The Journal of the Siam Society Vol. XXXII, 1940 - Khamkoo

VOL. XXXII, PT. I. SEPTEMBER 1940.
I
THE
JOURNAL
Of'
THE
THAILAND
RESEARCH SOCIETY
( J .T.R.S)
BANGKOK
MCMXL

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1,· i

THAILANI) RESEARCH SOCIETY.
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(FOUNDED 1904}
[•\n• tlw lnv••Hti.;;n.tit~ll :t111l Ent~••nrag•~lllt'JJt. of Arts, Ndt~ltee and
Lito~rat m•· ill t••dnt.il•tt I•• 'l'lmil:wt!, and uuig·ltiHnu·ing t~onntrius .
PATRONS 1
IllS !.L\,JEST\' Kl>\

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MEMBERS OF COUNCIL:
PHYA INDRA lHONTHI (lYIH. F. H. GILES).
H. H. PRINCE BIDYALANKARANA.
REV. FATHEL{ L. CHOIUN.
H. H. PBJNCE VARNVAIDYAKARA.
U. L. GUEHLER
H. S. H. PHINCE SAKOL VAH.NAKARA VAHAVARN.
PHY A SARASAS'l'l{A SIIULAKSAN A.
DR. R L. PENDLETON.
H. E. DR TOA LABANT.TKROM.
H. E. NAI DIHEK JAYANAM.
HONORARY MEMBERS:
H. H. PIUNCE BIDYALANKAitANA,-1'hailancl.
E. C. STUAH'l' BAKEH,-Englaml.
PIWFESSOR G. COEDES,-French Incloch:ina.
MISS E. S. COLE;-U. S. A.
PROFESSOR W. CHEDNER,-Ge?'mcmy.
Sm .J. CROSBY, K. JJ. K, o. 1. E.,-'l'haila:nd.
W. A. GB.AIIAM,-England.
COUNT UYLDENSTOLPE,-Sweden.
J. HOMAN :VAN Dlm HEIDE,-Iiollancl.
C. BODEN K .. LOSS,-Englancl.
PHOFESSOB. K. KUIWITA,-Japr,[?t.
R S. LE lVIA Y,-Englund.
H. PA RMENTIER,-]I'rench Indochina.
H. E. BISHOP H. M. J. PERROS,-.1'hailand.
DR MALCOLM Sl\'ll'l'H,-England.
PROFESSOH. PAUL TUXEN,-Denma.rlc.
SIB. \VALTEH WILLIAMSON, c. lit G.,-England.
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS:
C. J. AAGAARD,-Denma?·?c.
PROFESSOR A. OABA'l'ON,-France.
W. R S. LADELL,-li?·itish West Ind·ies.
J. lVIICHELL,-Englo.mcl.
W. NUNN,-Englancl.
P. PE'l'I'l'HUGUENIN,-Frc[nce.
PROFESSOR CONTE F. L, PULLE,-Ita.ly.
C. A. S. SE WELL,-England.
DR H. MoCOIU\1IOK SMITH,-U. S. A.
H. W ARINGTON SMY'l'H, c. 111. G.,-England.
C. J. 1-IOUSE,-Englc[nd.

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A late ::;eventeenth century Portuguese map showing northern,
centraJ, and southern Siam and even marking Bangkok.
The city of Ayuthia is marked as " Siao."

..
EARLY PORTUGUESE ACCOUNTS OF THAILAND
hy
I lH. ,JoAQl.'DJ ,,,.; CJAMPtts.
'!'It.• lwlqt~ltitlt:su l'•.:ninsnh \riCh iLN grutd. river:-; an(l t:lminH 11f rucrg-t:d
"'
llllllltt!.aitts l'tlltlliug l'r .. ut 11urth to HollLit ltnd buun for e•:ntnl'iuH
1111 nll'••t:l.ivt: hHI'l'Ji:t· lldll't:Hn Lht: Lwo gt·t::Lt 11:1.Liuns td' autiq11iLy, fmlin.
:Ltttl (',[dun. Tit•: eottlllltlllit:ttLions :ulll eutlllltul'

2 Dn. Jo.AQUIM DE CAMPOS [VOL. XXXll
Towards the end of the fifteenth century the Portuguese wrested
the mastery of the Ertstern seas from the hands of the Arabs llind with
them began not only the exploration of the Indochinese Peninsuht
bnt the geographical, ethnogmphical and cat·tographical studies of
this great land wrapped in obscurity. 'l'hese studies and. records
of the sixteenth century date back fully a centmy before the arrival
of the English, the Dutch and the Danes in 'L'hailand and more than
a century before the time of .Phra Narai, about whose reign we have
many valuable French descriptions. 'l'he Portuguese records are all
the more important considering that scarcely any Thai con tern porary
writings were saved from the flames which consumed Ayuthia in
17 67, and that the records of the Ming dynasty and Arab writings
contain only de::;ul tory references to 'L'hailand.
Before the Portuguese, some European travellers on their journeyings
stumbled on the coast of 'rhaih111d, but they never visited Ayuthia
or the interior and we get very little information from them with
regard to 'l'lmiland. 'rhe first one was Marco Polo, who refers to a
kingdom of Locac which is supposed to have been in Southem Siam
and where thel'e was a lob of gold, elephants and brazil-wood. He
does not s11y, howeve1·, that he himself vi1:1ited the kingdou1. 2 After
him, in 1 1 130, another traveller Nicolo Conti visited Tenasserim under
which name he refers to Mergui, where he was particularly struck
by tho large number of eleph::mts and the great

1''1'. l] EARLY POll'l'UGUESE ACCOUNTS OF THAILAND 3
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Roleiro or a Routier of the Sea written by Alvaro Velho in which WMI
collected the information not only of the lands he visited but of the
countries beyond CuJicut. 5 About Siam, which on the information
of the Am.bs he called X(~?'nnuz, he was told that the King, who was
at this time King Rarna 'l'ibodi II, could muster 20,000 fighting men,
4000 horse and 400 war elephants. As to its products he speaks
only of benzoin and aloes which the Arabs tro,nsported to other
countries. He further says that the King of Siam was a Christian
and the kingdom was of Christians. He also speaks of •renasserim as
a Christian kingdom, the king of which could muster a thousand fighting
men and possessed fivn hundred elephants. 6 Obviously the Ambs
did not uctually inform Vasco da Omna that the people of Siam were
Christians, but that they followed a religion different from Islam,
and that they venerated imnges, whereupon Gama took for granted
that Siam was a Christian kingdom, for Europeans, though well acquainted
with Itilarnism, knew very 1 ittle of Buddhism and of Hinduism
at tbat time.
'l'he expedition of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to Malo.cca in 1509 7
gathered general infmmation about 'l'hailnnd, but renl Portuguese
contact was established after the conquest of Malacca in 1511. Evon
5 ltote·i1·o deb Viagern de Vctsco deb Gctnut, :tttl'iLuted to Alvtn·o Volho, a
comp:tnion of Gnma. Its tmnslation by E. G. Hnvenstein is published by
the l·hkluyt Society: Jf'h,st Vo?;ctge of Vasco da Gwrna, 1497-98, p. 99.
6 Lodovico rli Varthema, n Bolognese tmveller who visited Calicut and
Cochim and claims to h:we hnded n,t rre1msserim, that is, :M:ergui, somewhere
about ] 505, though this pttl't of the tl'ip wns discounted by Garci:t de
01·ttt in 156:J and c:dled an imposture by Henry Yule, spe:tks cnu-iously
enough of some Christi:tllH whom he found in Bengal who said tlmt they hrtd
come hom :t city c:dled Scwna,?.t nnd had brought for s:tle silken stuffs, aloes
wood, benzion and musk. As S:1rnan was nnother llnrne for Sinm, these
supposed Christin,ns might hnve been Sinrnese Buddhists. Incideutnlly Vttrthema
gives n, long descl'iption, p:utly correet rmd pm•tly inmgiwttive, of
Tctrnctssw·i and describes very peculiar customs of the people. Vide Badger's
tmnsbtion of the It·ine1·cwio, Ihk. Soc., ] 8ti3, p. 212 !Lncl pp. 196-210.
7 Diogo Lopes de Bequeira mts sent in 1508 by King l\lnnoel to visit
M~tdrtgascar, Ceylon :wcl Mttbcctt rtnd bt·ing dett1iled inform:ttion :111cl merclmnclise
fl'om these pheos and other pot·ts nnd islands he might ch:tnce to
visit. At Mahcca twentv-seven of the men thttt had ln.ndecl were made
captives 11nd 1;his r~wt lecf Albuqnel'que to :ttt:wk Malacc11. One of the
c11ptives mttnrtged to send a letter to Albuquerque, dated 6th February 1510,
in which he said that tho King of M:tlncca was at war with the King ·of
Siam, who h:td v:tst tenitm'Y :mel nmny ports. · Viele A?"quivo l'o7·tugues
Oriental, 1937 Ed., 1'omo. IV, Vol. I, Pt. 1, pp. 352-361.

4 Drt. J·oAQUIM DE 0Auros [VOL. XXXII
before the con:quest was completed, Albuquerque sent to Ayuthia, as
ambassador to the King of Siam Rama Tibodi II, Duarte Fernandes
who knew Malay very well, having learned it during his captivity at
Malacca. 8 He made the voyage in a Chinese junk and when
he sent word th~t he wn,s the ambassador of the King of Portugal,
King Rttma Tibodi II Ol'dercd a captain with two hundred lcwclut?'CGS to
receive him, ttnd after lauding he was taken in a procession to the pn.lace
of the king, hundreds of people rushing to the streets to see the;;e
str::tnge white people with big beards, such as had never been seen before
in Ayuthia. 'rho King received the ambassador seated on a gilt
chair on a raised pl::ttfornr in a large hall hung ronnel with brocades and
accompanied by his wives ::tncl daughters who with the court ladies sat
round the platform dressed in silks and brocu.des and wearing rich
golden jewellery ttnd precious stones. Dmtrte Fenmndes handed over
to the King to rich sword the hilt of which was studded ·with jewels,
as tt present to the King, with the letter signed by Albuquerque on
behall of the King of Portugal. The King treated the envoy with
grettt courtesy, inquired all about Portuga,J and ttbout the ctLpture of
lYI::tlu.cctt and expressed his gre::tt s:ttisfaction tot the prospect of pnniRhing
the rebellions King of Malacca, which was supposed to be :1 Vtl.SSI11
stu.te of Siam from the time of Ham Kmnlmong though it had thrown
off its allegiance. 'l'he King sent ·with Dmtrte Fernandes 11 Siame;;e
ambassador with the presents of tt ruby ring, a sword and crown, aud
the Queen-Mother herself sent some bracelets with jewels and three
small gold boxes. The Siamese envoy was received with dne honours
and trade was opened with 1\blacc:L. 'L'he simple yet cligni!ied reception
of this embas~:~y contrasts stmngely with the el1,1.-borate ceremonial
that cht1mcterized Louis XIV's embassies to Phra Narai in
the seventeenth century, and the stifl:' formalities with which the
Beitish envoys were received in the nineteenth century.
Albuquerque sent in 1511 anothet· mnbassador, Antonio de Miranda
de Azavedo, and with him Manoel Fragoso, who was to stay in Siam
especially commissioned to prepu.re for Albuquerque :1. written report
on all mattm:s,-merchandise, dresses and customs of the land and of
the latitude of their harbours. 0 Mu.noel Fragoso stayed in Siam
8
This embassy is described in the Commenta1•ies of AliJW]~le7'1JUe, Gmy
Birch, I-hk. Ed. Vol, III, pp. 153-55. I h:wefollowed Oastrtnhed:t, llistoria
do DescobTirnento e Conl)~dstcb dn India, 1924. Eclition, Liv. III, ch. LXII.
9 Cornrnenta1·ies of Albuq~teTq~w in l{a,k, Ed. Vol. III, ch. xxxvi. '!'he

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nlH•IJ{, Lll'tl yc•:ll'H !l111l look hi" l't'lJill'L [ll'l'H"nally to (~on, wiH:I't\ he
nrrin:.l in the: c•out[lHllV nl' au tLJI\ ba.H!'al!m· .'HHtL IJV thu Kitw (If SitLJtl.
• ~, n
'!'!tis n![utt·L \\':tH 1'1t:llL t" l'mtug:d :tnd is pt·olmbly lying in tlw
ArPhin·~ ilf tlw '!'nt'l't: dn 'l'tmdJt) in LiHhill with umny uLht:l's not yet
pnhliHiwd. AL t.hi:-; tiu11,, hn\\'t,n•t·, I Ju:utc' B:u·hosa, the i'al!Lor ()f
()anlltllllll't! whn liv"t! iu Imlilll•d.\\'1\l!ll 1500 RIHl l51G, was e(lllueLing
ut:lft:rild fot· his lH10k 011 !111: E:tstm·ll t:tHlllLdus t11Hl Lhonglt lw JW\'et'
eauw t~• ~lalatl'IL ur t" ~ialll, lw g:t!lu·retl ntneh Yulnab!t, infnrllllltimt
nlutllt t!Jt• Fat' E:co.;L awl !Itt• l\f11lny Ardtipol:lgo ft•tmt th'' eupt:Lin.'l
nwl t!BV••)'H of Allntqllt\l'ljtW. 111 Iu this !JtHlk, l:onr:lwlt:tlahuut llilG, hu
gi,·c,s tLll nte\lt'!Ltt: dr:~it'ripl.i11H uf ,')imn, whieh lw e:dl~:~ tlte kingdom of
AIINI'rlllt, as markPtl iJl (.Itt: ~lap of !lingo H.ilH~im (1i.i2H). 'l'lliH prolix
of .-In :w•l AH wld!'!t pt1i11L bt n sitnil:trit.y huLm~Pit A·ll:wwmand the wunu
ul' As"\lllll, wlwn: aiHtl ~~ 'l'lmi ltmm:lt Hnl.l.lud, pt·ohaltly nriginah.!tl frmn
tltt~ Amhie lll'Li

6 DR. JOAQUillf DE CAMPOS [VOL. XXXII
and presents directly sent by King Manoel of Portugu.l in retnl'll for tho
presents of the King of Siam taken by Antonio de 1Vfit·twlllt· 11
Duarte Coelho had been twice already in Siam before this embassy,
once in the company of Antonio de Miranda and once when to storm
sepamted him from Fern!to Peres de Andrade and prevented him hom
going to China, whereupon he sailed up the Menn.m. 'l'lw object of
this embassy wu.s to confirm the peace pact malle by Antonio do
Miranda, and in return for Portuguese supplies of guns and munitions,
the King of Si::nn was to give to the Portuguese fn.cilities to settle
a.nd trade in Siu.m, special commercial privileges and religiouA liberty,
and was also to send Siamese to settle in MahwctL. The poliey of
Albuquerque was to establish Sitomcse in Malacca in order to repltwe
many Moors and Moorish merchants that had left the place after the
conquest.
The implications of this pact arc clear when one considers the
political condition of Sin.m and her neighboms at tho beginning of
the sixteenth centnry. Siam was the most powerful kingdom in
the Indochinese Peninsula at this time, a fact on which all Portuguese
writings agree. Burma was divided and there were at le!tRt four
kingdoms within its boundaries. In the north ruled the Sltans with
their capital at Ava. The Burmese to avoid the Shan domination
were settling down in Toungu and laying the foundations of a kingdom
which in the middle of the sixteenth century was to unify tho
whole o£ Burma. In the south there was the kingdom of Pegu, where
there was peace because the Talaings were not aggressive and both
Ava and 'l'oungu were too busy with their own affairs to disturb tho
delta of ~he Irrawady. Between Ava and Pegn was the kingdom of
Promo. This partition of Burma into so many kingdoms left .Burrn 10
much weaker than Siam. On the east there was Cambodia, but far
too exhausted to be counted among the powerful kingdoms. rl'he
only trouble for Siam came from Chiangmai with ,,,hich King
Trailok throughout his reign was involved in hostilities. In 1507
a new war had st::trted, and between 1508 and 1510 Siam suffered
reverses. In 1513 a Chiangmai general invaded Sukhothai and Kamphengphet,
and in 1515 just three years before the conclusion of the
pact between Siam and the Portuguese, Ohiangrnai annexed those two
provinces. The pact with the Portuguese brought a considerable
advantage to Siam and it_ was effectively used, for the King with a
11 Barros, Decacla III, Bk. II, ch. iv.

P'P, I] EAHIX POR'rUGUEflE ACCOUNTS 01

8 DR. JOAQUIM DE CAMPOS [VOL. XXXIl
end of the fifteenth century. But why then did not Tlmillull1 Wit\ t.]lt!lll
in warfare, or cease to use them before tho arl'ivn,l of tho PortugttPHt' 1
'l'he reason iR clear. 'l'bough the Arabs had spread tho use ol' fire-lU'lliS
not only in Malacca but in Java and Manila these guns ttild HllJHll

P'l'. !) l~AltLY POR'l'UOUESE AOCOUN'l'S OF THAILAND 9
bli~-Jhed in Ayut.hia besit1eH the rniliLo,ry ntlviRers, tmd commercial
agentC! wore est:thli:;lw!l in Ligor ttnd Pu.tani. 'l'mde between Siam
und l\11dn.cca W!LH inten:;e :Lnd varionH diRptttches from Siam were sent
to the Viceroy nt Goth and to LiHbon. Very few of them have been
published, bnt ,ToiLo de Barros, the oflicittl historiogmpher who wrote
his Deeurles somewhel'e hetween 1550 unc11560 used them for his deseription
of Sin.m. 111 Barros Rpmhks of three principal kingdoms of the
East: in the t!xtrome west the Emperor of China; in the Indochinese
Peninsula the King of Siam; in India the King of Vijay~
nagar, then tho most powerful king in Indin. At the time when
BttrrnA nwutions the::~e tl11·eo principal kings it must not Le forgotten
that the PortugnoHe had viHited nJI the Ol1Rtern countries, u.ml he himself
in the HttlllO clmpi;r.r gives tho geogr11pllical position o£ the kingtloms
of Avn, Pegn, Amlmn, Deccan, Bongul, Orissn, .Jangonm or
Ohhugwtti, Cmnhovm·o the Chuw8, who wm·o Derco men, l'ocle on horseback,
u.te hnmtm :llesh nnd with hot irons brandecl figures on their skins.
With tho Gneos both the Kiug of Simn as well as the Laos were
JnL"n fc'ti in i;he l'honrJsuwadanB written nH.ee the 16th cenimry do not Jll'OVe
:wyiihing, as l>y this time fire-u.rms wet•e wr;ll known, rtnd even in the J{iJt
lliontldenban ii; might; h:we been nn interpol:ttiou made n,t fL ln.ter date. 'fhe
'l'hn.i word bm·iam n.nrl the Kinner mi1·iam. fm· cannon n.re Arn.bic in origin '
:tnd came through M:tlayn. 'l'he Arnbs who SfLW c:tnuon first used in Europe
by Christians called it jJ{i?·iam from Mari:t m· Mrtry.
16 Barros devotes one cl111pter to the description of Shm, IJecctdct III, Bk.
II, ch. v. In the Ir'i1·st Decade, Blc; IX, ch. i, published in 1552, are given
the outlines of the Geogm.phy of India, the Indochinese Peninsula and China.
17 Tagldn. or Rey Tn.gal!L, nertr Murtn.lmn m:;t.y be seen in most old maps,
not only Portuguese but in those of Linschoten (1596) and Mercator (16 13).

