GFP<br />

QKB"<br />

EGT<br />

"GECNP<br />

OMSGP[<br />

NT<br />

?ONGM<br />

257 .............................................<br />

GFP<br />

QKB"<br />

EGT<br />

"GECNP<br />

GC[<br />

\YSGT<br />

?FNCYF<br />

258 ...........................................<br />

FP<br />

CG[I<br />

:Z\GK<br />

ZKCSFN<br />

QKB"<br />

EGT<br />

"GECNP<br />

GB<br />

\CFBG"<br />

LTZN<br />

?"LGPM<br />

258 ..............<br />

FP<br />

LKZX<br />

\TEN<br />

KP<br />

BN[<br />

FXGZ<br />

\GKFN<br />

?\GCZTC<br />

259 ........................................<br />

\GTZVF<br />

UGRPM<br />

\GPEY\FN<br />

\KRIGZ<br />

................................................<br />

260<br />

LKB<br />

FTZVF<br />

FIGE[<br />

\B<br />

OEBF<br />

,LZEFP<br />

\YHIP<br />

G\GB<br />

?LZEC<br />

264 .........................<br />

OBF<br />

\GTZVFF<br />

,\GKIZMF<br />

GB<br />

Z[VB<br />

TGRPN<br />

?Q\GB<br />

266 .....................................<br />

FPC<br />

FRG[<br />

FTZVF<br />

N[<br />

FGGB\<br />

FNGED<br />

\GKP[DN<br />

FTZVFP<br />

N[<br />

\GC[IP<br />

?\GZH<br />

267 ........<br />

FP<br />

ZPGB<br />

JV[PF<br />

BN"<br />

K\GB<br />

\BZY<br />

,CYTK<br />

KM<br />

\TDK<br />

KC<br />

?"NBZ[K<br />

268 .....................<br />

OBF<br />

FINXF<br />

\GEEGP\FC<br />

OT<br />

\GTZVFF<br />

FKGN\<br />

G\NGMKC<br />

N[<br />

?OEBF<br />

268 ................<br />

OB<br />

OEBF<br />

NCYP<br />

FTZVF<br />

YZ<br />

KVN<br />

G\NGMK<br />

,ZCD\FN<br />

TGEP<br />

[K<br />

OKECB\P<br />

GB<br />

OKZMP\P<br />

?OKPSN<br />

270 ....................................................................<br />

TGEP<br />

FID[FF<br />

FSKRMP<br />

\B<br />

OEBF<br />

,OKZGSKN<br />

OKPZGD[<br />

GN<br />

Y\RKFN<br />

?OKKIFP<br />

271 .......<br />

OBF<br />

KP<br />

ZG[Y[<br />

KZPDN<br />

FXGCYN<br />

NCYP<br />

\GTZVF<br />

Z\GK<br />

?\GNGED<br />

OBG<br />

,LM<br />

KNGB<br />

KBEM<br />

JKTPFN<br />

Z[YC<br />

?FH<br />

272 ................................................<br />

FP<br />

NECFF<br />

QKC<br />

QGXZ<br />

\GKRIGZN<br />

QGXZG<br />

?\GKP[DN<br />

272 ........................................<br />

TGEP<br />

QGXZ<br />

NGED<br />

\GKRIGZN<br />

BN<br />

NGMK<br />

\GKFN<br />

?FTZVF#<br />

272 ....................................<br />

FP<br />

NECFF<br />

QKC<br />

ZPGI<br />

N[<br />

\GTZVF<br />

ZPGIN<br />

N[<br />

?QGXZ<br />

272 ...................................<br />

LKB<br />

Z[VB<br />

QGGMN<br />

BZGCN<br />

QGXZ<br />

KP[D<br />

GPM<br />

QGXZ<br />

?USMN<br />

273..................................<br />

OBF<br />

QPHC<br />

FTZVF<br />

Z[VB<br />

[YCN<br />

FZHT<br />

?BZGCFP<br />

273.......................................<br />

GHKBC<br />

FEKP<br />

Q\KR<br />

CN[N<br />

EGPKN<br />

FNCY<br />

OKYGSKTC<br />

N[<br />

ONGTF<br />

?FHF<br />

273....................<br />

OBF<br />

[K<br />

NECF<br />

QKC<br />

SIK<br />

FTZVFN<br />

\KP[D<br />

QKCN<br />

SIK<br />

OKKIN<br />

?OKNKDZF<br />

274 .................<br />

LKB<br />

Z[VB<br />

\GKFN<br />

\GYYG\[FC<br />

\KEKP\<br />

FZJPN<br />

NM<br />

?OGKF<br />

274 ...........................<br />

LKB<br />

Z[VB<br />

NKECFN<br />

QKC<br />

