Turkey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Autodesk International ...

Turkey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey 

1 of 20 10/17/2011 9:59 PM 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 

Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey 

( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the 

Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by 

eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the 

northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and 

Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; 

the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the 

Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the 

boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. [14] 

Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population 

are Muslims. [15] The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and 

Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the 

population. [16] 

Republic of Turkey 

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 

Flag 

Anthem: İstiklâl Marşı 

Independence March 

Oghuz Turks began migrating into the area now called Turkey (derived from the 

Medieval Latin Turchia, i.e. "Land of the Turks") in the 11th century. The process was 

greatly accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of 

Manzikert. [17] Several small beyliks and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia 

until the Mongol invasion. Starting from the 13th century, the Ottoman beylik united 

Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeastern Europe, Western 

Asia and North Africa. After the Ottoman Empire collapsed following its defeat in 

World War I, parts of it were occupied by the victorious Allies. A cadre of young 

military officers, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues, organized a 

successful resistance to the Allies; in 1923, they would establish the modern Republic 

of Turkey with Atatürk as its first president. 

Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with an ancient cultural 

heritage. Turkey has become increasingly integrated with the West through 

membership in organizations such as the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE and 

the G-20 major economies. Turkey began full membership negotiations with the 

European Union in 2005, having been an associate member of the European Economic 

Community since 1963 and having reached a customs union agreement in 1995. 

Turkey has also fostered close cultural, political, economic and industrial relations with 

the Middle East, the Turkic states of Central Asia and the African countries through 

membership in organizations such as the Turkic Council, Joint Administration of Turkic 

Arts and Culture, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Economic Cooperation 

Organization. Turkey's location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia makes it a 

country of significant geostrategic importance. [18][19][20] Given its strategic location, 

large economy and military strength, Turkey is a major regional power. [20][21] 

Contents 

1 Etymology 

2 History 

2.1 Antiquity 

2.2 Turks and the Ottoman Empire 

2.3 Republic era 

3 Politics 

3.1 Foreign relations 

3.2 Military 

4 Administrative divisions 

5 Geography 

5.1 Climate 

Capital 

Largest city 

Official language(s) 

Ethnic groups (2007, 

2008) 

Demonym 

Ankara 

39°55′N 32°50′E 

Istanbul 

Turkish 

70–76% Turks, 

[1][2][dn 1] 

16–18% Kurds+Zazas, 

[1][2] 

8–12% others [1][2] 

Turkish 

Government 

Parliamentary republic 

- Founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 

- President Abdullah Gül 

- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 

- Speaker of the 

Cemil Çiçek 

Parliament 

- President of the Haşim Kılıç 

Constitutional Court 

Legislature 

Location of Turkey 

Grand National 

Assembly 

Succession 

to the Ottoman Empire 

- Treaty of Lausanne July 24, 1923



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Etymology 

6 Economy 

7 Demographics 

7.1 Urbanization 

7.2 Language 

7.3 Religion 

8 Culture 

8.1 Sports 

9 See also 

10 Footnotes 

11 References 

12 Bibliography 

13 Further reading 

14 External links 

Main article: Name of Turkey 

The name of Turkey, Türkiye in the Turkish language, can be divided into two 

components: the ethnonym Türk and the abstract suffix –iye meaning "owner", "land 

of" or "related to" (derived from the Arabic suffix –iyya, which is similar to the Greek 

and Latin suffixes –ia). The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an 

autonym is contained in the Orkhon inscriptions of the Göktürks (Celestial Turks) of 

Central Asia (c. 8th century CE). The English word "Turkey" is derived from the 

Medieval Latin Turchia (c. 1369). [22] The Greek cognate of this name, Tourkia, was 

originally used by the Byzantines to describe medieval Hungary [dn 2][23][24] (as the 

Hungarians and Turks have ancestral links) but they later began using this name to 

define the Seljuk-controlled parts of Anatolia in the centuries that followed the Battle 

of Manzikert in 1071. 

History 

Main article: History of Turkey 

Antiquity 

- Declaration of Republic October 29, 1923 

Area 

- Total 783,562 km 2 (37th) 

302,535 sq mi 

- Water (%) 1.3 

Population 

- 2010 estimate 73,722,988 [3] (18th) 

- 2000 census 67,803,927 [4] 

- Density 94.1/km 2 (108th) 

239.8/sq mi 

GDP (PPP) 

2010 estimate 

- Total $1.116 

trillion [5][6] (15th) 

- Per capita $15,340 [7] 

GDP (nominal) 

2010 estimate 

- Total $735.264 

billion [8][9] (17th) 

- Per capita $10,106 [10] 

Gini (2008) 40 [11] 

HDI (2010) 

Currency 

0.679 [12] (high) (85th) 

Turkish lira [13] (TRY) 

Time zone 

EET (UTC+2) 

- Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3) 

Date formats 

Drives on the 

ISO 3166 code 

Internet TLD 

dd/mm/yyyy (AD) 

right 

TR 

.tr 

Calling code 90 

Main articles: History of Anatolia and Thrace#History 

The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in the world. The earliest 

Neolithic settlements such as Çatalhöyük (Pottery Neolithic), Çayönü (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A to Pottery Neolithic), Nevalı Çori 

(Pre-Pottery Neolithic B), Hacılar (Pottery Neolithic), Göbekli Tepe (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) and Mersin are considered to be among the 

earliest human settlements in the world. [25] 

Portion of the legendary walls of Troy 

(VII), identified as the site of the 

Trojan War (ca. 1200 BCE.) 

