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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT
UT testing self study notes
UT testing self study notes
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5.7: Spread Spectrum <strong>Ultrasonic</strong>s<br />
Spread spectrum ultrasonics makes use of the correlation of continuous<br />
signals rather than pulse-echo or pitch-catch techniques.<br />
Spread spectrum ultrasonics is a patented new broad band spread-spectrum<br />
ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation method. In conventional ultrasonics, a<br />
pulse or tone burst is transmitted, then received echoes or throughtransmission<br />
signals are received and analyzed.<br />
In spread spectrum ultrasonics, encoded sound is continuously transmitted<br />
into the part or structure being tested. Instead of receiving echoes, spread<br />
spectrum ultrasonics generates an acoustic correlation signature having a<br />
one-to-one correspondence with the acoustic state of the part or structure (in<br />
its environment) at the instant of the measurement. In its simplest<br />
embodiment, the acoustic correlation signature is generated by cross<br />
correlating an encoding sequence, with suitable cross and auto correlation<br />
properties, transmitted into a part (structure) with received signals returning<br />
from the part (structure).
5.7: Spread Spectrum <strong>Ultrasonic</strong>s Spread spectrum ultrasonics makes use of the correlation of continuous signals rather than pulse-echo or pitch-catch techniques. Spread spectrum ultrasonics is a patented new broad band spread-spectrum ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation method. In conventional ultrasonics, a pulse or tone burst is transmitted, then received echoes or throughtransmission signals are received and analyzed. In spread spectrum ultrasonics, encoded sound is continuously transmitted into the part or structure being tested. Instead of receiving echoes, spread spectrum ultrasonics generates an acoustic correlation signature having a one-to-one correspondence with the acoustic state of the part or structure (in its environment) at the instant of the measurement. In its simplest embodiment, the acoustic correlation signature is generated by cross correlating an encoding sequence, with suitable cross and auto correlation properties, transmitted into a part (structure) with received signals returning from the part (structure).
Section of bi-phase modulated spread spectrum ultrasonic wave<strong>for</strong>m Multiple probes may be used to ensure that acoustic energy is propagated through all critical volumes of the structure. Triangulation may be incorporated with multiple probes to locate regions of detected distress. Spread spectrum ultrasonics can achieve very high sensitivity to acoustic propagation changes with a low level of energy.
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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For example, sound waves are almost
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Immersion Method- Figure below show
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1.2: Source-1: The advantages of ul
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Source-3: Advantages and Disadvanta
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The disadvantages of ultrasonic ins
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Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound
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2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
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Ultrasonic Formula
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2.1: Wave Propagation Ultrasonic te
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.ed
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2.2: Modes of Sound Wave Propagatio
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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2.2.3 Longitudinal Wave Also Knows
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Longitudinal wave: Longitudinal wav
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2.2.4 Shear waves (S-Waves) In air,
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Shear waves
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Q10: For a shear wave travelling fr
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Rayleigh waves are a type of surfac
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Q29: The longitudinal wave incident
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave
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Surface wave has the ability to fol
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Surface wave - One wavelength deep
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Love Wave http://web.ics.purdue.edu
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Other Reading: Rayleigh Waves Surfa
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Q110: What kind of wave mode travel
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2.2.6 Lamb Wave: Lamb waves propaga
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Types of Wave New! • Plate wave-
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Plate or Lamb waves are similar to
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With Lamb waves, a number of modes
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Symmetrical = extensional mode
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The form is determined by whether t
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Q1: The wave mode that has multiple
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Dispersion refers to the fact that
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Thickness Limitation: One can not g
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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In terms of the spring model, Hooke
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law, whe
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What properties of material affect
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Where V is the speed of sound, C is
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Q50: The principle attributes that
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E/N/G
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Examples of approximate compression
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Shear Wave Velocity: V S The veloci
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The applet below shows a longitudin
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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As can be noted by the equation, a
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The two velocities of sound are lin
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Sensitivity and resolution are two
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2.5.2 Grain Size & Frequency Select
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Since more things in a material are
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Detectability variable: • pulse l
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Q7: When a material grain size is o
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Pulse Length: A sound pulse traveli
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Determining cross sectional area us
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Pulse volume rule-of-thumb: Competi
