Real-time Communication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)

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In [4], the authors devised a model for discovery of spatio-temporal resources in an infrastructure-less environment, in which the database is distributed among the moving objects. In this model, two vehicles exchange their local databases when their distance is smaller than the wireless transmission range. Also [5] proposes 2 new flooding strategies based on an adaptive algorithm VON. 1-hop which enhances traditional source routing for low mobility nodes, reacting to VON efficiency decay and answer path routing failure. On the other hand, 2.5-hop also reacts to VON efficiency decay and answers path routing failure, but presents lower successful rates and is less redundant. 3.3.3 Location-driven Routing Protocol In recent years, a number of location-based protocols are emerging. With the development of location dependent service such as Global Position System (GPS) and Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), a lot of work has extended location-based forwarding strategies, there are several routing-related research efforts: location Service, recovery strategies, vehicle movement patterns, digital maps and navigation systems [16]. In [6], the author described and analyzed a vehicle-vehicle Location-Based Broadcast (LBB) communication protocol which is designed to meet the application of DSRC. Cluster-Based Location Routing (CBLR) protocol, somewhat reactive and distributed algorithm based on location of the nodes is presented in [11] to Inter-vehicular and vehicle-to-roadside communications. Using location-based routing, messages will likely be delivered to vehicles in a zone of relevance for a given message [15]. 22
In VANETs, limited resource (e.g. bandwidth) is obvious challenge. Comparing with the other routing protocols, reactive protocols, in general, are expensive in time consuming. Moreover, the incremental transmission volume always leads to collision in medium access and communication latency. In the other hand, highly mobile nodes cause rapid changes in link connectivity (e.g. link failure and topology changing) which causes many paths to disconnect before they can be utilized. Thus preactive routing protocols normally find routes before sending messages, they are not likely to provide robust enough support to routing in VANETs. However, location-based routing still does not address the frequent fragmentation of the network. For this, epidemic routing protocols and hybrid communication strategies are emerging. Epidemic routing protocols require the prioritization of messages in the transmission queue; this prioritization should reflect the time- and distance-varying importance of the messages. [4], [9], [17] 3.4 Simulation A simulation is a system that takes a simulating experiment description to realize the experiment by running episodes and executing models). As a result, a simulation produces data or generates scenarios to reflect the behaviour of expected object in the real world. The development of simulation is a complex work. Thus, some dedicated 23
Page 1 and 2: Real-time Communication in Vehicula
Page 3 and 4: PERMISSION TO LEND AND/OR COPY I ag
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT Ad hoc networks in which n
Page 7 and 8: 3.4.1.1 Ns-2 . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: 5.3.3.1 Dynamic object . . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Time Re
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Introduction In this chap
Page 15 and 16: 1.3 Objective For this dissertation
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2 Background In this chapte
Page 19 and 20: Figure 2.2 Backoff Process 2.2 MANE
Page 21 and 22: In VANETs scenarios there are three
Page 23 and 24: number of stations in the network [
Page 25 and 26: Clock synchronisation is necessary
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 3 Related Works In this cha
Page 29 and 30: 3.2 MAC Protocol The MAC layer is t
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3.1 Classification of MAC Pr
Page 33: 3.3.2 Source-driven Routing Protoco
Page 37 and 38: 3.4.1.3 TOSSIM / TOSSF TOSSIM [54]
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 4 DESIGN After covering muc
Page 41 and 42: 4.2.2 Individual Behaviour Differen
Page 43 and 44: learning about the system. In [34],
Page 45 and 46: is specified as an entity. An entit
Page 47 and 48: Object Oriented Programming differs
Page 49 and 50: 4.5.2 Roadway Layout As mentioned a
Page 51 and 52: 4.5.4.1 Intra-cell communication Ac
Page 53 and 54: 4.6 TBMAC Application Programming I
Page 55 and 56: 4.7.1.1 Clock synchronisation First
Page 57 and 58: When a vehicle is going to leave a
Page 59 and 60: 4.8 Summary In this chapter we firs
Page 61 and 62: To avoid the confusion from the den
Page 63 and 64: 5.3 Components 5.3.1 Roadway We app
Page 65 and 66: Through above steps, we can get a r
Page 67 and 68: 5.3.3 Vehicle 5.3.3.1 Dynamic objec
Page 69 and 70: For a driving vehicle A, if there i
Page 71 and 72: Thread to implement the enter() met
Page 73 and 74: In the end, we join the above appro
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 6 Evaluation This Chapter i
Page 77 and 78: many classes were put in the packet
Page 79 and 80: 6.3.1 Vehicular Mobility Model Rand
Page 81 and 82: 6.3.5 Software Usability The TBMAC
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 7 Conclusion 7.1 Summary In
Page 85 and 86:
7.3 Lessons Learned In this project
Page 87 and 88:
[7] Y.-B. Ko and N. H. Vaidya, “G
Page 89 and 90:
[19] M. Ergen, et al., “Wireless
Page 91 and 92:
[36] J. Misra, “Distributed discr
Page 93 and 94:
[51] “DSRC—Dedicated Short Rang
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