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CONTENTS
Preface
xii
Chapter One
Invention: Exploring the Landscapes of the Mind 1
Strategies for Invention 2
Didion, Joan. “Why I Write” 7
Elbow, Peter. “Freewriting” 12
Hoffman, Eva. “Life in a New Language” 18
Saltrick, Susan. “A Campus of Our Own: Thoughts of a Reluctant
Conservative” 26
Thomas, Audrey. “Basmati Rice: An Essay about Words” 34
Trinh, T. Minh-ha. From “Commitment from the Mirror-Writing Box” 41
Zinsser, William. “Simplicity” 45
Chapter Two
Development: Bridging the Gap Between Writer and Audience 50
Methods of Development 51
Development for Different Purposes 54
Alexander, Brian. “The Remastered Race” 57
Dillard, Annie. “Living like Weasels” 63
Doidge, Norman. “The Suit” 67
Hanna, Dawn. “Hooked on Trek” 72
Hume, Stephen. “The Spirit Weeps” 76
Jackson, Marni. “Gals and Dolls: The Moral Value of ‘Bad’ Toys” 87
Johnston, Basil H. “One Generation from Extinction” 92
King, Martin Luther, Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail in Response to Public
Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen” 99
Menzies, Heather. “When Roots Grow Back into the Earth” 115
Murray, Donald M. “The Maker’s Eye: Revising Your Own Manuscript” 120
Nikiforuk, Andrew. “Beasts, Germs and the Superorganism” 125
Chapter Three
Arrangement: Giving Structure to Ideas 133
Introductions 134
Body Paragraphs: Confirmation 135
Body Paragraphs: Refutation and Concession 138

iv
Contents
Conclusions 140
Caragata, Warren. “Crime in Cybercity” 141
Corbeil, Carole. “The Advertised Infant: Ivan’s Adventures in Babyland” 146
Kingwell, Mark. “The Goods on the Tube” 152
Lau, Evelyn. “An Insatiable Emptiness” 157
Laurence, Margaret. “Down East” 163
Martin, Emily. “The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a
Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles” 169
Schafer, R. Murray. “The Glazed Soundscape” 185
Suzuki, David. “The Prostitution of Academia” 190
Welbourn, Kathryn. “Outports and Outlaws” 195
Chapter Four
Style: Pushing the Boundaries 204
Diction 205
Figurative Language 207
Tone 208
Sentence Variety 209
Paragraph Length 210
Atwood, Margaret. “The Female Body” 211
Bacon, Francis. “Of Studies” 214
Cohn, Carol. “Sex and Death and the Rational World of
Defense Intellectuals” 216
Genosko, Gary. “Hockey and Culture” 231
King, Thomas. “How I Spent My Summer Vacation: History, Story, and the
Cant of Authenticity” 244
Marlatt, Daphne. “Difference (em)bracing” 252
Ondaatje, Michael. “Aunts” 258
Trudeau, Pierre. “On Bilingualism” 260
Updike, John. “The Disposable Rocket” 266
Ward, Jacob. “Crime Seen” 270
Chapter Five
Delivery: Creating a Public Voice 274
Guidelines for Creating a Public Voice 274
Aristotle. From Rhetoric 277
Douglas, Tommy. “Capital Punishment” 279