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When sound travels through a medium
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Scattering: Grain Size and Wave Fre
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Spreading/ Scattering / adsorption
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The units of the attenuation value
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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A o Ut A
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2.6.3 Frequency selection There is
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Q94: In general, which of the follo
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Q7: When the material grain size is
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Transmission & Reflection Animation
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The following applet can be used to
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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2.8: Reflection and Transmission Co
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Since the amount of reflected energ
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Note that the reflection and transm
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If reflection and transmission at i
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Further Reading (Olympus Technical
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Further Reading: Reflection & Trans
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2.9: Refraction and Snell's Law
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V s1 Only If this medium support sh
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http://www.ni.com/white-paper/3368/
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Note that in the diagram, there is
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Snell Law
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Snell Law
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Example: Snell’s Law L-wave and S
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Snell Law: First critical angle
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Q155 Which of the following can occ
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Q: When angle beam contact testing
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Snell Law: http://techcorr.com/serv
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More on Snell Law Like light, when
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http://www.ndtcalc.com/calculators.
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Mode Conversion http://www.ndt-ed.o
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Snell's Law holds true for shear wa
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In the applet below, the shear (tra
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Creep wave
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Beyond the first critical angle, on
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Note that the applet defaults to co
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Offset of Normal probe above circul
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q118: At the water-steel interface,
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Q72. In a water immersion test, ult
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Q53. The term used to determined th
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The absolute noise level and the ab
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Sound Volume: Area x pulse length M
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Acoustic Volume: w x w y ∆t
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Determining cross sectional area us
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4. Decreases in materials with high
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Pulse Length Affect Resolution
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Transducer cut-out http://ichun-che
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UT Transducer
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UT Transducer- Surface creep wave t
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UT Transducer
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When the origins of the two interac
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However, as stated previously, soun
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Q5: Acoustic pressure along the bea
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Of course, there are more than two
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2.12.3 Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone Fr
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The Near Field (Fresnel)- Wave Inte
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Fresnel / Fraunhofer Zone
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields
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where D is the diameter of the tran
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone 10dB, K-0
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Q: Where does beam divergence occur
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Q160 Beam divergence is a function
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Dead Zone - The interval following
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone http://www.ni.com/white-p
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Q36: To eliminate the decrease in s
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Large Reflector Inverse Rule
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Small Reflector Inverse Square Rule
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Fundamental Frequency The lowest re
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Transducers Piezoelectric Thickness
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Application Case#1: The specimen's
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Application Case#2: Electromagnetic
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Q7: The resonance frequency of 2cm
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dB is a measures of ratio of 2 valu
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The Decibel The equation used to de
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Why is the dB unit used? Use of dB
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Use of the dB in Sound Measurements
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Since transducers and microphones p
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Sound Levels- Relative
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Practice:
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Whenever
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Absolute: The standard reference so
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Exercise: ANSWER Find the absolute
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Relative dB: Example Calculation 1
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Example Calculation 3 Consider the
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2.16 Practice Makes Perfect
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Q104: If an ultrasonic wave is tran
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学 习 总 是 开 心 事
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学 习 总 是 开 心 事
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学 习 总 是 开 心 事
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学 习 总 是 开 心 事
