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PART III — COUNTRY PROFILeS AFGHANISTAN The UN reported more than 1,000 attacks on education in 2009-2012, including schools being set on fire, suicide bombings and remotely detonated bombs, killings of staff, threats to staff and abductions. Given the challenges in collecting and verifying reports in Afghanistan, the true number may well be significantly higher. Context During 2009-2012, armed opposition groups, including the Taliban, continued to fight to regain control of the country, which they lost in 2001 to USbacked forces. NATO assumed responsibility for security in Afghanistan from the US-led coalition in 2006. Following military setbacks, in March 2009, US President Barack Obama announced a new policy of increasing US forces there in the short term, taking the total number of foreign troops to 130,000, while agreeing to hand control of security to Afghan forces by December 2014. By the end of 2012, the Taliban had a strong influence over areas of the south and east but also maintained pockets of control and the ability to carry out attacks in every region of the country. In 2011, the Afghan government and its international partners began efforts to hold peace negotiations with the Taliban but there was little concrete progress by mid-2013. 395 In addition to the Taliban, numerous other armed anti-government groups were active, some affiliated with the Taliban and some pursuing separate agendas. The situation was further complicated by the unpredictable activities of village militias (arbakai) – some allied with or supported by the government of Afghan President Karzai and some operating independently – and the Afghan Local Police, a village-level defence force established by the Afghan government at the urging of the US to defend communities from attack. 396 The Taliban and other groups have for many years attacked schools, teachers and students. 397 Along with other forms of insecurity, this violence has impeded access to education and in some areas 114
EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 A teacher holds an outdoor class under military guard on the outskirts of Mihtarlam, Afghanistan, where decades of war and conflict have destroyed hundreds of schools and colleges, 19 December 2012. © 2012 Noorullah Shirzada/AFP/Getty Images 115
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eNDNOTeS 1 Malala Yousafzai with Ch
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eNDNOTeS where the government (unde
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eNDNOTeS 272 In September 1986, the
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eNDNOTeS 484 Ibid. 485 Ibid., 359-3
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eNDNOTeS 568 Defensoría Del Pueblo
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eNDNOTeS rate attacks in Iraq,” X
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eNDNOTeS Aslan Amani, “Turkey’s
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