Contents
v
Gould, Stephen Jay. “Dinomania” 286
Lewis, Stephen. “AIDS in Africa” 302
Maracle, Lee. “Native Myths: Trickster Alive and Crowing” 315
Mukherjee, Bharati. “An Invisible Woman” 321
Orwell, George. “Politics and the English Language” 329
Tan, Amy. “Mother Tongue” 340
Tannen, Deborah. “Fighting for Our Lives” 346
Chapter Six
Identifying and Writing about Rhetorical Strategies 365
Step One: Reading the Essay 366
Step Two: Presenting Introductory Details 369
Step Three: Selecting Data and Formulating Your Thesis 369
Step Four: Arranging and Developing Body Paragraphs 370
Step Five: Concluding 371
Step Six: Proofreading 372
Step Seven: Crafting a Title 372
Sample Essay 1: “Barbie Bashing” 372
Sample Essay 2: “The Confinement of Choice” 375
Chapter Seven
Writing Research Papers 377
The Research Paper 377
The Assignment 378
Step One: Choosing a Topic 378
Step Two: Locating Relevant Information 383
Step Three: Evaluating Information 386
Step Four: Drafting the Paper 392
Step Five: Revising 394
Sample Student Essay: MLA Style of Documentation 395
Rehnby, Maret. “Let’s Not Have Another Cup of Coffee” 396
Other Styles of Documentation 404
Credits 409
Index 411

ALTERNATIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS:
METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT AND RHETORICAL AIMS
Description
Didion, Joan. “Why I Write” 7
Doidge, Norman. “The Suit” 67
Hoffman, Eva. “Life in a New Language” 18
Lau, Evelyn. “An Insatiable Emptiness” 157
Laurence, Margaret. “Down East” 163
Menzies, Heather. “When Roots Grow Back into the Earth” 115
Ondaatje, Michael. “Aunts” 258
Welbourn, Kathryn. “Outports and Outlaws” 195
Narration
Corbeil, Carole. “The Advertised Infant: Ivan’s Adventures in Babyland” 146
Dillard, Annie. “Living like Weasels” 63
Doidge, Norman. “The Suit” 67
Hoffman, Eva. “Life in a New Language” 18
King, Thomas. “How I Spent My Summer Vacation: History, Story, and the
Cant of Authenticity” 244
Lau, Evelyn. “An Insatiable Emptiness” 157
Maracle, Lee. “Native Myths: Trickster Alive and Crowing” 315
Menzies, Heather. “When Roots Grow Back into the Earth” 115
Mukherjee, Bharati. “An Invisible Woman” 321
Ondaatje, Michael. “Aunts” 258
Schafer, R. Murray. “The Glazed Soundscape” 185
Ward, Jacob. “Crime Seen” 270
Welbourn, Kathryn. “Outports and Outlaws” 195
Process Analysis
Elbow, Peter. “Freewriting” 12
Murray, Donald M. “The Maker’s Eye: Revising Your Own Manuscript” 120
Ward, Jacob. “Crime Seen” 270
Zinsser, William. “Simplicity” 45
Definition
Alexander, Brian. “The Remastered Race” 57
Aristotle. From Rhetoric 277
Atwood, Margaret. “The Female Body” 211

Methods of Development and Rhetorical Aims
vii
Bacon, Francis. “Of Studies” 214
King, Thomas. “How I Spent My Summer Vacation: History, Story, and the
Cant of Authenticity” 244
Laurence, Margaret. “Down East” 163
Nikiforuk, Andrew. “Beasts, Germs and the Superorganism” 125
Suzuki, David. “The Prostitution of Academia” 190
Thomas, Audrey. “Basmati Rice: An Essay about Words” 34
Trinh, T. Minh-ha. From “Commitment from the Mirror-Writing Box” 41
Trudeau, Pierre. “On Bilingualism” 260
Updike, John. “The Disposable Rocket” 266
Example and Illustration
Alexander, Brian. “The Remastered Race” 57
Caragata, Warren. “Crime in Cybercity” 141
Cohn, Carol. “Sex and Death and the Rational World of
Defense Intellectuals” 216
Didion, Joan. “Why I Write” 7
Genosko, Gary. “Hockey and Culture” 231
Hume, Stephen. “The Spirit Weeps” 76
Jackson, Marni. “Gals and Dolls: The Moral Value of ‘Bad’ Toys” 87
Johnston, Basil H. “One Generation from Extinction” 92
King, Martin Luther, Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail in Response to Public
Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen” 99
Kingwell, Mark. “The Goods on the Tube” 152
Marlatt, Daphne. “Difference (em)bracing” 252
Orwell, George. “Politics and the English Language” 329
Tan, Amy. “Mother Tongue” 340
Tannen, Deborah. “Fighting for Our Lives” 346
Thomas, Audrey. “Basmati Rice: An Essay about Words” 34
Updike, John. “The Disposable Rocket” 266
Comparison and Contrast
Caragata, Warren. “Crime in Cybercity” 141
Cohn, Carol. “Sex and Death and the Rational World of
Defense Intellectuals” 216
Dillard, Annie. “Living like Weasels” 63
Gould, Stephen Jay. “Dinomania” 286
Hume, Stephen. “The Spirit Weeps” 76