The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic and continued into the Iron Age. Through recorded 

history, Anatolians have spoken Indo-European, Semitic and Kartvelian languages, as well as 

many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite 

and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from 

which the Indo-European languages radiated. [26] The Hattians were an ancient people who 

inhabited the southeastern part of Anatolia, noted at least as early as ca. 2300. Indo-European 

Hittites came to Anatolia and gradually absorbed Hattians ca. 2000–1700 BC. The first major 

empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the eighteenth through the 13th century BC. 

The Assyrians colonized parts of southeastern Turkey as far back as 1950 BC until the year 612 

BC, when the Assyrian Empire was conquered by the Chaldean dynasty in Babylon. [27][28] 

Following the Hittite collapse, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy until 

their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC. [29] The most powerful of 

Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia. The Lydians and Lycians spoke languages 

that were fundamentally Indo-European, but both languages had acquired non-Indo-European



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elements prior to the Hittite and Hellenistic periods. 

Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. 

Numerous important cities were founded by these colonists, such as Miletus, Ephesus, Smyrna 

(modern İzmir), and Byzantium (later Constantinople and Istanbul). The first state established in 

Anatolia that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (Hecataeus of Miletus and Behistun 

Inscription) was the state of the Armenian Orontid dynasty. Anatolia was conquered by the 

Persian Achaemenid Empire during the 6th and 5th centuries BC and later fell to Alexander the 

Great in 334 BC. [30] Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic 

kingdoms (including Bithynia, Cappadocia, Pergamum, and Pontus), all of which had succumbed 

to the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC. [31] Arsacid Armenia, the first state to accept 

Christianity as official religion had lands in Anatolia. 

In 324, the Roman emperor Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman 

Empire, renaming it New Rome (later Constantinople and Istanbul). After the fall of the Western 

Roman Empire, it became the capital of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). [32] 

The Celsus Library in Ephesus, dating 

from 135 AD. 

Turks and the Ottoman Empire 

Main articles: Turkic migration, Great Seljuq Empire, and Ottoman Empire 

The House of Seljuk was a branch of the Kınık Oğuz Turks who resided on the 

periphery of the Muslim world, north of the Caspian and Aral Seas in the Yabghu 

Khaganate of the Oğuz confederacy [33] in the 10th century. In the 11th century, the 

Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homelands towards the eastern regions 

of Anatolia, which eventually became the new homeland of Oghuz Turkic tribes 

[citation needed] 

following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. 

The victory of the Seljuks gave rise to the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate; which 

developed as a separate branch of the larger Seljuk Empire that covered parts of 

Central Asia, Iran, Anatolia and Southwest Asia. [34] 

In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols, causing the Seljuk empire's 

power to slowly disintegrate. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by 

Osman I would, over the next 200 years, evolve into the Ottoman Empire, expanding 

throughout Anatolia, the Balkans and the Levant. [35] In 1453, the Ottomans 

completed their conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, 

Constantinople. 

Ottoman territories acquired between 1481 and 

1683. 

The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne is one 

of the most famous architectural 

legacies of the Ottoman Empire. 

The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly 

during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman 

Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of 

the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. [19] At sea, the empire contended with the Holy Leagues, 

composed of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Venice and the Knights of St. John, for control of 

the Mediterranean. In the Indian Ocean, the Ottoman navy frequently confronted Portuguese 

fleets in order to defend its traditional monopoly over the maritime trade routes between East Asia 

and Western Europe; these routes faced new competition with the Portuguese discovery of the 

Cape of Good Hope in 1488. In addition, the Ottomans were occasionally at war with Persia over 

territorial disputes or caused by religious differences between 16th and 18th centuries. [36] 

During nearly two centuries of decline, the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, military 

power, and wealth. It entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately 

defeated. During the war, an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were deported and exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. [37][38] The 

Turkish government denies that there was an Armenian genocide and claims that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war 

zone. [39] Large scale massacres were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the Greeks and Assyrians. 

[40][41][42] Following the Armistice of Mudros on October 30, 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought to partition the Ottoman state 

through the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres. [35] 

Republic era



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Main articles: History of the Republic of Turkey and Atatürk's Reforms 

The Occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I 

prompted the establishment of the Turkish national movement. [19] Under the leadership of 

Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of 

Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the 

Treaty of Sèvres. [18] 

By September 18, 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and the new Turkish state was 

established. On November 1, the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus 

ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of July 24, 1923, led to the 

international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the 

successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on October 29, 

1923, in the new capital of Ankara. [19] 

Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President of Turkey and subsequently introduced many 

radical reforms with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of its Ottoman 

past. [19] According to the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish parliament presented Mustafa Kemal 

with the honorific surname "Atatürk" (Father of the Turks) in 1934. [18] 

Roosevelt, İnönü and Churchill at the 

Second Cairo Conference which was 

held between December 4–6, 1943. 

recognised by Turkey was established. [46] 

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and 

first President of the Republic of 

Turkey. 

Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II but 

entered on the side of the Allies on February 23, 1945, as a ceremonial gesture and in 1945 

became a charter member of the United Nations. [43] Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in 

quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the 

Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The doctrine 

enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in 

large-scale U.S. military and economic support. [44] 

After participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 

1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Following a decade of 

Cypriot intercommunal violence and the Greek military coup of 15 July 1974, overthrowing 

President Makarios and installing Nikos Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded the island Republic 

of Cyprus on 20 July. [45] Nine years later the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus which is only 

The single-party period ended in 1945. It was followed by a tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy over the next few decades, 

which was interrupted by military coups d'état in 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997. [47] In 1984, the PKK began an insurgency against the 

Turkish government; the conflict, which has claimed over 40,000 lives, continues today. [48] Since the liberalization of the Turkish 

economy during the 1980s, the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability. [49] 

Politics 

Main articles: Politics of Turkey, Constitution of Turkey, and Elections in Turkey 

Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has 

developed a strong tradition of secularism. [50] Turkey's constitution governs the legal framework of the 

country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state. 

