Ecological, Social and Commercial Role of Lichens in India with ...

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Acdemia Arena 2010, Supplement 0201 http://www.sciencepub.net Singh, J.S. (1992). Man and forest intractions in Central Himalaya. 57-79 in Singh J.S. and Singh, S.P. (Eds.) Himalayan Environment and Development: Problems and Prespectives. Gyonodaya Prakashan, Nainital (India). Singh, J.S. and Singh, S.P. (1992). Forest of Himalaya: Structure, Functioning and impact of Man. Gyonodaya Prakashan, Nainital (India). Silvertown, J. Charlesworth, D. (2001). Plant Population Biology, 4 th edn. Blackwell Oxford. Slack, N.G. (1988). The Ecological Importance of lichen and Bryophyte. Bib. Lichenol. 30: 23-53. Sorenson, F.C. and Forrel, W.K. (1979). Photosynthesis and growth of Douglas fir seedlings when grown in different environments. Can. J. Bot. 51: 1689-98. Tilman, D. (2000). Causes, cosequences and ethics of biodiversity. Nature, 405:208-11. Thoreau, H.D. (1960). The succession of forest trees. In Excursions 1863. Haughton and Mifflin, Boston. Whittaker, R.H. and Marks, P.L. (1975). Methods of assessing terrestrial productivity, In: Primary Productivity of Biosphere. (eds.) Lieth and Whittaker 55-119. Springer Verlag, New York. 19
Acdemia Arena 2010, Supplement 0201 http://www.sciencepub.net REVIEW OF LITERATURE Chapter-2 Lichenology in India India has a rich diversity of lichens represented by more than 2,000 species (Awasthi 2000), which is about 10% of the total 20,000 species known from the world. The lichens are common to abundant in temperate and alpine regions of the Himalayas and hilly regions of the peninsular India. Through the maximum diversity of lichens in the country is recorded for South Indian regions and Eastern Himalayan region, but they are relatively common in occurrence in Western Himalaya (Awasthi 2000). The present number of lichens in the country appears a lower estimate as many more areas especially mountains and the forest canopies are yet to be explored (Negi and Gadgil 1996; Negi 1999; Negi and Upreti 2000). The lichen studies were initiated little late in India as compared to the rest of the world. It was Quraishi (1928) and Kashyap whose collection was published by Smith (1931). Chopra (1934) published a comprehensive account of lichens of Himalayas. Dr. D. D. Awasthi in the late forties of the last century established a school of lichenology in India and a number of lichenological investigations related with monographic, revisionary and floristic studies were initiated in the country. The first record of lichen community studies from India was provided by Dudgeon (1923) who studied succession of epiphytic lichens on Quercus leucotrichophora tree in Western Himalayas. Biswas and Awasthi (1948) provided an account of the distribution of Indian lichens; Bhatia (1957) made observation on the lichen communities of the western Himalayas. The more extensive and intensive studied on the community ecology of Indian lichens have initiated recently when Upreti (1995) explained loss of diversity in Indian lichen flora; Upreti (1996) provided an enumeration of the lichens growing on Shorea robusta trees in Jharsuguda district, Orissa; Negi and Gadgil (1996) studied in the pattern of distribution of macrolichens in western part of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve; Upreti (1997) provided an account of diversity of Himalayan lichens; Upreti (1998) extensively discussed in detail the account of lichens occurring in tropical, temperate and alpine region of India and also categorized lichens according to forest type with six different vegetation zones of tropical lichens and detail description of endemic lichens and affinities of Indian lichen flora vis-à-vis world. 20
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