Lecture Notes in Advanced Thermodynamics

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1 Introduction 1.1 Subject of thermodynamics What is the subject of thermodynamics? – elementary approach: physics of heat, temperature and energy → engineering advantage: performing practical calculations of energy transfer processes (classical thermodynamics course) – advanced level: general background and framework of macroscopic physics → engineering advantage: better understanding of other macroscopic physics courses (solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, classical thermodynamics, electrodynamics, physical chemistry) 1.2 Mathematical models in thermodynamics 1.2.1 Basic concepts thermodynamic system : a mathematical abstraction which is used for modelling a piece of reality, a system is a collection of interacting bodies thermodynamic body : the smallest individual piece of a system state : the set of all pieces of information which determines our whole knowledge from the system, time and space dependent. state variables : mathematical objects which are used to represent the state, they can be numbers, functions, etc. . . 1.2.2 Classification of models different areas of thermodynamics → different features of state variables phenomenology - statistics – phenomenological: state variables are related directly to macroscopic features of the material – statistical: state variables are related to the behaviour of the microscopic particles, and macroscopic features are derived from them by statistical methods (not covered in this subject) 2
thermostatics - thermodynamics – thermostatics: state variables do not depend on time (analogy: mechanical statics) – thermodynamics: state variables can change in time (analogy: mechanical dynamics) discrete thermodynamics - continuum thermodynamics – discrete thermodynamics: state variables are homogeneous (analogy: mechanics of point masses and rigid bodies) – continuum thermodynamics: state variables are space dependent (analogy: continuum mechanics) 2 Thermostatics of discrete bodies other names: – thermostatics of homogeneous bodies – equilibrium ,,thermodynamics” we can imagine a homogeneous body as a very small amount of material or a box of material where all the properties are constant in space and time 2.1 Simple compressible body simple compressible body: a thermodynamic body, which can be characterized in equilibrium state by the mass (M), the volume (V ) and the internal energy (E) remarks: – in the following ,,body” means this simple compressible body – this is an appropriate model for thermal and mechanical behaviour of single-component gases – for other material types (solids, fluids, multi-component gases, radiation, etc.) or other physical properties (chemical, electrical, etc.) different, usually more complicated models are used 3
Page 1: Lecture Notes in Advanced Thermodyn
Page 5 and 6: - for that there exists a S(E, V, M
Page 7 and 8: intensive property of T ,p and µ:
Page 9 and 10: Example: internal energy - let us c
Page 11 and 12: - substituting to the potential rel
Page 13 and 14: - considering an intensive state fu
Page 15 and 16: extensive quantity (A) V M E S F G
Page 17 and 18: Condition of the concave property o
Page 19 and 20: - the condition (27): - the conditi

Lecture Notes in Advanced Thermodynamics

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