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Section 3: Equipment & Transducers
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Wavelength in mm for Steel
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3.10: Pulser-Receivers 3.11: Tone B
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• Sensitivity is the ability of t
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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This alignment of molecules will ca
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Transducer Effectiveness The effect
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
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Piezoelectric crystals
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The thickness of the active element
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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Piezoelectric crystals may be X or
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Q153 A quartz crystal cut so that i
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Piezoelectric crystals
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3.1.1: Type of Piezoelectric Crysta
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Quartz
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■ Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 , grows
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Followings are Piezoelectric crysta
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BaTiO 3
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■ Lead Metaniobate (PBNbO 6 ) cry
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Fig. 4: Comparison between lead Met
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■ Lead Zirconate Titanate PZT Cur
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350°C is also goof for:
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Curie Temperature: In physics and m
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Lead zirconium Titanate PZT http://
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Properties of Piezoelectric Materia
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Q67: Which of the following transdu
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Q21: An advantage of using a cerami
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3.2: Characteristics of Piezoelectr
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Transducer PZT & Matching Layer Thi
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Contact Transducer Types: socket cr
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Transducer: Straight Beam
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Transducer Cut-Out
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3.2.3 Design of Matching Layer The
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3.2.4 Backing (Damping) The backing
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3.2.5 Wear Plate The basic purpose
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When signals are in phase, their am
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Transducers http://www.ndt-kits.com
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Resolution: BS4331 Pt 3. the recomm
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In the early days of ultrasonic tes
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Transducer Damping (illustration wi
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Transducer Damping Narrow bandwidth
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -14dB
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Transducer Damping- Pulse Length
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Transducer Damping- Low Damping (X-
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48. A more highly damped transducer
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Bandwidth: • The unit for bandwid
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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The relation between MHz bandwidth
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The approximate relations shown in
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Instrumentation Band Width:
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Q164: The resolving power of a tran
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3.3: Radiated Fields of Ultrasonic
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The pressure waves combine to form
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Angular characteristics for large d
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Angular characteristics: Spatial di
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Angular characteristics: Sound pres
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Beam Spreads http://www.eclipsescie
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Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
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Probe dimension & Z f, , Ɵ 探 子
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Although beam spread must be consid
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Near/ Far Fields Near field, constr
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For a flat piston source transducer
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3.5.1 Contact transducers are used
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Contact probe
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Practice Makes Perfect 43. Which of
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Unfocused & Focused
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Focused Transducer (Olympus) Z B F
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Focal Length Variations Focal Lengt
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This change in the focal length can
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Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
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Q18: Which of the following is an a
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3.5.3 Dual element transducers cont
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The Perspex shoes hold the crystals
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Other Reading (Olympus): Dual eleme
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Figure (13).
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Duo Elements Transducer
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Delay Lined Transducer: Advantages:
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Delay Lined Transducer
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TR-Probe / Dual Crystal Probe- Tran
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Cross Talk at High Gain
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Probe Delay
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3.5.5 Angle beam transducers Angle
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
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Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
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Angle Beam Transducers- Longitudina
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3.5.6 Normal incidence shear wave t
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Normal incidence shear wave transdu
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3.5.7 Paint brush transducers Paint
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3.5.8 Wheel Transducer Wheel Transd
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UT Technician At works- Salute!