10 Dn. JoAQUIM DE CAMPos
usun.lly fighting. If the Laos obey at all the King of Siam it is due
to the fear of Lhe G1.wos against whom they expect his protection.
NO\v who \Vere these Gneos 2 The Ngios, which is the name for
the Shans, do noL appear to have eaten human flesh though they
even now tattoo themselves very profusely. It would appear from
this description that the G1wos of Barros and other Portuguese
writers were the Lawas and the Was, who had cannibalistic tendencies
like the Bataks in Sumatra, and the latter even now delight
in surrounding their dwe1lings with rows of human skulls. Barros,
Barbosa and Castanheda make it clear, however, that these wild men
did not eat human flesh as their usual food, but ate their own relations
after death out of regard for them for they thought they could
not give them better treLthnent after death than by assimilation into
their own bodies. But to be so organised as to threaten the Lao
kingdom and Lo fight on horseback denotes that they were not ordinary
savages. Could the Gneos have any connection with the old
Annamites who were known aR Gicw-chi? !{eo is still the Laoticn
name for the Annamites. Barros declares he got his information
from Domingo de Seixas who was twenty-five years in Siam and as
a Captain once fought against the G1wos, and he adds that they seem
to be the same as the ones inhabiting the provinces of Octugigu of
Marco Polo.l 8 Pauthier also identified Owngig·n wit,h one of the
states o£ Lao, .and Henry Yule believed that it was a province in that
region embracing Kiang Hung but not Chiangmai. On the whole it
would appear that the term Gueos w11s in the sixteenth century
applied to the Was and Lc~was and not to the old Guw-chi. 'l'here
is no diificnlty in believing that the Lawas rode on horse back because
they were well organised and, according to the Pali Chronicle
CamadeviValnsa, were ruled by a powerful king named Milakkha
as early as the seventh centnry. 'fhe Burmese chronicle Kombnungset
does indeed speak of Gwe Lc~was and in Hmannan Yw?;awin the
Gwes and the Gwe Kc~1·ens are also mentioned. 19 'rhe Siamese name
Ng·i1u for the Shans indicates that the old mtme of the Was and
the Lctwas passed to the Shnns who occupied their lands.
18 'l'his i~> the ernliest 11ttempt to identify the toponyrns of :M:n,rco Polo
and conside1·ing th11t Bn,r1•os hn,d neve1· been in the En.st his pretty nccurate
conjectme is noteworthy. Vide Yule nnd Cordier's fi{c~1·co Polo Vol. I, pp.
120, 123 and note on p. 128.
19 HaPvey, Hist01·y of B1t1'rluc., p. 354,

PT. J) EARLY POltTUGUESE ACCOUNTS OF THAILAND 11
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B11l'l'Ofl mentions ll wnr which the King o:I Siam had with these
G?.teot?, for which pnrpoRo he ntisecl rm army of 250,000 men and
10,000 eleplumbt These numbers are of course exaggerated, a,nd the
King or Sin,rn could not have htken a big army to flght the Lawrts
hut, presumably, the Lao of Chiangmai. Barros had never been in
the East and worked on reports that were Rent to him iu Portugal,
which were substantioJly tnw though not always accurate in detail.
With regard to Siam and its govemment, Barros has some interesting
details which throw considerable light on the period. rrhe King was the
sovereign lord of nine kingdoms. The Siamese themselves inhabited
two of the kingdoms, the other seven kingdoms being inlmbitecl by
other people. One of the two Siamese kingdoms, which was to the
Routh, was called Jlhutnlay (Mu'ang Thai) \Vhich means lower ldngdom
(sic) in which were situated Ayuthia, or H1.bclia as he callB it, and
the following cities and pol'tfl: Bmig Phssoy (Po.ngoc;ay), Lugar,
Pata,ni, Kolantan, 'l'rengann and Pahang (Pam) in each of which there
WlLS n. governor with the title of Oya or Phya. 'l'he second kingdom
was on the north :1nd wn.s called Olummua (Chan Nua or northern
people) the principal cities of which "Were 8wruculoec or Sawankhaloke
aml Soootwy ot· Snkhotlu1i. We sec here clearly distinguished the two
'l'hai kingdoms, Sukhotlmi in the north and Suphan in the south, which
were united under Phra Hama 'J'ihodi I. at Ayuthia in 1350. Another
significant point asserted lJy BMros four centuries ago is that
Siam is a foreign name ttpplied to these two united Tlmi kingdoms
and that it wa"l imposed upon them by stmngerFJ. Galvi1o, who
wrote before 1550, also spettk':l of the King of MuontaUs now called
Siam. 20
With regard to the other seven kingdoms over which the King of
Siam wielded suzeminty, Barros is not quite definite but includes
among them Chiangmai, Chiangm,i, Lunchang, Cambodia, and some
kingdoms in Bnrma, all of which he says were inhabited by people
speaking different langua,ges. We know they were independent at that
time, but the Portuguese were obviously told in Ayuthia that they were
vassal kingdoms. As a matter of fact, as early as 1450, Cbiangmai,
Taungu a,nd the Shan States of Kengtung and Hsenwi are claimed
20 'l'mtttdo etc. of Antonio Gttlvao, The Discove?"ies of the World by A,
Galvn.no, in Hale. Ed., London 1862, pp. 112-113,

12 DR. JOAQUIM DE CAMPOS [VOL. XXXII
u.s tributu.ry Stu.tes in the Palace Law or Kat Monthienban of King
'l'railok. 21
Banos describes the religious beliefs of the 'l'lmi and, though he
does not mention the Buddhist religion, he gives interesting details
regarding the temples and the ritual followed in 'l.'lmiland. Some
temples >vere built o£ stone and others of brick, in which were kept
many images of: men tlmt are now in heaven owing to their good
deeds. 'l'here is one enormous irnn,ge made or earth which is about fifty
paces long. The gt·eatest metal imn.ge in Siam and regarded as the
most ttncicnt was in a 'l'emplc at Snldwthai. It. was eighty p1dmos
or about sixty feet. 22 Every king, when be 11scended the throne, began
building 11 new temple and endowed it with l11ncls u.nd income.
The temples had high towers the uppet· hn.lf of which were gilded with
gold leaf fixed on bitumen and the lower lmH decomted with different
colours. On the top or the towers they placd a sort of umbrellu.
and around it very light bells ·which rttng when swayed by the breeze.
'fhe priests, clad in yellow~ robes, going about shoe less n.nd with
shaven heads and large fans in their lw.nclK, were held in high respect.
In their apartments no women could enter, nor even female cretttures
like hens. 'fhere were mn.ny fasts during the yon.r and the feasts were
held at the beginning of the new moon or at full moon. The priests not
only preached religion but studied the heavens and the movements of
21 \V hen the Portngnese took ]\blRccn, Sbm consiuered it rts n. b·ibntrtry
~>tate, thougl1 it lmd no control ovel' it anrl did not r·eceive rmy ta·ilmte. On
the other· hand Ohin:t cousidered Siam as fl. tl'ibnhtl'Y stl\te though it wielded
no authority whfttsoevel'. Such fncts have to be trdcen into account when
reconstructing kingdoms desm•ibcd by Ohine~e tm,vellel's like Y -t~ing n.ml
Cbn.u J"nknn., such as SJ"ivijr.bVl6 and other kingdoms, which chimed so ma.ny
t.1·ibnt!wy stn.tes even on stone inscl'iptions, when rmlly most of these cln.irm:
were imaginary or 11t 11ny rate continued to be made to feed the vtLnity of
kings long n.fter such claims had ce11sed to lmve any men.ning.
22 According to Thiao J.hanr1 Ph?'Cb R1wng of the late King Vn.jirfLvndh,
the tr~llest imn.ge found in old Sukhoth:ti is t;he one c:tllecl Phra Attcwos, It
st>tnding Bncldhn., on tlw top of Khao Wat Sn.pnn Hin, or· the mountttin of the
temple with the stone 1n•idge. 'rhe height of this itn!Lge i~ Hix wcbh or twelve
metres antl is proh:thly the one referred to by Bn.rros. The height of sixty feet
mentioned by him is either an exrtggemtecl eRtimftte or perhaps included the
length of tlw pedest:tl. The highest ilnfl.ge 11t Aynthin. cnsi; on the order·s of King
Rn.ma Tibodi in nbont 1500, and erected in \Vat Srisanphet, was forty eight
feet high, n.ncl t.he pedestn.l WitS twenty-four feet. This w:ts destroyed by the
Burmese in 1767. In case a highe1• imn.ge t;hn.n Phra Attcwos existed fLt
Sukhothai, it might lw.ve l)een destroyed wher1 the Blll'mese King Bureng
Naung captured Sukhothai in 1563.

PT. 1] 13
Llw Hl,!tt'H mul Lhe plruwLs. The ymtr wai'J

14 Dn. JOAQUIM DE 0A"!Ill'OS [VOL. XXX!l
if he applied it to Sium. 24 Nicolo Conti in about 1430 visited Mergui
and mentions Cernove, which might refer to Bengttl just as much to
Siam. 25 But in tbe sixteenth century 've have definite references to
Siam as Sm"nau or Xa1•nauz. 'l'he Boteiro of Gama in 1498, Loclovico
di Varthema in 150.5, and Giovanid'Empoli in 1514,havethis term of
Sor1Ut'tL differently spelt but certainly referring to Siam. 26 'l'he
author of the Malay histot·y Sejar(th Malay'I.L definitely says Siam was
formerly called Shm·-i-nctwi, 27 lLnd Valentyn the Dutch historian
relates that about 1340 a powerful prince reigned in the kingdom of
Siam, then called Sjahcw1ww or So?·na'l.u. 28
How did this name originate? Undoubtedly it wtts spread by the
Arabs, since Loth Vasco da Ganm and Varthema had it on Arab
information. Henry Yule in his Hobson-Jobson derived it from the
Pet·siau Shc~r·-i-ncw, or New City, as applied to Ayuthia. Really
Ayuthia was very old when the name was used; besides it was applied
more to the whole countJ:·y of Siam than to the city. rro explain
this idm~ of New City fanciful explanations were given by Bradclel,
who invoked the distinction macle by De la Loubere between 1'luci
Yc~i and Thcti Nui. 29 Yule connected it with Lopburi which he says
is a Pali form of Novnp'I.L?'i or New City, Shar-i-new being its persian
version. Colonel Gerini as usual did not agree with anybody,
and formulated a most ingenious explanation, deriving it from Santl
or Nung Scmu the old city adjoining Ayuthia, and so called from the
marsh ronnel it, Scmo being the Siamese form of the name for the
30
sola plant·
Amidst this confusion worse confounded, Fernao Mendes Pinto,
who was twice in Siam in the middle of sixteenth century and uses
both the names Siam and Sornau, points a way to the proper solution
of the problem. He speaks for instance or the Emperor of Sornau
2 ' 1 Inclitt in the XJTtl~ Centu1·y, T!ak. Society Ed. by R. H. ])l:tjor.
25 I bidemj p. l 0.
26 Pi1·st Voyt£ge of Vrtsco dct Gctnut, Hr1-k. Ed. p. 99; Varthema Itine?'Cwioj
I-l:tlc. Ed. p. 21 2, and Giova.nni d'Empoli's lettm· in Arohivo Sto?'ico Italiano,
Appendix 80.
27 John Leyden's 'rmns., Jlfday Annals) London 1821, p. ] 21.
28 Owl en Niew Oo.st-lnclicn, Vol. V, p. 319.
29 J 07 wrwl of the Inclitm A ?·chipel{tyo, Vol. V, p. 317.
30
As·iatio Quw·terly .Tow·nal, Jan. Hl02.

PT. 1] EAHL\' POR'l'UGUE.SE ACCOUN'l'S OF 'l'HAILAND 15
•
who is the King or Simn. Helms mnny such references such as tho
Somau King of Simn 11nd Phnt Chao Salou, Emperor of all Sm'natt, but
never Emperor of SiarnY 1 It appears therefore that the Sornw1-v, of
which the King o£ Siam styled himself Emperor, is S1.war~w. Land
or >.'·hwlt?'1,Uthhfumt, the l1L11d of gold which was a geographical expl'ession
em bracing tt gre::tt part of tho Indochinese Peninsuh.
'l'he 'l'lw.i word S'nvan has no close phonetic resemblnnce to So?'­
natv or Xn?''IUL1LZ, but there nrc examples of such strange transcriptions
of many other Thai words that it 1s not difficult to see how Stwa?·~u~
was corrupted into Surnau m· Xm·natvz, first by the Arabs, and then
by the Portuguese nucl other Europen,n writers.'l 2 We know from the
Anntvls of Lwnchctn,r; that the King of Lanehang also called himself
Emperor of the Land of Gold, but the founder o£ Ayuthia who was
Prince of Snphan ot• Uthong (>dlich means SO'Lv?'ce of go~cl) and hiR
:mccessors would mtt.umlly call themselves Emperors of SuvurJ,ut Land,
whence the name ScG?'ncGu.
V1Llnn1Jle euutempomry dcRcriptions of life in Ayuthia and of some
aspects of Simnese hil:ltory in tho middle of Hixtoentb centmy are
found in FeruO:o 1.\:lemles Pinto's Pm·eg?"inaga.m and in his letter
written frolll M1Llacca in 1554 to the Society of Jesus in which he
had temporarily entered 11s a brotber.'l 3 Pinto visited Siam twice,
as he himself mentions in his lettet', and the infonnu.tion dm·i vecl
from both these visit.'! is utilized in the Poregri1w9a1n. His style is
111
Such expt·ession as Prechau Bc6leus of i:im'lUHt :Ll'e also found in Sebnstiito
Ma.nriqne':,; Itinem1·io H:tk. Soc. Eel. Vol. I., p. lll5, but possibly they may
h:we been t;:tken from Pinto himself. M:1mique visited Amlmn in 1628-37,
but; not Siam.
32 &wna~• is not really 11 direct corruption of the ~Chai word s~wnn but of
its Indi:tn eqniv:tleut su~u~ or so~w, both of which mean gold and are derived
from Smu;krit s~~vcw~w. 'rhe Pol'tugne8e like the Arn.bs wet·e more accustomed
to the sounds of Indi:tn bngua.ges thn.n to the tomtl Tlmi languages.
Hence they tmm;cribed Thai names according to their Sanskrit equivalents.
Lugm·, t;he 16th and 17t;h century n:tme for Nrtkhon Sl'i 'rhamnuwat is an interesting
ex:tmple. 'l'he Portuguese got the name from ~rhai Nakhon by giving
it n Sttnskrit turll1W{]cw, from Sanskrit, nngcwa. The chrmge of initi:tl
n into l is common in Portuguese transcriptions, such as Liampo for the
Chinese port of Ningpo. Apart from thi:;, Nakhon Sri Th:tmmn.mt was also
known a:; Mu 1 :tng Lalclton, from which Lctgcw, Lugo1· could arise,
33 Ohristovam Ayres, li'e1·nao Jl[endes Pi1tto, S~tbsiclios etc. Lisbon Aettdemy
publication, 1904, Appendix B.

16 DR .. JOAQUJJI[ DE 0All!l'OR [YoL. XXX II
classic and brilliant, and writing some years nfLor Lhn ovnnts lw records
!mel taken place, he gi.\'eS from memory vivid pietnreH or Silllll
as of other countries he visited. M:111y of his dusct·ipLions are lHtsetl
on hearstty and hence reflect the popubr errors, feeliugs, beliefs nnd
superstitions. His chronology and the transcription of local na11ws
have sometimes undergone frightful distortiOJlH andlwtny lll'l'Ol'H in the
Pererri?u~9cmn are attributo,ble to his fln;t editoe, li'. do Andem1c, nntl
to his printers who could scarcely understand tho unfamiliar IutlllUH nml
facts. There is colouring, but no wilful miRrepresentation of facts, iu Ute
lurid der;criptions of life that can be felt pulsating under the touch of
his pen a,gainst the background 11ncl in the very :1tmosphere of thn plttcuH
and countrins in which he movnd and lived. He vvns not, certainly, n
scientifin explorer and does not appear to have knpt a dit1ry or any
notes, but some years after his peregrinations were over, he trnnsfen·t:cl
to his rich Cltnvtts the informo,tion he had received ttncl tlw imprufisions
he had absorhncl with the instinctive inRight of an arti::;t iul'uHing
life into the pictmes he depicts. Even his mi&takeH very often
prove his veracity. He relatns for iuRtance tlmt he found P'~ople in
BuddhiRt countries invoking Trinity ttrHl saying, G1xl of truth ,i.s tft;l't!e
in one, 11nd he thinks thttt thorn may be tmces of tho gospd iu tim
religion of these people. 34 One would immeditttely reject this :-;tory
as an invention, but though Pinto's intnrpretation iH wrong the faet
he mentions is true for the people were really invoking the 'l.'riple
Gems of Buddhism, the triad: the Buddha, Dharma and Stwgha, or tho
Bucldlm, the Law, and thn Clergy.
Owing to the many strange facts which Pinto relates, he had boon
long considerncl a liar. But justice htts been larg 0 ly done to him, uot;
only by Portugunse writers like Christovam Ayres who exploded
many myths, but also by foreign writers who studied the parts of
th& Pe?·cg?·ii1WQLW1 in which they were interested.
----·------------~~-----·---·--~----------·--------- ~------·
. iH r:ricolo Conti :tiso rema~·ke;l c!u~·ing his vi~it to Bnrma that the---~~~lle
m their pmyers satd: God ~n .1'1·~mty lceep us 'In kis La'W rmd Sir H. Yule
l'enml'lo; tha.t this whieh appeal'S like fiction is renlly an ~vidence of Conti's
verncit.y. See EmbcLssy to Am, p. 208 .
. Pinto sttys i;1 th~ · Pereg?·inc~r;c~,m that he noticed this in Lanchang ~Oalanunlmm)
nud m htH letter of l5fl4 he sn.ys thttt he s~tw rt similn.t fact in Pecrn,
!r· G. Schnrhammei· .in his Fe1:nao .Mendes P'into u,nd seine Pereg 1·inar:~n,
Jnmps to the concluswn that Pmto betrn,ys or contt'!tdicts himself when it
is quite 1mtmal tl11tt he should make simih.n· observations in two Buddhist,
countries 1md might have even done so in a third one such as Siam.

P1'. 1) gARLY POW!'UGUEHI!: ACCOUN1'S 01into's hook. BO
Sorno o£ the facts mentioned by Pinto regarding Siam and emnmented
on nnfail'ly by Mr. W. A. R Wood require elucidation. Mr.
Wood to .. kes Pinto to t11Hk on account of the exaggerated number of
men eomposing tho ILl'mieH, which he callA a perversion of truth. Tho
nmnlJcrs t~ru of:ton oxftggomtod it iH tl'llc, but they J'erJresent only
popular ostimt1t1~s, whieh wl\re imaginary. l\lilitary authorities themsolve~
could not taku a proper count, for ns bhe al'mies marched or
Rltiled along the rivorH, humh·edH of village men were recruited on
the wny 11nd swelled bite original numbers. This 11CCuHation of oxaggcmting
numbers etm he Cljtmlly levelled agahmt subsequent
tmvcllo~·s like Oaesnro ]'edereci and Ralph Fitch and against the
PhongBct'l.vculwns themselves. When Bnreng Naung invaded Siam in
1568, Caesare Fedoreci who was in Burma, relates that t.he Burmese
army consisted of one million four hundred tlwusand men, The
Siamese Phongswwadwn gives one million men. Mendes Pinto is more
35 'l'he Chronology of Luang Prusoet's Phongsc~waclan is in geneml reliable,
but it cannot be t1tken a~ n.bsolubely conect. Some of the facts can also be
demonstt·1~ted to be wrong.
36 Bc~tc~lhcts da Oompctnh·icb de Jesus, 1894, p. 286.

18
DR. JOAQUIM DE CAMPOS
[VOL . .XXXII
moderate with his eight hundred thous11nd men. Ru,lplt Fitc·:h gin:fl
three hundred thousand men and five thousand eleplmutH.' 17 Wu
know that all these arc impossible numbers but thiH i1:1 JI(J reaHon why
errors of. judgment, be they of Pinto or Fitch or Federeei, Hhonltl lw
called "perversions of truth." Mr. Wood remarks tlu1t wlwn .Pinto
says that the cannon of the King of Burma in his war with Sit1llt woru
dmgged by huffaloes ancl?'hynoce?'OSes we are almost force1l to ngrce
with Oono·L·eve 38 who referred to Pinto as the lllost celebmtml liM.
0
Now Pinto uever used the word rhynoce?'os but the term batlu or
abctcho which in the sixteenth century had the indefinite meuuing of
a wild animal or 11 domesticated animal that goes wild, though smrw
sixteenth century authors like Fr. Gaspar de Cruz used it ddinitely
to mean rhinoceros. 'fhe sixteenth century authors like Bttrbosa, Barros
nnd Onl'l'en, use the word ganda (from Sn,nsk. ganclct) for rhinoCOl'OH.
Bluteau, who wrote his dictionary in 1727, followed by the lexicologisLH
Vieim and Lacerda, took ctboila to mean a kind of wild nnim:tl !L]l(l
in fa,cb contested the meaning of rhinoceros tts applied to u,barlu ..
Hence though some derive the word feom the Malay, l!wlr'ilc, IL
rhinoceros, others derive it from the Arabic abwlat, (t""ibirl, fem. ilJII:rlu,)
which means a u?'ownish animal (Belot) or 11 wild ttninml (Lane) ot'
an animal that goes wild and escapes (KaHimirski).B 9 It iR only iu
the 17th century that the vvord Ltbadct began definitely to he applied
to the rhinocet·os and it was thus tlw,t Pinto's ctbacla, waR tntnslated
by Figuier in his French translation and from this by Oogttll into
English. Pinto clearly used the word ctbctclct to denote the yaks in
'l\trtary which were used as beasts of burden and for which thel.'O
was no term in Portuguese. 40 In the description of othee places he
uses the word about a dozen times with tl.n indefinite meaning like
that of the Arabic cl.bicla when be has to mention a large animul
whether it be wild like the rhinoceros Ol' used as a beast of bmden :for
which he could not find an exact Portuguese term.
il 7 In his llisto1·y of lhmnn, pp. 333-35, Harvey has an excellen~ no~~- ~;~
these exnggemted estiumtes.
Bl:l Congrove' 8 Love fa?· Love : '' J1fencles Pinto ·is b1tt c~ type of thee thou licw
of the first ·TIW.[Jn·itucle."
'
B 9 Dalgntlo, Glossnrio Luso-Asic~tico s. v. Abacht. In Hobson-Jobson the
menning and the origin of the word is not HOwell discussed ns in Glosscwio.
40
Yirle :t note on tho Yaks of Tart:wy in Ynle & Cordier, jJfct?·co Polo, Vol.
I. p. '277.

