Ecological, Social and Commercial Role of Lichens in India with ...

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Acdemia Arena 2010, Supplement 0201 http://www.sciencepub.net Appropriate Technology India (ATI) is non-profit organization registered under the India societies act 1860, was established in August 1994 and developed as centre for ecological studies, which provides short term training and conduct program regarding conservation of nature and flora in school and college together with local peoples. REFERENCES Chaturvedi, S.N. and Singh, K.P. Plant Biodiversity, Microbial Intraction and Environmental Biology (2005),145. Crutis, J.T. and Mc Intosh, R.P.. The interrelations of certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological characters, Ecology (1950), 31: 434-455. Giri, D. Tewari, L.M. and Tamta, S. Quantitative analysis of tree species in oak dominant forest of Uttarakhand, Central Himalaya. Indian Journal of Botanical Research (2008), 4(2): 313-318. Kumar, B. Lichen species distribution, cover and fall in a Quercus semecarpifolia (J E Smith) forest of Garhwal Himalaya, Ph. D. Thesis (2008), HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal), India. Ralhan, P.K., Saxena, A.K. and Singh, J.S. Analysis of forest vegetation at and around Nainital in Kumaun Himalaya Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad. (1982), 48B:122-138. Singh, J.S. and Singh, S.P. Forest vegetation of Himalaya. The Botanical Review (1987), 53: 80- 193. Singh, J.S. and Singh, S.P. Forest of Himalaya; structure and functioning and impact of man. Gyanodaya Prakashan (1992), Nainital, India. Saxena, A.K. and Singh, J.S. 1984. Tree population structure of certain Himalayan forest associations and implications concerning future composition. Vegetatio, 58: 61-69. Whittaker, R.H. 1972. Evolution and measurement of species diversity, Taxon 21:213-251. 33
Acdemia Arena 2010, Supplement 0201 http://www.sciencepub.net Chapter-4 ASSESSMENT OF LICHEN SPECIES IN A TEMPERATE REGION OF GARHWAL HIMALAYA, INDIA ABSTRACT: An enumeration of 106 lichen species belonging to 47 genera and 28 families from Baniyakund-Chopta areas of Garhwal is provided. The area is dominated by macrolichens (foliose to fruticose form). The area exhibit the luxuriant growth of corticolous lichens represented by the occurrence of 64% of corticolous (bark inhabiting) lichens followed by 30% of saxicolous (rock inhabiting) and 4% of terricolous (soil inhabiting) lichens. A single species growing on leaves (foliicolous) is also recorded from the area. If we compare the lichen diversity of the study area visà-vis other regions, it is about 30% of the Garhwal Himalayas, 20% of the Uttarakhand and 10% of the Himalayas and less than 0.5% of Indian lichen diversity. Key words: Lichen diversity, phorophytes, substratum, growth forms INTRODUCTION Lichens comprise a unique group of plant that consists of two unrelated organism, a fungus and an alga, growing together in a close symbiotic association. The study of lichen remains quite neglected throughout the world, through they together with mosses form dominant organisms in ecosystem covering over 10% of the earth terrestrial habitats, particularly at higher elevations (Nash and Egan 1988). Lichens with cynobacterial blue green symbionts, contribute significantly for forest nitrogen fixation (Slack 1988). Besides many other uses, lichens are also used as pollution monitors. They are the plants that occur in most adverse conditions of climate and substrate. Thus the importance of this group in an ecosystem is very heigh in its own way. Lichens are just like little sponges that take up everything that comes their way, including air pollution (Fleishner 1994). Lichens are universally distributed organisms occurring in varied climatic conditions ranging from the poles to the tropics in earth. They may look like crust, spreading rapidly over the surface (crustose lichens) or leafy and loosely attached to the surface (foliose lichens) and branched 34
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