viii
Alternative Table of Contents
Jackson, Marni. “Gals and Dolls: The Moral Value of ‘Bad’ Toys” 87
Martin, Emily. “The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a
Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles” 169
Mukherjee, Bharati. “An Invisible Woman” 321
Updike, John. “The Disposable Rocket” 266
Classification and Division
Aristotle. From Rhetoric 277
Atwood, Margaret. “The Female Body” 211
Bacon, Francis. “Of Studies” 214
Hanna, Dawn. “Hooked on Trek” 72
Laurence, Margaret. “Down East” 163
Nikiforuk, Andrew. “Beasts, Germs and the Superorganism” 125
Orwell, George. “Politics and the English Language” 329
Schafer, R. Murray. “The Glazed Soundscape” 185
Tan, Amy. “Mother Tongue” 340
Cause and Effect
Cohn, Carol. “Sex and Death and the Rational World of
Defense Intellectuals” 216
Corbeil, Carole. “The Advertised Infant: Ivan’s Adventures in Babyland” 146
Didion, Joan. “Why I Write” 7
Elbow, Peter. “Freewriting” 12
Gould, Stephen Jay. “Dinomania” 286
Hanna, Dawn. “Hooked on Trek” 72
Hoffman, Eva. “Life in a New Language” 18
Johnston, Basil H. “One Generation from Extinction” 92
King, Martin Luther, Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail in Response to Public
Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen” 99
Lau, Evelyn. “An Insatiable Emptiness” 157
Lewis, Stephen. “AIDS in Africa” 302
Maracle, Lee. “Native Myths: Trickster Alive and Crowing” 315
Martin, Emily. “The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a
Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles” 169
Orwell, George. “Politics and the English Language” 329
Saltrick, Susan. “A Campus of Our Own: Thoughts of a Reluctant
Conservative” 26

Methods of Development and Rhetorical Aims
ix
Schafer, R. Murray. “The Glazed Soundscape” 185
Suzuki, David. “The Prostitution of Academia” 190
Tan, Amy. “Mother Tongue” 340
Persuasion
Atwood, Margaret. “The Female Body” 211
Cohn, Carol. “Sex and Death and the Rational World of
Defense Intellectuals” 216
Corbeil, Carole. “The Advertised Infant: Ivan’s Adventures in Babyland” 146
Dillard, Annie. “Living like Weasels” 63
Douglas, Tommy, “Capital Punishment” 279
Gould, Stephen Jay. “Dinomania” 286
Hume, Stephen. “The Spirit Weeps” 76
Jackson, Marni. “Gals and Dolls: The Moral Value of ‘Bad’ Toys” 87
Johnston, Basil H. “One Generation from Extinction” 92
King, Martin Luther, Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail in Response to Public
Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen” 99
King, Thomas. “How I Spent My Summer Vacation: History, Story, and the
Cant of Authenticity” 244
Kingwell, Mark. “The Goods on the Tube” 152
Lewis, Stephen. “AIDS in Africa” 302
Maracle, Lee. “Native Myths: Trickster Alive and Crowing” 315
Martin, Emily. “The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a
Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles” 169
Mukherjee, Bharati. “An Invisible Woman” 321
Nikiforuk, Andrew. “Beasts, Germs and the Superorganism” 125
Orwell, George. “Politics and the English Language” 329
Saltrick, Susan. “A Campus of Our Own: Thoughts of a Reluctant
Conservative” 26
Suzuki, David. “The Prostitution of Academia” 190
Tannen, Deborah. “Fighting for Our Lives” 346
Trinh, T. Minh-ha. From “Commitment from the Mirror-Writing Box” 41