P'l'. 1) EAHI,\' l'Ult'l'UUUI~Sg ACOOUN'l'S OF 1'HAJLAND 19
•
'l'lw L:1ku of Ohiwm.ai is not an invention of Pinto for it existed h1
luguml mul in popular bnliuf centuries before Pinto. ' The Portuguese
who visited Bnrum ttnd Sinm before Pinto were also told of this
lugembry Lttke of Ohiomwi, and Jol:to de Bttrros in 151:2, that is, when
Pinto was Htill roaming in the East and some years before he began
writing .his Pe?'e[J'I'ina~!(liln, places the Lake of Oh:ia/rnai not in Ohiangl!lai
but 30 degrocH north, that iH, in the plateaus of Tibet, where
within two degrees five grerLt rivers, the Bralunaputm, the Irrawady,
the Salween, the Mekhong tLm1 the YtLngtze-kiang take their odgin.
BtWl'UH derives Hix rivers hom the hoke, three of which join to form
tho l\1 (.lllUill 11nd the other three discharge in the Bay of Bengal. 41
Pinto was td~:~o told in Chinn and 'J'at'tary that the rivers in Burma, Siam,
Chitm nml Indochim~ wm·o derived hom this lake in the north called
by differont lltLmcs in different places. 42 He does not say that he
visitud and sttw tho htkc of: Singipamur in or ncar C!liangmai but that
tho K.ing of Sittrn after hiA Ohiangmai campaign marched north-east
for six dttyH and renchud the lt1lm of Singipamur called Oh-iama:i by
rwople.'w 'l'his ifl apptmmtly a misunderstanding on the pu.rt of Pinto
who might luwe becu told of n. sumlllagoon by the side of which the
king Htayed for twenty six: u11ys u,ml took it to he the lake of Okiamr.~i
of which lw had hmml so much. Pinto does say that he saw a lake,
with the names of: Fttnstir or Singipamur or Ounebete, but that was
in Tttrtctt•y ILltd not in Ohittngmai. 44
41 Decada, I, Bk. IX, eh. i., ftmln.Iso Dec(tcln III, Bk. II, eh. v. 'l'he th1•ee
riVfll'fl mnpt;yiHg in Uw Bn.y of Bengal are, of course, tho Brnhmnpntm, the
IrmwrL

20 DR. JoAQUil\I DE CAMPOS (vor,, XXXII
The Empire of Oalaminharn of which Pinto gives a glowing tl way hom Ta1·tt11'Y to ~t'onking where he r

P'l'. I] IU HL\' POH'I'lHlUI\Sg ACCOUN'l'S OJ< 'l'IIAIJ,AND 21
•
With regard to Sinm, Pinto gives graphic accounts ot King
Phraclmi':-; expedition ngainst Ohittngumi, the death of the King
lJy poison, Uw cm·ow1t.ion of his son who was also mmdered, the
i'u.ithlos:moRs of the queen ttllll her intl'igne with Klnm Ohinnarat
( lfqu/1.1/nclwni:ral) whmn she caused to be crowned king, the con­
Hpimcy of the Governor of PhitHanulok and the umrder of the usurper
with tho queen at a bttnqnct, the accession of Pluu. 'l'hien to the throne,
Lhtl invasion of Siam by 'l'abmi Shweti King of Burma and n detailed
ttcctmnt of the siege of Ayuthia. Apart from the Pereg?'inw;am
there n .. re some oApocin.l details with regard to Simn in a letter of
Pinto which deBervtm to he known.' 18 He is the :first writer to cA.U
Aynthia tlw Venioe of the liJasl on account of the great number of
t~mmlH tluLt survecl tts ronclR. It wttB the greatest city he hacl seen in
tlH.lBll partH. He. was tnlcl there were 200,000 boats, big and small
on tlw l'ivot'H in and n.ronnd Aynthitt. For etwh fair five hundred to
tL t.l10mmnd of t.l1eRe boats gEtthored or aAsemb1ecl. 'rhen he gives a
\'ivid doBcription of the ](ing when he left the palace twice a year
tLuliflHt great; pomp and eorernony, n.ceornpnnied by his comtiers nnd
eleplmnts. 'l'ho King t;!l]nmtnd evr.ry religion tmd there were seven
mosrttWs of tho Moors or J'IInhtys, whose houses munbored thirty thou­
HttJHl. '.l'lwre Wltl:l nn ee1ipHo of the moon when Pinto was in Siam and
the people, believing tlmt n snake devours the moon, bogan Hhoutiug on
ou Chiuo:-~n HOtll'C!OH nnd lw Hl>tllliOK ]>into's trn.vols iu lndoehiim, Ohintt and
'l'art1Ll'Y 1 oxplttiniug the hir;torionl hnsiR of tho faetr; t>ml idmttifying the places
HWltt,iomHl in tho Perl![ll'in(ti:arn, sometimes wit;h frtntastic result:;. ITo st11nds
ou1; in bold

22 DR. JoAQUIM DE CAMPos (VOL, XXXII
laud and water while others were aiming and shooting their guns to
the sky. The King had a white elephant whicl~ died in l55l, wlw.ruupon
he spent five hundred cat ties of silver for Jts deitth ccrc.momeR.
It was for its possession, he says, that the King or Burmtt Intel mvaded
Siam in 1549. These wars with Burma were now to overwhchn Siam
for half a century and not only in Pinto but in the Decades of Oonto, in
the 13th Decade of Bocarro, in the AB'ia Portug1wsn of Fttrin, e Souza
and in missionary writings we have descriptions of this period: 10
TiU the middle of the sixteenth century, Siam was not only powerful
but very prosperous. 'l'mde was brisk and there were about three
hundred Portuguese in Ayuthia who in their junks transported the
produce of Siam such as rice, tin, ivory, benzoin, indigo, sticklnc and
timber such as dye-woods and sappan wood to Ligor and Pataui
and thence to 1\falacca. These products were also taken ovcrhtnd
to Tenasserim and to 1\1ergui and distributed over the coast of Madms
and Bengal where the Portuguese had settlements. During those
times of prosperity canals were dug, agriculture improved, milib11'y
service re-organized, and Siam was feared and envied by all her
neighbours. Fighting with Ohiangmai and Cambodia was resmncrl
now and then, and the hostilities in which King Phrachai was engaged
with Ohiangmai from 1545 and 1546 were to a certain extent serious.
But these so-called wars were not on the whole exhausting. B11ttles
were fought, it is true, one or the other side got the best of them
and then the armies retired, each king thinking that he had punisholl
the other enough. There were no long drawn out sieges, or the
overthrow o£ kingdoms and subjection to new rulers, But £or tlw
contending armies, the rest of Siam was completely unaffected by
these battles and, in £act, in southern Siam the people were 0 £t 011
unaware that any fighting was going on in the north, though mu.ny
ex11ggeratcd stories were told afterwards, ·which were recOl'ded by the
Portuguese at the time, especially with regard to the thousu.nds o£ men
engaged and killed and the hundreds of elephants supposed to have
taken part in the wars.
All thi~ was changed in the latter half ?f the sixteenth century
when ser1ous trouble came £rom Burma, winch had been unified under
49 Diogo de Canto : Decadn VI, Bk. VII, ch. ix.
Boearro; Decadct XIII, ch. 28 & 29 .
.l!'aritt e Souza: .Asia etc., torn. III, pt. ii, ch. v.

P'L'. r] EAHLY l'Olt'l'UGUESE ACCOUN~rs OF UIAILAND 23
•
the eommll.nd of 'l'alJen Shweti KitlD' of 'l'otnwu who later established
b b ' .
himr:mlf in Pegu, aud cast his f;lyos on Simn and on lands further east,
\Vldle Bm•ma was growing stronger, Siam was unfortunately experiencing
troubles of succession following the de11th by poison of
King Phrachai. In 1549 when King Ohakraphat was crowned after
the murder of the usurper, the Burmese King with a huge 11nny, horses
and elephants advt1l1Cf;ld through 1\:t:artu.ban and Kanbmi and laid
siege to Ayntldtt. 50 'l'he Burmese met with strong resistance and in
the en(l the Bnrmese King retired, though unmolested, because he
was lucky to capture the Siamese crown prince and two other royal
personages who were made over to the Siamese King. During this
Fdege, guns mounted on forts round Ayuthia were worked by sixty
Portuguese under the command of Diogo Pereira. Thoro were also
Portuguese artillery men in the army of the Burmese King. After
this siege tho King of Siam replaced the mud walls round Ayuthio,
by brick walls and bulwarks mounted with guns. 1'he remains of
some of these works can still be seen. But with all these defences
Aynthin, coulu not ~:~tand the great siege of the Bnrmose King
Bm·eng Naung in 1568, After conquering Ohiangmai, Bureng
Naung invested Kamphengphet, Sukhothai and Phitsnnulok, and
n,t last reduced Ayuthia ttncl made Siam and Ohiangmui subject to
Bunnu.
'l'he empire of Bnreng Na,ung extended not only over the whole
o£ Burma but included the Shan States, Siam, Ohiangn111i and
Ln,nchang or Ln.os. Each of the twenty gates of his new city of Pegu
WtLs named after a vn.ssal st11te such as 'l'avoy, 'l'enasserim, 1\'Iartahan,
Ayutbi£1, Limdn or L:::mchang, 1\'Iolmyin ttnd Hsenwi. The Portuguese
writings oE this period n,nd those of tmvellers like Oaesare Federeci,
Balbi and Ralph Fitch spe11k of the magnificence of Pegu and of the
glories of the Burmese King. 51 He was not only the most powerful
King but was greater than the great 'l'Ul'k and rivalled the Emperor
of China himself. For a tooth of Buddha he was ready, to offer the
Portuguese viceroy three to four hundred thousand cr'l~zados or about
50 Pinto mentions the remarkable fnct t,hn.t on this ocmsion some roads
were cut into the forest, the direction being followed with a compa.ss, which
is the :first record of scientific ron.d construction in the Peninsula. See his
Letter, ut supt·a.
51 Oaesare ·Federeci and Balbi, in H{tlcluytus Postlturnus or Purohns, Ms. Pilgrirns,
1907; and for Ralph Fitch, see Horton Ryley's Edition, 1899.

24 DR. JOAQUIM DE CAMPOS (VOL. XXXII
£200,000 and provisions for Malacca when necessary. 52 But these
glories did not last long. After his clet1th in 1581, his son Nanda
Bayin could not hold together the empire, which crumbled to pieces in
a few years.
In 1584, Prince Naresuen who was in Burma and knew the disorder
that was reigning after the death o£ Bm·eng Nanng, threw off his
allegiance to Emma, and though the Burmese King attacked Ayuthia,
the invasion was resisted by Naresuen who displayed great courage
and military tactics. 'l'here are various Portuguese descriptions of
King Naresuen who, as a peince, was called t.he Black Prince because
he was distinctly darker than his b1·others. His single combat
with the Crown Prince of Burma id well described in the Conqtdsta
de Pegu written in 1617 and in Bocarro's 13th Decade
written before 1640. 53 Bocarro's version is that the Burmese Prince
wounded the Black Prince in the combat, a.nd the latter then called
out two Portuguese who were with him to shoot at the .Burmese
Prince. In the Conquista de Pegt~ it is said that the .Burmese Prince
was pierced with a clttrt. King N aresuen's war with Cambodia and his
capture of Lowek are also described in Spanish and Portuguese writings.
There were some Spaniards and Portuguese at the Court of
Lowek at this time and Naresuen brought them all as prisoners to
Ayuthia. Among them was Diogo V elloso who later had a romantic
career, having married a Cambodian princess and, with the princely
rank of Olw

P'l', l) BAitf,Y POIL'rUGUBSE AOCOUN'rS OF THAII,AND 25
c.lelttL mH] of the Menmn vn.lleyA.
century cl~lHt!d on Bm·mcl. aml Siam.
It '''as thus that the sixteenth
•
'l'lw en.t%~st CttrLographico.l studies of Thailand and of the Indochinmm
Poni usn ln. form nn interesting stu ely. Before the discovery
o£ the !W!l.-l'lllltu to Indilt, Europe's conception of Further IncHa did
not go very muc:h lJnyond that of the ancient geography and the Ohryse
0/u•rsmwsr!, of Ptolemy. rl'he Arab and Persian ships had indeed
sn.ilml in tlw Chinese Seas n.nd even planted colonies in China as
ettrly 1\H the eighth century, but though they were mwigators they
werG not cttrtogmpherR. Besides, only the sea routes and the ports
oE

26 Dn. JoAQUTl\I DE CAMPOK f.VOL. XXXII
trated into the interior of Bmma l1Ud rrlmilnllCl, had HeOlll'P(1 M:dttysia,
had visited Canton and knew the geneml outli11e of tlw coast of
China, Ribeiro's map does not give any details 11Lont the Penimmla.
This map marks the kingdom of Sittm in large letters but WB lmvu
few place-names and no rivers marked between the Ynugt1.ekinug
and the Ganges or the Brahmaputra. Neither is the Gnlf of Sian1 well
shown nor the cmtst of China properly dmwn. However, these e:trly
maps of the PortuO"uese like the oneR of the two Heinels, fathet· twtl Hou,
in the Bibliotheque
"'
Nationale
'
11nd of Lopo Homem and his son Diogo
Homem in the British Museum are magnificently illuminated with
gold and vivid colours, with ships in the sea and animalH aml trccH
painted in colours, and rivers the waters o:f which actually Hecm to be
flowing. Some of these maps of the sixteenth century can l1e :-1een
in London, Mad.rid and Munich. This art o:f map-rnakil1g found its
greatest expression in the maps of Ferntto V IMI Dourado.
By the middle of the sixteenth century the PortugneHo ll111p!'l uml
Linschoten's map, based on Portuguese exploration, Hhow an improvement
in geogruphical detail and mark the impOl'tant couHtal towuH
and ports o:f the time. The principal rivers of the lncloehineHc
Peninsula are shown, but their extent into the interior WHH
not marked from a.ctual observation or explomtion up to tlteil'
sources. Hence the Menam according to the old legend is prolonged
up to the Lake of Ohiamai, north of Ava, while the Mekhong
is very much shortened and appears to rise where reu,lly tbe Monam
rises. On the whole it is the coastal towns and riverine portH,
where the Portuguese traded, that are carefully warkecl. 'l'lte
configmation of the Indochinese Peninsula assumes a corrcet shape,
but the interior, where there were no trading establishments, is
still le:ft blank, but for some important places. 'l'his abseuce of
detail with regn,t·d to the interior also charactet'ises the Dutch and
French maps of the seventeenth centmy, hut much improvement. m11y
he noticed in the eighteenth century maps, though D'Anville and Dt:Llrymple
perpetuated many old mistakes. 'l'he sixteenth century
Portuguese maps must be taken as marking only the beginnings o£
the cartography of rrhailaml and the Indochinese Peninsula, which
became fully understood only in the nineteenth century as a result
o:f the famous explomtions o£ men like Macleod, Hichardson and
McCarthy in Burma and Thailand and those of De Lagree, Garnier,
Pavie and Harmand in Indochina.

~
a:·:n
t '
' ;o.l!'l'
~,'
Diogo Ribeiro's Map of Extra-Gangetic India 1529
showing : Rp,gno cle .A nsiam.

P'l'. 1) g,\JtLY l'ORTUCwg::;g ACCOUN'l'R OF 'L'HAILAND 27
•
'!.'his lt.l't,ide iii eonfinet1 only to sixteenth century Portuguese acconntH
of 'L'lmilnml, bnt even tlwse !Lrc by no means exhausted. 'l'here
are still nmny repm-ts mul documents and also missionary accounts,
mostly nupnlllished, not only of the sixtuenth but also of the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries, lying in the libraries of Portuga.l,
uotttbly in the 'l'orrc tlo 'l'ombo, the Nationo1 Libmt·y of Lisbon, the
LilJrary of Ajud11 a.ncl that of Evora, and their study and examination
will providu 11 rich mine of information for research scholars of
'l'haihtnll.

•

Ban Lup, Lawa woman spinning
cotton.
Ban Lup, Ct1rrier.
Ban Lup, Lawa wom:1n and child.
Ban Lup, Lawa women pounding
paddy.
Photos by Re-v. J. S. Holladay.

I'
29
•
I
I
THE LAWA OF UMPHAI AND MIDDLE ME PING.
lh~v.
C():\IPILIW .llY nL\JOlt Eum: SEJDENFADEN
F!Wlll ~IA'l'E!UM, SUl'l'I~nm BY
,T. S. Tlou,A n,\ Y AND Mn. '1'. W. BEVAN.
In 1'he Lnwd- h~ Nm·theJ·n Siam written by l.Ht·. E. W. Hutchinson
fnulampliflml l,y Mttjot· K Seidenftulen, which was published in JSS,
Vol. XX .. YV/1, Jll. If, J[Jtl(i, it is mentioned (P· 154) that, lying to
Llw uot·th Wt!Ht of Bo Lnnng, is n LtLwii, strongholcl ctLll.ed Umphai
whet•u Llw popultthion eonRiHtH of: pure LfhWii who are primitive, arc
pottm·H antl wen.vo thoir own clothing. ~Cwo very gooJ photographs
l'tlpl'I.JHcntiug Urnpl1ai Lawii, women and taken lJy Dr. Hugh Mc­
Um:miek Hlllif>h, the frn·mcn· advil'wr to the Department o£ Fisheries,
were tdso pnlJiisho!l iu that paper. ~l'lmt wu.s in 1032. 'l'he Umphai
Ln.wi1 luwe now lmen viRitu

[yor,, XXXII
A little farthm· on we came to JJem·t B1·ealc 11-ill, which ~Ol'lllii Lo hnvu
perpetna.l min, heavy forest exclnrling snulight, null :L very ~lippl~'}' day pall!.
This is the hillside upon which the iron rnineH were loe:ttell. \\' e had IH•at·,\
nll kinds of stories :tbout these iron mines 1 and the mei;lwds of mining. l )Ill\
nf the most fantttstic wns that the iron w:ts mined iu a eavo or Lnnuel, and
that no man dared enter it. 'rhe spirits would n.llow no one bnt \\'OlltPll 1o
go in, nml t.hey could we:u· no clothing at all. 2 Our gnirle w:ts. ouo ,~f ~l1n
chief iron workers and he told us th:tt they dug the imu out or the lnlhiulo
just wherevet• they lutppened upon it. He found a piece of the oro, aml ar;:-;m·­
ed us m; we exnmined it that there is nothing mysterious :tbout it oxeept tlio
spirit ceremony which, with but little v:tri:ttion, is c:trried onl; b~lforu all
majot• undertakings. Timber workers have very Rimih1· eet·emonieH.
1'lmt :~ftet·noon we decided to stop erLl'ly ttnd dry our cloUting :twl h1~

1''1'. 1] '!'Ill~ LAWA 01" Ul\tl'HAl AND MlDDLli: IIIE PING 31
pla.ced npou it.. .H looked like It phallic symbol 3~ feet high with only the
top eml c:nrvetl, nud thttt ouly slightly a.utlroughly. H et•e !tgain I eouid find
uo expl:tn1d;ion. I won

