Investigative interviewing: the literature - New Zealand Police

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR Mary Schollum (BA, MPhil) has worked for New Zealand Police since Feb 1991. She has held positions in areas dealing with research, evaluation, statistics, policy analysis and advice, strategic planning and project management. Any opinions expressed in this report are those of the author. They do not necessarily represent the views of the New Zealand Police. “Society cannot afford investigative interviewing to be poor. This affects people’s perceptions of the criminal justice system. The guilty get away, the innocent are convicted, justice for children and vulnerable adults is inadequate. Poor interviewing is of no value to anyone; it is a waste of time, resources and money. No one wins. People will not come forward if they have no confidence in the quality of investigators’ interviewing techniques”. From: Rebecca Milne & Ray Bull. Investigative Interviewing: psychology and practice. John Wiley and Sons Ltd: Chichester, 1999, p191. Published by Office of the Commissioner New Zealand Police Wellington www.police.govt.nz
REVIEW OF INVESTIGATIVE INTERVIEWING Table of Contents Summary 3 Overview view 8 Introduction 8 Structure 8 Limitations 9 Definitions 10 Interview 10 Victim and witness 10 Complainant 11 Suspect 11 Interrogation versus interviewing 11 Investigative interviewing 13 Investigator / detective 13 The importance of investigative interviewing 15 Types of interview 15 Why investigative interviewing is important 15 The interviewer 16 Understanding factors influencing interviews 17 Witness or suspect interviews - which are more important? 17 Emphasis on getting a confession 18 Ethical interviewing 20 Introduction 20 Background 20 Unethical interviewing 20 Ethical interviewing 21 Miscarriages of justice 22 Improvements 23 False confessions 24 Principles of investigative interviewing 25 The influence of psychology 27 Background 27 Memory 28 Body language or non-verbal communications (NVCs) 33 Deception 34 Suggestibility 35 Interviewees 37 Witnesses 37 Vulnerable witnesses 38 Suspects 39 Juvenile suspects 40 Resistance from interviewees 41 The PEACE model of interviewing 43 Lead up to the PEACE model 43 Development of PEACE 43 Wide use of PEACE 44 Description 44 Implementation 47 Does the PEACE model work? 48 Failure to live up to expectations 49 2001 evaluation of PEACE training 49 Effect of PEACE training 51 Supervision 51 Formal assessment 52 Breaches of PACE Act 53 Wider applicability 53 Major interview techniques 54 Introduction 54 Questioning 54 Cognitive interviewing 58 Enhanced Cognitive Interview 59 Interviewing traumatised victims 61 Research findings 61 Adoption of the CI 62 Limitations and practical issues 63 Move away from CI techniques for general training 65 Discussion 65 Free recall 66 Conversation management 67 Tool-kit of techniques 68 Terminology 70 Other interview techniques 71 Forensic hypnosis 71 The polygraph 72 Statement analysis 73 RPMs 76 Interrogation techniques 77 Mutt and Jeff 80 Focused interviewing and analytic interviewing 80 Conclusion 80 1
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Investigative interviewing: the literature - New Zealand Police

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