x
Alternative Table of Contents
ALTERNATIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS:
TOPICS AND ISSUES
Writing Process
Didion, Joan. “Why I Write” 7
Elbow, Peter. “Freewriting” 12
Murray, Donald M. “The Maker’s Eye: Revising Your Own Manuscript” 120
Thomas, Audrey. “Basmati Rice: An Essay about Words” 34
Trinh, T. Minh-ha. From “Commitment from the Mirror-Writing Box” 41
Zinsser, William. “Simplicity” 45
Education
Aristotle. From Rhetoric 277
Bacon, Francis. “Of Studies” 214
Saltrick, Susan. “A Campus of Our Own: Thoughts of a Reluctant
Conservative” 26
Suzuki, David. “The Prostitution of Academia” 190
Language and Culture
Cohn, Carol. “Sex and Death and the Rational World of
Defense Intellectuals” 216
Hoffman, Eva. “Life in a New Language” 18
Johnston, Basil H. “One Generation from Extinction” 92
Orwell, George. “Politics and the English Language” 329
Tan, Amy. “Mother Tongue” 340
Tannen, Deborah. “Fighting for Our Lives” 346
Canadian Nationalism and Regionalism
Genosko, Gary. “Hockey and Culture” 231
Laurence, Margaret. “Down East” 163
Trudeau, Pierre. “On Bilingualism” 260
Welbourn, Kathryn. “Outports and Outlaws” 195
Race and Ethnicity
Hume, Stephen. “The Spirit Weeps” 76
King, Thomas. “How I Spent My Summer Vacation: History, Story, and the
Cant of Authenticity” 244
Maracle, Lee. “Native Myths: Trickster Alive and Crowing” 315

Topics and Issues
xi
Mukherjee, Bharati. “An Invisible Woman” 321
King, Martin Luther, Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail in Response to Public
Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen” 99
Gender and Identity
Atwood, Margaret. “The Female Body” 211
Jackson, Marni. “Gals and Dolls: The Moral Value of ‘Bad’ Toys” 87
Marlatt, Daphne. “Difference (em)bracing” 252
Updike, John. “The Disposable Rocket” 266
Family, Memory, and Stories of Survival
Doidge, Norman. “The Suit” 67
Lau, Evelyn. “An Insatiable Emptiness” 157
Ondaatje, Michael. “Aunts” 258
Mass Media
Corbeil, Carole. “The Advertised Infant: Ivan’s Adventures in Babyland” 146
Hanna, Dawn. “Hooked on Trek” 72
Kingwell, Mark. “The Goods on the Tube” 152
Tannen, Deborah. “Fighting for Our Lives” 346
Nature and Society
Dillard, Annie. “Living like Weasels” 63
Menzies, Heather. “When Roots Grow Back into the Earth” 115
Nikiforuk, Andrew. “Beasts, Germs and the Superorganism” 125
Schafer, R. Murray. “The Glazed Soundscape” 185
Science and Technology
Alexander, Brian. “The Remastered Race” 57
Gould, Stephen Jay. “Dinomania” 286
Martin, Emily. “The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a
Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles” 169
Saltrick, Susan. “A Campus of Our Own: Thoughts of a Reluctant
Conservative” 26
Ward, Jacob. “Crime Seen” 270
Law and Ethics
Douglas, Tommy. “Capital Punishment” 279
Caragata, Warren. “Crime in Cybercity” 141
Lewis, Stephen. “AIDS in Africa” 302
Ward, Jacob. “Crime Seen” 270