32 MAJoR EmK SEIDENFADEN (VOL. XXXII
Some of the finest jttckfrnit trees I lmve ever seen were growing on the
tops of these high mountain ffl.stnesses. The pomttlo seems to thl'ive, though
judging hom the sourness of the oranges brought me, I should sn.y their
sugm· content Wtts p1·obnbly as close to nil ns possible. Otherwise I saw very
little of rtny fruit Ol' vegetable. Their food is very poor, and this no doubt
nccounts for most of thei1· sicknesH. Theit• rice is n.pt to run short, and they
plrtnt little besides peppers and corn in their gm·den spots. 'l'hey seJdom
kill rt pig al'iide from their ceremoni;d feasts, ttncl for ment depend upon the
mountain cmb, frog:,; n.ncl toads. Many of them eat dogs, hut this is not
nuiversrtl, for I believe it is tme tba,t no one at Btm L'oop eats dogs.
In the mn.tter of pleftsm·es, they all smoke pipes ttml are ns free in lending
their pipes as we a1·e in lending om pencil:>. The bnbies cut their teeth on
big b1'0the1·'s pipe, when big brothel' is lmnlly lru·ge enongh to cal'l'Y both
baby lLUCl pipe. Almost all of them ch·ink a. home-made liquor, n.nd this is
one of the big items in their fe;tst::; and ceremonies. l'he Government doer;
not try to stop them, hnt collects one brd1t per yen.r hom e11ch houo;e for the
privilege of making all they can mm. This mny be one ren,son why they n.l'e
ltpt 1;o l'Ull out of rice. About the only play among the childl'en was Wltlking
on stilts. Of com·se I wao; the1·e when they were all bu~y with the rice
cmps, and so I p1·obably did not see all of their ple:tsUl'es nnd pastimes.
However I feel sure th;tt they have very little iu the W>LY of amusements
nsicle from those mentioned.
Their clothing is quite di!fel·ent from that of most of the othe1· hill tribes.
'l'he women we;w n lm·ge loose Rhit·t which looks like an inverted sack with
holes for the m•ms and neck. 'l'hey cttn sit down on the floo1· n.nd pull the
Hhil't down over their feet, pull their a.rms inside and really be quite snng
and warm in ~:~pite of a cold wind. Pulling the shirt clown ove1• their knees
aJso seems to he a nmtter of modesty, for the skirts ru·e quite short. As a
protection against gnat;s which rtl'e quite vomcious, they wrap lt piece of
cloth a.rouncl ench Rrm above the elbow, nnd m·ound ench leg below the knee.
Theile 1ne tied with n. string. l'hey love strings of silver m· glnss ben.ds, rtud
nre often quite landed down with them. The beads of Hilver are the old
Sin.mese timl sbnpe-tlutt is the bead-shaped t.ical. Heavy silver bracelets
ru·e also worn quite genemlly, these ornaments probn.bly rep1'ese11ting their
savings bmll\s,
The men wear n. loose bag-like pair of trousel'H which look ILS if they ha.d
kicked the cm·ue1·s out of a srtck n.ncl walked off in it. The tailoring is l!Ot
of It ve1·y l1igh m·cler, though the weaving which they do is very dura.ble, and
rather pleasing in design,-design being chiefly confined to the women's
skirts. 'rhe men also wear a coat with real sleeves in it, which is one of the
few evidences of an effort at t1tiloring, but may be IL purchrLsed ILrticle at
thnt. One of the most noticetLble things clmracterizing this people is thrtt.

PT. I] 'J'Im LAWA 01!' U.MPHAl AND MIDDLE ftfE PING 33
they n.l wnyii put, on thnir olrleHt :mel most l'ttgged elothing when they go to
marke(;, 1 wondemcl whethet· they did Ro because they felt th:vt tra.velling
wai:i hn.rtl on elothing, ot' becm1se !;hey got better ba1·gnins when they did not
look too prosperoui:i; or itl it proteetion against robbers?
Quite oft.en they wear It hencl cloth-not n turban-which I belived to be
nminly proted.ion for the he •.td when e:.Lrrying with n. bend b:tnd. 'l'hey enny
everything with 1L heaL! band, hut when going long distances, the men 1tt least
hn.ve clevel'ly slmped pieces of wood which p1·oteut theil· ~lwnldm·s fmm the uutt.ing
of the rope~> whieh they use rts shoulder ~tmps to help clist1·ibute the
weight of the load. 'l'hi:; piece of wood i:; sllftped to fit the body, 1111d has
n hole for the rope burned thl'ough the length of it. By pushing on this
piece with the lmncli:i, it is pocsiblo to trdw the entire weight off' the heu.cl1Lncl
shoulder:;, and so rest without stopping. 'l'he lmtcl is carried well up on the
shonlclel'S, 1 t i:; most lmudy when going through brush, and rt good lmtd
on.n be carded without much trouble. 'l'he lmnd c:Ln he free when the going
gets ;;teep. I erwried one for seveml kilometreH, nncl found it ve1·y uomfot·trLble,-prefemble
to the carrying pole.
'l'he fnneml customs, with oue exceptiou, are not pecnlinr. In the villnge
where we HtftyeL1 (BtuJ L'oop), tUHl I presume in rdl other vilbges as well,
no oue wonl

34 lVIAJon. En.m: SEIDENJ?ADEN [VOL. XXXll
siK inches in cliametet·, hung hom her hen.cl nncl spre:td fanwise clown her
lmck, fU> she climbs the steep hill to het• home.
'£here n.t·e two metal tablets said to be of gold, :tnd to be buried in 01' near
t.he village of Oom}Jn.i, and to contain the following story :-
The loveliest m~Liden of all the e:trth, whose name was S'Mang Roh-eh,
was rnnch sought :tfter ancl admit·ed. 'Che loveliest ff>ature of this wonderful
be: 1 uty WlLS her ha.ir, which hung to the ground. When it wac; combed,
there was such music m; had never been hent•(l. It entrm1eed :tll cre:d;ion
until, rts the comb w:ts dnnvn through it, the birds sang for sheet· joy,
chickens c:tulded and m·owed, dogs howled, babies cetLsed their crying to
listen in wonder, and the very trees w:wed their bmnches in gentle ecstasy.
It so happened that :unong all of het· n.drnirers the only one who mught
her fu.ncy and c:tptlll'etl het• he:u·t was a youth from the spirit world. This
wtts awkwtud, fot• no one bnt the girl herself could ::;ee him. After much
diseussion :oncl nHtny tern~, it was deeided n.t last to celebmte the wedding in
most el>~.bomte style. '£he relatives of the ln·ide and groom were all invited,
and they were many, but the l'ehtives of the b1·ide could not see nm· convet·se
with those of the groom. The fe:tst was set however, and the requireclmunber
of pla.tes hertped with rice n.ncl the moHt delicious of fruit:; aml me:LtR.
'rhe gueHts fell to with :t will, r111d the pbttes of the spirit guests hall to be
refillell :ts often as those of their more t:tngible fellows.
Aftet· the feast, the bride clis:tppem·ed and was not r.:een again for some
time. At last however, she dicl come hack bl'inging her young child with
her for n vieit. She :tlso bl'Ought n. cheHt of gold a::'l a git'l; to her pareutH,
who were more delighted to see their lovely dn.ugbtm· all!l her child tlw.n to
see the gold. However they mn their lmncl::; through the gold a.ucl ttdmirecl
it too, fol' it w:\S not only pieces of gold but golden Ol'n:tments as well,--more
gold th:tn they lmd seen in all their lives. '£heir joy was :;hort lived however,
for their chtughter rmnounced thn.t ·she and her child must return to hm·
husband in the spit·it lnucl. Eveu the thought of all the gold could not
comfort them in the letLst.
Aftel' S'M:wg Roh-eh and her child hnd dis:tppettred, her parents were s:td
and lonely. Thinking to take plettsme in the only thing left to remind them
of their d:wghtm·, they went into the house ilond opened the bertutiful ehestH
in which the gold h:tcl been brought to them, but the gold, even n.s their
he:trts, hn.cl been tm·necl into wood and dust and dry letwes. There wns
nothing left but :t Sttd memory.
It is s:tid tlmt S'M

P'l'. I] 'l'HE LAWA

36 .MAJOR ER1K SEIDENFADEN
was given an old iron hammer found on Doi Ngi.i.m, and there are
evidently many iron mines round ttbout, which wet·e worked formerly
by the Lawii, who are noted as iron miners and blacksmiths. An old
Lawi1 iron mine ifl situa.tecl at Huci Hom Sen at the Ping river above
Kaw. In the photograph illustrating that mine the two persons
there are pointing at old crowbar marks where the ore was detached.
The Kttmnan of Kaw FJaid that the Lawi.i. used to take
the ore upstream to be smelted at Um Pa, where the ground was
found to be littered with slagheaps. Mr. Bevan also found behind
Ban Gaw Ohok a. piece of pottery which is omamentecl with a headless
person sitt.iug down with a dog seated beside him. It would be
very interesting to have this piece of pottery closely examined by ttn
export.
Mr. Bevan further mentions that up in the hill country behind
U m Pi.i. is rolling laud whet·e the B. B. T. 0. used to rest their elephants
and that the headman told him that there is tbe remttins of an
old temple a.nd a round shallow depression in the ground which
possibly was a kind of meeting place.
Finally Mr. Bevan was told that about one day's march (from
Keng Soi) towards the Burmah border there is said to be the ruins
of a city called 1\iiiang Phya Uclom. Would this be the fabled
capital of the Lawa? or some other old La.wa town ? In the temple
in B11n Na there is said to be some information about Keng Soi,. but
:whether in writing or only as an oral tradition (kept by the monks)
:Mr. Bevan does not say.
Bangkok, 20th June 1939.

'· '
\.,
... -... _ -- ... __ ....
'
'
'
I
I
I
I
\ '· \
'
'
I
I
.... \' \
.... ...-- ..........'.:',
-s, '
T \
"".., "'<
I,
·f
1
"" ./
J ~""'~
"'
Sketch llJap to illw>tt·ftte note on
lfills-No,•th.Ji:ast of CM,.,[Jmai. ( lf. G. B.)
~- ...
i' '
f
J
I "'
"_ ...
I
;
,
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j

)
f'>J

:r;
NOTES AND QUERIES
[ h:L\"t~ lwt'll m;kt!d l" wl"ih.• a 1111b• hy \\"11.\' ,,f (.•}arifyiug f lw pt;!-lj(.ion
in n:~~anl to t't'l'tain ltiglt land!' lyi11g f,, flit< :\. K IJf ChiPlll-{tlltd.
N•lltt!' ~·lldl 'llHhlllli'IIL i·~ l,•:t:•tlllill:.; iiW!'I'HHillgly lli:I'I'HHill',\' IlK ('llllt•t:LIIl'H
of PVt't',\'f,ldttg frn!lt bird:• fo J!lnnl.s Hl'n vi:-dting t.lt1: lll'••tt und HoliH.\
eoufnsi•m HH to l!llllli'H ttwl lnt•nlili'''l lm•• :dl·•·ady :u·i~11·11.
'l'bnm hill:; n1·•· id•mtifinh!H ft·••llt lit•: pnl.diNIII:d llllt)'H ol' Lltt• diH(I'iel;
\' ii\ ;.......
.!w;. .11'1'1/ul'!hy, (Hitllnfv,/) tt;tpl'tl.l', 18/I;J :~.--
H"11gh lu·nring horn Cldt:ll:..(liHLi :--
:\orf h hill, llllllllll!l'd, I 1-H:lrnt:l.r~:>i.
dn. , :Wl:!
Pni l'tt l)lt:t.w, I K 1 H
"
.d filwi,·, f!Jfl!l
f:t!llfl'tl ltiJl, llllliiLIIItlcl, :!:!:!() !II.
W. M. OiltiWi'r, } 1 !t.!f8it•td .fi•altUI'.'I o.•ilh ,•ltllttU 'IIIII]!. (8iam,
J.V'IIIUI'I.' lltUf Jm/n,o;lry, ff);!t/) :-···
Umt!l'n hill, Dui Ptt r lyo, :.!Ol:! Ill.
( lu
I~)~ j
.. t7i,l
8n1'Vf!!J Dt~Jd. IIIII JIII, 1 ft,'.'lJI!JO, I!J.J l-~lti:'J7 :--..-
Om:ful fnr t.lw pnt·tnJsu ol' thiH noLt~, lml. umking no 1.duilll to
ddi.utHLto hills:-
8nruey De1J/. ·11!11p1~, I f;'JUO,UOO, .1.9H'J- I !J38 :­
North hill, Hmuuued, 184,:-J 111.
Otmtl'l.l "Kno ru .. OhtLW,
2012 Ill.
South .. Doi Sn.kot, nn 6 m.
It will bo soon that. the po1:1itiou amlappruximatc It eights of the three
hills agree well, o.ncl diHorop!LlWY only occurH iu tho mtmcs thus:-

38 NOTES AND QUERIES (VOL. XXXII
McCarthy's map shows the South hill as Pa Chaw and subsequent
cartographers give thif3 name to the highest and centre hill. One
m11y presume, therefore, 11 printer's error in the 1893 map and that
the centre hill was intended for Doi Pa Chaw (~'iltl[.l1~'1l). It is this
centre hill, the fourth highest in Siam, that forms on that account, an
n,ttraction to collectors. It is cn,lled locally, Doi Langka (~'1Hlllu~fll),
the name Pa Chaw being quite unknown. It is somewhat difficult of
approach from Chiengmai, and though clearly to be seen from the
plain, when once among the surrounding hills, there are only a few
high points where its summit is visible, and the steep and circuitous
route necessary, make a scale of distance of little service.
Mr. McCarthy mentions this difficulty of locating summits of Siam
hills 1 and in this connection it should be noted that the Lao Mieng
growers of Ban Me ~rttwn regard the Kin Luang as the top of: Doi
Langlm. This is understandable from their view point, and due no
doubt to the prominence of that spur, and the way the ridge falls
away behind it to the left, making the real summit appear almost
like a separate hill. 'rhe Jt!Iieng growers further away at Doi Hua
M:ot and elsewhere having the true top of Langlm as their skyline,
make no such mistake. At least one collector, unprovided with an
aneroid, appears to have fallen into this error.
It is usually mther a moot point when collecting on a big hill, as
to where one should cornmence using the name of the central massif,
in addition to its outlying features; so a misplaced centre is, to say
the least, unfortunate.
Doi Langka is unattractive in that ascent is more or less restricted
to knife-like ridges punctuated by Chick Dois and is without water, the
whole well deserving the name Pa Chaw, if only the local people had
thought o£ it first.
In common with other little known hills of Siam the Langka area
will no doubt be found to contain a small quota of as yet unrecorded
species of flora. Rhododendron ?n·icrophyton, a small but beautiful
and many flowered shrub, is found there, as well as on the Me Tawn
-Me Sawi watershed. It is interesting to note here that H. H. Prince
Dhani reports it as having been found by H. S. H. Prince Prasobsri
on Phu Krading, Loey Province at about the same elevation. Foresters
will be interested to know that Buclclamdia pop1~lnea occurs
1 Surveying and ExploTing in Sicbm, pp. 131-2.

Rhododendron microphoton on Phu Krading, Loey.
Photos by H. S. H. Prince Prasobsri.

PT. I] N!l'l'ES A:\'ll Q1JEHIES 89
lti.~h up on IAngkfL, Llwug!t l'nr that l'\'lt~ott Llte cmpply iH lilwly to l.m
Jifn l{t~d JLJH} iflll(~I~WlilUiltlf1i'l) ( Wnt Nawng Bua), enr 2~hrH/
ttw.lnp the l\Iu Dank llc\ug; (mllilflfllllil~) to Ran Pong l\um 1
(lftH1tJJ\ill). . j
Up tho .Me Lrd N11i (mlmtnf~HJ) to Pang Chnu1 Pi (~lJtJ);
11 shol't rltLy, but to gn further in tlw I'ttius enLnilH tuntH fnr 2
I'ILI'l'iet'H,
Chc!J' iuto tlw Jl[u Wong (mh~)
tl.llll over into the Me Tawil)
(mil'lcm). J 3
Up Llw Mo '!'awn ILJHl o\·nt· ltigh waf,(H'Hiwll into tho .Mn Ha.wi)
4
(mJ cY1ltJ), Lam pn.ng DiHLI'id.
J
A lung dtty tD top nwl lnwk, nud in tho I'ILillH Lon lung. 5
ViHitm·H :-;honld not 0111itl to H(JO th(! 'l'owadn.H tdi Llw tivor Wat tLt
Ban l'ong Knill (1f1ul11J~lJ) madu hy Nttn JVTau of L:wtpnn, a

40 NO'fES AND QUERIES
M/3 Lao wlcm. Easy of ascent on the East it baH the Hlmrp ridges
characte1:istic of 1angki1, notably one running ~~pproximately N. and S.
well described as the Kin or San Kom D11p (fl'"Jr1lJI'lllJ). On its upper
ridges a beautiful little blue Gentian is plentiful in April n.ncl May
and near itA summit an Alli~~·m, not yet identified. On the 13 Dec·
1933 there were many old tracks o£ lwt'inr; on its summit.
The South h'ill, 1: 9200,000 maps, Doi Salcet (lilfltH!::I~I'l).
Visitors must enquire for Doi 111n Ol' Mawn Lu.n (!1lJCJ1H11hl). From
information I received from the Survey Dept. they are well aware o£
the latter name, and tdthough I have no t1nthority to s11y RO, the
clumge is probably due to another Doi 11111 in the Ch.iengmai district
just South of Doi Clu1Wrn Hot (lilBUIDBlJ11~). 'I'he locally known Doi
Suket is a small hill near the Amphm's comt of: that name. It is
well shown on the 1 : 64.000 maps.
It would take about five dn.ys £rom Ohiengmai to ascend Doi Lttn,
it being dependent on t.hc time of the year how far one ciLn take motor
transport up the Me Awn valley. I have not been higher than the
M'ieng villages on its slopes. The track up crosses the divide between
Ban Kun Me Awn (llJJilCJhl) ' aud Ban Kun Me Chesn.wn (!19J"Jrtni) ""
and one should allow three days from the latter villnge.
'l.'hese hill-tops are seldom visited and it nw.y be necessu,ry to cut
through much dense growth in places; thus I found the ascent of
Langka easy going in 1938 but very diffiunlt in the rains of 1938,
and this chang~ was presumrtbly due to fire in 1937/8 as it was a
surprise to the Meo guide.
Finally the Survey Dept. maps will he found very accuru te as regn.rds
the position and elevation of the three hills; all that one might
suggest is that when 11 change of name is considered necessn.ry, the
local name should be added in brackets as is customary when changing
the name of a street:
Lat. and Long.
Doi Pa Chaw 19° 00' 05" 2024 metres
(Langka) { 99° 24' 31"
Doi Saket 18° 51' 46" 1832 metres
(Mawn Lan) { 99° 23' 01"
With acknowledgements to the Survey Department.
"
H. B. G. GAHRET'r.
Ohiengmai.

Old Meo womtLn, rupute1lly 105 yet1rs of age, at
the .Me Sawi village.
Photo fry H. B. G. Garrett.
Old Lawa, hon Mine at Huei Hmnsen on the Ping river. (see pt1ge 40).
Photo by Jllr. 1'. W. Bevan.