The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is 

elected for a five-year term by direct elections. Abdullah Gül was elected as president on August 28, 2007, 

by a popular parliament round of votes, succeeding Ahmet Necdet Sezer. [51] 

Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the 

government, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the Grand National 

Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the 

Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. 

The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals 

for all others. [52] 

The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in the government and is 

The Grand Chamber of the 

Grand National Assembly of 

Turkey in Ankara.



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most often the head of the party having the most seats in parliament. The current prime minister is the former mayor of İstanbul, Recep 

Tayyip Erdoğan, whose conservative Justice and Development Party won an absolute majority of parliamentary seats in the 2002 general 

elections, organized in the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2001, with 34% of the suffrage. [53] 

In the 2007 general elections, the AKP received 46.6% of the votes and could defend its majority in 

parliament. [54] Although the ministers do not have to be members of the parliament, ministers with 

parliament membership are common in Turkish politics. In 2007, a series of events regarding state 

secularism and the role of the judiciary in the legislature has occurred. These included the controversial 

presidential election of Abdullah Gül, who in the past had been involved with Islamist parties; [55] and the 

government's proposal to lift the headscarf ban in universities, which was annulled by the Constitutional 

Court, leading to a fine and a near ban of the ruling party. [56] 

Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and every Turkish 

citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. As of 2004, there were 50 registered political 

parties in the country. [57] The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it 

deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether. [58][59] 

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has 

been elected three times as 

Prime Minister: In 2002 

(with 34% of the popular 

vote), in 2007 (with 47%) 

and in 2011 (with 49%). 

There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional 

representation system from 85 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative provinces of 

Turkey (İstanbul is divided into three electoral districts, whereas Ankara and İzmir are divided into two 

each because of their large populations). To avoid a hung parliament and its excessive political 

fragmentation, only parties winning at least 10% of the votes cast in a national parliamentary election gain 

the right to representation in the parliament. [57] Because of this threshold, in the 2007 elections only three 

parties formally entered the parliament (compared to two in 2002). [60][61] 

Human rights in Turkey have been the subject of much controversy and international condemnation. Between 1998 and 2008 the 

European Court of Human Rights made more than 1,600 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations, particularly the right to 

life and freedom from torture. Other issues such as Kurdish rights, women's rights and press freedom have also attracted controversy. 

Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to future membership of the EU. [62] The Turkish Journalists 

Association says that 58 of the country's journalists have been imprisoned. A former U.S. State Department spokesman, Philip Crowley, 

said that the United States had "broad concerns about trends involving intimidation of journalists in Turkey." [63] 

Foreign relations 

Main articles: Foreign relations of Turkey and Accession of Turkey to the European Union 

Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations (1945), the OECD (1961), the OIC (1969), the 

OSCE (1973), the ECO (1985), the BSEC (1992) and the G-20 major economies (1999). On 

October 17, 2008, Turkey was elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security 

Council. [64] Turkey's membership of the council effectively began on January 1, 2009. [64] Turkey 

had previously been a member of the U.N. Security Council in 1951–1952, 1954–1955 and 

1961. [64] 

In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europe have always been a central 

part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkey became a founding member of the Council of Europe in 

1949, applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 

and became an associate member in 1963. After decades of political negotiations, Turkey applied 

for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the Western European 

Union in 1992, reached a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and has been in formal 

accession negotiations with the EU since 2005. [65] 

Turkey began full membership 

negotiations with the European Union 

in 2005, having been an associate 

member of the EEC since 1963. 

Since 1974 Turkey has not recognized the (essentially Greek Cypriot) Republic of Cyprus as the 

sole authority on the island, but instead supports the Turkish Cypriot community in the form of the 

de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus which is recognized only by Turkey. [66] 

The other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign relations has been its ties with the United States. 

Based on the common threat posed by the Soviet Union, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, ensuring 

close bilateral relations with Washington throughout the Cold War. In the post–Cold War 

environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, 

the Caucasus and the Balkans. In return, Turkey has benefited from the United States' political, 

Turkey is a founding member of the 

OECD and the G-20 major economies.



economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the country's bid to join the European Union. 

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage, 

allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia, [67] thus enabling the completion of a multi-billiondollar 

oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline forms part 

of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However, Turkey's border with Armenia, a state in the 

Caucasus, remains closed following its occupation of Azeri territory during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. [68] 

Military 

Main article: Turkish Armed Forces 

The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. The Gendarmerie 

and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although 

they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which 

they have both internal law enforcement and military functions. [69] 

The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing armed force in NATO, after the U.S. 

Armed Forces, with a combined strength of just over a million uniformed personnel serving in its 

five branches. [70] Turkey is considered to be the strongest military power of the Middle East 

region besides Israel. [21] 

Turkey joined NATO in 1952. 

Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to fifteen 

months, dependent on education and job location. [71] Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian 

alternative to military service. [72] 

Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part 

of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with 

Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. [73] A total 

of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air 

Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air 

Force. [74] 

Boeing 737 AEW&C MESA Peace 

Eagle of the Turkish Air Force. 

In 1998, Turkey announced a program of modernization 

worth US$160 billion over a twenty year period in various 

projects including tanks, fighter jets, helicopters, 

submarines, warships and assault rifles. [75] Turkey is a Level 3 contributor to the Joint Strike 

Fighter (JSF) program. [76] 

Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 

1950, including peacekeeping missions in Somalia and former Yugoslavia, and support to coalition 

forces in the First Gulf War. Turkey maintains 36,000 troops in northern Cyprus; their presence is 

supported and approved by the de facto local government, but the Republic of Cyprus and the 

international community regard it as an illegal occupation force, and its presence has also been 

denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions. [77] Turkey has had troops 

deployed in Afghanistan as part of the U.S. stabilization force and the UN-authorized, 

NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since 2001. [70][78] In 2006, the 

Turkish parliament deployed a peacekeeping force of Navy patrol vessels and around 700 ground 

troops as part of an expanded United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the wake of 

the Israeli-Lebanon conflict. [79] 

Turkey is one of nine partner states of 

the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) 

development and production program. 

