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Ecoscenario: Monongahela National Forest 4/16/03 3:20 PM Elevation varies considerably in Monongahela National Forest. The lowest elevation is 275 meters (902 feet) at Petersburg. The highest peak is Spruce Knob, with an elevation of 1482 meters (4861 ft.). The soil and substrate in Monongahela National Forest is a deep layer of organic material formed from decaying leaves and wood. BIOTIC DATA Forests, including the deciduous forest at Monongahela, have layers. The canopy layer, includes the tops of the tallest trees. Below that is a layer of saplings and small trees. The shrub and herb layer is closer to the ground and is sometimes called the understory. On the forest floor is the ground layer, covered in the shortest plants and leaf litter. Art Explosion The understory of the deciduous forest contains mosses, ferns, lichens, and herbaceous plants. Courtesy of U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Springs and small streams throughout the forest keep the forest floor moist. In Monongahela National Forest there are 75 species of trees, including the sugar maple. This canopy tree stands 21–30 meters (70–100 feet) tall. In the trees live many species of birds. Over 230 species, including robins, woodcocks, and wild turkeys, are known to live in the forest, either year-round or during migrations. The trees with birds also harbor squirrels, file:///Ecoscenario/mononga/content.html Page 5 of 11
Ecoscenario: Monongahela National Forest 4/16/03 3:20 PM bats, and insects. In the tallest trees, flying squirrels can be seen gliding from tree to tree. Saplings of sugar maple trees are mixed with adult American beech and black cherry trees. These trees prefer welldrained soils, so might grow in areas a little too dry for sugar maples. Beech trees provide very dense shade in summer under which very few plants can grow. Charles Palek, Earth Scenes Flame azaleas in the shrub layer of the forest burst into bloom in the spring. John Sohlden, Visuals Unlimited Young beech trees grow so densely that sunshine is almost completely blocked from the forest floor. Where the shade from the canopy and sapling layers is not too dense, there is a shrub layer. In open woodlands areas catawba rhododendrons, red elderberry, and flame azaleas grow and bloom. The flowers of these woody shrubs brighten the forest in late May and early June. Fruit from the cherry trees and elderberries attract birds, raccoons, opossums, white-tailed deer, black bears, and humans. In open areas in or near the forest live other animals like the red fox and the woodchuck. Black bears, skunks, and whitetailed deer wander across the forest, looking for food and shelter. Raccoons, bobcats, and opossums also climb in the trees. Courtesy of Phil Stokoe Virginia opossum Near streams, where elderberries grow, is a good place to look for spotted salamanders. They spend most of their time in the moist forest soil and leaf litter. Tree trunks near streams often bear the toothmarks of American beavers, which use logs to build dams and lodges. The fisher, a weasel, is often found near water, but generally avoids open spaces. Round-leaved sundews grow in wetter areas of the open woodlands. Insects attracted to the sundew get caught on its sticky leaves. Chemicals in this sticky sap slowly break down the dead insects, and the sundew absorbs the nutrients. file:///Ecoscenario/mononga/content.html Page 6 of 11
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Ecoscenarios Combined - FOSSweb

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