41
II
'l'r-m LION SKIN ON THE THRONE.
In Mt~n, July 1939, there iR ttn artiele (No. 91) by Maurice Canney
on the Shn of Reb·i?·th, in which the author surveys the uses of
animal skins in Africa, more t>specially from an ethnological point of
view. He goes on towards tlw end to describe the signiflcance of
skins in India, citing the young Brahman's antelope skin and its use
as a covering for the Reat of l1 worshipper at his devotions. He
suggests that the skin signifi!ls rebirth becauRe o£ its employment in
the rite of initiation into l1 new mnk or status such as thitt for a
king or god. He mentions also thitt the coronation rituitl as prescribed
by the SGdapc~thn Bri:ihmrt~~ct orditins an investment of the
king with a garment known i1S the inner caul of sovereignty etc.
He mentions also that the antelope skin used in ancient India when
a Brahrnctn was ?'r.Lisecl to the runlc of a, god confirms the idea o£ the
skin of rebirth.
Major Seidenfaden has kindly drawn my attention to this and suggests
my examining the problem with regard to its possible connection
with our local customs. It htLs of com·se been thought that the Brahman
ceremonies of the Thai coronation had considerable connection
I
with those prescribed in the Satapathn Bri"ihmc~~~a. I should be more
inclined, however, to modify the statement by saying that ours were
more likely to have been derived from an earlier source which in its
turn might have even influenced the Satapatha. My reason for so
saying is that many essential points of the rituals of the Satapatha
find no place in ours, which seem more simple. Professor M. K. Arya,
formerly of the National Library of Thailn,nd, was once entrusted by
I·Hs late Majesty King Hama VI to make a critical examination of the
mantras in use by the 'rhai Court Brahmins. These had been handed

42 NOTES AND QUERIES
down in a curious corruption of an Indian langu11ge long suspected
to have been some form of Sanskrit, although obviously not the
classical phase of the l11nguage. De. Arya W!1S of opinion that it was
a kind of 'l'11ntric Sanskrit and was able to trace some of the mantms
to the TaUti,?•iya B?'L'ih?na~~a and Taittiriya .A ?'a?}yalm, others to
the Upan'ishncls, 'l'hey were then translated 1y the professor and
.were later published in English in my handbook to the Coronation
of His Majesty King Prajadhipok, 1926. I have been informed,
however, by Professor P. S. Sastri, a member of the 'l'hailand Research
Society, that these ma,ntras are in old 'l'amil.
While seriously doubting the 11clmissibility of any ethnological
connection between the African belief in the idea of a skin of rebirLh
and that of India, I am ready to admit that the coincidence is remarkable.
Regarding this nation, however, I fail to see any connection
between tho significance of the lion skin on the 'I'hrone with even
the Indian beliefs mentioned above, and very much less so with those
of Africa. 'l'he implication of rebirth does not seem to exist in our
use of the lion's skin, the Nang Rnjasi,h, as a spread for the 'l'hrone
of Thailand. I should rather be inclined to ascribe this custom of ours
to the influence of Buddhist iconography. It might be added, moreover,
that the idea of the "Lion's Skin" as a. spread for the throne in
this country has become so conventional that one often sees the
"skin" represented by a gilt slab with tho figure or the rajasih
painted :on it.
Bangkok, 20th February, 1940.
D.

43
III
'l'HE CHATRI.
Under the title of The JavcLnese WaycLng and 'its Prototype, a summary
of the above-named communication by Dr. H. Meinhard to the
Royal Anthropological Institute ttppcars in Man Vol. xxxix, No. 94.
'rho survey of Dt·. Meinhanl's materiuJ concerning the Indian shadowplay,
or olu"iyi"iniitalw, and its continued existence down to the present
day is, of course, interesting and informative, bnt what is of special
interest to us on this side of the Indian Ocean is the statement that
itinerary showmen in the Kanarese-speaking southern Deccan, immigrating
from the Maratha country, who perform shadow-plays from
subjects tn,ken out of the two gt·eat Epics of Sam;krit and are most
commonly known as Killekyii.ta or by slightly different names according
to localities, st·yle the?nselves Ohat?'i h1 consequence of their claim
of descent from a Kshatriya who is believed to have followed the
Pa~1qava brothers of the JJfnhc'iblu'irata into exile.
Now, in this conntry, there is a primitive kind of classical dramatic
dance called the Lcdcon 0/uUri, which is thought to have been the
prototype of the Lalcon ?Yt?n, or wha.t is now generally known as
'rhai cla.ssical dancing. The performers of the Lalcon Ohatri aro, o£
course, 'rhai, and claim no such descent. They are, moreover, mostly
female, with the exception of the clown. The subjects of their performances
are not inspired by the 111aluibharalct or the Rwmctyann but
are taken from local folklore, known as the Pa?l.nL'i.sct Jct..talca or the
Collection of F'ifty Bi?'th-stm·ie8. 'l'hese tales seem to have been indigenous,
although they are clothed in Indian nomenclature and the
stories, which are written in Pali, bear Indian place-names. It is
of course possible that the authors might not have been at aU aware
that the place-names in their stories were outside their own country.

44 NOTES AND QUERIES
The respect for the person and teaching of the Lord Bnddlw, Wtts so
deep-rooted in those days tha,t no devout Buddhist in Bnnna or 'J'hniland
or Laos ever seemed to realise the possibility of the Enlightened
One having been born of a race foreign to his own. ·
Another form of this primitive type of dramatic dt1ncing exists,
according to scholars, in the 'l.'hai p11rts of the southern peninsula,
more especially Nakon Sri Dharmaraj. This is known as the Nora.
The name is that of the heroine, Jl{ anohan'i from the Sucllwma J('itnlca,
also of the F'ifty Birth-sto?"ies. The heroine, a beantifnl daughter of
the King of the mythical race of K·inncwa :f:ell prey to a hunter's noose.
The hunter, a native or northern Pancala, presented his etttch to the heir
to the throne of his country. The Prince was charmed by her beauty
and wedded her. During his absence on a military expedition, the
King, his father, decided to offer up his daughter-in-law for sacrifice
in order to atone for a dire illness which had befallen him. 'l'he
lady fled to her father's abode on Mount Kailasn,. When the milit11ry
expedition came to n,n end, the Peince returned, only to find his
wife gone. He became desolate and went in search of her. After a
long and arduous journey he found his wife, u,ncl ttll ends happily.
It will be seen therefore, that although the name of 0/u'itrL exists in
this countt·y, its nature i:-J quite different. It is a form of dramu,tic
dancing and its repertoire is altogether different;, It is not known
what connection there might have been between our LuJcon Oht'itri
and its Indian namesake. It is, tempting to suggeRt that the dances
came from south India with the Pallava colonists, but more details will
have to be known before any real conclusion mtn be arrivnd at accurately.
It may be also noted that besides being 11pplied to the type of a
dance, the word Ohatri is also used in 'J'hai to signify tt wan·ior,
• .C t TT 7 ' l ':!I !!\ "'

REVIEWS OF BOOKS.
llr~:n AIHLLV BEI::-\t mlious and Lwn skt:!.t~.h 11mps. 'l'Jt,: du:-;igu 011 Lhn e(}ver
hy Mi;

46 Huao Anou· BmtNA'l'ZIK (VOL. XXXII
some wild herd, crashing through the undergrowth regardless of
thorns, and so rapid that all he could gtcther of them waH that they
were pmcticnJly unclad, with unkempt hair.
Twelve years later, Mr. '1'. Wergeui, a Swedish officer in the forest
service of the East Asiatic Company at Prae, actually met some uncouth
hillsmen who, so he learnt, were Ye!Jow-leaf Folk come clown
from the deep forest to do barter with squatters near his carnp. 'l'hey
were not so shy, however, as Mr. Yates' savages, and Mr. \Vergeni
was able to meet them openly; but the reviewer gttthered from his
account-subsequently published in this Journal 2 -that owing to
frequent intercourse with Klmmn squatters they had lost some of the
wildness as8ociated with those seen by Mr. Y a,tes. It now appears
that those discovered by the author in 1936 in the Nam Wa hills
south-east of Nan are also less acquainted with the outside world than
were Mr. Wergeni's Yellow-leaf Folic
The author is well equipped for ethnological field work, since in
addit.ion to his chair of Ethnology at Gratz he possesses two valuable
assets for the field-worker :-llrstly, the company o£ a lady, his wife,
herself an expert in psychology testR, whose help must be invaluable
in apprmwhing the women-folk; secondly, his own medical know ledge,
which was instrumental in overcoming the repugnance of his Yellowleaf
Folk for the company of a European. In addition, both partners
are inured to the hardships of travel in tropical forests by previous
experiences in Africa and Melanesia. 'l'o the pluck, perseverance
and patience expended upon obtaining the facts and pictmes presented
in this book the reviewer desires to offer his tribute of respect. In
one particular the author is at a disadvantage owing to the neces~:~ity
of recourse to English-a language foreign to both parties-as tlHJ
medium between himself and the interpreter through whom he communicates
with third parties. For this reason allowance must be
mnde for a certain minimum of error and misunderstanding inevitable
under the circumstances.
Of the four sections into which the book is divided the firAt, comprising
one-third of the whole, contains accounts of a visit to the
Moken (otherwise Selung) of the lVJergui islands, followed by a visit
to the negrito Semang on the rmtinland between 'rrang and Patalung.
With the latter, excellent relations were established through the
------ -
2 JSS .XX, 1. pp. 41-8.

P'l'. I) ltEVIEWS Qit' BOOKS 47
authol"s success m relieving a Semang headman of ringworm, and
interesting pictures (ill 11 26,27) were obtained o£ their dances. As
however tho Semang hu ve been fully described by Blagden and Skeat,
Schebesta, and I vor Evans, 3 this section, as is na,tural, is ma,in1y concerned
with the lVIok:cn, a,lthouglt friendly relations were not so easily
esta,blished with them, doubtless a,s a result of their age-long distrust
of Bm·manR and 1\blays who exploH them and throngh whom the
approndt had to be made. In fact, the longer the author, strtyecl
with them the less accessible he found them(33). He succeeded, however,
in collecting twenty-six of their fables, which compensaJJe to
some extent for lack of full anthropologicnJ data such as is given in
the second section of the book devoted to the Yellow-lea£ Folk, which
occupies the second third-piLl'~ of the whole. Between sections 1. and
2. is n chaptet· on Siam containing pictures of Siamese dancers. The
remaining third-part of the work (sections 3. and 4. with appendix)
begins with an account of the author's residence in the Meao village
in the Nam Wii, hills where contact was first established with the
Yellow-let1f Folk. Datt1 collected about the Me110 is reserved for
another Yolume. 'l'hen follows a brief account of 11 trip. amoug tho
I
non-'l'hai tribes between Kengtung and the northem frontieL' of Si11m.
'l'lte fourth section deals even !llore briefly with the Moi and Cham
tribes in southem Annum whom tho author visited on his way back
to Europe in the Hpring of 1987. 'l'he shorL vocabulary of Ymnb1·i in
the appendix is a forerunner of a fuller one.
EthnologiHts will appreciate this book for its contribution to the
task of unravelling the tangle of races in Fmther India within tho
framework set up by the skeletoJ discoveries made by the late DL'.
van Stein Cttllenfels in the south-west and by French excavators in
the north-east, whose findings, as summarised by Winstedt, 4 now
constitute a permanent basis for the construction of a demography of
Indochina from pre-historic down to historical times. 'l'his basis,
briefly stated, is that after tho last glacial period there are indications
that N egmids inhabited Indochina, followed later on by N egritos,
and later again by two separate waves of Indonesians. 'l'he first
3
0. 0. Blagden & 'vV. W. Skeat., 1'/w Pagan Rcwes of Jl{cblc~ycb, 1906.
P. SchebesttL., Die U1·zwergen von Jl{(~l(bya. 1929.
I. H. N. Evans., 1'he Neg1·itos of .ivlalaya. 1937.
4 R. 0. Winstedt, Jri,bl(~yc~ in JRAS, lVIttln.yan section, XIII, 1.
I

48 Huao Anor.t1 BmtNA'l'ZIK (YUL. XXXll
wave of Indonesians is assumed, ou the evitleuce of grouvml 1\lungolian
axes found with the skeletons, to httve lmd Monguliau nJ!initieH
such as marked the Proto-l'dalnyc; of whom there n,t·e llHLllY tJ:aem; in
later neolithic sites. 'l'he Hecond Indonesian wave, elated later L!ULn
2000 B. C., comprised the users of the denterl, high-shouldered axe,
,,,
which is found all the Wl1Y frorn Lhc Philippines n.cross to Bnrma,
Assam, Orissa and Chota N11gpur. Lntcr ou, tts nppearR from other
sources, there came wttve upon wave of colonists from India, but they
never completely absorbed the different Indonesians they encountered.
Of the latter, the fi.rst wave comprised a brachycephalous type with
strong J\fongolitLn traits. (Holies of it ttre recognised in the Cham,
J akun, Hade and other successorR of the Pt·oto-.1\b!ays.) In the
second Indonesian wave the Mongolian elemeuts n.re less nmrkecl,­
meRocephalous skulls with slightly wnvy hair, etc. (H.clics of it are
recognised in the so-called Man-Khmer races of whom t!Je two-title
races were tbose most affected by the later culture i mportod by
Indian colonists within historic times. Khamu, "Wa, Lawa etc.
at·e recognised as purel', less Indianised relics of the wave.) The subsequent
incursions of Annamite, Malay, 'l'hai and Bm•nmn belong to a
later age, >vhile those of the 'l'ibeto-.Burman hill-tribes, Meao and Yao
may be of even more receiJt date: that of the Kn.ren is still in
dispute. 'l'he extent to which the two Indonesinn elements have
intermingled culturally may be inferred from a recent article by 1\!Iis:s
Oolani 5 describing omaments, toilet articles, krises, paddi-pounders,
fire-kindlers, tubular bellov,rs, ritual baskets, musical instruments in
common use in different parts of Further India, Borneo, Java and
adja,cent islands.
Dr. .Bernatzik's Yellow-lea£ Folk, who call themselves Yumb?·i
(116) are a fair-skinned race, but more primitive in t.ype than the
Semang: they are classified by him us undeveloped 1\iongoloids who
have not advanced beyond the stage of bcmnboo-c1.dt1.tre (178): their
mesocephalous heads together with other anthropological features
point to their connection with the second wave of Indonesian emigration.
Furthermore, certain traits appear to connect their language with
Lawa and Khamu. As to their habits, bodily adornment js unknown,
except for wooden ear-pegs, probal)ly copied from Khamn neighbours
( 148). 1'he older children were found more intelligent than the
5 lVIadeleine Oolani, EssCt'i cl'Etlmologie Gompa?'ee, BEJi'EO XXXVI, 1.

PT. 1] REVIEWS OF~HOOKS 49
adults (162-3) whose improvised drawings resemble those of two to
three yeu.r old Europeans (17 4-5): in contrast with the latter, Yumbri
children show no iuquisit.iveness nor creative mge (163). 'l'hey have
no personal names, calling each other by relationship terms (117).
They have no notion of weights or measures (154): no means of
counting either on fingers, tally-stones, sticks or string-knots (175-6).
'l'hey know no colours other than l·ight and cla?·lc (179). Their meagre
rags are worn in imitn.tion of their neighbours, of whom the Meao
remember them as once going naked (147). Handicrafts are restricted
to plaiting canes and bamboo strips (made with a bamboo knife) into
baskets or mats to be bartered for luxuries (152). Their natural diet
consists of roots, leaves, bttmboo-sprouts, frogs, crabs and squirrels
caught by hn.nd; but birds n.nd eggs are rarely eaten (148).
Many pttges are devoted to their ,daily life and outlook It wn.s
found that their first reaction to things heard 11>ncl seen was always to
shrink from supposed impending danger rather thttn to draw conclusions
(168). It may be infened from this, coupled with their slinking,
·weak-kneed gait, that they are oppressed, even more than tho !Vloken,
by fears of tho Unseen Powers. They believe that bad men after
death are irnmortalif:!ed as tigers : they n.lso believe in mortal fairy
spirits, both good and bad (170-1).
Here we :find close analogy with other Indonesians. Wilkinson, 6
writing of the Malay Peninsula, observes that even professing Mohammedo,ns,
owing to their ingrained belief in the universality of the Lifepower,
find themselves surrounded by potential, invisible foes: for
which reason they are careful to offer propitiation for u.ny injury they
may commit, and make offerings to the spirit of a dead man to divert
its vengeance.
The Moken, whoso features reveal the influence of Veddids from India
upon an Indonesian stock (Ill 11 12, 13, 14, 20), are also oppressed by
a superstitious fear of the spirits of nature (33-4); also, their funeral
rites, despite their higher level of culture, are analogous to those of
the Yumbri. They neither cremate nor even bury the corpse in the
ground. The Yumbri lay it where it died upon a bed of twigs, wliich
they co\Ter with leaves, placing beside it the few personal possessions of
the dead person. They then abandon the corpse (159). The Moken
take the corpse to a d_~serted islan~~lCY expose it upon·~ bambo~
6 R. J. Wilkinson, 1lfalay Beliefs, 1906; pp. 17. seq.

50 Huoo Am>LI'' BmmATI.IK [VOL. XXXII
platform, or, in tho eaHo of t~ bon.t-ownor, tho Htom of his boo,t being
severed from the bowH, the eorpAo iH then lrtirl in one segment of the
boat and covered with tho other ::;ogmeut, puLH and plates being htid
beside it. L11tor, 'the boneH are eolleeted niHl lnu·ied in the ground
near-by (39). 'l'hese cnst01us at·u to be eoiupnrecl with the burin,!
customs prevalent on t.ho Moi hinterbnil uf ::;outlwrn Annum (228).
'l'here, specittl cemeteries exist, iu '" hich, though buried in the ground,
the corpse is accompanicll t;y some of the dearl persL•n's earthly possessions,
which have been spoilt for earthly UHe, in onlor to !lluke them of
use to its spirit nfter dottth. Ott'uringH ttre plact~rl ou tho grave, and ritual
posts, with carved li kenosses of the dead, arc erected hcsicle it .(229).
The Moken also erect rit1ml po;;ts, lobony, uut over their dea.d, but
in tho phwes where they make otl'et·ing::; to the good a,nd evil spirits
of nature, potent in matters uf l:lickJJeSR, shipwreck and death (32).
'L'he pm;ts are designed tts loH neeounts fur their origin in
much tho same way nH the ftLble l'llpurkcl l>y tbvina concel'!ling the
origin of the Hiao-ao (l>ai-iw) iu the i11lnud of 1::Iaim1n. 7 In both
legends a king's (bughtcr, who \\'ttH lmni:-:lwrl 1Jy her fabher in Chin!1
for mal'l'ying a dog, gave birth ton son. Iu the Moken fable she sttiled
alone to one of the Mergui islnml:-:, 11ntl the isRue of her union with the
clog was bom there; in the 1-liau-ti.o legend she took tile clog with her
to Hainan, whew it was killed by tho ROn she bore to it. In both
legends she sent her son to the oppoRite siclo of the island and then
disguised herself-the Hiao-iw say sho tattooed her fnce; the 1\'Ioken
that she changed herself into n girl-iu both caRes, vvith the object of
avoiding recognition by her sm1 atHl of being wooed and lllarried by
him. In one case the Hiao-ao and in the othm· the Moken, were the
'
is~uc of this incestuous union.
Many of the twenty-five remaining lVIoken legends sliow sig 1 ~ 8 ~f
extraneous infiuences not yet accounted for, as for instance No. 2_ 3 ' 111
·-·-·--·-~----- .----
7 .F. M:. S~vina, llistoiTe des 1lfiao, 2~~1 eel. HliiO, p. 107. . tl '·
Major Seidenfaden points out thnt thm·e is n, close ptmtllel ~ 0 11
~
legend in ~eveml Dttnish :B\tiry Tttles, vide Kln.us Berntseu-.Fvllce Event!}!
p. 101, and others.

