Sharashkin, Leonid. The socioeconomic and cultural significance of

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Wildlife and biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Natural resources conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 The human dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Satisfying the psychological need for interaction with plants and nature . . . . 47 Health and physical well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Personal self-esteem and independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Hobby and recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Social interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Community development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Children development and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Other benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 THE CULTURAL DIMENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Culture and agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Definitions: culture and values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Definition of culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Definition of values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Cultural values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Spiritual values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 A THOUSAND-YEAR WAR ON SUBSISTENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Why do history and tradition matter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Food, freedom and authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Deep antiquity: before 9th century CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 The enslavement of Slavs: 10th to 19th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 The peasant economy and the agrarian question in the 19th – early 20th centuries 91 The agrarian question: Marxists vs. Chaianov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Agrarian values — the cultural dimension of peasantry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Soviet period: collectivization and persistence of small-scale private gardens . . 100 Chaianov’s utopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Subsidiary plot and dacha cultivation (1920s to present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Post-Soviet period and to the present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 v
CHAPTER 2. HOUSEHOLD GARDENING IN THE VLADIMIR REGION . . . . . . 112 RESEARCH PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Research purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Research objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Research questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Participation in food gardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Economic dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Agricultural dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Socio-cultural dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 RESEARCH APPROACHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Quantitative vs. qualitative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Descriptive vs. correlational research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Value and limitations of the regional approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Feasibility and meaningfulness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Relevance to decision-making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Generalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Study region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Unit of observation: family (household) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Target population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Accessible population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Sampling design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Sample size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Sampling technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Addressing errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Description of instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Measuring cultural characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Validity procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Reliability procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 vi
Page 1 and 2: THE SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL SIGN
Page 3 and 4: To Anastasia and to millions of Rus
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When I started res
Page 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Page 11 and 12: Agri-cultural values . . . . . . .
Page 13 and 14: 14. Views of Marxists and Chaianov
Page 15 and 16: 52. Distribution of responses to cu
Page 17 and 18: 13. Peasant-like households in the
Page 19 and 20: THE SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL SIGN
Page 21 and 22: Dacha. The term dacha, dating back
Page 23 and 24: farming in reference to gardening,
Page 25 and 26: In this dissertation, I use the Lib
Page 27 and 28: Recently, it has been increasingly
Page 29 and 30: in the region in 2006 (with a repre
Page 31 and 32: largely due to the proliferation of
Page 33 and 34: 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 67% 33% 48%
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Land usage by different gr
Page 37 and 38: garden-plots is certainly intention
Page 39 and 40: Finally, the gardening practices ar
Page 41 and 42: That household gardening is a highl
Page 43 and 44: Table 6: Distribution of land under
Page 45 and 46: Table 7. Distribution of land under
Page 47 and 48: Table 8. Number of households ownin
Page 49 and 50: Table 10. Employers’ requests for
Page 51 and 52: Table 11 shows that of the 80,342 g
Page 53 and 54: household subsistence comes first,
Page 55 and 56: Household production plays an impor
Page 57 and 58: the country’s agricultural output
Page 59 and 60:
• Subsidy-free: This mode of agri
Page 61 and 62:
was not only “beautiful,” but i
Page 63 and 64:
for several decades, Kurdiumov (200
Page 65 and 66:
Organic husbandry minimizes agroche
Page 67 and 68:
have recently been vindicated by sc
Page 69 and 70:
oth Russia and the U.S. Indeed, as
Page 71 and 72:
another important factor shaping th
Page 73 and 74:
Community development In the U.S.,
Page 75 and 76:
THE CULTURAL DIMENSION Culture and
Page 77 and 78:
First, a study of agriculture witho
Page 79 and 80:
All of these questions suggest that
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 10. Old Russian distaffs dec
Page 83 and 84:
A related danger arises when differ
Page 85 and 86:
to the same extent as the human bod
Page 87 and 88:
the sacredness of the human-earth c
Page 89 and 90:
My interest here is not so much in
Page 91 and 92:
introduction of a new ideology that
Page 93 and 94:
from cereal crops and beans, vegeta
Page 95 and 96:
lit. “the bearing of fruit”), r
Page 97 and 98:
As the society was composed of fami
Page 99 and 100:
As we see, subsistence growing stoo
Page 101 and 102:
While the princes themselves could
Page 103 and 104:
Since pagan lifestyle and beliefs p
Page 105 and 106:
and “sinful” for Christians —
Page 107 and 108:
adopted from the pagan religion and
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 15. A peasant being whipped,
Page 111 and 112:
However, the emancipation of serfs
Page 113 and 114:
• nationalization of land ownersh
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 17. “October 25 [date of t
Page 117 and 118:
But, in addition to agriculture bei
Page 119 and 120:
Peasant economy is the most perfect
Page 121 and 122:
the way of the builders of a new so
Page 123 and 124:
Figure 18. “Raise vegetables!”