Four MEKO 200 TN type frigates of 

the Turkish Navy in formation. 

The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the president and is responsible to the prime minister. The Council of Ministers is 

responsible to parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. 

However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be 

stationed in Turkey rests solely with the parliament. [69] The actual commander of the armed forces is the Chief of the General Staff 

General Necdet Özel since August 4, 2011. [80] 

Administrative divisions 

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Main articles: List of regions of Turkey, Provinces of Turkey, Districts of Turkey, and List of cities in Turkey 

Kırklareli 

The capital city of Turkey is Ankara. The territory of 

Bartın Sinop 

Edirne Istanbul 

Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces for administrative Tekirdağ Zonguldak Kastamonu 

Kocaeli Düzce Karabük Samsun Rize 

Artvin Ardahan 

YalovaSakarya 

purposes. The provinces are organized into 7 regions for Çanakkale 

Bolu Çankırı Amasya Ordu Giresun Trabzon 

Bursa 

Çorum 

Gümüşhane Kars 

Bilecik 

census purposes; however, they do not represent an 

Ankara 

Tokat Bayburt 

Balıkesir 

Erzurum 

Eskişehir Kırıkkale 

administrative structure. Each province is divided into 

Kütahya 

Yozgat Sivas Erzincan Ağrı Iğdır 

Kırşehir 

Manisa 

Tunceli 

districts, for a total of 923 districts. 

İzmir Uşak Afyon 

BingölMuş 

Nevşehir 

Kayseri 

Elâzığ 

AydınDenizli 

Isparta Konya 

Aksaray 

Malatya BatmanBitlis 

Van 

K. Maraş Diyarbakır 

Provinces usually bear the same name as their provincial 

Niğde 

Siirt 

Burdur 

Adıyaman 

Hakkâ 

Osmaniye 

capitals, also called the central district; exceptions to this 

Muğla 

Karaman 

Antalya 

Adana GaziantepŞanlıurfa 

Mardin Şırnak 

custom are the provinces of Hatay (capital: Antakya), 

Mersin Kilis 

Hatay 

Kocaeli (capital: İzmit) and Sakarya (capital: Adapazarı). 

Provinces with the largest populations are Istanbul (13 

million), Ankara (5 million), İzmir (4 million), Bursa (3 million) and Adana (2 million). 

The biggest city and the pre-Republican capital Istanbul is the financial, economic and cultural heart of the country. [81] An estimated 

75.5% of Turkey's population live in urban centers. [82] In all, 19 provinces have populations that exceed 1 million inhabitants, and 20 

provinces have populations between 1 million and 500,000 inhabitants. Only two provinces have populations less than 100,000. 

Geography 

Main article: Geography of Turkey 

Turkey is a transcontinental [83] Eurasian country. Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), 

which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea 

of Marmara, and the Dardanelles (which together form a water link between the Black Sea and the 

Mediterranean). European Turkey (eastern Thrace or Rumelia in the Balkan peninsula) comprises 

3% of the country. [84] 

Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, 

connecting Europe (left) and Asia 

(right.) 

The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, 

with a roughly rectangular shape. [81] It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 25° 

and 45° E. Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562 [85] square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres 

(291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe. [81] Turkey is the world's 37th-largest 

country in terms of area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the 

Mediterranean to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest. [86] 

The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and 

Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow 

coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus 

Mountains to the south. Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the 

sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Lake Van and Mount Ararat, 

Turkey's highest point at 5,165 metres (16,946 ft). [86][87] Lake Tuz, Turkey's third-largest lake, is a 

macroscopically visible feature in the middle of the country. 

Ölüdeniz Beach near Fethiye on the 

Turkish Riviera. 

Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, 

Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean. The uneven north Anatolian 

terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises 

approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian 

plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward. [86] 

Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the 

region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and 

occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosporus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault 

lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake fault 

line across the north of the country from west to east, which caused a major earthquake in 

1999. [88] 

Climate



8 of 20 10/17/2011 9:59 PM 

See also: Climate of Turkey and Environmental issues in Turkey 

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a 

temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The 

coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm, wet 

Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı) is the 

highest peak in Turkey at 5,165 m 

(16,946 ft.) 

summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of 

Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimeters annually which is 

the highest precipitation in the country. 

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Sea of Marmara (including Istanbul), which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a 

transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry 

summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Snow does occur on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every 

winter, but it usually lies no more than a few days. Snow on the other hand is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in 

the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. 

Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending 

inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons. 

Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of −30 °C to −40 °C (−22 °F to −40 °F) can occur in eastern Anatolia, and 

snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are hot 

and dry, with temperatures generally above 30 °C (86 °F) in the day. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15 in), with 

actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is 

less than 300 millimetres (12 in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest. [89] 

Economy 

Main articles: Economy of Turkey and Economic history of Turkey 

Turkey has the world's 15th largest GDP-PPP [5] and 17th largest Nominal GDP. [8] The country is 

a founding member of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. During the first six decades of 

the republic, between 1923 and 1983, Turkey has mostly adhered to a quasi-statist approach with 

strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over private sector 

participation, foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, and foreign direct investment. However in 

1983 Prime Minister Turgut Özal initiated a series of reforms designed to shift the economy from a 

statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based model. [49] 

Maslak financial district in Istanbul. 