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Manufacturers often provide time an
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Excitation: Spiked Pulser (negative
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Pulse energy: Broad band versus Nar
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Other tests may include the followi
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Effects of Probe Sizes: 1. The larg
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Shock excitation
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Frequency Response--The frequency r
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3.7: Transducer Modeling In high-te
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The Thompson-Gray Measurement Model
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Couplant
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Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
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Couplant
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3.9: Electromagnetic Acoustic Trans
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F is the body force per unit volume
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A number of practical EMAT configur
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Comparison between EMAT and Piezoel
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Challenges and Disadvantages The di
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http://mdienergy.com/emat.html
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EMAT Transducer http://www-ndc.me.e
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Cross-sectional view of a normal fi
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Cross-sectional view of a meander c
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Practical EMAT designs are relative
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The pulser section of the instrumen
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Pulse characteristics Pulse energy
- Page 632 and 633:
Pulse Length: BS EN 12668- Part 1 I
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Pulse Length
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Pulse Length
- Page 639 and 640:
Pulse Length and Wave form
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Wave form Quality Factor
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Pulse-Echo mode of operation, narro
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Modulus of the electrical impedance
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Transducers
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In the receiver section the voltage
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Pulse/Beam Characteristics High fre
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Frequency - The number of wave cycl
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Sensitivity - The relationship betw
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Focusing - Immersion transducers ca
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Q15: A significant limitation of a
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Tone burst generators
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3.12: Arbitrary Function Generators
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In spread spectrum ultrasonics (see
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Data Signals: Input versus Output C
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Shielding is normally specified as
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3.14 Transducer Quality Factor “Q
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Quality Factor “Q” High quality
- Page 675 and 676:
Data Presentation: A, B and C-scan
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3.15.1 A-Scan Presentation The A-sc
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A-Scan
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In the illustration of the A-scan p
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B-Scan
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B-Scan Presentation The B-scan pres
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B-Scan
- Page 689 and 690:
3.15.3 C-Scan Presentation The C-sc
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C-Scan
- Page 694 and 695:
High resolution scans can produce v
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C-Scan Recording
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3.15.4 The D scan- The D scan gives
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AUT Displays
- Page 702 and 703:
In the pulse-echo method, it is nec
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Fig. 12.2 Shadow method with reflec
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3.16 Testing Techniques 3.16.1 Puls
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Through Transmission Techniques
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3.16.3 The Tandem Techniques The ta
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3.16.4 Immersion Methods In immersi
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¼ T T
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3.17.1 Instrument Circuitry: Althou
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Instrument Circuitry: Screen pictur
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Instrument Circuitry: Receiver-ampl
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Instrument Circuitry: Image- and Da
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Instrument Circuitry: Pulse Repetit
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3.17.2 Instrument Control: Even tho
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Instrument Control: DELAY and RANGE
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Instrument Control: Display Control
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Instrument Controls: • A marker c
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Instrument Control: Gates Most UT e
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Figure above Block diagram circuitr
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Pulse Repetition Rate - Gain - Freq
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A basic instrument contains several
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Applications. The chief value of B-
- Page 746 and 747:
• First, the display is generated
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Signal Display. The oscilloscope sc
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Typical C-scan setup, including dis
- Page 752 and 753:
Gating. (Depth Gate) An electronic
- Page 754 and 755:
Q1: In an ultrasonic test system wh
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Q30: The time from the start of the
- Page 758 and 759:
Q166: In a basic pulse echo instrum
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121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
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125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
- Page 764 and 765:
3.18.2 Reflection 西 塘
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How do reflection, refraction, and
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3.18.3 Refraction happens when ligh
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
- Page 774 and 775:
Diffraction
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Diffraction happen when light tries
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3.18.5 Interference
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Interference
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Q11: When maximum sensitivity is re
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Q3: The ultrasonic instrument used
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Q15: Entry surface resolution is a
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Expert at Works-Salute!
