8 DR. JOAQUIM DE CAMPOS [VOL. XXXIl end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fifteenth century. But why <strong>the</strong>n did not Tlmillull1 Wit\ t.]lt!lll in warfare, or cease to use <strong>the</strong>m before tho arl'ivn,l <strong>of</strong> tho PortugttPHt' 1 'l'he reason iR clear. 'l'bough <strong>the</strong> Arabs had spread tho use ol' fire-lU'lliS not only in Malacca but in Java and Manila <strong>the</strong>se guns ttild HllJHll
P'l'. !) l~AltLY POR'l'UOUESE AOCOUN'l'S OF THAILAND 9 bli~-Jhed in Ayut.hia besit1eH <strong>the</strong> rniliLo,ry ntlviRers, tmd commercial agentC! wore est:thli:;lw!l in Ligor ttnd Pu.tani. 'l'mde between <strong>Siam</strong> und l\11dn.cca W!LH inten:;e :Lnd varionH diRptttches from <strong>Siam</strong> were sent to <strong>the</strong> Viceroy nt Goth and to LiHbon. Very few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m have been published, bnt ,ToiLo de Barros, <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>licittl historiogmpher who wrote his Deeurles somewhel'e hetween 1550 unc11560 used <strong>the</strong>m for his deseription <strong>of</strong> Sin.m. 111 Barros Rpmhks <strong>of</strong> three principal kingdoms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> East: in <strong>the</strong> t!xtrome west <strong>the</strong> Emperor <strong>of</strong> China; in <strong>the</strong> Indochinese Peninsula <strong>the</strong> King <strong>of</strong> <strong>Siam</strong>; in India <strong>the</strong> King <strong>of</strong> Vijay~ nagar, <strong>the</strong>n tho most powerful king in Indin. At <strong>the</strong> time when BttrrnA nwutions <strong>the</strong>::~e tl11·eo principal kings it must not Le forgotten that <strong>the</strong> PortugnoHe had viHited nJI <strong>the</strong> Ol1Rtern countries, u.ml he himself in <strong>the</strong> HttlllO clmpi;r.r gives tho geogr11pllical position o£ <strong>the</strong> kingtloms <strong>of</strong> Avn, Pegn, Amlmn, Deccan, Bongul, Orissn, .Jangonm or Ohhugwtti, Cmnhovm·o <strong>the</strong> Chuw8, who wm·o Derco men, l'ocle on horseback, u.te hnmtm :llesh nnd with hot irons brandecl figures on <strong>the</strong>ir skins. With tho Gneos both <strong>the</strong> Kiug <strong>of</strong> Simn as well as <strong>the</strong> Laos were JnL"n fc'ti in i;he l'honrJsuwadanB written nH.ee <strong>the</strong> 16th cenimry do not Jll'OVe :wyiihing, as l>y this time fire-u.rms wet•e wr;ll known, rtnd even in <strong>the</strong> J{iJt lliontldenban ii; might; h:we been nn interpol:ttiou made n,t fL ln.ter date. 'fhe 'l'hn.i word bm·iam n.nrl <strong>the</strong> Kinner mi1·iam. fm· cannon n.re Arn.bic in origin ' :tnd came through M:tlayn. 'l'he Arnbs who SfLW c:tnuon first used in Europe by Christians called it jJ{i?·iam from Mari:t m· Mrtry. 16 Barros devotes one cl111pter to <strong>the</strong> description <strong>of</strong> Shm, IJecctdct III, Bk. II, ch. v. In <strong>the</strong> Ir'i1·st Decade, Blc; IX, ch. i, published in 1552, are given <strong>the</strong> outlines <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Geogm.phy <strong>of</strong> India, <strong>the</strong> Indochinese Peninsula and China. 17 Tagldn. or Rey Tn.gal!L, nertr Murtn.lmn m:;t.y be seen in most old maps, not only Portuguese but in those <strong>of</strong> Linschoten (1596) and Mercator (16 13).
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56 KENNE'fH E. WELLS [VOL. XXXII th
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58 KENNETH E. WELLS (VOL. XXXII the
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66 PUBLIOA'l'IONS 0.1!" IN'l'ERES'l
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68 ACCESSIONS 'l'O 'l'HJ.
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90 W. A. Graham Count Gyldenstolpe
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92 MElVIBERSHIP [VOL. XXXII Campos,
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94 Laming, Mrs. R C. , ... L!twson,
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