The reforms spurred rapid growth, but this growth was punctuated by sharp recessions and 

financial crises in 1994, 1999 (following the earthquake of that year), [90] and 2001, [91] resulting in 

an average of 4% GDP growth per annum between 1981 and 2003. [92] Lack of additional fiscal 

reforms, combined with large and growing public sector deficits and widespread corruption, 

resulted in high inflation, a weak banking sector and increased macroeconomic volatility. [93] Since 

the economic crisis of 2001 and the reforms initiated by the finance minister of the time, Kemal 

Derviş, inflation has fallen to single-digit numbers, investor confidence and foreign investment 

have soared, and unemployment has fallen. The International Monetary Fund forecasts a 6% 

inflation rate for Turkey in 2008. [94] 

TCDD high speed train. 

Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economic 

reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and 

investment and the privatisation of publicly owned industries, and 

Turkish port cities and coastal towns 

like Istanbul, Izmir and Kuşadası are 

among the popular destinations of 

cruise ship holiday tours in the 

Mediterranean Sea. 

the liberalisation of many sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political 

debate. [95] The public debt to GDP ratio, while well below its levels during the recession of 2001, 

reached 46% in 2010 Q3. The GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 7%, [96] which made 

Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period. However, growth slowed to 

1% in 2008, and in 2009 the Turkish economy was affected by the global financial crisis, with a 

recession of 5%. The economy was estimated to have returned to 8% growth in 2010. [97] 

In the early years of this century the chronically high inflation was brought under control and this led to the launch of a new currency, the 

Turkish new lira, on January 1, 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable 

economy. [98] On January 1, 2009, the new Turkish lira was renamed once again as the Turkish lira, with the introduction of new 

banknotes and coins. As a result of continuing economic reforms, inflation dropped to 8% in 2005, and the unemployment rate to



9 of 20 10/17/2011 9:59 PM 

10%. [99] 

Tourism in Turkey has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an 

important part of the economy. In 2008 there were 31 million visitors to the country, who 

contributed $22 billion to Turkey's revenues. [103] Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are 

banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical products, 

food, mining, iron and steel, machine industry and automotive. Turkey has a large and growing 

automotive industry, which produced 1,147,110 motor vehicles in 2008, ranking as the 6th largest 

producer in Europe (behind the United Kingdom and above Italy) and the 15th largest producer in 

the world. [104][105] Turkey is also one of the leading shipbuilding nations; in 2007 the country 

ranked 4th in the world (behind China, South Korea and Japan) in terms of the number of ordered 

ships, and also 4th in the world (behind Italy, USA and Canada) in terms of the number of ordered 

mega yachts. [106] 

Esenboğa International Airport in 

Ankara. 

Turkey's economy is becoming more dependent on industry 

in major cities, mostly concentrated in the western 

provinces of the country, and less on agriculture. However, 

traditional agriculture is still a major pillar of the Turkish 

economy. In 2010, the agricultural sector accounted for 9% 

of GDP, while the industrial sector accounted for 26% and 

One of the fastest growing airline 

companies in the world, Turkish 

Airlines was chosen as the official 

carrier by Europe's leading football 

clubs like FC Barcelona [100] and 

Manchester United. [101] The company 

is also the primary sponsor of 

Euroleague Basketball. [102] 

the services sector 65%. [97] However, agriculture still accounted for 27% of employment. [107] In 

2004, it was estimated that 46% of total disposable income was received by the top of 20% income earners, while the lowest 20% 

received 6%. [108] According to Eurostat data, Turkish PPS GDP per capita stood at 45 per cent of the EU average in 2008. [109] 

Turkey has taken advantage of the European Union – Turkey Customs Union, signed in 1995, to 

increase its industrial production destined for exports, while at the same time benefiting from 

EU-origin foreign investment into the country. Turkey now has also opportunity of a free trade 

agreement with the European Union (EU) – without full membership – that allows it to 

manufacture for tarif-free sale throughout the EU market. [110][111] 

By 2009 exports were $110 bn and in 2010 it was $117 bn (main export partners in 2009: 

Germany 10%, France 6%, UK 6%, Italy 6%, Iraq 5%). However larger imports, which amounted 

to $166 billion in 2010, threatened the balance of trade (main import partners in 2009: Russia 

14%, Germany 10%, China 9%, US 6%, Italy 5%, France 5%). [97] 

After years of low levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), Turkey succeeded in attracting $22 

billion in FDI in 2007 and is expected to attract a higher figure in following years. [112] A series of 

large privatizations, the stability fostered by the start of Turkey's EU accession negotiations, strong 

Turkish brands like BEKO and Vestel 

are among the largest producers of 

consumer electronics and home 

appliances in Europe. 

and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to a rise in foreign 

investment. [95] 

Demographics 

Main articles: Demographics of Turkey and Turkish people 

The last official census was in 2000 and recorded a total country population of 

Ethnic groups in Turkey (2008) [2] 

67,803,927 inhabitants. [4] According to the Address-Based Birth Recording System Ethnic groups 

Percent 

of Turkey, the country's population was 73.7 million people in 2010, [3] nearly threequarters 

Turks 76.0% 

of whom lived in towns and cities. According to the 2009 estimate, the 

Kurds 15.7% 

population is increasing by 1.5% each year. Turkey has an average population 

Others 8.3% 

density of 92 people per km². People within the 15–64 age group constitute 67% of 

the total population; the 0–14 age group corresponds to 26%; while senior citizens aged 65 years 

or older make up 7%. [113] In 1927, when the first official census was recorded in the Republic of 

Turkey, the population was 13.6 million. [114] 

