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EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014
Human Rights, and Labor, 8 April 2011), 3; ACJPS, Sudan Human Rights Monitor:
December 2009 – May 2010, 12.
100 Tunde Fatunde, “NIGERIA: Campus security reviewed after threats,”
University World News, Issue No: 190, 25 September 2011.
101 Leigh Phillips, “Nanotechnology: Armed Resistance,” Nature, 29 August 2012;
Arturo Ángel, “Van por ‘ala terrorista’ de anarquistas, 24 Horas, 26 February 2013;
“Anti-Tech Extremists Linked to Letter Bombs Sent to Academics in Mexico,” Fox
News Latino, 10 August 2011; “La bomba, ‘reconocimiento’ para le profesor
Armando: PGJEM,” El Universal, 9 August 2011.
102 Tunde Fatunde, “COTE D’IVOIRE: Campuses closed by conflict, sanctions,”
University World News, Issue No: 74, 27 March 2011.
103 See, for example: HRW, “Somalia: Pro-Government Militias Executing
Civilians,” 28 March 2012.
104 Mahmoud Al-Selwi, Director General for Higher Education Development, interviewed
by Fuad Rajeh on 9 March 2013; HRW, Classrooms in the Crosshairs -
Military Use of Schools in Yemen’s Capital (New York: HRW, 11 September 2012).
105 African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), “AMISOM forces launch a military
offensive to consolidate security in Mogadishu,” 20 January 2012; AMISOM,
“Somali, AMISOM forces on the outskirts of Kismayo,” 30 September 2012; and
“Somalia: Kenyan Forces Vacate Kismayo University,” Garowe Online, 23 October
2012.
106 US Department of State, 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices -
Sudan (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 11 March 2010).
107 Human Rights League of the Horn of Africa (HRLHA), “Peaceful Demonstration
Needs Democratic Solution, Not Violence,” 5 June 2012.
108 AP, “Schools closed in Pakistan after bombing,” China Post, 21 October 2009;
Pictured: the gaping hole left by suspected suicide blasts at Pakistan university
that killed eight, The Daily Mail, 21 October 2009.
109 “Tough times for university students in Gaza,” IRIN, 26 March 2009.
110 See statement by Brigadier General Dan Harel, Israeli Deputy Chief of Staff, in
The Times report, “Israel vows to sweep Hamas from power,” The Times, 30
December 2008; and Tova Dadon, “Deputy chief of staff: Worst still ahead,” Ynet
News, 29 December 2008.
111 Education for All is a global commitment to provide quality basic education for
all children, youth and adults, structured around six key education goals to be
achieved by 2015, including expanding early childhood care and education,
providing free and compulsory primary education for all, promoting learning and
skills development for young people and adults, increasing adult literacy by 50
per cent, achieving gender equality and improving the quality of education.
112 Brendan O’Malley, “The longer-term impact of attacks on education on education
systems, development and fragility and the implications for policy
responses,” Background paper for the Education for All Global Monitoring
Report 2011 (UNESCO, 2010), 5-6.
113 Information provided by a UN respondent, 23 April 2013.
114 Antonio Giustozzi and Claudio Franco, The Battle for the Schools: The Taleban
and State Education (Afghanistan Analysts Network, 13 December 2011).
115 HRW, Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation of
Schools in India’s Bihar and Jharkhand States (New York: HRW, 9 December
2009), 28.
116 Information supplied by a UN respondent, February 2013.
117 World Bank, Education in Sierra Leone: Present Challenges, Future
Opportunities, Africa Human Development Series (Washington D.C.: World Bank,
2007), 68; Brendan O’Malley, “The longer-term impact of attacks on education in
education systems, development and fragility and the implications for policy
responses,” Background paper for the Education for All Global Monitoring
Report 2011 (UNESCO, 2010), 32.
118 “OPT: Gaza schoolchildren struggling to learn,” IRIN, 5 February 2010;
Aidan O’Leary, Deputy Director of UNRWA Operations, email interview with
Brendan O’Malley, 11 July 2010.
119 “YEMEN: Children bear brunt of Saada conflict,” IRIN, 7 September 2009.
120 GCPEA, Lessons in War: Military Use of Schools and Other Education
Institutions during Conflict (New York: GCPEA, 2012), 22, 31.
121 HRW, Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation of
Schools in India’s Bihar and Jharkhand States (New York: HRW, 9 December
2009).
122 Brendan O’Malley, “The longer-term impact of attacks on education on
education systems, development and fragility and the implications for policy
responses,” Background paper for the Education for All Global Monitoring
Report 2011 (UNESCO, 2010).
123 Mike Young, Asia and Caucasus Regional Director, IRC, interviewed by
Brendan O’Malley, 16 June 2010.
124 Dana Burde and Amy Kapit-Spitalny, Prioritizing the agenda for research for
GCPEA: Why evidence is important, what we know and how to learn more
(GCPEA, 2011). See also studies prepared on programmatic responses, which
primarily remain at the level of case study/examples and description of components
– though suggest lessons for programme design and implementation, for
example: GCPEA, Study on Field-based Programmatic Measures to Protect
Education from Attack (New York: December 2011); and Christine Groneman,
“Desk study on field-based mechanisms for protecting education from targeted
Attack,” in Protecting Education from Attack: A State-of-the-Art Review (Paris:
UNESCO, 2012).
125 Dana Burde and Amy Kapit-Spitalny, Prioritizing the agenda for research for
GCPEA: Why evidence is important, what we know and how to learn more
(GCPEA, 2011).
126 The first violation for which a party could be listed was recruitment and use of
children by armed forces and armed groups. Subsequent Security Council resolutions
added other violations: killing and maiming of children and rape and other
grave sexual violence against children (SC Resolution 1882) and attacks on
schools and hospitals (SC Resolution 1998). Abduction and denial of humanitarian
access do not lead to listing, but are monitored in all situations.
127 UN Security Council Resolution 1998 (2011).
128 UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict, Report of the Secretary-General,
A/66/782–S/2012/261, 26 April 2012, 48-50; and UNSC, Children and Armed
Conflict, Report of the Secretary-General, A/67/845–S/2013/245, 15 May 2013,
48-50. Armed groups or armed forces are listed when there is evidence of a
pattern of attacks.
129 The possible tools are described in “Options for possible actions by the CAAC
Working Group of the Security Council (“toolkit”).”
130 MRM Field Manual, April 2010, 5.
131 MRM Field Manual, April 2010, 32.
132 Information supplied by a UN respondent, 16 September 2013.
133 Humanitarian clusters are sectoral and thematic coordinating bodies established
through the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. Where they are activated,
they allow UN agencies, NGOs, government and civil society to work together on
responses to emergencies.
134 Education Cluster monitoring in Côte D’Ivoire, Case Study, Protecting
Education in Countries Affected by Conflict, Booklet 7: Monitoring and Reporting
(Global Education Cluster, October 2012), 8.
135 UN staff members in Israel/Palestine, interviewed by Brendan O’Malley, May 2012.
136 Email from Robert Quinn, Executive Director, Scholars at Risk Network, 16
December 2013.
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