FTZVF<br />

?\GKIZMFN<br />

274 .............................................<br />

EXKM<br />

TEK<br />

OEBF<br />

BGF[<br />

[P\[P<br />

KTXPBC<br />

QGMRF<br />

?\GPEY\FN<br />

275 .........................<br />

K\P<br />

\GBC<br />

OEBN<br />

?\GTZVF<br />

276 ...............................................................<br />

ZGCKIF<br />

FEGCTC<br />

FXGCYC<br />

.............................................................<br />

277<br />

TGEP<br />

BN<br />

FR\KR<br />

FZG\F<br />

\GCBN<br />

277 ..........................................................<br />

FP<br />

[GZKV<br />

ET"<br />

BN[<br />

FNDKR<br />

?"KNMF<br />

279 ......................................................<br />

OBF<br />

YZ<br />

\NGTVC<br />

ZGCKIF<br />

OT<br />

ZCIF<br />

FND\P<br />

\RGM\<br />

?FTV[FF<br />

281 .......................<br />

LKB<br />

OEB<br />

NGMK<br />

YGECN<br />

OB<br />

BGF<br />

ZCGIP<br />

?ZCIN<br />

281 .........................................<br />

LKB<br />

ZGCKIF<br />

OT<br />

ZCIF<br />

I\GV<br />

\B<br />

LZEF<br />

?\GKRIGZN<br />

281 ....................................<br />

QMG\<br />

OKRKKRT<br />

CIZGP<br />

453

NM<br />

NBZ[K<br />

OKCZT<br />

FH<br />

FHN<br />

282 ................................................................<br />

OB<br />

YZ<br />

SIKF<br />

N[<br />

OEBF<br />

GPXT<br />

BN<br />

,QYG\P<br />

TGEP<br />

DBEK<br />

QGYK\N<br />

?ONGTF<br />

286 ..............<br />

OBF<br />

OKKYN<br />

\B<br />

\GCZTF<br />

G[GZKV<br />

DGBEN<br />

QGYK\N<br />

?ZCIF<br />

287 ...............................<br />

TGEP<br />

F[Y<br />

FXGCYN<br />

NKI\FN<br />

\EGCTC<br />

?\GCZTF<br />

288 ........................................<br />

LKB<br />

OKRKZYP<br />

ZCIN<br />

F[DZF<br />

N[<br />

?\GCZT<br />

288 ................................................<br />

OB<br />

NMF<br />

KGN\<br />

SIKC<br />

N[<br />

OEBF<br />

,GPXT<br />

O[N<br />

FP<br />

FXGIR<br />

?FXGCYF<br />

288 ....................<br />

KFP<br />

FXGCY<br />

?FRJY<br />

289 .......................................................................<br />

OBF<br />

QPHC<br />

FEGCT<br />

\KPKRV<br />

NT<br />

\GCZTF<br />

OKMK[PP<br />

ZGB<br />

?UKYP<br />

289 .........................<br />

OBF<br />

Z[VB<br />

\GKFN<br />

ECN<br />

\GPENG<br />

OKBXPR[<br />

?FXGCYC<br />

289 ..................................<br />

FPM<br />

QPH<br />

[GZE<br />

KEM<br />

NCYN<br />

\B<br />

\GRGZYT<br />

\GCZTF<br />

NJC\FNG<br />

KVNM<br />

?FZCIF<br />

289 ...........<br />

LKB<br />

LKZX<br />

\GRYN<br />

\B<br />

\TE<br />

FXGCYF<br />

{<br />

\CC<br />

\IB<br />

GB<br />

?FDZEFC<br />

289 ........................<br />

OBF<br />

EKIKF<br />

LKZX<br />

NJC\FN<br />

KRVC<br />

\TE<br />

?FXGCYF<br />

290 .......................................<br />

OEB<br />

BN[<br />

F[GT<br />

OG[<br />

WPBP<br />

\GKFN<br />

FRGGMC<br />

,\BHF<br />

OBF<br />

BZYR<br />

BGF[<br />

IEGY<br />

ZGI<br />

?FZKSC<br />

290 ...............................................................................<br />

TGEP<br />

Y\R\FN<br />

QGKTZFP<br />

GB<br />

IGM[N<br />

,G\GB<br />

BZYR<br />

\G[TN<br />

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