Life expectancy stands at 71.1 years for men and 75.3 years for women, with an overall average 

of 73.2 years for the populace as a whole. [115] Education is compulsory and free from ages 6 to 

15. The literacy rate is 96% for men and 80.4% for women, with an overall average of 88.1%. [116] 

The low figures for women are mainly due to the traditional customs of the Arabs and Kurds who



10 of 20 10/17/2011 9:59 PM 

live in the southeastern provinces of the country. [117] 

The historic İstiklal Avenue in 

Istanbul's cosmopolitan Beyoğlu 

Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a "Turk" as "anyone who is bound to the Turkish district. 

state through the bond of citizenship"; therefore, the legal use of the term "Turkish" as a citizen of 

Turkey is different from the ethnic definition. However, the majority of the Turkish population are 

of Turkish ethnicity. They are estimeted at 70–75% by the CIA [1] and at 76.0% by a survey of Milliyet in 2007. [2] 

The Kurds, a distinct ethnic group concentrated mainly in the southeastern provinces of the country, are the largest non-Turkic ethnicity, 

estimated at about 18% of the population according to the CIA [1] and at 15.7% according to a survey by the Milliyet daily newspaper. [2] 

Minorities other than the three officially recognized ones do not have any special group privileges, while the term "minority" itself remains 

a sensitive issue in Turkey. Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available, because Turkish census figures do not 

include statistics on ethnicity. [118] 

The three officially recognized major minorities ethnic groups (per the Treaty of Lausanne), i.e. are: Armenians, Greeks and Jews. Signed 

on January 30, 1923, a bilateral accord of population exchange between Greece and Turkey took effect in the 1920s, with close to 1.5 

million Greeks moving from Turkey and some 500,000 Turks coming from Greece. [119] Other ethnic groups include Abkhazians, 

Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Georgians, Hamshenis, Laz, Pomaks (Bulgarians), Roma. 

Minorities of West European origin include the Levantines (or Levanter, mostly of French, Genoese and Venetian descent) who have 

been present in the country (particularly in Istanbul [120] and İzmir [121] ) since the medieval period. 

Urbanization 

An estimated 71% of the population live in urban centers. [122] In all, 18 provinces have populations that exceed 1 million inhabitants, and 

21 provinces have populations between 1 million and 500,000 inhabitants. Only two provinces have populations less than 100,000. 

Istanbul 

Ankara 

Language 

Largest cities of Turkey 

TurkStat. Address-based calculation from December, 2010 [123] 

Rank City Name Province Pop. Rank City Name Province Pop. 

1 Istanbul Istanbul 12,946,730 11 Kayseri Kayseri 826,523 

2 Ankara Ankara 4,223,398 12 Eskişehir Eskişehir 629,609 

3 İzmir İzmir 3,354,934 13 Samsun Samsun 565,000 

4 Bursa Bursa 1,667,321 14 Denizli Denizli 498,643 

5 Adana Adana 1,584,053 15 Şanlıurfa Şanlıurfa 498,111 

6 Gaziantep Gaziantep 1,324,520 16 Adapazarı Sakarya 414,537 

7 Konya Konya 1,036,027 17 Kahramanmaraş Kahramanmaraş 412,252 

8 Antalya Antalya 928,229 18 Malatya Malatya 401,705 

9 Diyarbakır Diyarbakır 843,460 19 Van Van 367,419 

10 Mersin Mersin 843,429 20 Elazığ Elazığ 331,479 

İzmir 

Bursa 

Main article: Languages of Turkey 

Turkish is the sole official language throughout Turkey. Reliable figures for the linguistic breakdown of the populace are not available for 

reasons similar to those cited above. [118] According to CIA the Turkish language is spoken by 70–75% of people and the Kurdish 

language by approximately 18% of people. [citation needed][97] The public broadcaster TRT broadcasts programmes in the local languages 

and dialects of Arabic, Bosnian, Circassian and Kurdish a few hours a week. [124] A public television channel, TRT 6, which airs programs 

of Kurdish-language most of the time, was opened in early 2009. [125] 

Religion 

Main article: Religion in Turkey



11 of 20 10/17/2011 9:59 PM 

Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution 

provides for freedom of religion and conscience. [126][127] Islam is the dominant 

religion of Turkey, it exceeds 99% if secular people of Muslim background are 

included. [97][128][129] Research firms suggest the actual Muslim figure is around 

98%, [130] or 97%. [15] 

There are about 120,000 people of different Christian denominations, including an 

estimated 80,000 Oriental Orthodox, [131] 35,000 Roman Catholics, [132] 5,000 

Orthodox (of them 3,000–4,000 being Greeks) [131] and smaller numbers of Protestants. Today 

there are 236 churches open for worship in Turkey. [133] The Orthodox Church has been 

headquartered in Istanbul since the 4th century AD. Christians represent less than 0.2% of 

Turkey's population, according to the CIA World Factbook. [134] 

There are about 26,000 people who are Jewish, the vast majority of whom are Sephardi. [135] 

Religions in Turkey [15] 

Religions 

Percent 

Islam 96.1% 

Agnosticism 2.3% 

Atheism 0.9% 

Christianity 0.6% 

Others 0.1% 

The Bahá'í Faith in Turkey has roots in Bahá'u'lláh's, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, being exiled 

to Constantinople, current-day Istanbul, by the Ottoman authorities. Bahá'ís cannot register with 

the government officially [136] but there are probably 10 [137] to 20 [138] thousand Bahá'ís, and 

around a hundred Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assemblies in Turkey. [139] 

The Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul. 