PT. I) HE\'IEWS OF DOOl{S 51
which one of seven sisters is rewn,rded for being the only one of them
not too proud to accept a poor suitor; or Nos. 9, 10, 18, 21, 23 and 25,
which have a completely happy ending; or the five instanceH of retribution
for wrong doing : No. 7, the murderous minded woman changed
into an ape; No. 10, the jealous sisters struck den.d; No. 16, the lecherous
ski})per pL'icked to death by o, ray Jish; No. 20, the girl killed by the
tiger to whom she offered herself; No. 21, the giant'R daughter slain
by the mn.n whose wife she h11d killed. More in hnnnony with the
Inclonesinn's fear of tho Powers of nature tue Nos. 8, 11, 13, 15,19 and
20, describing suffering caused by the direct or indirect action of
cruel spirits or fniries. Ginntfl and fairies and magic are present in a.
large number of the tales. In Nos. 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 16, 20, 22 nnd24, the
subject is tho union of tt human being (in 26 of a fn.iry) with an ::tnirrml,
fish, bird or cmb (the latter in 22, thereupon turned into 11 girl).
~l'hcre m·e three cases of the metamorphosis of humn.n beings into
ttnimals; No. 6, a woman into turtle because she disregarded a presentiment
of coming trouble; No. 7, of a woman into an ape for inciting to
trouble; No. 19, of seven sons into two-he!tded snakes after their
meeting vvith a spirit. 'L'here are two c11ses of the reverse mctmnorphosis:
No. 10, a frog into a youth; No. 22, a crab into a, mn.iden.
Both co,ses form a happy solution of an otherwise sad adventure.
In No. 15, the magical properties of a ring, n.ncl in No. 17, of bones
wrapped in a white cloth, bring good luck.
No. 12, that of the starving orplmn who found sustenance by following
the tlictateH of a dream, it-J the only fo,Lle in which dren.ms are
concerned. 'l'ho dream is widely held to register the action o£ the
dre!Lmer's spirit when it len.ves the body tempomrily during sleep.
No. 14, is the only fo,ble concerned solely with animn.ls, who talk to
en.ch other, n.s in other cases they talk to human beings. This fn.ble,
telling how a cunning little musk-elect' outwitted a big, strong tiger,
is in the Aesop mode.
'l'he author visited tho Shan SttLtefl .and the northern border of
Siam in the hope of finding data for fixing the place occupied by
Meao and Yumbri in the demography of Indochina (199). Actually,
his oqjcct was better served by his iinal trip to the Moi in southern
Annn.m. He obtained, however, some interesting photos in the north
of the vn.rious 'l'ibcto-Burmans and other.3 whom he found there:
also he hon.rd a report conceming an unsuccessful Lahu-Yum bri
union (213)-a bre11ch of the strict enclogn.my of the Yumbri. He

52 Huao Anor,F BErtNA'riiiK (VOL. XXXII
also assisted at the Lahu's New Year festival which centres round n.
decorated conifer and reminded him o£ the Nordic Christmas tree
(217). It would be desirable to have fuller details of the Lahu,
Akha, and Musso for comparison. Credner wrote: 8
In the hills of fl. vV. Yiinmm rtre scr

p•r. 1] HEVIEWS OF .BOOKS 53
raii:le them above their present level of dull ignorance and fear, and
that, too, without any inevitable prejudice to tho good morali:l they
now possess, provided always that it is imparted in an appropriate
manner. Subject to this proviso, the relatively happy people of a
more advanced culture would surely be happier still for a comprehension
of the Beneficent Purpose in nature which banishes superstitious
fea,r. This lutppiness no ethnologist could grudge them, even at the
co!'lt of increased labour in his own researches.
'l'he following corrections are suggested.
'l'able o£ contents, 104. (for 9204) Abbildungen.
p. 14, line 24. for En.glcm(l read Hu?"ma. (In 1764 Burma annexed
the province of Mergui and held it until 1826 when
England annexed lower Burma, including Mergui.
Long before then the overland route from Siam to the
west vier Mergui had fallen into disuse. In view of the
improvements since effected in shipping etc., tlw.t route
is never likely to be revived).
p. 38, line 23. for B1ulclhi8ten read H'i11.d'u, since caste is associated
with the latter rather tlum the former.
p. 93, sixth line from the end. for Val: read Vol :
PI). 105 et seq., Nam Smn should be Nan So?n ('HHllJfl'lJ).
p. 141. Chon Pet should be Khan Pa, (fllJJl), meaning men o£ the
forest.
The addition of an index would be of assistance to students.
I
I
I

55
Kenneth E. WeliH: Thni B'nrlrlhism, Its Rites nncl Act?:v,it,ies.
Bangkok, 1939. 284 pages, including three sections of appendix,
a. general index and eight illustrations.
Although a great deal has been written in English, French and
Gel'man about tho national religion of 'l'hailand from almost every
angle, descriptive, historic11l, exegetic and so on, it has been left to an
American mem her of a Christian Mission to give 11 description that
portmys not ~mly the rites and ceremonies but 11lso presents the Thai's
tradition and view of his religion ·with every sympathy and understanding.
In presenting this comprehensive work, tho author has thoroughly
studied hiB cl11t11, Ci1refully selected from among extensive Thai sources,
hitherto almost unknown to the foreigner, as well as from foreign
literature. The indigenous non-Cbristian in any country i~ usually
disinclined to lLttribnte to the Christian missionary any sympathy or
bro11drnincl eel ness in det1ling with or rather writing about his religion.
In this case, however,-and, if I rn11y he permitted to add a record
of my own experience, in several others especially among Mr. Wells'
nati

56 KENNE'fH E. WELLS [VOL. XXXII
the pr11ctice of Hinayanism 111nong the different nations in our VJCInitv
and our own. 'l'he author is of course concerned primarily with
Th~i Buddhism 11s it exists, and yet one cannot help feeling that he
might have added a. survey of the influence exerted upon the Thai
by preceding faiths: Animism, Hinduism and Mah11yanism. AH
these have left their nmrks upon the chamcter of the modern Thai
Hinayanist in several aspects, to mention but a few: in archeology,
in expressions of language, in civil rites and ceremonies and even in
his preference for certain chants from the supposedly Hinayanist
Canon which clearly point to Mahayanist origins or influence at some
remote period.
In setting forth the general characteristics of 'l'hai Buddhism-in
my opinion the most interesting pt1rt of the work-the author describes
bow it is supported by every rank and section of the Thai
nation. A Thai child, he srtys, moves in a Buddhist milieu from birth
and goes on thus through his later life. Thai Buddhism is sustained
by three forces. The first is its efficient organisation-the handiwork
one might well add of the Supreme Patriarch Prince Vajiraiiana
Varoros, who was responsible for the Law for the Aclnvinis-tration
of the Holy Brothm'hood of 1902. 'rhe second asset is the adaptability
of the hipitaka, and the third is the emphasis laid on giving,
which lattm· resulted in the present maintenance of the Clergy which
carry on the organisation and t1lso in the rich endowment of the
Church. In this connection I should be inclined to question the
author's opinion (page 25, note 1) that the early Kings as absolute
monarchs would not have allowed a wealthy chmch to arise in their
domain, for Chmch ·wealth has never been known. in the days of
the Absolute Monarchy to have been a latent force for competition
with temporal power. The parallel of the Papacy and the Empire
can never be applied here, for the Buddhist Church in Thailand has
never aspired to the status of an extra-territorial imperi1~?n. Its
position might rather be likened to that of a bank in which a
Buddhist from the highest in the land to the humble peasant may
deposit his earning in the form of bnn, or merit, to lay by for later
days, which in this case refer to nothing less than the life after.
The author has naturally taken considerable interest in the educational
aspects of the modern Buddhist Church. Problems of education
among the momtstic fraternities seem up to now to have had a period
of smooth sailing, although when compiuocl with academic syllabuses
elsewhere the 'rhai syllabus of tho study of the Holy Scripture would

PT. I) REVIEWS OF BOOKS 57
seem to leave room for considern.Lle enlargement. 't'lw theory prevalent
among the Holy Brotherhood in this country, however, is
apparently that evet·y study must be bused upon the Canon and its
subsidiary bmnches. A broader consideration, for instance, of the
history of the times of the Lord Buddha, unless handed down within
the Canon and its branches would seem to the learned monks responsible
for the study of the Scriptures pretty nef1rly beside the
point. '!'his last observation is nevertheless not Mr. Wells' and is
hardly a topic for discussion here.
A notable featme of this work is its treatment of the subject
of Church activities. His sketch of 'l'hai Buddhist literature might
have been more inclusive by taking in the voluminonR translations
from the Pali undertaken at the instigation and under the patronage
of King Rama I. (the J'inalc("ilnmalini etc.) and of King Rama III.
(e. g. the Jl1nngalcdthadipani and the Q1wst'ions of J['ing JJI-iUnda etc.).
r.rhese in fact formed parts of the movement of restoration of the
national culture after the wholesn,le destruction of Ayudhya in 1767.
A student of mmlern 'l'hai Buddhism with a gift for discerning the
administrativl' side of things, as the author undoubtedly is, might have
given us his views lLS to the probable or possible future development
of the religion in this country, especially when a great deal more
interest; is being taken in the subject now. 'l'he seeming rift in the
lute between the reform sect of Dharmayuttika and the reformed
section of the conservn.tivc seet of Mnhanilmya h11s been much discussed
by local newspapers, n.nd no 'l'lw.i Buddhist who has nt heart
the welfare of tho natimml Church can help feeling anxious. The
position, too, of the monk in a community that will be more and
more inclined to base its outlook on life upon Westem stanclarclfl
would seem to be a subject of interest. Church reforms to suit a
rapidly changing public mentality came along quickly enough in the
clays of Prince V njiraiiana Varoros and one wonders whether such
adaptability would be so readily forthcoming in the future. 'l'he monk
has been so far dependent upon public charity and in return the public
expect something of him. He was thought to have automatically
granted them opportunities for making merit by making his morning
rounds to collect alms, he was thought to have given them the chance
to make merit by accepting their invitations to take his meals at
their presentations, he was expected to keep up a high standard of
pure-living, to be the means of educating the public in morality and

58 KENNETH E. WELLS (VOL. XXXII
their children in general educa.tion. Although the h1st of these duties
has been more or less divorced from the monk's respmmibility, 1nost
of them seem to be still expected of him and dnly carried out.
With the further spread o£ a more material education along stricter
economic lines based upon Western ~:~t11nclardR, will 11 public, s11y, a
generation hence be equally willing to give more th11n what it
imn.gines it will be t11king from the Brotherhood? Not a little opportunity
lies ahead in the way of public utilities which might be taken
up with dignity by the monks antl by way of an example the activities
of the Japanese priesthood in similar directions coul(l be cited.
The whole problem would seem to await a cttpable and brondminded
leadership.
Before publication the author kindly allowed me to look through
the ·whole work and give my opinion. He has been good enough to
listen to whatever meagre ad vice I hall for him. I am, therefore,
taking this opportunity to acknovvledge my share in whatever inaccm·acy
tlutt yet remains in the book 'l'here would seem to be no better
way than to correct them by means of this 11ttempt at a review.
In his tru.nsbtions of the chants ancl texts, the P11li invocn.tive
l!hantc is everywhere retttinecl in its orig·inal form. For the average
reader, this would be better understood if translatecl as 'VC'llC1'c~ble s·i?'B.
In observing, on page 6, that the monarch supported in every way
possible the religion of Buddhism in this iand, the authOL' mentions,
by way of confirming the above statement, the fn.ct tlmt the fil.·st two
ICings of the Olmkri clyrmsty bore the names of Phm Buddha Yod
Ft~ n.nd Phm Buddha Loes La respectively. Now this is so mew hat
misleading. Upon their respective accessions to the Throne the Kings
took up identical styles of Phm Borornamjadhiraj Ra??wdhipu.ti. No
one seemed to lmve felt any necessity in those clays to distinguish
them by name. '!'here seemed to lawe exiRted in fact no desire to
say King Henry or King George tmcl evel'yone seemed to have been
content to say simply His !Jfc(jcsly the King. When the son succeeded
the father, one talked of the ICing ttnd the lc~ie [{'ing. Later on one
ta.l ked o£ the firsh reign, the middle reign and the present reign. It
wn,s not till 1842 or 1843, however, tlw.t the monarch now known as
Ra.ma III or Phm Nitng Klao h11d two effigies of the Buddha cast
11nd, dedicating them to his two predecessors, gave to the two effig'ies
the names o£ Phm Buddha Yod Fa and Phm Buddha Loes La. 'l'he
two past sovereigns were then known as His Mttjesty o£ the efHgy

PT. r] REVIEWS OF BOOKS 59
calle

Heduccd facsimile of an Address presented by the Council to H. E. Phya
Indm l\Iontri on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. Owing to ill
health the address was presented on September 6th 1939,-some little
time after the actual anniversary.
61
l) 1s· E.~xcGllc J'·l cy 7
)J~o. lndra ffionf:rt Sri Cl1.ntra. l{umara. J
( Francis h. qiles, 69) t

62
)'OUR EXCEllENC)I, ·
On the occo..sion.1your Joth.birtltd~ we tJ1.e unders~~ned.
rnembers ~fthe Gmndl ancl tb Fonnder rn.em.bcrs
1ihe1) lAm .SOC I G1)' be3 you To c:t.ccept our most IJ.e~t:-­
felt ().ncl sincere con:rcxtuhi:tion.s 1 will}_ c~ur best wisl1es
[?r rna~. ~-:>ore llafpJ ~ruL o.ctLve ye.:v-5 toj~U-~w. .
As one '2f i:he founder lDernbet·s ~four i)octe!>' yoal>ave
I mel the orJ)Orfun\~ {~f f~Uo~Lt~Cf the l~f an.d. the
develoJ>rne.nt ~ tbis lnsti:luliun_, whose bnour .n_cl wel-
"f~re lie so much on. the hea.YTh

63
. --
//r:-~
~#7'/fllt~ :1~.
U#: ./)~~'
'~ ~~·~
4-vk.rC
f'tU!.-......:~.
)Y,t:d:/) ;:st;bJ(}JJVJ .r:,:G
}VWWl(

65
PUBLICATION,OF INTEREST IN OTHER JOURNALS.
bfdian A1·t am(l Lettm·8.
Vol. xiii, 2.
Stutterheim, W. F.: Recent Archeological Work m
pp. 90-101, 11 plates.
Java,
Bnlletin cle l' Ecole Fmn9nise cl'Extremc-Orient.
'l'ome xxxviii, fnsc. J. 19:!8.
Stern, P.: Hariha.ralaya ct Indrapura, pp. 17 5-199.
Jot~'l'nal
of the American Oriental Society.
Vol. 59, no. 4, Dec. 1939.
Bailey, H. W. : 'J'he Rttma Story in Khotanese, pp. 460--466.
Jo·urnal of the Bt.wma Besea?·ch Society.
Vol. xxix, 3, Dec. 1939.
Luce, G. H. and Pe Maung 't'in: Bnrma down to the Fall of Pagan,
part I, pp. 264-282 (to be continued).
J o1tr1wl of the .li'eclemted Jy[ ala11 Stc~tes 111nseum.
Vol. xv, 4. Sept. 1930.
Callenfelfl, P. V. van St. : An interesting Buddhistic bronze statue
from Bidor, Pemk, pp. 175-179, 1 plate.
The Ph·ilip1J'ine Jmwnal of Sc·ience,
Vol. 7l, 1. ,hn. 19 1 10.
Yenko, F. M. and Luz Baens: ltice as substitute cere11l m the
manufacture of Soy S11uce, pp. 1-4.
The Thwi Science Bullet·in.
No. 4, 1939.
Sup Vatna : A preliminary report on the presence of an OeRtrogenic
Substance and a Poisonous Substance in the storage root of Butea
snperba ltoxb., pp. R-10. with pl.
Cero, M. M. : A preliminary survey of the lands and soils in relation
to the cultivation and production of Virginia tobacco in Clmngvad
Chiangrai, 'rhailand, pp. 11-36 (11 pl.).

66 PUBLIOA'l'IONS 0.1!" IN'l'ERES'l' IN O'l'HEH JOUltNALS
JmLrnal of the 1vfcdayctn Branch, Boycil Asicttic Society.
Vol. xvii, pt. ii Jan 1940.
Moens, Ir. L. J.: Srivijaya, Yava en KattLlm. tr. by R. J. de
Touche from the 'l'ijdsch1·ijt voor Inclisclw Taal-, Lcwul- en Volkenlcunde,
Deel LXXVII pp. 1-108, 4 map.

67
ACCESSIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
193H.
I. BooKs AND :MoNoGitAPHs.
Presentet:Z by the a,~~thor 'tt?lless othe?·wi.). Isla 'VIhll.
Coolidge (Harold): 'l'he Div·ing Asiatic AJJes. (Reprinted from
the Hn?"Vanl Alumni Bulletin, May 1938). 8°. pp. 12.
Credner (Willwhn): Hinte?·i,ndien (Hanclbuck cler Geographischen
W issenschaft VI.), Potsdam.
DrLnscr (B. H.): 'l'he Lomnthacerw of F1·ench Indo China c~?Hl
Siam. (Extrait dn Bulletin du Jardin Bottwique de Buitenzorg,
Sel'ie III Vol. XVI. Sept. 193S). 8°. pp. 63.
(From the Cm;tttor of the Herbarium of Botanic Gardens,
· Buitenzorg).
Das ('l'amk Chandra): Sonw notes on lhe ecmw?n·ic ancl c~gricultuml
life of ct little known tribe on the ec~siern frontier of
Inclicc (Reprinted from Anlh1•opos, Bctn(l XXXII, 193'7).
sa. pp. 440-449.
Hongton (Walter E.): 1'he Formation of 'l'homc~s Fuller's Holy
cmcl Profrme States. (Harvard Studies in English, Volume
XIX). Hnrvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1938,
S 0 • pp. 259.
(From Harvard University).

68 ACCESSIONS 'l'O 'l'HJ.

P1'. 1) AOOESSTONS TO 'l'HE LIBRAHY l 938 G9
Zimmerman (Cad C.): Smne Phaser:: of .Lmul Ui,irizatl:on in
Siam. (Heprintecl from 'J'he Geographical Heview, Vol.
XXVII, No. 3. .July 1937). 8°. pp. 378-393.
II. PERIODICALS.
P1·esentetl :-
Annab of the\ Blmnclnrlmr Orientn,l Research lnRtitute Vol.
XIX, pt. 1. 1938.
Bulletin o£ the South Seas A.ssociu,tion, September 1938.
Bulletin doH A m•is cles Lcws, No. 2, .J nne 1938.
Bulletin of the MnRr:nm of Far Eastern AntiquitieR, (Reprinted)
Kos. 61-69; NoR. 165-171 (1929).
Memoirs of the Hesearch Department of the 'foyo Bunko (The
Oriental Library) 1'okyo, No. 9, (1937).
National ReRelH'Ch Council of the Philippine Islands,
BulL Nos. 13, 14, 15 (1937).
National HeHeu,rch Council of .J ap11n,
Report, Vol. II, No. 6 (1D3G to 1937).
New Indian A.ntiqnary, Vol. l, No. 1 & 2 (1938).
Sino-'l'ibetica NoR. 1-3 ( 1938).
Hoyl1l Survey Depttl"tment, Bangkok, Report for 19:-Hi-19:36.
Science Bulletin, B1Lugkok, No. 2 (1938).
Siamese Red Cross Society, Annual lteport fo1· B. K 2479.
IV ~ ""\ ./ 1
\1\H ffell'OJ'l"ICl'l-.18~ Cl~ffillfll'lill'lfft'll:IJ.
I "\ I ( )
!CllJ .,{Jt. \'!ell! ct. fl~ HlJJ G>b 1'181~ Gl1 .l!ro

70 ACCESSIONS TO ~l'IIE LIBRARY 1938 (VOL. XXXII
Exchctnged :-
A. General Section.
Acta OrientnJia, VoL XVI, pt. 2, 3 & 4. (1937-38).
Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology, I .. eiden 1936.
Anthropos, Tome XXXII, Fuse 5-6. (1937).
Atti della Ren,le Accademia Nationale dei Lincei, Vol. IV, Fasc
9. 1937.
Baessler-Archiv. Bn,nd XX, Heft 3-4. (1937); Bl. XXI, 1, 2, 3 (1938).
Bibliotheca Academiac Lugcluno-Bataviae, Oatalogus, Deel
XXXVIII-XLI (1937); XLII-XLIII, (1938).
Bijdragen t.ot de taal-, land- en vol kenkunde van N eclerlandsch
Indie, Deel 96, (1938); Dec! 97, pts. 1-3, (1938).
Bulletin de la Societe des Etudes Indochinoises, 'l'ome XII, No. 2.
(1937); Tome XII, Nos. 3-4. (1938).
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, London, Vol. IX, pts.
2, 3. (1938).
Bulletin de l'Ecole Fran

PT. I] ACCESSIONS '1'0 'l'HE LTBHAIW 1938 71
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (North Chimt), Vol. LXVIII,
(1937).
Journu,l of the American Oriental Society,
Vol. 57, no. 4, (1937); Vol. 58, nos. 1, 2, 3, (1938);
Supplement no. 2.
Journal Asiatique, 'l'ome CCXXIX, (3 numbers, 1937).
Koninklijke Vereeniging, Koloniaal Instituut Jaarverslag (1937).
Koninldijk Koloniaal Instituut to Amsterdam,
Mededeeling No. XLVI. Afd Volkenkuncle nos. 11, 12.
Mitteilunger der Auslrmd-Hochschule an der Universitat Berlin,
Erste Abteilung, (1937).
Man, Volume XXXVIII, Nos. 1-226 (1938).
Ostasiatische Zcitschrift, Jahr-13, H. 3, 4, 5, 6, (1987-8); .hhr.
14, H. 1 (1938).
B.endiconti della R. Accademia N:tzionale dci Lincei,
Vols. XII, Fasc 11-12, (1936); XIII, F. 1-12 (1937).
'rhe Geographical Journal,
Vols. XCI, Nos. 1-6, (1938); XCII, Nos. 1-5 (1938).
Verlmndelinger van het Koninklijk Instituut voor de taal,-land- en
volkenkunde van N ederlandsch-Inclie, Heft I. (1938 ).
Zeitschrift cler Dcutschen Morgenlandischcn GeFJel!schaft,
Band 91, Heft 3, (1937); 92, Heft 1 (1938).
B. Nat'Lwctl Histm·y Section.
Atti della Societa Italiana eli Scienze Natmali e del JVIuFJeo Civico
eli Storia Naturale eli Milano.
Vols. LXXVI, Fase 4, 1937; LXXVII, F. 1-3 (1988).
Annuurio del Museo Zoologico della R. Universit11 di Napoli,
Vols. VII, No. 1, (1936); Nos. 2-4 (1937).
Arkivfur Zoologic, Band 29, Heft 4 (1937); Bel. 30, H. 1-2, (1938).
Arkiv fur Botanik, Band 29, Heft 1 (1937).
Bulletin Raffles JVI useum, No. 14 (1938); Series B. VoL I. Nos. 2, 3
(1937).
Bulletin Bingham Oceanographic Collection, Vol. VI, 4, 5 (1938).
Bulletin Madras Gov. Museum, Nat. I·Iist. Section, Vol. IV, 2 (1938).
Bulletin American Museum of Natur!l.l History,
Vols. LXXIII, 8, (1937); LXXIV, 1-4 (1937-8).
Bashford Dean Memorial Volume; Archaic Fishes, (!'he American
Museum of Natural History) Article VI (1937).

