Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound

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Acoustic Spectrum
Acoustic Wave – Node and Anti-Node The points where the two waves constantly cancel each other are called nodes, and the points <strong>of</strong> maximum amplitude between them, antinodes. http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/waves/u10l4c.cfm http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/waves/h4.gif
Page 1: Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound
Page 4 and 5: 2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
Page 6 and 7: Ultrasonic Formula
Page 9 and 10: 2.1: Wave Propagation Ultrasonic te
Page 11: Acoustic Spectrum
Page 15 and 16: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.ed
Page 17 and 18: 2.2: Modes of Sound Wave Propagatio
Page 19 and 20: Longitudinal and shear waves
Page 21 and 22: Longitudinal and shear waves
Page 23 and 24: 2.2.3 Longitudinal Wave Also Knows
Page 25 and 26: Longitudinal wave: Longitudinal wav
Page 28 and 29: 2.2.4 Shear waves (S-Waves) In air,
Page 30 and 31: Shear waves
Page 33 and 34: Q10: For a shear wave travelling fr
Page 35 and 36: Rayleigh waves are a type of surfac
Page 37 and 38: Q29: The longitudinal wave incident
Page 39 and 40: The major axis of the ellipse is pe
Page 41 and 42: Surface wave
Page 43 and 44: Surface wave has the ability to fol
Page 45 and 46: Surface wave - One wavelength deep
Page 47 and 48: Love Wave http://web.ics.purdue.edu
Page 49 and 50: Other Reading: Rayleigh Waves Surfa
Page 51 and 52: Q110: What kind of wave mode travel
Page 53 and 54: 2.2.6 Lamb Wave: Lamb waves propaga
Page 55 and 56: Types of Wave New! • Plate wave-
Page 57 and 58: Plate or Lamb waves are similar to
Page 59 and 60: With Lamb waves, a number of modes
Page 61 and 62: Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Symmetrical = extensional mode
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The form is determined by whether t
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Q1: The wave mode that has multiple
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Dispersion refers to the fact that
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Thickness Limitation: One can not g
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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In terms of the spring model, Hooke
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law, whe
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What properties of material affect
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Where V is the speed of sound, C is
Page 87 and 88:
Q50: The principle attributes that
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E/N/G
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Examples of approximate compression
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Shear Wave Velocity: V S The veloci
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The applet below shows a longitudin
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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As can be noted by the equation, a
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The two velocities of sound are lin
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Sensitivity and resolution are two
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2.5.2 Grain Size & Frequency Select
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Since more things in a material are
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Detectability variable: • pulse l
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Q7: When a material grain size is o
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Pulse Length: A sound pulse traveli
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Determining cross sectional area us
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Pulse volume rule-of-thumb: Competi
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When sound travels through a medium
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Scattering: Grain Size and Wave Fre
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Spreading/ Scattering / adsorption
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The units of the attenuation value
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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A o Ut A
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2.6.3 Frequency selection There is
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Q94: In general, which of the follo
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Q7: When the material grain size is
Page 143 and 144:
Transmission & Reflection Animation
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The following applet can be used to
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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2.8: Reflection and Transmission Co
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Since the amount of reflected energ
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Note that the reflection and transm
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If reflection and transmission at i
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Further Reading (Olympus Technical
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Further Reading: Reflection & Trans
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2.9: Refraction and Snell's Law
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V s1 Only If this medium support sh
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http://www.ni.com/white-paper/3368/
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Note that in the diagram, there is
Page 174 and 175:
Snell Law
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Snell Law
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Example: Snell’s Law L-wave and S
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Snell Law: First critical angle
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Q155 Which of the following can occ
Page 184:
Q: When angle beam contact testing
Page 192 and 193:
Snell Law: http://techcorr.com/serv
Page 194 and 195:
More on Snell Law Like light, when
Page 196 and 197:
http://www.ndtcalc.com/calculators.
Page 198 and 199:
Mode Conversion http://www.ndt-ed.o
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Snell's Law holds true for shear wa
Page 202 and 203:
In the applet below, the shear (tra
Page 204 and 205:
Creep wave
Page 206 and 207:
Beyond the first critical angle, on
Page 208 and 209:
Note that the applet defaults to co
Page 210 and 211:
Offset of Normal probe above circul
Page 212 and 213:
Refraction and mode conversion at n
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Q118: At the water-steel interface,
Page 220 and 221:
Q72. In a water immersion test, ult
Page 222 and 223:
Q53. The term used to determined th
Page 224 and 225:
The absolute noise level and the ab
Page 226 and 227:
Sound Volume: Area x pulse length M
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Acoustic Volume: w x w y ∆t
Page 231 and 232:
Determining cross sectional area us
Page 233 and 234:
4. Decreases in materials with high
Page 235 and 236:
Pulse Length Affect Resolution
Page 237 and 238:
Transducer cut-out http://ichun-che
Page 239 and 240:
UT Transducer
Page 241 and 242:
UT Transducer- Surface creep wave t
Page 243 and 244:
UT Transducer
Page 245 and 246:
When the origins of the two interac
Page 247 and 248:
However, as stated previously, soun
Page 249 and 250:
Q5: Acoustic pressure along the bea
Page 251 and 252:
Of course, there are more than two
Page 253 and 254:
2.12.3 Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone Fr
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The Near Field (Fresnel)- Wave Inte
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Fresnel / Fraunhofer Zone
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields
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where D is the diameter of the tran
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone 10dB, K-0
Page 267 and 268:
Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
Page 269 and 270:
Q: Where does beam divergence occur
Page 271 and 272:
Q160 Beam divergence is a function
Page 273 and 274:
Dead Zone - The interval following
Page 275 and 276:
Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
Page 277 and 278:
Dead Zone http://www.ni.com/white-p
Page 279 and 280:
Q36: To eliminate the decrease in s
Page 281 and 282:
Large Reflector Inverse Rule
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Small Reflector Inverse Square Rule
Page 287 and 288:
Fundamental Frequency The lowest re
Page 289 and 290:
Transducers Piezoelectric Thickness
Page 291 and 292:
Application Case#1: The specimen's
Page 293 and 294:
Application Case#2: Electromagnetic
Page 295 and 296:
Q7: The resonance frequency of 2cm
Page 297 and 298:
dB is a measures of ratio of 2 valu
Page 299 and 300:
The Decibel The equation used to de
Page 301 and 302:
Why is the dB unit used? Use of dB
Page 303 and 304:
Use of the dB in Sound Measurements
Page 305 and 306:
Since transducers and microphones p
Page 307 and 308:
Sound Levels- Relative
Page 309 and 310:
Practice:
Page 311:
“Absolute" Sound Levels Whenever
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Absolute: The standard reference so
Page 316 and 317:
Exercise: ANSWER Find the absolute
Page 318 and 319:
Relative dB: Example Calculation 1
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Example Calculation 3 Consider the
Page 322 and 323:
2.16 Practice Makes Perfect
Page 324 and 325:
Q104: If an ultrasonic wave is tran
Page 326 and 327:
学习总是开心事
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Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound

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