Though academics suggest the Alevi population may be from 15 to 20 million. [140][141] According 

to Aksiyon magazine, the number of Shiite Twelvers (excluding Alevis) is 3 million (4.2%), and they live in Istanbul, Iğdır, Kars, Ankara, 

İzmir, Manisa, Çorum, Muğla, Ağrı and Aydın. [142] There are also some Sufi practitioners. [143] The highest Islamic religious authority is 

the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Turkish: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı), it interprets the Hanafi school of law, and is responsible for 

regulating the operation of the country's 80,000 registered mosques and employing local and provincial imams. [144] The role of religion 

has been controversial debate over the years since the formation of Islamist parties. [145] Turkey was founded upon a strict secular 

constitution which forbids the influence of any religion, including Islam. There are sensitive issues, such as the fact that the wearing of the 

Hijab is banned in universities and public or government buildings as some view it as a symbol of Islam – though there have been efforts 

to lift the ban. [146][147][148][149] The vast majority of the present-day Turkish people are Muslim and the most popular sect is the Hanafite 

school of Sunni Islam, which was officially espoused by the Ottoman Empire; according to the KONDA Research and Consultancy 

survey carried out throughout Turkey on 2007: [15] 52.8% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious 

obligations" (religious); 34.3 % defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (believer); 9.7% defined 

themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (fully devout); 2.3% defined themselves as "someone who does 

not believe in religious obligations" (non-believer/agnostic); and 0.9% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" 

(atheist). [15] 

Culture 

Main article: Culture of Turkey 

Turkey has a very diverse culture that is a blend of various elements of the Oğuz Turkic, Anatolian, 

Ottoman (which was itself a continuation of both Greco-Roman and Islamic cultures) and Western culture 

and traditions, which started with the Westernization of the Ottoman Empire and still continues today. This 

mix originally began as a result of the encounter of Turks and their culture with those of the peoples who 

were in their path during their migration from Central Asia to the West. [150][151] 

As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-based former Ottoman Empire into a modern 

nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion, an increase in the modes of artistic 

expression followed. During the first years of the republic, the government invested a large amount of 

resources into fine arts; such as museums, theatres, opera houses and architecture. Diverse historical 

factors play important roles in defining the modern Turkish identity. Turkish culture is a product of efforts 

to be a "modern" Western state, while maintaining traditional religious and historical values. [150] 

Orhan Pamuk is one of the 

leading contemporary Turkish 

novelists and the winner of 

the 2006 Nobel Prize in 

Literature. 

Turkish music and literature form great examples of such a mix of cultural influences, which were a result 

of the interaction between the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic world along with Europe, thus contributing 

to a blend of Turkic, Islamic and European traditions in modern-day Turkish music and literary arts. [152] 

Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic literature during most of the Ottoman era, 

though towards the end of the Ottoman Empire, particularly after the Tanzimat period, the effect of both



12 of 20 10/17/2011 9:59 PM 

Turkish folk and European literary traditions became increasingly felt. The mix of cultural 

influences is dramatized, for example, in the form of the "new symbols [of] the clash and 

interlacing of cultures" enacted in the works of Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in 

Literature. [153] According to Konda public opinion researchers, 70% of Turkish citizens never 

read books. [154] 

Architectural elements found in Turkey are also testaments to the unique mix of traditions that 

have influenced the region over the centuries. In addition to the traditional Byzantine elements 

present in numerous parts of Turkey, many artifacts of the later Ottoman architecture, with its 

exquisite blend of local and Islamic traditions, are to be found throughout the country, as well as in 

many former territories of the Ottoman Empire. Mimar Sinan is widely regarded as the greatest 

architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. Since the 18th century, Turkish 

architecture has been increasingly influenced by Western styles, and this can be particularly seen 

One of the main entrance gates of the 

Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul. 

in Istanbul where buildings like Dolmabahçe and Çırağan Palaces are juxtaposed next to numerous modern skyscrapers, all of them 

representing different traditions. [155] 

Sports 

Main article: Sports in Turkey 

The most popular sport in Turkey is Association football. [156] Turkey's top teams include 

Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe, Trabzonspor and Beşiktaş. In 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a 

major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. Two years later the Turkish 

national team finished third in the 2002 World Cup Finals in Japan and South Korea, while in 2008 

the national team reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Euro 2008 competition. The Atatürk 

Olympic Stadium in Istanbul hosted the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final, while the Şükrü 

Saracoğlu Stadium in Istanbul hosted the 2009 UEFA Cup Final. 

Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. Turkey hosted the Atatürk Olympic Stadium hosted the 

finals of EuroBasket 2001 and the finals of the 2010 FIBA World Championship, winning second 2005 UEFA Champions League Final. 

place on both occasions; while Efes Pilsen S.K. won the Korać Cup in 1996, finished second in the 

Saporta Cup of 1993, and made it to the Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 

2001. [157] Turkish basketball players such as Mehmet Okur and Hidayet Türkoğlu have also been successful in the NBA. Women's 

volleyball teams, namely Eczacıbaşı, Vakıfbank Güneş Sigorta and Fenerbahçe Acıbadem, have won numerous European championship 

titles and medals. 

The traditional Turkish national sport has been yağlı güreş (oiled wrestling) since Ottoman times. [158] Edirne has hosted the annual 

Kırkpınar oiled wrestling tournament since 1361. [159] International wrestling styles governed by FILA such as Freestyle wrestling and 

Greco-Roman wrestling are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both 

individually and as a national team. [160] 

Weightlifting has been a successful Turkish sport. Turkish weightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous world records and 

won several European, [161] World and Olympic [162] championship titles. Naim Süleymanoğlu and Halil Mutlu have achieved legendary 

status as one of the few weightlifters to have won three gold medals in three Olympics. 

Istanbul Park racing circuit a few 

hours before the F1 Turkish Grand 

Prix. 

more popular every year. 

