The sounds of high winds

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X EPILOGUE 149 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 153 SUMMARY 155 SAMENVATTING 163 REFERENCES 171 APPENDICES 179 A: List <strong>of</strong> symbols B: Dominant sources <strong>of</strong> wind turbine sound B.1 Infrasound: thickness sound B.2 Low frequencies: in-flow turbulent sound B.3 High frequencies: trailing edge sound C: Simultaneous sound level registrations D: Publications by the author D1 Published and conference papers D1.1 Single author D1.2 Co-author D2 Science Shop reports and memoranda D2.1 Single author, reports D2.1 Single author, memoranda D2.2 Co-author v
Page 1 and 2: The sounds of high winds the effect
Page 3 and 4: Promotores: prof dr ir H. Duifhuis
Page 5 and 6: Contents I WIND POWER, SOCIETY, THI
Page 7: VII THINKING OF SOLUTIONS: measures
Page 11 and 12: ecause at night, especially on nice
Page 13 and 14: to comment on our report [Van den B
Page 15 and 16: I.3 Commercial and policy implicati
Page 17 and 18: NOISE FROM WINDFARM MAKING LIFE A M
Page 19 and 20: countryside. It is predictable that
Page 21 and 22: to onshore wind turbines” obstruc
Page 23 and 24: paper presented at Euronoise 2003 [
Page 26 and 27: II ACOUSTICAL PRACTICE AND SOUND RE
Page 28 and 29: pulses may occur in phase increasin
Page 30 and 31: A third reason may be partiality to
Page 32 and 33: When noise disputes are brought to
Page 34: For wind turbine noise (and other n
Page 37 and 38: variations in the vertical wind vel
Page 39 and 40: For = 0 equation (III.2) reduces t
Page 41 and 42: e f unstable = 1.2 = 0.85f log in a
Page 43 and 44: this peak frequency is of an order
Page 45 and 46: Swish, which is the variation in TE
Page 48 and 49: IV LOUD SOUNDS IN WEAK WINDS: effec
Page 50 and 51: IV.2 Figure IV.1: the Rhede wind fa
Page 52 and 53: IV.5 Measurement instruments and me
Page 54 and 55: At the specification extremes of 10
Page 56 and 57: Location Table IV.3: total measurem
Page 58 and 59:
= 2.6f log , in agreement with a wi
Page 60 and 61:
IV.8 Comparison of emission and imm
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clear that in neutral conditions to
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only 4.5 m/s and at 2 m height is l
Page 66 and 67:
In figure IV.10 a line is plotted c
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Considering only spherical spreadin
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V THE BEAT IS GETTING STRONGER: low
Page 72 and 73:
height, the change in associated t
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different turbines as observed at t
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the microphone was lower than V 10
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turbines have been plotted. In each
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The façade spectra in figure V.1C
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Figure V.2B presents similar plots
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pulses. The pulse frequency is equa
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level is related to the frequency r
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latter is of course a lower value a
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citizens from villages near four wi
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turbine in daytime will usually not
Page 94:
and the distances to the observer.
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northern parts of the Netherlands.
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VI.4 Results: wind shear and stabil
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and day seem more pronounced than i
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VI.4.2 Shear and ground heat flux F
Page 105 and 106:
VI.4.4 Prevalence of stability In f
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2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 4
Page 109 and 110:
1 1 0 1 0 6 1 0 2 9 8 9 4 9 0 8 6 8
Page 111 and 112:
VI.6 Other onshore results Values o
Page 113 and 114:
VI.7 Conclusion Results from variou
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In assessments of wind turbine nois
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desirable to adapt to changing cond
Page 119 and 120:
The values of L 95,5min are calcula
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then either L 95,5min determined fr
Page 123 and 124:
The optimum angle of attack of the
Page 125 and 126:
In an unstable atmosphere turbulenc
Page 127 and 128:
Figure VIII.0: foam wind screens 11
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noted himself in his concluding rem
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pressure level due to atmospheric t
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(corresponding to large eddy diamet
Page 135 and 136:
L p,1/3 = 20·log(p 1/3 /V 2 ) = -
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where o = 1 m is a reference lengt
Page 139 and 140:
The ‘Kwelder’ measurements were
Page 141 and 142:
Figure VIII.4: reduced 1/3 octave b
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ambient sound dominates the wind-in
Page 145 and 146:
20 V10 90 90 = 0.9 0.5 0 median wi
Page 147 and 148:
and central parts of the Netherland
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include a determination of roughnes
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the measured level, but the discrep
Page 153 and 154:
determined by the ratio of the scre
Page 155 and 156:
angle of attack to local conditions
Page 157 and 158:
148
Page 159 and 160:
The Berlin conference helped me sol
Page 161 and 162:
152
Page 163 and 164:
the beating character of wind turbi
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frequencies originates and which is
Page 167 and 168:
diverge again. With several turbine
Page 169 and 170:
By changing the pitch angle while t
Page 171 and 172:
162
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controle. Ook door de gedetailleerd
Page 175 and 176:
Het contrast tussen windturbinegelu
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ijvoorbeeld als een windturbine op
Page 179 and 180:
Tot slot kunnen we concluderen dat
Page 181 and 182:
Harders H. and Albrecht H. J. (2005
Page 183 and 184:
Morgan S. and Raspet R. (1992): “
Page 185 and 186:
interim evaluation of BLOW”), TNO
Page 187 and 188:
178
Page 189 and 190:
Appendix A List of symbols Symbol:
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L eq : equivalent sound level; L eq
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix B Dominant sources of wind
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initially approx. 3 dB per octave,
Page 197 and 198:
SPL TE () = 1.5· - 1.2 (dB) (B.8)
Page 199 and 200:
Appendix C Simultaneous registratio
Page 201 and 202:
Appendix D Publications by the auth
Page 203 and 204:
Wind gradient statistics up to 200
Page 205 and 206:
Op zoek naar stilte - meting van st
Page 207 and 208:
Beoordeling berekeningsmethode schi
Page 209:
Op zoek naar stilte: indicatoren va
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