Page 125 and 126:
in areas around major cities and in
Page 127 and 128:
But times have changed: the new lea
Page 129 and 130:
uilding project explained that he h
Page 131 and 132:
CHAPTER 2 HOUSEHOLD GARDENING IN TH
Page 133 and 134:
• What cultural values do gardene
Page 135 and 136:
cultivate? How did the volume of pr
Page 137 and 138:
Value and limitations of the region
Page 139 and 140:
METHODOLOGY Research Design This is
Page 141 and 142:
190 km east of Moscow. Fifteen thou
Page 143 and 144:
Economy. In 2005, the Gross Regiona
Page 145 and 146:
Another group that is excluded from
Page 147 and 148:
period lies outside both the tradit
Page 149 and 150:
• Stage 4 — systematic sampling
Page 151 and 152:
[Table 16 continued.] (1) (2) (3) (
Page 153 and 154:
average size of households evolve s
Page 155 and 156:
Instrumentation Description of inst
Page 157 and 158:
values (including the notion that r
Page 159 and 160:
in everyday life. Also, Stern et al
Page 161 and 162:
Notes to Table 17: 1) Items 2 and 1
Page 163 and 164:
have experience in conducting rural
Page 165 and 166:
All interviewers without exception
Page 167 and 168:
Once a schedule was completed (incl
Page 169 and 170:
News from the field Accustomed to c
Page 171 and 172:
Data entry After each schedule pass
Page 173 and 174:
GENERAL SURVEY RESULTS Demographics
Page 175 and 176:
is a household, not an individual).
Page 177 and 178:
The reasons for not participating i
Page 179 and 180:
A number of studies (notably Clarke
Page 181 and 182:
Percent of households 45% 40% 35% 3
Page 183 and 184:
Average garden size, ha 0.18 0.16 0
Page 185 and 186:
Gardeners use a variety of legal fo
Page 187 and 188:
Percent of households 35% 30% 25% 2
Page 189 and 190:
It should be noted that the amount
Page 191 and 192:
Note that even the machinery used o
Page 193 and 194:
e regarded as rough approximations
Page 195 and 196:
less important than many other expe
Page 197 and 198:
Sharing with relatives or friends c
Page 199 and 200:
ee products offer the largest avera
Page 201 and 202:
The income sellers derived from the
Page 203 and 204:
Number of households, percent 50% 4
Page 205 and 206:
Table 41. Number of gardening house
Page 207 and 208:
in Chapter 1 on the basis of nation
Page 209 and 210:
The next common practice is crop ro
Page 211 and 212:
Seed sources Gardeners play an impo
Page 213 and 214:
Table 48. Uses of garden-plots by h
Page 215 and 216:
Table 49. Households’ rankings of
Page 217 and 218:
Agri-cultural values As we have see
Page 219 and 220:
• age of respondent, • gender o
Page 221 and 222:
Finally, there is a small differenc
Page 223 and 224:
[Table 52 continued.] [14] Agricult
Page 225 and 226:
The five items with the lowest scor
Page 227 and 228:
very imperfect measures of the actu
Page 229 and 230:
Information and skills From 2001 on
Page 231 and 232:
Interaction with others and persona
Page 233 and 234:
major problem for many urbanites du
Page 235 and 236:
CHAPTER 3 THE INVISIBLE GARDENS The
Page 237 and 238:
“STRETCH YOUR BRAINS” An early
Page 239 and 240:
However, we have a millennial recor
Page 241 and 242:
However, the idea that micro-scale
Page 243 and 244:
This observation has important impl
Page 245 and 246:
of Chaianov the vast majority of Ru
Page 247 and 248:
(including fruits and berries), whi
Page 249 and 250:
claims over what was once people’
Page 251 and 252:
In addition, there is a growing con
Page 253 and 254:
that could result in a wholesale tr
Page 255 and 256:
e known by the name of Anastasia (w
Page 257 and 258:
In the vision of Megré and the new
Page 259 and 260:
Figure 41. A maintenance-free apple
Page 261 and 262:
Thus, Vasilii Dokuchaev, after deca
Page 263 and 264:
Figure 42. “Dig for victory now!
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 43. A community garden near
Page 267 and 268:
industry, master gardener programs,
Page 269 and 270:
Chaianov, A.V. 1991. Osnovnye idei
Page 271 and 272:
Jones, E. 2002. Social responsibili
Page 273 and 274:
O’Brien, D.J., Wegren, S.K., and
Page 275 and 276:
Sharashkin, L., Gold, M., and Barha
Page 277 and 278:
Yaroshenko, S. 1998. Domashnie khoz
Page 279 and 280:
6. HOW MANY GARDEN-PLOTS DO YOU OWN
Page 281 and 282:
4. landscaping 5. travel to the plo
Page 283 and 284:
3 - stay about the same 4 - decreas
Page 285 and 286:
12 poultry 97 other___________ 36.
Page 287 and 288:
Maintaining our connection to the e
Page 289 and 290:
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Page 291 and 292:
61. WHERE HAVE YOU SPENT MOST OF YO
Page 293:
VITA Leonid Sharashkin was born on
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