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Section 4: Calibration Methods
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4.1: Calibration Methods Calibratio
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In ultrasonic testing, there is als
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Introduction to the Common Standard
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The IIW Type Calibration Block
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The IIW Type I Calibration Block
- Page 804 and 805:
The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
- Page 806 and 807:
The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
- Page 810 and 811:
Find probe angle Find Index/Range/R
- Page 812 and 813:
V2 Calibration Block
- Page 814 and 815:
Calibration Blocks
- Page 816 and 817:
The standard shown in the above fig
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IIW Blocks- IIW Type US-2
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V1/5, A2 Block
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DSC Block, Mini block, Rompas Block
- Page 824 and 825:
A block that closely resembles the
- Page 826 and 827:
Calibration Range Using DSC AWS Blo
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AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
- Page 830 and 831:
AWS Resolution Calibration (RC) Blo
- Page 832 and 833:
30 FBH Resolution Reference Block T
- Page 834 and 835:
Step and Tapered Calibration Wedges
- Page 836 and 837:
Area Amplitude Blocks provide stand
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The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
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ASTM E 127
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Distance-Amplitude #3, #5, #8 FBH B
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Q56: On the area-amplitude ultrason
- Page 846 and 847:
4.2: The Calibrations 4.2.1: Distan
- Page 848 and 849:
http://www.huatecgroup.com/china-di
- Page 850:
DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
- Page 853 and 854:
The following applet shows a test b
- Page 855 and 856:
Developing a Distance Amplitude Cor
- Page 857 and 858:
Back Wall Echo
- Page 859 and 860:
2.) This example represents the use
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4.) With no further adjustments to
- Page 863 and 864:
Plotting DAC Curve
- Page 865 and 866:
DAC Curve
- Page 868 and 869:
Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Dist
- Page 870 and 871:
4.2.2: Finding the probe index
- Page 872 and 873:
Exit Point- A5 Block
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5.2.3: Checking the probe angle
- Page 876 and 877:
Probe Angles- A5 Block
- Page 878 and 879:
Calibration of shear waves for rang
- Page 880 and 881:
Echo from 100mm circular Section
- Page 882 and 883:
Calibration of shear waves for rang
- Page 884 and 885:
50 mm radius from V2 Block
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Calibration of shear waves for rang
- Page 888 and 889:
Exit Point /Range/Probe Angle calib
- Page 890 and 891:
Dead Zone Determine the dead zone b
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20 dB Profile Probe Beam Line of Sy
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4.2.7: Transfer Correction Methods
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Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
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Transfer and Attenuation Correction
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4.2.8.1: Linearity of time base Gen
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Ultrasonic Testing - Horizontal Lin
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Tolerance Frequency of checking The
- Page 913 and 914:
Figure 6 — General purpose set-up
- Page 915:
Method A: 6.3.2.1 Apparatus—A tes
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Q61: The vertical linear range of a
- Page 920 and 921:
4.3: Curvature Correction Curvature
- Page 922 and 923:
Concave surfaces work to focus the
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Convex surfaces work to defocus the
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Q: In transmitting sound energy int
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The resulting model allows computat
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Curvature Corrections
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Curvature Correction
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4.4: Calibration References & Stand
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Reference Reflectors: are used as a
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Reference Reflectors are used as a
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Q80: The 50 mm diameter hole in an
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4.6: Video Time http://v.pps.tv/pla
- Page 944:
Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Test
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Content: Section 5: Measurement Tec
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5.1: Normal Beam Inspection Pulse-e
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A-Scan
- Page 956 and 957:
Precision ultrasonic thickness gage
