Immigration Shaping America - Population Reference Bureau

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29. Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy (SCIRP), U.S. Immigration Policy
and the National Interest (Washington, DC: SCIRP, 1981).
30. Philip L. Martin, “Good Intentions Gone Awry: IRCA and U.S. Agriculture,” Annals of the
Academy of Political and Social Science, 534 (July 1994): 44-57.
31. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), “DHS Organization,” accessed online at
www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/display?theme=9, on April 29, 2003.
32. Jeffrey S. Passel and Wendy Zimmermann, “Are Immigrants Leaving California?” (Washington,
DC: The Urban Institute, 2001).
33. Jeffrey S. Passel, “Projections of the U.S. Population and Labor Force by Generation and
Educational Attainment: 2000–2050” (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2003). The estimated
annual inflow of 1,250,000 includes legal immigration and net illegal immigration.
34. Passel, “Projections of the U.S. Population and Labor Force.”
35. Ben Wattenberg, The Birth Dearth: What Happens When People in Free Countries Don’t Have
Enough Babies? (New York: Pharos Books, 1987).
36. Passel, “Projections of the U.S. Population and Labor Force.”
37. Passel, “Projections of the U.S. Population and Labor Force.”
38. Passel, “Projections of the U.S. Population and Labor Force.”
39. James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and
Fiscal Effects of Immigration (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997): 135-65.
40. Smith and Edmonston, The New Americans: 5-17.
41. Council of Economic Advisers, The Economic Effects of Immigration (Washington, DC: Council
of Economic Advisers, 1986): 221.
42. Richard Mines and Philip L. Martin, “Immigrant Workers and the California Citrus Industry,”
Industrial Relations 23, no. 1 (1984): 139-49.
43. General Accounting Office (GAO), “Illegal Aliens: Influence of Illegal Workers on Wages
and Working Conditions of Legal Workers,” PEMD-88-13BR (Washington, DC: GAO,
1988): 39-41.
44. George J. Borjas, Friends or Strangers: The Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy (New York:
Basic Books, 1990): 81.
45. David Card, “The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market,” Industrial
and Labor Relations Review 43, no. 2 (1990): 245-57
46. William H. Frey, “The New White Flight,” American Demographics (April 1994): 40-48; and
William H. Frey, “Escaping the City—And the Suburbs,” American Demographics (June
2002): 21-22.
47. George J. Borjas, “The Economics of Immigration,” Journal of Economic Literature 32, no. 4
(1994): 1667-717.
48. Smith and Edmonston, The New Americans: 5-33.
49. Barry Chiswick, “The Effect of Americanization on the Earnings of Foreign-Born Men,”
Journal of Political Economy 86, no. 5 (1978): 897-921.
50. George Borjas, “Assimilation and Changes in Cohort Quality Revisited: What Happened to
Immigrant Earnings in the 1980s?” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no.
4866 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994).
51. Alejandro Portes, ed., The Economic Sociology of Immigration (New York: Russell Sage Foundation,
1995): 29. See also “Immigrant Entrepreneurs,” Research Perspectives on Migration 1,
no. 2 (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment, 1997): 11-12.
52. Randall Filer, Daniel Hamermesh, and Albert Rees, The Economics of Work and Pay (New
York: HarperCollins, 1996): 364; and Borjas, Friends or Strangers: 163.
53. Alejandro Portes and Robert L. Bach, Latin Journey: Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the
United States (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985).
54. Steven A. Camarota, “Immigrants in the United States-2002,” Backgrounder, November
2002 (Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, 2002): table 9.
55. Smith and Edmonston, The New Americans: 52-61.
56. Smith and Edmonston, The New Americans: table 6.3.
57. Robert Warren and Jeffrey S. Passel, “A Count of the Uncountable: Estimates of Undocumented
Aliens Counted in the 1980 United States Census,” Demography 24, no. 3 (1987): 375-93.
58. A country has a comparative advantage when it specializes in producing goods that it manufactures
for less than another country can. Under comparative advantage theory, all
countries benefit when each one trades goods in which it has a comparative advantage.
Accordingly, if Mexico has a comparative advantage over the United States in producing
TVs, and the United States has a comparative advantage over Mexico in producing airplanes,
the economies of both countries will grow if Mexicans sell their TVs to Americans and buy
U.S. airplanes. See McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought,
“David Ricardo and Comparative Advantage,” accessed online at www.systemics.com/
docs/ricardo/david.html, on May 9, 2003.
59. Douglas S. Massey, Jorge Durand, and Nolan J. Malone, Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican
Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002).