72 ACCESSIONS TO THE LJBRAUY 1938 [VOL. XXXII
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Vol. LXVI, 3, 4; LXXIX, 9; LXXX, 13, 14; LXXXII, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg,
Vol. XIV-XVI (1937-8).
Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturellc,
1'ome VIII, 6 (1936); IX, 1-6 (1937); X, 1-2 (J 938).
Field Museum of Nt1tural History,
Zoologica,l Series Vols. XX, 27-31 (1937-8); XXII, 3 (1938).
Le Gerfaut. Fasc. 4 (1937); Fuse. 1-2, et specinl (1938).
Journal of Marino R.osearc!t (Bingham Oceanographic Labora.tory),
Vol. I, No. 1 (1937).
Joumal of the Bombay Natural History Society,
Vols. XXXIX, No.4 (1937); XL, 1, 2 (1938).
Jonnutl of Federated Malay Stfttes J\fuseum (Natural History),
Vol. XVIII, pt. 2 (1987).
Joumal of Agricultural R.esearch, Washington,
Vol. 55, No. 6 (1937).
Memoire della Societa Italiana eli Sciem~e Natumli e del museo
eivico di Stol'ia Natmale eli Milano, Vol. X, Fasc 11 (1937).
Mecledeelingen van hot Instituut voor Plantem~iekten, No. 90
(1938).
Musee R.oyal d'Bistoire Naturelle de Belgique,
a) Bulletin, 'romes XII (1936), XIII (1937), XIV (1938).
b) Memoire, Nos. 79-84 (1936-8).
c) Mernoire 2nd serie, Nos. 8-12 (1937).
d) Memoire hors serie, Vols. II, 18, 19 (1937-8); V, 4
(1937).
Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History,
Vol. VIII, pp. 295-310 (1988).
Proceedings of the Acttdemy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
Vol. XC, pp. 27-:30 (1938), pp. 109-111 (1938).
Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club,
Vol. XVII, pp. 1-7 (1938), pp. 45-47 (1938).
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington,
Vol. LI, pp. 25-26 (1938).
Hecords of the Indian Museum,
Vols. XXXIX, 3, 4 (1937).
Records of the Australian Museum, Vol. XX, No. 3 (1988).

P'l'. I] ACCESSIONS '1'0 1'HE LTBH.ARY 1938 73
.,
Spolia Zey lonica, Vol. XXI, pt. 1 (19:i8).
Sitznngsberichte clcr Ges. N aturforschender Frennde zu Bodin
(1937).
Science Museum Library, London, Weekly Bibliography of Pure
and Applied Science,
Nos. 860-365 (1937), 366-406 (1988) .
'!'he S11rawrtk Museum n,ncl Libmry, Report for 1937.
'J'he Hong kong N uturalist, Vol. VIII, Nos. 3-4 (193S).
Tile Philippine Jomnal of Science,
Vols. 6!3, No. 4 (1937); 64•, Nos. 1-4 (1937); 6.5, Nos. 1-4,
(1938); 66, Nos. 1-3 (193S).
The Smit.hsonin.u Institution, Annual Heport 1937.
'l'reubia, Deel XVI, Af. 3 (Hl38).
The United States National Mnseulll,
Bulletin, No. 166 (19:37), No. 170 (193S).
Proceedings, Vols. 84 (1937), 85 (1937-8).
Heport, for 1937.
Verhnncllungen dcr Nutnrforsehendcn Gesellschaft in Basel, Band
XLVIII, 1936-1937.
1939.
PT•escn tccl by the auiho1' nnless otherwise statcr.l :-
Admm; (Adeline): Ohilde Hu8sam. Published by tho American
Ac11demy of Arts ttnd Letters, Now York, 193S; S 0 • pp. 136.
(From tho American Aco.domy of Arts and Letters, New York).
Andersen (Dines), Smith (Holmer): .A 01·itical Pal'i DictiO?wry
begnn by V. 'J'retwknor; Vol. I. part 9. Lovin & M unksgaarcl,
Copenhagen; 8°. pp. 379-4·26.
(From tho B.oyal Danish Academy).
Boyce (Benjamin): J'mn Brown of Pacefciou,q JJfcnwry. (Harvard
Studies in English Vol. XXI.). H11rvard University
Press, Cambridge Mass. (1939); so. pp. 214.
(From Harvard University).
Co.rpenter (C. R): A s~wvey of W·ild Life Oonclitions 'in Atjeh,
No?·th Surnatra, with special reference to Orang-Utang.
A report prepared in co-operation with H. J. Coolidge, Jr.,
former Secret~ry of tho American Committee for Intemational
Wild Life Protection, Februo.ry 1938. Reprinted from

74 AOOESSTONS TO 1'HE LlllRAltY 1939 [VOL. xxxn
Oomnvtmioai'ion No. 1!& of the Nethm·lnnds Oommiitlee
for Inte?·rrwtional Nctt1t?·e P?·oteclion, Amste?Ylam (1.938).
(From the Asia,tic Primate Expedition).
Carpenter (C. R.): Behcwiott?' amd Social Relations of F1·ee
Ranging P1·imales. Reprinted from the Scientific Monthly
(April1939); pages 319-325. ·
(From the Asiatic Primat-.e Expedition).
GriHwolcl (John A.): Up Mount K·i,nnbu1n. Reprinted from the
Scientilic Monthly, May a,nd June 1939; pages 401-414
and 504-518. (F1·om the Asia.tie Primate Expedition).
Hara,tla, (Sochito) : Ohine1:w D?Y!ss ancl Pe1•sonal 0?'1W1Jwnts 'in the
Han and S·im Dynasties. (The 'l'oyo Bn~ko Honso, Series
A, Vol. XXIII.) From the Toyo Bunko, Tokyo (1938). (In
Japanese).
... ~

P'l'. I] ACCESSIONS '1'0 'l'I-m LIBHARY 1939 75
Sandgl'Ouml (J. H.): A Redescription of TetmpetnlonemaDigitcdu.
(Chandler, 1929) comb. nov. a filariid parasite of Gibbon
Apes, with an ennmemtion of its congeners. Reprinted
from the Bulletin of Museum of Compamtive Zoology, Dec.
1938; pp. 49-59.
(From tho Asiatic Primate Expedition).
Schultr. (Adolph Hans): 'l'he B.elnt·ive Length of the Reg•ions of
the Bpin((,l Oolunm ·in Old World Primates. Reprintecl
from the American Journal of Physical Anthropology,
J nly-Septemher 1938 ; pp. 22.
(From the Asiatic Primate Expedition).
Schultz (Adolph Hrtns): 1'he Relative Weight of the Te8les ·in
Prinude8. Hepl'inted from the Anatomical Record, Vol. 72,
No. 3; pp. 387-394.
(From the Asin,tic Primate Expedition).
Sclmltr. (A. H.): Genital Swelling of the Femcde Omng-Utc~-n.
Heprinted from Jonrnal of Mammalogy, August 1938,
pp. 363-366.
(From the Asiatic Primate Expedition) .
., 0/ .I ,;, 1 l "' d'£.

l
76 ACCESSIONS 1'0 THE LIBRAltY 1939 [VOL. XXXII
II.
PERIOD!OAJ-S,
Presented:-
BulletinoftheSouthSeasAssociation, Vol. II, No.1 (January 1939).
China at vVar, Vol. II, No. 4 (April 1939).
The China Journal, Vol. XXVIII, No.4 (April 1938); Vol. XXX
No. 3 (March 1939).
Contemporary Japan, Vol. VIII, No. l (March 1939); No.2 (April
1939).
Institut Oceanographitruc do l'lndoehinc, Note 35 (Aout 1939).
Literatunr-Overzicht vom· do tan.l-, land- en volkonkunde en Geschicdenis
van Nederlandsch-Indie voor het jaar 1937,
Deel II.
Madras Fisheries Department, Bulletin No. 2 7 (1838). Administration
Report for the year 1936-1937.
National Resettrch Council o£ the Philippines Bulletin, Nos. 16-
22, (September-December 1 938).
:National Resen,rch Council of Japan Heport, Vol. II, No. 7 (April
1937-March 1838).
New Asia, An Organ of Oriental Culture and Thought, Vol. I.
No. 3 (July-September 1939).
Royal Survey Department, R111gkok, for 1936-1937.
'J\·ansactions of the Natural l:Ustory Society o£ Formosa, Nos.
173-183 (1938); Nos. 184,-189 (1939).
'r'ien Hsia Monthly, Vol. VIII, pnrt 1 (Janwuy 1938).
'J'okyo Gazette, Nos. 19, 20, 21 (Ja,nuary-February .. March 1939).
Watson Museum, Rajkot; Repol'b for 1938-1939.
l J ~~-~ ' ..J J '
'illJliWl'ltl u'VI

P'l'. 1] ACCESSIONS '1'0 'l'HE LJ.lHtAlW l!J89 77
Exchanger.l :-
.Acta Orieutalia, Vol. XVII part::; 2, 8, 4 (1938-1939).
Annual Bibliography of Inditm Archmology for the yen,r 1937,
Vol. XII (Kem Institute).
Atti della Ren,le Accademia Nationale tloi Linci, Vol. IV, Fo,sc.
10 (1938).
Bue::;ler-Archi v, Bn,ncl XX I, Heft. 4· ( 1938); Bnnd XXII, Heft. ] ,
2, 3 (1939).
Bibliotheca Acaclemiae Luglluno-Battwiae, Cttti1lugus, Deel XLIV,
XLV (1938); XLVI, XLVII (1939).
Bijdragen tot de taal-, lund- en volkenkunde va,n Necledandsch
Indio, Deel 97, Heft 4 (1938); Deel 98, Heft 1, 2, 8 (1939).
Bulletin de la Societe des Etudes Indochinoises, Tome XIII,
No. 1, 2, (1938).
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, London, Vol. IX, No.
4; Vol. X, No. 1 (193H).
Bulletin de l'Ecole Frans:aise cl'Extreme-Orient, Hanoi, .Tome
XXXII Fasc. 2 (UJ82); ~'orue XXXVII Fase. 1, 2 (1937).
Bulletin of the Colonittl ImJtitnte o.f Amsterdam, Vol. II, No::;. 1-4
(19a8-1939).
Bulletin of the Museum o.f Fine Artf:!, Boston, Vol. XXXVI, No.
218 (1938); Vol. XXXVII, Nos. 219-223 (1939).
Comptes llendus des Sen,nccs du Conseil de Hecherches Scientifiques
de l'Indochine, Annee 1938-1939.
The Geographical Journal, Vol. XCII, No. 6 (1938);
Vol. XCIII, Nos. 1-6; Vol. XCIV, Nos. 1-4 (1939).
India Office Library, Report for 1938-1939.
Indian Art and Letters; Vol. 12, No. 2. (1938).
Journal of the Hoyal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and
Ireland, London, 1st to 3rd Quarters (1939).
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Malaya), Vol. XVI, parts
2, 3 (1938-1939).
Journal of the Hoyal Asiatic Society (Bengal), Letters-Vol. III,
No. 2 (1937).
Journal o£ the Hoyal Asiatic Society (Bengal), Science-Vol. III
(1937) and Vol. IV, part I (1938).
Journal of the Burma Heseal'Ch Society, Vol. XXVIII, parts 2, 3
(1938); Vol. XXIX, parts 1, 2 (1939).

78 ACCESSIONS '1'0 '!'HE LIBHARY 193D [voL. xxxn
Jomnal of the American Orientnl Society, Vol. 58, No. 4•, 1938;
Vol. 59, Nos. 1-3, (I939).
Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum, Vol. XV, part 3
(1939).
'l'he Journal of tho Indian Anthropological Institute, Vol. I. Nos.
1, 2 (I938).
Journal Asiatique,·•rome CCXXIX, Oct.-Dec. (1937);
'.rome CCXXX, Nos. I, 2 (1938).
Kouinklijke Vereeniging Kolonittal Instituut Jaarverslag, 1938.
Koninklijke Kolouiaal Instituut te Amsterda,m, Mededeeling
No. XLVIII; Afcl. Volkenkuncle No. I8.
1\bn. Vol. XXXIX, Nos. 1-I83 (1939).
Ostasia,tische Zeitschrift, J11hr 14, Heft 2-3, 4-5 (1939).
Rendiconti della R. Acct1dernia Nazionale dei Linci, Vol. XIV,
Fasc. 1-12, (1938).
Verhanclelingen van hot Koninkliik Instituut voor de taal-, !anden
volkenkunde en Nederlandsch-Indie, Deelll (1939).
Zeitschrift der Dentschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, Band
92, Heft 2, 3, 4 (1938); Band 90, Heft 1 (1939).
B. .Natnml History Section.
Atti della Societa Italiana eli Scienze NaturnJi e dellVIuseo Civico
eli Storia Natmale eli Milano, Vol. LXXVII, Fasc. 4 (1938);
LXXVIII, Fasc. 1, 2, (1939).
Arkiv flit' Botanik, Band 29, Heft 2 (1939).
Arkiv fur Zoologic, Band 30, Heft 3, 4 (1938-1939); Band 31,
Heft 1 (1939).
Bollettino del Lu.boratorio eli Zoologia Generale e Agraria,
Vol. XXX, (1938).
Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection,
Vol. VI, Art. 6 (January 1939).
Bulletin of the Amer.icttn Museum of Nat ural History,
Vol. LXXIV, Art. G, 7 (1938); Vol. LXXV; Vol. LXXVI,
Art. I, 2 (1939).
Billletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. LXXXIII;
LXXXIV (I939); Vol. LXXXV, No. 1-7 (1938-1939); Vol.
LXXVI, No. 1 (1939).

81
ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1939.
'l'HE CouNCIL.
The Oouncll £or 1939 was composed as follows:
Major Erik Seidenfa,den
1
P·1·esiclent
H. H. Prin.ce Dhani Nivat
R. Lingat
y,:ce-P?•esicle?~ts
Phra A1j Vicla.yakom J
(Dr. Geo. B. McFarland)
Phyn, Indra Montri (Mr. F. H. Giles)
B.. Adey Moore
Hon. 8ecretat·y
H. H. Prince Biclyalau karana
J. Bumay
B.ev. Father L. Chorin
E. Healey Hon. Architect
H. H. Prince Vn,rnvaidyakara
Phya Srishtikar Banchong Hon. Libn-~ria?~
U. L. Guehlct·
H. S. H. Prince Sakol Varnakan1 Vara varn
Phya Sarasastra Sirilaksana
J. E. Davies
J. '1'. Edkins
Dr. R L. Pendleton
Dr. J. de Campos
Dr. A. Viehoever
Hon. Ed·itor·, Jotwnal
II on. 1'1·easurer
Leade?', Travel Section
Leader ancl Horh. Secretctry
N. II. Sect,ion @~cl IIon.
Ecl'itor, N. H. Supp.
'l'he annual general meeting was held on February 22ncl when the
President, Major El'ik Seidenraden, who was re-elected, referred to
the fact that the collection of tribal dresses had been handed to the
National Museum and was on vi.ew there. 'l'he number of lectures

82 ANNVAL Itl.CPOH'l' [voL. xxx.ll
in 1938 had been fewer than in 1937; and tl1e Natuml Hi:-;tory Sec·
tion had had tt quiet year. He also acknow lodged the kinduess of
H. S. H. (now H. H.) Prince Varuvaidyakant Vamvarn in helping
the Society by tnt1~slating the rules into the Thai lauguage. A
tribute was also paid to the iuvaluable ttssistance rendered to the
Society by Phya Indra lVIontri, a former pi'esidcnt :111d a member for
thirty-live years.
1\Ir. C. J. Honse, former Honorary 'l'reasurer of the Society, was
unanimously elected a Corresponding member, in recognition of
his services to the Society.
On the 31st December, 1939, the membership was as follows:-
Honorary Corresponding Life Ordinary Associate · l

P'P. IJ ANNUAL ltEPOH'l? 83
adopted it in pl'inciple, aud expressed the hope that the Editorial
Committee would he able to pnhlil:lh a pttrt of the J onrmtl in the form
desire1l.
MEETINGS.
Ten lecture meetingK were held during the year, and also the
Annual Geneml Meeting.
'J'hc lecture meetings were as follows:
.Tanuu?'Y lith :-Hev. K. L. Reichelt, Ph. D., of Trto Fong Shan,
Hongkong, on "Buddhist and Christian viewpoints on some of the
Ftmdm11ental l~eligious Ideas."
Jum'tt(wy 16lh :-Hev. Father Henri Bemard, s. J., on "Les Essais
de Mmlemisation occidentale du Siam avant Constance Phttulkon."
J?eb?'1Ut?'1J ihYl :--Dr. R L. Pendleton, on "Inter-relations of Agriculture
and Forestry in Simn."
Febr'tMr,ry :34th :-Professor Dr. Baron Egon von EiekHtedt, on
"Some racial problems in Further India."
May .11lh :-Dr. M. Oberdoffor, on "Leprosy in Siam."
.ht?W JUlh :-Dr. Amo Viehoever, F. o., Ph. D., Phar D., on" Natura,]
Treasures aml their Utili?.ation."
J'uly !38th :-Dr. J. de CampoK, on "'l'lmiland in the 16th Century
11nd the en.rly studies of its Cartography."
Aug'tt8t 18th :-Mr. Ambrose Pratt, on" 'l'he V11lue of Wild Life."
N ovem/;e?' 17th :-Dr. Svasti Daengswang, on "~['he life-story of the
Tna Chid, common parasitic round-worm.
December· 15th :-Dr. H. L. Pendleton, on" Soils of Thailand-the
Foundtttion of Our Wealth."
EXCUHSlONS.
At the meeting of the Council on January 4th, the details of proposed
excursions to Ayudhya, Sukothai, Sawunlmlok, Prabat and
Angkor were considered, and deferred owing to the absence of the
leader of the Travel Section. But on May 7th, an excursion was made
to the excavations at Nakon Pathom and this was thoroughly enj0yed
by all who took part in it. Dr. J. de Campos, the leader of the
Travel Section, was in charge of the party.
PRESERVA'l'ION OF WILD LIFE.
'l'he President, who was ttuthorized by the Council to approach
H. E. Phya Phahon in order to solicit his assistance for p~·omulgation

84 ANNUAT, HEPOR'l' [voL. :XXXII
of a. law for preservation of the life of the rare a,nimals of this
country, repm,ted on July 5th that he had had an intel'view with
His Excellency who had promised to give his a,id to this end. His
Excellency showed keen interest in, and sympathy with tho work of
the Society.
Crum's FLOHAE.
The sta.tement of cost, and income, of Cmib's }t'lonw Siamensis
Bnn?IW?'atio showed a loss of Tcs. 2,487.23, a,s at December 31st,
1938, and a sub-committee consisting of Pbya Indra Montri, Dr. Geo.
B. McFttrland, and Mr. J. Burnay, was appointed to review the whole
position of the Society's attitude in regard to this work, and to make
suggestions and proposals for a larger circulation. The report of the
sub-committee was subse

P'l'. I] ANNUAL HEPOR'L' 85
An invitation to attend the Congress of Genetics in Edinburgh in
August was directed to be sent to Dr. A. F. G. Kerr in. the hope that
he ·would be able to aUend. He was, however, unable to do oo and
the inability of the Society to send a delegate was intimated to the
Congress Secretary.
PHYA INDRA's BmTHDAY.
An address was presented to I:l. E. Phya Indra Montri in commemoration
of his seventieth birthday and in recognition of all he
had done for the Society.
'rhc address waH drawn up by the President,, signed by all the
members of the Council, and engrossed by Mr. Edward Healey, the
Honorary Architect., who was thanked for his beautiful work.
LmRAHY AccoMMODA'l'ION.
In the course of the year a sectional cupboard, as an extension to
the library accommodation, was purchased at a cost of Tcs. 32.
CHANGE OF NAME.
At the meeting of the Council on September 6th it waB unanin1ously
agreed to change the name or the Siam Society to the Tl1t1ilund
Research Society. 'l'his was confirmed at It general meeting held
on Novemher 17th, 1939. It was also agreed that the Thai name of
the Society 8hould be ffJJlfllJ~IJ1'1n'!.h:m1rr'l-vw (Samakom Khan Vicha
Prathet Thai).
'I'HE FAUWON PAPKRS.
'L'he President was asked to reply to Mr. E. W. Hutchinson's application
regarding the publication of the Faulcon Papers that in
view of all the circumstances the Society did not see their way to
undertake publication but very gladly gave him permission to reproduce
anything which had been published in the Society's Joumal
on this subject.
RESIGNA'l'IONS.
During the year Mr. W. Zimmerman resigned from the Council; and
Mr. U. 1. Guehler, from the position of Leader and Honorary Secretary
of the Nat ural History Section and Editor of the Supplement. Both
wore thanked for the services they had rendered to the Society.

