Applying wildlife welfare principles to individual animals

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Table of Contents Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 2. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL WELFARE 3 2.1 Some definitions of welfare 3 2.2 Fitness and welfare 3 3. TRADITIONAL APPROACHES TO ANIMAL WELFARE 5 4. MORE MODERN APPROACHES TO THE ASSESSMENT OF ANIMAL WELFARE 8 4.1 Positive and negative aspects of animal welfare 8 4.2 An adaptive view of animal welfare 8 4.3 Welfare as the animal’s own perception of its status 9 5. INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN WELFARE STATUS 10 5.1 Variation in coping strategies 10 5.2 Optimising or satisficing? 11 6. DEFINITIONS OF WELFARE AND WELFARE STATUS 12 6.1 Adaptive capacity 12 6.2 Welfare 12 6.3 Positive Welfare 12 6.4 Negative Welfare 12 6.5 Suffering 12 7. ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL WELFARE STATUS IN WIDLLIFE SPECIES 14 7.1 Traditional views of welfare and welfare as a dynamic state 14 7.2 The role of stress 15 7.3 Behavioural responses as indicators of welfare status 16 7.4 Using wild deer as an example 18 7.5 The ethical dimension of welfare 20 8. DUTY OF CARE FOR WILDLIFE SPECIES 22 8.1 Is our responsibility context dependent? 22 8.2 Responsibility for action? 23 8.3 Differing dichtomies in relation to animal suffering 23 8.4 To intervene or not to intervene? 24 8.5 Context-dependecy of Duty of Care: a reprise: 28 9. LEGISLATION PROVISION 29 10. ADDRESSING WELFARE ISSUES AND IMPROVING INDIVIDUAL WELFARE STATUS IN WILDLIFE SPECIES 31 10.1 Background to assessment of welfare status in individual wild deer 31 10.2 Actual assessment of welfare status in individual wild deer 32 11. ASSESSING BIOLOGICAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF INDIVIDUAL WILDILFE WELFARE 35 12. REFERENCES 36 ANNEX 1: GLOSSARY OF TERMS 45 ii
Acknowledgements We are grateful to Peter Green, Ken Urquhart, James Kirkwood, James Simpson, Marieke Gartner, Andrew Voas and Ruedi Nager for their useful discussions on this report. iii
Page 1 and 2: Scottish Natural Heritage Commissio
Page 3: COMMISSIONED REPORT Summary Applyin
Page 7 and 8: whether or not humans have the righ
Page 9 and 10: (as in the example of shelter seeki
Page 11 and 12: animals, then they are somewhat ove
Page 13 and 14: 4. MORE MODERN APPROACHES TO THE AS
Page 15 and 16: 5. INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN WELFARE
Page 17 and 18: 6. DEFINITIONS OF WELFARE AND WELFA
Page 19 and 20: 7. ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL WELFARE
Page 21 and 22: Currently, this method is being est
Page 23 and 24: 7.4 Using wild deer as an example T
Page 25 and 26: 7.5 The ethical dimension of welfar
Page 27 and 28: 8. DUTY OF CARE FOR WILDLIFE SPECIE
Page 29 and 30: hunger. While short-term exposure t
Page 31 and 32: subjective and possibly subject to
Page 33 and 34: likely to be affected by ‘non-spe
Page 35 and 36: estriction of firearms which may be
Page 37 and 38: indicator for nutritional dependenc
Page 39 and 40: Once again, experienced stalkers ma
Page 41 and 42: 12. REFERENCES Appleby, M.C. and Sa
Page 43 and 44: deKloet, E.R., Karst, H and Joels,
Page 45 and 46: Koolhaas, J.M., de Boer, S.F., Copp
Page 47 and 48: Pollock, J.I. 1980. Behavioural Eco
Page 49 and 50: Zulu, V.C., Nakao, T., Moriyoshi, M
Page 51 and 52: it might be more appropriate to see
Page 53 and 54: A welfare issue arises when a welfa
Page 55:
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