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demanding car. It is thus a very poor message being sent to the consumer who – well-knowing from Option B that it is not a good idea to use money on a car – nevertheless wants to buy the product with the least environmental impact. Using the price of a product for normalisation purposes as suggested by 2.-0 Consultants is therefore judged not to give the environmentally conscious consumer the information needed to make the right choice, at least not in all cases. Furthermore, it must be recognized that the consumer is not provided with the information which by many is considered to be a core element, namely “How important for the environment is it that I purchase this product and not its alternative”? This question is answered in Option 1) and the answer could probably easily be integrated in the overall format suggested for EPD’s. 2.11 Review summary The standards used for establishing EPD-information operates at different levels as indicated in Table 1. Table 1. Level of documents used for establishing Environmental Product Declarations or Environmental Profiles. Document level Document reference Comment Overall Level – LCA ISO 14040 Not discussed in review ISO 14044 General EPD-level ISO 14025 Regards all types of products EPD-level buildings ISO/FDIS 21930 Under development CEN TC 350 General EPD/PCRlevel BRE-methodology Examples of national EPD-schemes AUB-Leitfaden MRPI-standard (NEN 8006) AFNOR-standard (NF P 01-010) Swedish EPD-system (MSR 1999:2) PCR-documents PCR-documents are developed in the AUB and Swedish EPD-schemes, Only few, selected excerpts are discussed whereas in the other schemes the general PCR-document applies to all product groups EPD’s Not examined Not discussed in review Table 2 presents an overview of how selected elements are handled in the European EPD-schemes examined. The overview is subsequently discussed in brief, pinpointing the most significant or “interesting” differences. 40
Table 2. Overview of how selected elements are handled in the reviewed schemes. Aspect Swedish EPD French standard German AUB-scheme UK BRE scheme Dutch MRPI-scheme 2.-0 Consultants Scope All products Building products and Building products and Building products and Building materials, All products components components components product and elements Life cycle stages Cradle to grave or Cradle-to-gate Cradle-to-grave Cradle to grave or cradle to Cradle-to end of use Cradle-to-grave cradle to gate, as appropriate gate, as appropriate Consequential or attrbutional Attributional Attributional Attributional Attributional Attributional Consequential Cut-off rules Allocation rules (open-loop recycling) LCA/LCI information included Additional environmental information Presentation of results 1 %, based on importance No system expansion; recycled materials without impacts Resource consumption, generation of waste, characterised data for global and regional impacts No normative requirements 2 %, based on mass; hazardous substances to be included No system expansion; recycled materials without impacts Detailed LCI, characterised data for global, regional and local impacts, additional environmental information Declaration of content of hazardous substances; Data relating to assessment of health risks and comfort Inputs, accounting for more than 1 % by mass or primary energy shall be included. Sum of excluded flows less than 5 %. Current and future recycling conditions to be considered Resource consumption, generation of waste, characterised data for global and regional impacts, additional environmental information Product composition, incl. hazardous and dangerous shall be declared in detail; Tests of indoor products; unusual situations described Large variations (Almost) fixed format Small variations, depending on PCRdocument 2 %, based on mass as a general rule; materials with a significant impact on extraction, use or disposal to be included, likewise for toxic substances and hazardous waste Allocation based on number of loops Characterized and normalised data, incl. human toxicity and ecotoxicity No normative requirements 2 %, based on mass. Sum of excluded flows less than 5 %. Materials contributing more than 5 % to be included Allocation based on market conditions and prices Characterised data, incl. human toxicity and ecotoxicity. “Environmental measures” as a special feature. No normative requirements All flows included in a hybrid LCA Not necessary Characterised data; Impacts per Euro spent on similar and average product Can be included as appropriate and relevant Fixed format Fixed format Fixed format 2.11.1 Scope The Swedish EPD-system is the only reviewed scheme with the possibility of making EPD of products from other sectors than the building industry. This is also reflected by the number of product category rules available, being very high for the Swedish system, whereas for the UK, French and Dutch systems only one standard or PCR document covers the whole product range. The German AUB-scheme has a general PCR-document which is “translated” into specific PCR-documents, covering a narrow range of products, e.g. building metals or mineral insulation. The approach suggested by 2.0-Consultants also covers a wide scope, i.e. also other products than building-related products can be handled. 2.11.2 LCA approach Some of the schemes (UK, S, (DE)) examined allow some flexibility with respect to life cycle stages included. The French scheme is very strict in its requirements, i.e. the full life cycle must be addressed. This approach is made possible through a simplified allocation of recycling and re-use, using the socalled stock approach. The Dutch scheme applies a scenario technique for the life cycle stages following the production stage; for the demolition and disposal stage however only by or in request of the producer. 41
Page 1: Benchmarking and additional environ
Page 4 and 5: 2.9.4 Presentation of results 32 2.
Page 7 and 8: Summary The report addresses the po
Page 9 and 10: etween eco-labelling and energy lab
Page 11 and 12: 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The p
Page 13 and 14: An EDS is thus not directly compara
Page 15 and 16: Life cycle stages The development o
Page 17 and 18: 2.3 ISO/FDIS 21930 The ISO FDIS 219
Page 19 and 20: The division between the various ca
Page 21 and 22: 2.4.3 Additional environmental info
Page 23 and 24: • Water extraction • Waste disp
Page 25 and 26: consumer health and the local envir
Page 27 and 28: • Global Warming Potential • Oz
Page 29 and 30: a contribution to the relevant envi
Page 31 and 32: • Multi-output processes • Mult
Page 33 and 34: 2.10.2 LCA approach The LCA approac
Page 35 and 36: 2.10.5 Cut-off rules Using the I/O-
Page 37 and 38: - as was the case for option 1) - t
Page 39: A hypothetical, but realistic examp
Page 43 and 44: With respect to impact assessment,
Page 45 and 46: • There is an apparent risk of de
Page 47 and 48: 4 Development of Environmental Data
Page 49 and 50: conventional LCA approach as is the
Page 51 and 52: (Hauschild & Wenzel, 1998) and the
Page 53 and 54: such cases, additional performance
Page 55 and 56: concern level, and the detailed lif
Page 57 and 58: There are no unequivocal or science
Page 59 and 60: 4.4.2 Other approaches for testing
Page 61 and 62: The scoring and rating system based
Page 63 and 64: product groups. It thus allows the
Page 65 and 66: 5 Background information for the ED
Page 67 and 68: 300,000 km will decrease most impac
Page 69 and 70: • Cleaning and drying performance
Page 71 and 72: declarations contain information on
Page 73 and 74: Table 14. Checklist for compliance
Page 75 and 76: 5.6.2 Additional environmental info
Page 77 and 78: These issues are in focus in the Ge
Page 79 and 80: o Low emissions of TVOC, TSVOC, for
Page 81 and 82: is an open question whether the sur
Page 83 and 84: a thickness of 250 mm is required,
Page 85 and 86: Table 1 Environmental specification
Page 87 and 88: of similar quality. A quick screeni
Page 89 and 90: e changed as needed or desired in o
Page 91 and 92:
Eurostat (2007). Transport. Passeng
Page 93 and 94:
Tukker A et al. (2005). Environment
Page 95 and 96:
is communicated. It is acknowledged
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