RACING PIGEONS â IMPACT OF RAPTOR PREDATION

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Trials of loft-based deterrents The present study has highlighted several deterrent techniques that could be tested in field-trials, including mirrors/reflectors (especially Mylar tape), animated models and bioacoustics. Field trials must be designed carefully to take into account variation in the potential level of raptor attack between different lofts. The experimental design, therefore, should either match deterrent and control lofts for attack frequency (which is related to proximity to woodland), or if attack rates are sufficiently frequent compare attack rates at the same loft during periods of deployment and non-deployment of the deterrent. 92
10. References Allan, D.S. 2001. Raptors and the rearing of pheasants. Part II. A preliminary evaluation of techniques to reduce losses of young pheasants to raptors at release pens. ADAS report to the British Association of Shooting and Conservation. Andelt, W.F., Woolley, T.P. & Hopper, S.N. 1997. Effectiveness of barriers, pyrotechnics, flashing lights and Scarey Man® for deterring heron predation on fish. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 25(3): 686-694. Avery, M. I. & Winder, F.L.R. 1990. Roseate Tern in Red Data Birds in Britain (L. A. Batten, C. J. Bibby, P. Clement, G. D. Elliot & R. F. Porter, eds.) pp 208-212. Nature Conservancy Council & RSPB. T & A. D. Poyser, London. Banks, A.N., Coombes, R.H. & Crick, H.Q.P. 2003. The Peregrine Falcon breeding population of the UK & Isle of Man in 2002. BTO Research Report No. 330. Belant, J.L., & Ickes, S.K. 1997. Mylar flags as gull deterrents. Thirteenth Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings (eds. C. D. Lee and S. E. Hygnstrom), pp. 73-80. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. Bell, D.V & Austin L.W 1985. The game-fishing season and its effect on overwintering wildfowl. Biological Conservation, 33: 65-80. Bishop, J., McKay, H.M., Parrott, D. & Allan, J. 2003. Review of international research literature regarding the effectiveness of auditory bird scaring techniques and potential alternatives. Central Science Laboratory report to Defra. Blest, A.D. 1957. The function of eyespot patterns in the Lepidoptera. Behaviour, 11: 209-255. Bomford, M. & O’Brien, P.H. 1990. Sonic deterrents in animal damage control: a review of device tests and effectiveness. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 18: 411-422. Boudewijn, T. J. & Dirksen, S. 1996. Review of deterrent, scaring and other methods to prevent cormorant foraging. In: The Assessment of the Effectiveness of Management Measures to Control Damage by Fish-Eating Birds to Inland Fisheries in England and Wales (ed. H. McKay). Report to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Maff Project VC0107). Bridgman, C.J. 1980. Bio-acoustic bird scaring in Britain. Proceedings of IVth Pan- African Ornithological Congress: 383-387. Bruggers, R.L., Brooks, J.E., Dolbeer, R.A., Woronecki, P.P., Pandit, R.K., Tarimo, T. & Hoque, M. 1986. Responses of pest birds to reflecting tape in agriculture. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 14: 161-170. Censky, E. J. & Ficken, M.S. 1982. Response of black-capped chickadees to mirrors. Wilson Bulletin, 94(4): 590-593. 93
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RACING PIGEONS - IMPACT OF RAPTOR P
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CONTENTS PAGE 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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6.3 DETERRENTS USED IN OTHER CIRCUM
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OB=48). Collectively, however, the
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• The risk of sparrowhawk predati
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1.5 REVIEW OF DETERRENTS • A revi
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• Overall reported losses to spar
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2. INTRODUCTION 2.1 BACKGROUND Pere
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During the Second World War (1939-4
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Table 2.1. Changes in the peregrine
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website, 2002). In South Wales, Dix
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2.5.2 Sparrowhawk Diet Sparrowhawk
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In 1996 a total of 34,685 birds fro
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Dixon (2002) also estimated the num
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more likely to follow natural featu
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3. TOTAL REPORTED LOSSES FROM SCOTT
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3.3a). The circumstances of losses
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Figure 3.2. Location of lofts used
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Table 3.3 Regional comparison of ol
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would be expected as a consequence
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p>0.05), although at the Federation
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Ayrshire Loft 25 20 15 10 5 0 1981
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4. REPORTED LOSSES TO SPARROWHAWKS
Page 50 and 51: Table 4.1. Summary of reported loss
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.2. Comparison of reported l
Page 54 and 55: irds, a mean of 0.91 birds per loft
Page 56 and 57: 5. LOSSES TO PEREGRINES AWAY FROM L
Page 58 and 59: Figure 5.1. Regional distribution o
Page 60 and 61: crags were also examined unless it
Page 62 and 63: also died between the time of the r
Page 64 and 65: 5.2.3 Discussion It was always reco
Page 66 and 67: 5.4 ESTIMATE OF POTENTIAL STRAYS 5.
Page 68 and 69: Figure 5.5. Principal race routes f
Page 70 and 71: 5.4.3 Discussion The rate of potent
Page 72 and 73: These 86 questionnaire returns were
Page 74 and 75: Table 6.2. Frequency of multiple lo
Page 76 and 77: within the area of application. The
Page 78 and 79: Table 6.6. Management techniques wh
Page 80 and 81: 1986). Peregrines in Britain, likew
Page 82 and 83: pitched wail and may illuminate at
Page 84 and 85: development to ensure that the chem
Page 86 and 87: deterrents were regularly moved and
Page 88 and 89: located at another loft) and two un
Page 90 and 91: other stimuli. Essentially, the mor
Page 92 and 93: 7. FIELD TRIALS OF RACE DETERRENTS
Page 94 and 95: Table 7.1. Return rates of racing p
Page 96 and 97: 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 98 and 99: 9. FUTURE RESEARCH Accurate recordi
Page 102 and 103: Conover, M.R. 1979. Response of bir
Page 104 and 105: Inglis, I.R. 1980. Visual bird scar
Page 106 and 107: Nicolaus, L.K., Herrera, J., Nicola
Page 108 and 109: Toyne, E.P. 1998. Breeding season d
Page 110 and 111: pigeons are available to peregrines
Page 112 and 113: Daily Food Intake (DFI) Redpath & T
Page 114 and 115: Reliability of the available data T
Page 116 and 117: Estimates of potential peregrine ki
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RACING PIGEONS â IMPACT OF RAPTOR PREDATION