The sounds of high winds

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For wind turbine noise (and other noise sources) standard measurement procedures require co-operation of the operator to be able to check emission sound levels. This introduces an element of partiality to the advantage of the noise producer. This is also generally a weak point in noise assessment: the source of information is usually the noise producer. Hence there should always be a procedure to determine noise exposure independently of the noise producer. Standard technical procedures have the benefit of providing quality assurance: when research has been conducted in compliance with a standard procedure lay persons should be able to rely on the results. It may however also have a distinct disadvantage for lay people opposing a noise source: when an assessment does not comply with a standard procedure it is not accepted in court, regardless of the content of the claim. A consequence is they have to depend on legal as well as acoustical expertise. If citizens are forced to use expert knowledge, one may argue that they should be given access to that knowledge. An important obstacle is the cost of that access. 25
Page 1 and 2: The sounds of high winds the effect
Page 3 and 4: Promotores: prof dr ir H. Duifhuis
Page 5 and 6: Contents I WIND POWER, SOCIETY, THI
Page 7 and 8: VII THINKING OF SOLUTIONS: measures
Page 10 and 11: I WIND POWER, SOCIETY, THIS BOOK: a
Page 12 and 13: esidents) noticed the discrepancy b
Page 14 and 15: that even though wind turbines did
Page 16 and 17: legitimate problems [Wolsink 1990].
Page 18 and 19: Thinking that this could perhaps be
Page 20 and 21: gas must keep flowing” . 1 I do n
Page 22 and 23: sound and the noise that wind produ
Page 24: combined with the corresponding sec
Page 27 and 28: calculated one and whether sound ch
Page 29 and 30: annoying turbine sound at distances
Page 31 and 32: was 57.9 dB, with a maximum deviati
Page 33: not correct at night, although the
Page 37 and 38: variations in the vertical wind vel
Page 39 and 40: For = 0 equation (III.2) reduces t
Page 41 and 42: e f unstable = 1.2 = 0.85f log in a
Page 43 and 44: this peak frequency is of an order
Page 45 and 46: Swish, which is the variation in TE
Page 48 and 49: IV LOUD SOUNDS IN WEAK WINDS: effec
Page 50 and 51: IV.2 Figure IV.1: the Rhede wind fa
Page 52 and 53: IV.5 Measurement instruments and me
Page 54 and 55: At the specification extremes of 10
Page 56 and 57: Location Table IV.3: total measurem
Page 58 and 59: = 2.6f log , in agreement with a wi
Page 60 and 61: IV.8 Comparison of emission and imm
Page 62 and 63: clear that in neutral conditions to
Page 64 and 65: only 4.5 m/s and at 2 m height is l
Page 66 and 67: In figure IV.10 a line is plotted c
Page 68 and 69: Considering only spherical spreadin
Page 70 and 71: V THE BEAT IS GETTING STRONGER: low
Page 72 and 73: height, the change in associated t
Page 74 and 75: different turbines as observed at t
Page 76 and 77: the microphone was lower than V 10
Page 78 and 79: turbines have been plotted. In each
Page 80 and 81: The façade spectra in figure V.1C
Page 82 and 83: Figure V.2B presents similar plots
Page 84 and 85:
pulses. The pulse frequency is equa
Page 86 and 87:
level is related to the frequency r
Page 88 and 89:
latter is of course a lower value a
Page 90 and 91:
citizens from villages near four wi
Page 92 and 93:
turbine in daytime will usually not
Page 94:
and the distances to the observer.
Page 97 and 98:
northern parts of the Netherlands.
Page 99 and 100:
VI.4 Results: wind shear and stabil
Page 101 and 102:
and day seem more pronounced than i
Page 103 and 104:
VI.4.2 Shear and ground heat flux F
Page 105 and 106:
VI.4.4 Prevalence of stability In f
Page 107 and 108:
2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 4
Page 109 and 110:
1 1 0 1 0 6 1 0 2 9 8 9 4 9 0 8 6 8
Page 111 and 112:
VI.6 Other onshore results Values o
Page 113 and 114:
VI.7 Conclusion Results from variou
Page 115 and 116:
In assessments of wind turbine nois
Page 117 and 118:
desirable to adapt to changing cond
Page 119 and 120:
The values of L 95,5min are calcula
Page 121 and 122:
then either L 95,5min determined fr
Page 123 and 124:
The optimum angle of attack of the
Page 125 and 126:
In an unstable atmosphere turbulenc
Page 127 and 128:
Figure VIII.0: foam wind screens 11
Page 129 and 130:
noted himself in his concluding rem
Page 131 and 132:
pressure level due to atmospheric t
Page 133 and 134:
(corresponding to large eddy diamet
Page 135 and 136:
L p,1/3 = 20·log(p 1/3 /V 2 ) = -
Page 137 and 138:
where o = 1 m is a reference lengt
Page 139 and 140:
The ‘Kwelder’ measurements were
Page 141 and 142:
Figure VIII.4: reduced 1/3 octave b
Page 143 and 144:
ambient sound dominates the wind-in
Page 145 and 146:
20 V10 90 90 = 0.9 0.5 0 median wi
Page 147 and 148:
and central parts of the Netherland
Page 149 and 150:
include a determination of roughnes
Page 151 and 152:
the measured level, but the discrep
Page 153 and 154:
determined by the ratio of the scre
Page 155 and 156:
angle of attack to local conditions
Page 157 and 158:
148
Page 159 and 160:
The Berlin conference helped me sol
Page 161 and 162:
152
Page 163 and 164:
the beating character of wind turbi
Page 165 and 166:
frequencies originates and which is
Page 167 and 168:
diverge again. With several turbine
Page 169 and 170:
By changing the pitch angle while t
Page 171 and 172:
162
Page 173 and 174:
controle. Ook door de gedetailleerd
Page 175 and 176:
Het contrast tussen windturbinegelu
Page 177 and 178:
ijvoorbeeld als een windturbine op
Page 179 and 180:
Tot slot kunnen we concluderen dat
Page 181 and 182:
Harders H. and Albrecht H. J. (2005
Page 183 and 184:
Morgan S. and Raspet R. (1992): “
Page 185 and 186:
interim evaluation of BLOW”), TNO
Page 187 and 188:
178
Page 189 and 190:
Appendix A List of symbols Symbol:
Page 191 and 192:
L eq : equivalent sound level; L eq
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix B Dominant sources of wind
Page 195 and 196:
initially approx. 3 dB per octave,
Page 197 and 198:
SPL TE () = 1.5· - 1.2 (dB) (B.8)
Page 199 and 200:
Appendix C Simultaneous registratio
Page 201 and 202:
Appendix D Publications by the auth
Page 203 and 204:
Wind gradient statistics up to 200
Page 205 and 206:
Op zoek naar stilte - meting van st
Page 207 and 208:
Beoordeling berekeningsmethode schi
Page 209:
Op zoek naar stilte: indicatoren va
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