86 ANNUAL.REPOlt'l' (YOI •. XXXII
H: H. PRINCE V ARNVAIDY AKARA.
A letter of congro,tulation on belutH of the Society was sent to H. H.
Prince Vamvaidyalmra member of the Council, on his promotion m
Royo,lrank
MmmEHSHIP S uB-COMMI'l"L'EE.
With a view to enlarging the membership of the Society the following
sub-Committee was formed: H. H. Prince Varnvaidyakara,
Dr. Geo. B. McFarland, Professor J. E. Davies and Dr. Arno Viehoever,
'l'nE SooiE'n's BUILDING.
The question of letting the Society's home for meetings of outside
bodies was considered and, as the Council felt that this might rerider
the Society lin,ble to taxation at the hands of the revenue authorities,
it was thought that before reaching a decision the authorities should
be cmi.sulted.
DR. BERNA'rzm's Boorc.
'L'he Council decided that the translation of Dr. Bernatzik's book
relating to the Pi 'Tong Ltiang, from German, should not be undertnken
An exhn,ustive and sympathetic review of the book had been
written hy Mr. E. W. Hutchinson, which was due to appear in an early
nU1i1ber of the Joumal.
AccoUNTS.
Mr. J. T. Edkins has acted as Honorary 'J'reasuret· and as· such
done vttluahle \\'Ork throughout the year. He has also checked the
{Society's stocks of Journals-over thirty volumes-and the stocks
of Natural History Supplements, Craibs Florae and other publications
of the Society.

Statement of Receipts and Expenditure for the year 1939.
Receipts.
Baht Stgs.
Expenditure.
Baht Stgs.
'tl
-;;
,__.
'--'
·To balance brought forward from 1938
Subscriptions.
Ordinary Members
do.
do.
do.
Associate Members
1937
1938
1939
1940
Life Members
Subscriptions in Suspense
Sales of Publications.
.T ournal of the Society ··
Natural History Supplement
:Uon Dictionary
Ie Yay's "Coinage of Siam''
Sales in Suspense
Sunury ales.
Bank Intm·est
Donations
Baht
..
:.15.00
100.00
:2/750.00
150.00
5.00
50.00
13.3-3
-
379.6:!
159.00
19.80
11.70
173.92
8".39.22
3,003.33
744.04
13.9-2
1.50
Harne·s ·mainte?Hlnce.
Wages of Caretaker
Insurance
Light and l':ms
Water
Sundries
Sinking Fund for l{cpairs
Library d: Stocks of Publications.
Wages of Clerk
Book-binding
Insurance
Book l'urcbase Fund
Sec·retarial &- E

Statement of Reserve Fund.
co
co
To Balance brought forward from 1938
, Interest to 21/12/39
Baht
Baht
4,621.741 By Deficit for 1939 of Craib's }']orae a/c
195.17 , Balance forward to HJ40 ...
4,816.91
Baht
..
Baht
149.90
4,667.01
---
4,816.91
ro Sinking Fund for Repairs
, Book Purchase Fund
"To Cost of Printi11g Vol. II, Part 5.
Examined and found to agree with the books and ~ouchers,
J. H. W. :ll.ARSH.UL,
Hon . ..d.lttditor.
Statement of Reserve .. A" afc.
Baht
Baht
100.00 \ By Balance at Bank forward to 1940
100.00
200.00
Statement of Craib's Florae a;c.
Baht 455.00 By Sales ... . ..
, Balance transfered to Reserve Fund a/c
Baht 4-55.00
Subscriptions outstanding.
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
... Baht 50
75
150
275
475
Baht 1,025
Baht
Baht
Baht
Baht
200.00
---
200.00
=
305.10 t>
149.90 z
--- z
455.00 q
=
>
:::-<
!:0
a
'"d
0
~
>-3
Number of Members as at 31st. December 1939.
Honorary
Corresponding
Life
Ordinary
Associate
Free
18
11
4
147
16
4
200
Bangkok, lOth January 1940.
J. T. EDKLlifS,
Hon. Treasu,rer
:>
..

89
FULL LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE THAILAND RESEARCH SOCIETY.
ON JULY 31ST 1940.
Patrons
Vice-P11trons
Honorary Presidents
Hon. Vice-President
His Majesty King Ananda Mahidol of
Thailand.
His Majesty King Prajadhipok,
Virginia Water, Surrey, England.
H. R. H. Prince Aditya Dibabha, The
President of the Council of Regency.
H. H.. H. Prince Damrong Rajanubhab,
206 Cinnamon Hall, Kelawci Hoad,
Penang.
H. R. H. the Prince of Nagara Svarga,
Nylanclweg 130, Bandoeng, Java.
H. E. Major-Genet'al Luang
,Pibulasongkram.
H. E. Rear-Admiral Luang Sindhu
Songkramchai.
HoNOilARY MEMBERS.
H.H. Prince Bidyalankarana. Pramuan Road.
E. C. Stuart Baker 6 Harold Road, Norwood, London,
England.
G. Ooedes
Miss E. S. Cole
W. Credner
Ecole Fran

90
W. A. Graham
Count Gyldenstolpe
J. Homan van Jer Heide
C. Boden Kloss
K. Kuroita
R S .. le May
H. Parmentier
H. E. Bishop R. M. J.
Perros
Mn,lcolm Smith ... ·
Paul Tux en
Sir Walter Williamson,
0. 1\L G.
MEMBERSHIP [vor~. XXXII
Plnsh Manor, Piddletrenthide, near
Dorchester, Englund.
Hoyal Natural History Museum,
Stockholm, Sweden.
Bemmel, Holland.
2 Holbein House, Sloane Square,
London, S. W. England.
The Oriental Libro,ry, 'l'okyo, Japan.
7 Potstead B.oad, Oxford, England.
Fnompenh, French Indochina.
Assi1niption CttthedrnJ.
Lane End, Pnt~1ey, London, England.
'l'he University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
cfo Lloyd'A Bo,nk, 6 Pall Mall,
London, S. W. 1, EnglaiJd.
I
;
.I
(
I
CnHRESPONDING MEMBERS.
C. J. Aagaard
A. Cabaton
C .• J. House,
W. It. S. Ladell
J. Michell
W. Nunn
P. J;>etithuguenin .. .
Conte F. I.. Pulle .. .
C. A. S. Sewe1l .. .
H. McCormick' Smith
H. Warington Smyth, O.l.Vf.G.
"F'rederikshof," Hadsund, Jutlapd,
Denmark.
cjo Ecole Nationale deR Langues
Orientales, Paris, France.
31 Wood Hoad North, Old 'rrafford,
Mancbei:Jter.
cjo West Indies Sugar Co., Ltd., Frome,
Gmngehill P. 0., Jamaica, B. W. I.
2 Oa,lchill .Hoad, Beckenham, Kent,
England.
Gil !grass, Gosforth, Oumberland,England.
7 4 Rue St. Lazare, PariR, France.
R. Uni versita., ;Bologmt, Italy.
Birchington, Kent, Engln.nd.
1209 M. St. N. W., Washington, D. C.,
U.S.A.
Cahmansac, Falmouth, England.

P'r, I) lVIEMBEHSHlP 91
K W. Hutchinson
E. R. James
A. F. G. Kerr
Phya Pradibaddha Bhubal
LIFE MEMBEHS ....
Chiengmai.
Harvnrd University, Cambridge,
Mass., u. s. A.
Street Housej. Hayes, Kent, England.
K.long Toi.
OIWINAltY MEMBERS.
I
Agriculture and FiAheries,
Department of
Aunman Rajadhon, Pltya
Anusasna, Phylt ...
Anuvn.b VawarakHh, Phya
Art.s & Sciences, Faculty of
Ayumved Vichakshana,
H. E. Phya
Bain, W.
Bangkok Christian College
Banque cle l'Inclochine
Bastholm, S.
Becker, .J. N.
Bibliotbeque B.oyale du
Cambodge
Bjorling, 0.
Boribal Buribhand, Lmtng
Bovo, Mons. G.
Brandli, H.
Brionva.l, Jean
Bruun, J;
Brown, J. H.
Buchanan, A. R ..
Burnay, J.
California, University of ...
Cambiaso, :S.
Cambridge University
Library
Director-General, 'rho, Maha Chai Road.
'l'he Fine Arts Department.
Petchaboon l'ttlace.
'L'imher Hevenue Station, Pttknampoh.
Chulalongkorn University.
'!'hatched House, Klong 'l'oei.
Chiengmai.
Prn.mm1n Road.
Oriental Avenue.
Christiani & Nielsen.(Tlu.l.i), Ltd.
The Close, 36 Silverdale Road,
Eastbourne, Sussex.
Pnompenh.
Asiatic Co., Ucl.
cfo ]~(Lst
Division of Arclu:eology.
Italian Consul-General, Italian Legation.
Paste restante, Lugano, Switzerland.
French Legation.
Menam Motor Boat Co., Ltd.
Thai IndustTieR (1932), Ltd.
'rhe Borneo Co., Ltd., Chiengmai.
cfo P. Clerc Esq., Singapore.
Berkeley, Cal., U. S. A.
Dept. of Public & Municipal Works.
Cambridge, England ..

92
MElVIBERSHIP
[VOL. XXXII
Campos, J. J. de
Central Library ...
Chakra,bongs,
Mom Elizabeth
Chakrapn,ni, Luang
ChnJoem Pumnananda
Chapman, J. Holbrook
Charan Rogvicharn, Phra
Charyakul, Lua,ng
Chorin, Rev. Father I..~.
Chuang Ka,setra
Silapakara, Phra
Chula Ohn,krabong~>,
H. H. H. Prince
Collins, M. H. E., Mrs. R
Coppe, L.
Coultas, W. W.
Crolla, H. E. Mons. Guido.
Dancer, vV.
Darnphan Pitak, Phya ...
Davies, J. E.
Devawongs, H. H .. Prince
Dhani Njvat, H. H. Prince
Diskul, H. S. H.
Prince Ajavadis
Doll, W. A. l\1.
Dupont, Pi~rre
East-Asiatic Economic
Research Bureau
Edkins, J.
Ellis, A. G.
Enrlahl, 0. V.
F. M. S. JHuseurns
Fine Arts Department, 'l'he
J?isher, J. M.
FitzGerald, G. de la P. B.
Forest Department, The ...
Forno, E.
Portuguese Consul.
Chulalongkom U niverAity.
'l'ba 'rien Pahtce.
858 Sri Vieng Road.
Pasteur Instisute.
The American Legation.
Rerl Cross Society.
'l'hai Electric Corpol'ation, Ltd.
Assumption College.
Department of Agricultme & Fisheries.
'I'ha 'l.'ien :Palace.
Poh Y orne Hoad.
Allai Road, 60, oft' Suriwongse Hoacl.
British Lega,tion, Bnngkok.
Itn,lia,n Legation.
Ohnlnlongkorn Uni\·ersity.
Forest Department.
Suriwongse Road.
Bejmpnri Road.
Bejrapmi Ron,d.
'l'hai Electric Corporation, Ltd.
Ministl·y of Finance.
26 Bel. Oa8seau, Hanoi.
'l'oyo Building, Uchi-Saiwai-cho,
Kojimachiku, 'rokyo, Japan.
Hongkong & Shanghai Ba.nk.
Elm Ave. & 4th St., Broadmoor
Colorado Springs, Col.
'l'hai Electric Corp. Ltd.
Kuala Lumpur, F. M. S.
Bangkok.
British Legation.
The Hongkong & Shanghai Bank.
Bangkok.
Corso Gabbetti 9, 'l'orino (107), Itn,ly.

'l'. 1]
Fmnkliu, Ht~\·. ( l.
Ft·unelt Lt•gnLion, 'l'hto
Fuh l'!10p, \\'.
liltinlllPI', K. (L
U1trre!.t, 11. H. G., ~1. c.,
Uet•, C. I l.
Oetlt'gtoH· Pit•ol., W.
Uermnn Club, Tbc•.
Uut'Htlll, II.
Uotsehlieh, K
Oreun, I), S.
Ul'llt, Uotumdr. \V. L.
Chwhlm·, U.
( iuyon, 1\. U.
Httnlllu·t., ,J. K.
llltl'Ltllltltu, L. < l., LL.-Uol.
llttl'LIIlll

94
Laming, Mrs. R C. , ...
L!twson, K. A.
Le Count., W. K.
I"echner, H. E. Mons. C. W.
Leipilig University Library
Lepessier, H. E. Mons. P.
tetts, L. E. C.
Lingat, R.
Losch, 0.
Malaknl, 1\1. L. Pin
Manava, Raja Sevi,
H. E. Phya
Ma11fredi, E.
McFarland, G. B ....
Mai~jikul, Ariaut ...
Medicine, The Ft1culty of .. .
Mitrakarrn Ra,ksa, Phra .. .
Moore, R. Adey
Mundie, W. H.
Nielsen, Axel
Neilson Hays Library
Neville, H.E. tho Hon. E. L.
Oakley, '1'. C.
Pananuchorn, Phy11
Pendleton, H.. L.
Perkins, E. A.
Pichon, Colonel L.
Piere Hoon.
Pistono; F.
Planterose, Rewy de
Plion, R.
Prem Purachatn1,
H. H. Prince
Princeton University
Library
Public Healt.h, Dept. of
Rt1;jadhann Nicles, Phra.
1\.ania VI ·Road.
·Pan Hoad:
The 'l'hai Commercial .Bank.
'l'he Netherlands Legation.
BeethovenstrasRc G, Leipzig, Germany.
French Legation.
Henry Waugh & Co., Ltd.
Appeal Court. ·
Getman Legation.
Chulalongkorn University.
· Satlwrn Road.
Cole A venue,. Bang Kapi.
Holyrood, Satlwrn Road.
Department 0£. Agricult.ure.
Chulalongkorn University.
cjo Min. of Foreign Afiairs.
'l'he Bangkok Times Pt•ess; Ltd.
'l'he Ba.ngk:ok 'J'imes Press, Ltd.
'L'he East Asiatic Co., Ltd.
Snriyavongs ·Rmtd.
Department of State, Washington.·
Windmill Road.
Forest Department.
Department of Agriculture.
Thai Consul, P. 0. Box 760,
l\hnila, Philippine Islands.
French Legation.
·Bangrak Health Centre, Dept. of
Public Health.
City Engineer's Office.
Legislative Council.
French Legation.
Chulalongkorn. University.
Princeton, N. J., U. S. A.
Bangkok
2678 Rama I Road.

1''1'. I j 95
Httki::Ht. Nnvns, Lmmg Lu,mg H.aksu. & Co.
Httngoun U 11 i n~t·siCy Lil1t'tti'.Y RangiJon, Bm·uuL.
Hu.ng::~iL, H. S. H.
p;:ineu Sauit P.
Reclwrehes AgrmHHnicpws
de l'Imloehinu, Institute
des
Reeve•, W. ll.
Hicluml, ,) .
Hiem Virnjjttphak, Pltt·a ...
Hivutt-Oarntte, D. C. M.
Hossitur, K W.
SalytLveclyn, Col. Phm
Sttt'ttHnstnt, Phya ...
Saruj, Phra
Schaller, H ..
Scluuiclt, W. Dr.
Schultr., II. F.
Schl'eilwr, F.
SchweiHgnth, P. ·
Seieucu, Dupnrttnunt of
Scimtti1ie Seetion, 'l'lw
Scientific Reetion, 'J'he
Segaert, 11. E. lYlous. H ....
Rohef:ltml, Steen, ...
Seidenftt

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[VoL, XXXII
Stt'0lllllto, 0. L. ...
Windmill Hllad.
Stmort, F'. H.
B1·itiHh Luga!liuu.
Swtm~o~ou, ,] ttllWH ... Bttnglwk Duck Co., Ltrl.
'l'ailwkn CUluuwt·cial
College
Taihokn, Taiwan.
'l'havil, Luang
Gott:;ehe Road.
'l.'hode, ,J.
B. Grimm & Co.
'l'homtLH, lL E. lh'. W. 'l'he Uerm:1n Legatiou.
'l'hougytd, Dr. Clmkm. 'l'houg Dept. of Agriculture & FiHiturius.
Vat·n vaidyakarn.,
H. H. Prince
Vest, Aage
Vi chit V u.cln.lmrn,
H. E. Luung ,,,
Viehoever, A.
Vomvarn, H. S. H.
Prince S11kol ...
Watt11n11 Wittaytt Acttdcmy
Wa.tts, G.
Wester, ,Jum., J. D.
Wells, ltev. Kmmeth E.
Whittington, R ...
Winit Wanadom, PhytL
Witherf:l, F. W.
Y. M, C. A., Bn.ngkok
Zielcr, Idor
Zimmermn.n, W. A.
Bober, Hev. Father E.
Deignan, H. C.
Hilaire, Rev. Brother
Irwin, Rev. R.
Balankura, Chamkad
Bodhibhakti, Prabandha ...
lVfinistry of li'oreign Atl'airt~.
Christialli & Niol.':!Llll ('l'lw.i), Lt

PT. I]
l\T EM!lEHSHl P
BoonkllfLm, OhnfLn
Bnnnag, Kliow
Clumcharoen, Boon Song
, Chandravongs, Ua,
. Jayabongse, ChttJlll'fLR
Kusuma na Ayuclhyn,, Ttmk
Kiartibutr, PmHitldhi
Kunjor, Mom
Luang-ying Bunltm
Ladbli, hndnmh
rvfangu.lapruk, Kin, Hni
H.atu.wasr1hla, Kttll
l~ochana Pmr1m1ncla, Pne
Sakuntnsut, BongH
Sivasl'iyanrLmltL, Vicl
Svastikul, M.R, Snmt111r1jati
Svetasreni,
Miss Smuruny ...
'.l'uyanond11, Siri
452 Klong Bang Phd, Dhonhnri.
Department o[ Science.
] 8lB Phya Phipat Kosa Lu,ne.
Hettdmaster, Satri l~ajinutis,
Udorn Dh::tni .
.Municipal Works.
Uclorn Bidyanukul School, Udom Dhani.
1830 Lang Krom Chao 'l'a.
Prepu.ratory School, Chulalongkorn
University.
'l'illeke & Gibbins.
367 Si1~hya Hoad.
Bureau of DesigrJR, Public Works
Division, Krungdeb l\1unicipt11ity.
Depa.rtment of Science.
1271 Ban Moh Hoad.
Clmlalongkorn University.
493 Petclmbmi Roacl.
110 A:;oka Hcmd, Bt~ng Kapi.
Dept. of Science.
1\rJmmmsini• oN JuLY :n, 1940.
( )nlinary
Life
CorreRponcling
Honm·at·y
Associt1te
Free
181
4
11
17
19
4
286
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All :trlcl;·~~~eHn.l'~i~1-B:~r~gl~ok unless otherwise ~tttted.
[Published for the 'rlmilt1nd R.esearch Society by J. K Dtwies,
Editor, and printed by W. H. Mundie, at th:- Bangkok Times printing
office 593 HoncrkonO' Bt1nk Lane Bl1nQ'kok, m Septmnber, 1940.]
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