Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound

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Spring model- A mass on a spring has a single resonant frequency determined by its spring constant k and its mass m.
In terms <strong>of</strong> the spring model, Hooke's Law says that the restoring force due to a spring is proportional to the length that the spring is stretched, and acts in the opposite direction. Mathematically, Hooke's Law is written as F =-kx, where F is the force, k is the spring constant, and x is the amount <strong>of</strong> particle displacement. Hooke's law is represented graphically it the bottom. Please note that the spring is applying a force to the particle that is equal and opposite to the force pulling down on the particle.
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Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound
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2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
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Ultrasonic Formula
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2.1: Wave Propagation Ultrasonic te
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.ed
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2.2: Modes of Sound Wave Propagatio
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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Longitudinal and shear waves
Page 23 and 24: 2.2.3 Longitudinal Wave Also Knows
Page 25 and 26: Longitudinal wave: Longitudinal wav
Page 28 and 29: 2.2.4 Shear waves (S-Waves) In air,
Page 30 and 31: Shear waves
Page 33 and 34: Q10: For a shear wave travelling fr
Page 35 and 36: Rayleigh waves are a type of surfac
Page 37 and 38: Q29: The longitudinal wave incident
Page 39 and 40: The major axis of the ellipse is pe
Page 41 and 42: Surface wave
Page 43 and 44: Surface wave has the ability to fol
Page 45 and 46: Surface wave - One wavelength deep
Page 47 and 48: Love Wave http://web.ics.purdue.edu
Page 49 and 50: Other Reading: Rayleigh Waves Surfa
Page 51 and 52: Q110: What kind of wave mode travel
Page 53 and 54: 2.2.6 Lamb Wave: Lamb waves propaga
Page 55 and 56: Types of Wave New! • Plate wave-
Page 57 and 58: Plate or Lamb waves are similar to
Page 59 and 60: With Lamb waves, a number of modes
Page 61 and 62: Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
Page 63 and 64: Symmetrical = extensional mode
Page 65 and 66: The form is determined by whether t
Page 67 and 68: Q1: The wave mode that has multiple
Page 69 and 70: Dispersion refers to the fact that
Page 71 and 72: Thickness Limitation: One can not g
Page 73: Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
Page 77 and 78: Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
Page 79 and 80: Elastic Model / Shear Wave
Page 81 and 82: The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law, whe
Page 83 and 84: What properties of material affect
Page 85 and 86: Where V is the speed of sound, C is
Page 87 and 88: Q50: The principle attributes that
Page 89 and 90: E/N/G
Page 91 and 92: Examples of approximate compression
Page 93 and 94: Shear Wave Velocity: V S The veloci
Page 95 and 96: The applet below shows a longitudin
Page 97 and 98: http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
Page 99 and 100: Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
Page 101 and 102: Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
Page 103 and 104: As can be noted by the equation, a
Page 105 and 106: The two velocities of sound are lin
Page 107 and 108: Sensitivity and resolution are two
Page 109 and 110: 2.5.2 Grain Size & Frequency Select
Page 111 and 112: Since more things in a material are
Page 113 and 114: Detectability variable: • pulse l
Page 115 and 116: Q7: When a material grain size is o
Page 117: Pulse Length: A sound pulse traveli
Page 120 and 121: Determining cross sectional area us
Page 122 and 123: Pulse volume rule-of-thumb: Competi
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When sound travels through a medium
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Scattering: Grain Size and Wave Fre
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Spreading/ Scattering / adsorption
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The units of the attenuation value
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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A o Ut A
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2.6.3 Frequency selection There is
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Q94: In general, which of the follo
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Q7: When the material grain size is
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Transmission & Reflection Animation
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The following applet can be used to
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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2.8: Reflection and Transmission Co
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Since the amount of reflected energ
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Note that the reflection and transm
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If reflection and transmission at i
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Further Reading (Olympus Technical
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Further Reading: Reflection & Trans
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2.9: Refraction and Snell's Law
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V s1 Only If this medium support sh
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http://www.ni.com/white-paper/3368/
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Note that in the diagram, there is
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Snell Law
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Snell Law
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Example: Snell’s Law L-wave and S
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Snell Law: First critical angle
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Q155 Which of the following can occ
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Q: When angle beam contact testing
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Snell Law: http://techcorr.com/serv
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More on Snell Law Like light, when
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http://www.ndtcalc.com/calculators.
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Mode Conversion http://www.ndt-ed.o
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Snell's Law holds true for shear wa
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In the applet below, the shear (tra
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Creep wave
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Beyond the first critical angle, on
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Note that the applet defaults to co
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Offset of Normal probe above circul
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q118: At the water-steel interface,
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Q72. In a water immersion test, ult
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Q53. The term used to determined th
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The absolute noise level and the ab
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Sound Volume: Area x pulse length M
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Acoustic Volume: w x w y ∆t
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Determining cross sectional area us
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4. Decreases in materials with high
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Pulse Length Affect Resolution
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Transducer cut-out http://ichun-che
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UT Transducer
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UT Transducer- Surface creep wave t
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UT Transducer
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When the origins of the two interac
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However, as stated previously, soun
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Q5: Acoustic pressure along the bea
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Of course, there are more than two
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2.12.3 Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone Fr
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The Near Field (Fresnel)- Wave Inte
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Fresnel / Fraunhofer Zone
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields
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where D is the diameter of the tran
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone 10dB, K-0
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Q: Where does beam divergence occur
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Q160 Beam divergence is a function
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Dead Zone - The interval following
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone http://www.ni.com/white-p
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Q36: To eliminate the decrease in s
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Large Reflector Inverse Rule
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Small Reflector Inverse Square Rule
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Fundamental Frequency The lowest re
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Transducers Piezoelectric Thickness
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Application Case#1: The specimen's
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Application Case#2: Electromagnetic
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Q7: The resonance frequency of 2cm
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dB is a measures of ratio of 2 valu
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The Decibel The equation used to de
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Why is the dB unit used? Use of dB
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Use of the dB in Sound Measurements
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Since transducers and microphones p
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Sound Levels- Relative
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Practice:
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Whenever
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Absolute: The standard reference so
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Exercise: ANSWER Find the absolute
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Relative dB: Example Calculation 1
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Example Calculation 3 Consider the
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2.16 Practice Makes Perfect
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Q104: If an ultrasonic wave is tran
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学习总是开心事
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Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound

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