RFID - Elektor

More documents

Recommendations

Info

5 Introduction to Cards and Tags ‘dual-interface cards’ (DIF cards) which have both interfaces available. Typical examples are bank cards (which use a contact chip) that can also be used as tickets for public transport (contactless), and (contactless) access control cards (employee IDs) that can also be used to log in to PCs (requiring contact). DIF cards are typically only suited to high-cost applications, as the chip processing in the card is more complicated than for a contact-type or contactless smartcard. All of the MIFARE cards described herein are purely contactless. 5.2 MIFARE MIFARE is a registered trademark of NXP Semiconductors, B.V. (formerly Philips Semiconductors), and is made up of the words ‘Mikron’ and ‘fare collection’. MIFARE is a brand name, not a product name. 5.2.1 MIFARE Overview In the early 1990s, the Mikron company developed the original MIFARE card — the ‘MI- FARE Classic 1K’, which was shipped with a reader device, in 1994. The target application was the public transport system (fare collection), i.e. the use of a contactless smartcard as an electronic ticket for train, bus, subway or tram. This has become a reality in many cities and regions across the world, and modern transportation systems couldn’t get by without electronic travel tickets. For this reason, there now is a whole range of card ICs that are sold under the MIFARE name. 5.2.1.1 Success Story copyright <strong>Elektor</strong> MIFARE products very quickly established themselves on the market, and MIFARE is a success story. Aside from Philips Semiconductors (now NXP), which acquired Mikron at the end of the 1990s, Infineon (previously Siemens Semiconductor Division), also manufactures MIFARE products under license. Today there are several license holders for MIFARE technology, and much of this technology has found its way into ISO standards, such as the ISO/IEC 14443. The MIFARE product portfolio is continuously being expanded, so that everything from simple, cheap electronic paper tickets to complex, certified high-security cards are in use. The MIFARE Classic is still sold, as always, and is probably the most widespread contactless smartcard. While the exact numbers are not disclosed by the participating companies, we can assume that there are more than a billion MIFARE Classic cards currently in use. 5.2.1.2 MIFARE Clone Such huge success naturally attracts some imitators, such as the ‘Chinese clones’. Even before the turn of the millennium, Chinese companies were attempting to tear down the 140
MIFARE 5.2 MIFARE Classic chip and recreate it through reverse engineering. There are now Chinese companies that offer clones of the MIFARE Classic, which are illegal in Europe. 5.2.1.3 MIFARE Hack Also unsurprisingly, the widespread use of MIFARE products invited attempts to hack the proprietary MIFARE Classic encryption method. Such a hack, very similar to the reverse engineering method used previously by the Chinese, was successfully accomplished in 2008 and released publicly. The MIFARE Classic’s primary flaw was the use of a proprietary, undisclosed algorithm for its outmoded security. 5.2.1.4 MIFARE Product Overview Since 2004, the MIFARE DESFire, a MIFARE product with DES and triple-DES encryption, as well as its compatible successor, the MIFARE DESFire EV1, have also been available. Since 2002, the MIFARE Ultralight, designed for paper tickets with no encryption, and its compatible successor, the MIFARE Ultralight C (which offers triple-DES authentication), have been offered. These may be the smallest (= cheap) contactless chips with standardized encryption technology. The direct successor to the MIFARE Classic is the newest chip from the MIFARE family: the MIFARE Plus. There was a chip with that name at the end of the 90s, but it had nothing in common with the new one, other than its name. Table 5.1. MIFARE Product Overview Characteristic MIFARE Ultralight MIFARE Ultralight C MIFARE Classic MIFARE Plus MIFARE DESFire copyright <strong>Elektor</strong> MIFARE DESFire EV1 Interface Type A Type A Type A Type A Type A Type A Memory size 64 bytes 192 bytes 320 bytes 1 KB 4 KB 2 KB 4 KB 4 KB 2 KB 4 KB 8 KB Authentication - 3DES proprietary proprietary + AES Data encryption - - proprietary proprietary + AES 3DES 3DES + AES 3DES 3DES + AES Special features extremely small small + 3DES widespread AES + very secure 3DES + flexible file system 3DES + AES + flexible file system 141
Page 1 and 2: copyright Elektor
Page 3 and 4: Contents 2.1.4 Part 4: communicatio
Page 5 and 6: Contents 5 Introduction to Cards an
Page 7 and 8: Contents 7.6.2.2 A Scripting Tool o
Page 9 and 10: Contents 8.8.1.1 Class Byte (CLA) .
Page 11 and 12: Preface Dr. Thomas Wille RFID techn
Page 13 and 14: 5 Introduction to Cards and Tags Re
Page 15: Overview 5.1 A typical application
Page 19 and 20: 8 Cards and Tags in Application 8.1
Page 21 and 22: 9 Elektor RFID Projects Gerhard H.
Page 23 and 24: Programming the MF RC522 Reader IC
Page 25: copyright Elektor

RFID - Elektor

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?