Motorsports are also popular in Turkey. The Rally of Turkey was included to the FIA World Rally 

Championship calendar in 2003, [163] and the Turkish Grand Prix was included to the Formula One 

racing calendar in 2005. [164] Other important annual motorsports events which are held at the 

Istanbul Park racing circuit include the MotoGP Grand Prix of Turkey, the FIA World Touring Car 

Championship, the GP2 Series and the Le Mans Series. From time to time Istanbul and Antalya 

also host the Turkish leg of the F1 Powerboat Racing championship; while the Turkish leg of the 

Red Bull Air Race World Series, an air racing competition, takes place above the Golden Horn in 

Istanbul. Surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, paragliding and other extreme sports are becoming 

See also 

Outline of Turkey 

Index of Turkey-related articles



13 of 20 10/17/2011 9:59 PM 

List of Turkish people 

List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey 

Public holidays in Turkey 

Timeline of Turkish history 

Footnotes 

1. ^ 80–88% in 1995, Turks (http://countrystudies.us/turkey/27.htm) in Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Turkey: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: GPO 

for the Library of Congress, 1995. 

2. ^ On the right side of the Corona Græca in the Holy Crown of Hungary, there is a picture of the Hungarian King Géza I (1074–1077), with the 

Byzantine Greek inscription: "ΓΕΩΒΙΤZΑC ΠΙΣΤΟC ΚΡΑΛΗC ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑC" (Geōvitzas pistós králēs Tourkías, meaning "Géza I, faithful kralj 

of the land of the Turks"). The contemporary Byzantine name for the Hungarians was "Turks". 

References 

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/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html) 

. Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/appendix/appendix-b.html. 

Retrieved 2011-05-16. 

2. ^ a b c d e f "55 milyon kişi 'etnik olarak' Türk / Güncel / Milliyet 

Gazete" (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/03/22/guncel/agun.html) 

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5. ^ a b The World Bank: World Development Indicators Database. 

Gross Domestic Product 2010, PPP. 

(http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources 

/GDP_PPP.pdf) Last revised on 1 July 2011. 

6. ^ The World Bank: GDP, PPP (current international $) 

(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD) 

7. ^ The World Bank: GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) 

(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD) 

8. ^ a b The World Bank: World Development Indicators Database. 

Gross Domestic Product 2010. (http://siteresources.worldbank.org 

/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf) Last revised on 1 July 

2011. 

9. ^ The World Bank: GDP (current US$) (http://data.worldbank.org 

/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD) 

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(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD) 

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on January 1, 2009. 

14. ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, 

D.C.: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 0-7922-7528-4. "Europe" 

(pp. 68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division 

between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural 

River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with 

its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles." 

15. ^ a b c d e KONDA Research and Consultancy (2011-06-25). 

"Religion, Secularism and the Veil in daily life" 

(http://web.archive.org/web/20090325005232/http: 

//www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ghdl&t_en.pdf) (PDF). Milliyet. 

Archived from the original (http://www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar 

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/web/20090325005232/http://www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar 

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16. ^ "CIA World Factbook gives 18% Kurds" (https://www.cia.gov 

/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html#People) . 

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18. ^ a b c Mango, Andrew (2000). Atatürk. Overlook. 

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the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey; Vol.1, Empire of the 

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21. ^ a b "Can Turkey Be a Source of Stability in the Middle East?" 

(http://www.heptagonpost.com/Dessi 

/can_turkey_be_a_source_of_stability_in_the_middle_east) . 

heptagonpost.com. 2010-12-18. http://www.heptagonpost.com 

/Dessi/can_turkey_be_a_source_of_stability_in_the_middle_east. 


22. ^ Harper, Douglas (2001). "Turk" (http://www.etymonline.com 

/index.php?term=Turk) . Online Etymology Dictionary. 

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Turk. Retrieved 

2011-05-24. 

23. ^ Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967). De Administrando 

Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Corpus fontium 

historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: 

Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 0884020215. 

According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his De 

Administrando Imperio (ca. 950 AD) "Patzinakia, the Pecheneg 

realm, stretches west as far as the Siret River (or even the 

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Further reading 

Mango, Andrew (2004). The Turks Today. Overlook. 

ISBN 1585676152. 

Bozarslan, Hamit 'Turkey: Postcolonial discourse in a 

non-colonised state', in Prem Poddar et al., Historical 

Companion to Postcolonial Literatures—Continental Europe 

and its Colonies, Edinburgh University Press, 2008 

Pope, Hugh; Pope, Nicole (2004). Turkey Unveiled. Overlook. 

ISBN 1585675814. 

Revolinski, Kevin (2006). The Yogurt Man Cometh: Tales of 

an American Teacher in Turkey. Citlembik. 

ISBN 9944424013. 

Roxburgh, David J. (ed.) (2005). Turks: A Journey of a 

Thousand Years, 600–1600. Royal Academy of Arts. ISBN 

1-903973-56-2. 

Turkey: A Country Study (1996). Federal Research Division, 

Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0864-6. 

External links 

Official website (http://www.tccb.gov.tr/pages/) 

Turkey (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html) entry at The World Factbook 

Turkey (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Turkey/) at the Open Directory Project 

Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey 

Turkey travel guide from Wikitravel 

OpenStreetMap has geographic data related to Turkey (http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/174737) 

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkey&oldid=456003315" 

Categories: Turkey Aegean Sea Bicontinental countries Black Sea countries Countries of the Mediterranean Sea 

Developing 8 Countries member states Eastern Europe Eurasia European countries G20 nations Member states of NATO 

Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the United Nations Modern Turkic states Near Eastern countries 

Republics States and territories established in 1923 Western Asia Western Asian countries 

This page was last modified on 17 October 2011 at 13:18. 

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