- Page 958 and 959:
5.2: Angle Beams I Angle Beam Trans
- Page 960:
Angle Beam Transducers and wedges a
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Flaw Location and Echo Display
- Page 965 and 966:
Flaw Location and Echo Display
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Flaw Location and Echo Display
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Dead Zone
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Flaw Location
- Page 973 and 974:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
- Page 975 and 976: Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
- Page 977 and 978: The angled sound beam is highly sen
- Page 979 and 980: How they work -- Snell's Law A soun
- Page 981 and 982: There are two advantages to designi
- Page 983 and 984: Contoured wedges
- Page 985 and 986: Focused dual element angle beams Th
- Page 987 and 988: threaded snap-in steel with a shear
- Page 989 and 990: Crack Tip Diffraction Methods No an
- Page 991 and 992: Crack Tip Diffraction Method The eq
- Page 993 and 994: 6 dB Drop Method
- Page 995 and 996: 6 dB Drop Method www.youtube.com/em
- Page 997 and 998: 5.3.3 The 20 dB drop sizing method
- Page 999 and 1000: 20 dB Drop Sizing- For Small Reflec
- Page 1001 and 1002: Move the probe to the other side of
- Page 1003 and 1004: Note that we have only drawn the be
- Page 1005 and 1006: 5.3.4 Equalization Back Wall Sizing
- Page 1007 and 1008: 5.3.6 The DGS Method Distance Gain
- Page 1009 and 1010: Automatic Scanning
- Page 1011 and 1012: Dripless Bubbler
- Page 1013 and 1014: The second major consideration is h
- Page 1015 and 1016: Pulse-Echo and Pulse-Echo-Overlap M
- Page 1017 and 1018: EMATs http://www.resonic.com/error%
- Page 1019 and 1020: EMAT Driver Frequency: 450-600 KHz
- Page 1021 and 1022: 5.6: Attenuation Measurements Ultra
- Page 1023 and 1024: The most common method used to get
- Page 1025: Attenuation:
- Page 1029 and 1030: Spread Spectrum UT
- Page 1031 and 1032: Two discrimination technique are te
- Page 1033 and 1034: 5.8: Signal Processing Techniques S
- Page 1035 and 1036: The frequency domain display shows
- Page 1037 and 1038: Fourier Analysis
- Page 1039 and 1040: The following Fourier Java applet,
- Page 1041 and 1042: 5.9: Scanning Methods Direct contac
- Page 1043 and 1044: Pulse Echo Method: Sound pressure o
- Page 1045 and 1046: Pulse Echo Method
- Page 1047 and 1048: Pulse Echo Method
- Page 1049 and 1050: Amplitude loss: Inverse Square Law
- Page 1051 and 1052: Influence of reflector orientation
- Page 1053 and 1054: Pulse Echo Method IP BE F plate del
- Page 1055 and 1056: 5.9.2 Pitch-Catch Methods Advantage
- Page 1057 and 1058: Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
- Page 1059 and 1060: 5.9.2.2 Pitch-Catch Methods- Tandem
- Page 1061 and 1062: Distance Between Transmitter / Rece
- Page 1063 and 1064: 5.9.3 Immersion Methods Many of the
- Page 1065 and 1066: Immersion Methods- Since sound wave
- Page 1067 and 1068: Modified Immersion Methods- Bubbler
- Page 1069 and 1070: Angle Beam Immersion Methods Note t
- Page 1071 and 1072: Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Pipe
- Page 1073 and 1074: Immersion Testing Set-up
- Page 1075 and 1076: Manipulators The manipulator is pri
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Bridges When the manipulator is aut
- Page 1079 and 1080:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
- Page 1081 and 1082:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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An unfocused transducer may be used
- Page 1085 and 1086:
Focus may be designated in three wa
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Q: In immersion testing, to remove
- Page 1089 and 1090:
Q2: In an immersion test of a piece
- Page 1091 and 1092:
Q176: To evaluate and accurately lo
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5.10: Scanning Patterns
- Page 1095 and 1096:
5.11: Pulse Repetition Rate and Pen
- Page 1097 and 1098:
Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
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Pulse-Length and Near Surface Sensi
- Page 1101 and 1102:
5.12: Interferences & Non-Relevant
- Page 1103 and 1104:
Specimen Surface Interference Exces
- Page 1105 and 1106:
Specimen Surface Interference- You
- Page 1107 and 1108:
Material Geometric Interference Fal
- Page 1109 and 1110:
Non Relevant Indication Large grain
- Page 1111 and 1112:
Non Relevant Indications The geomet
- Page 1113 and 1114:
Entry surface variables: Surface ro
- Page 1115 and 1116:
Whether uniform or irregular, a rou
- Page 1117 and 1118:
Keywords on Rough Surface: 1. The d
- Page 1119 and 1120:
The coating is sufficiently thin th
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5.13.3 Couplant Condition Both cont
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In more practical terms, for water
- Page 1125 and 1126:
For example the plastics listed in
- Page 1127 and 1128:
Like the decibel, the Neper is a un
- Page 1129 and 1130:
Hence:
- Page 1131 and 1132:
5.14 The Concept of Effective Dista
- Page 1133 and 1134:
Q&A on The Concept of Effective Dis
- Page 1135 and 1136:
Q2: A steel bar with 200 mm thick i
- Page 1137 and 1138:
Q4: Assuming that Minimum 3 pulses
- Page 1139 and 1140:
Q6: What is the maximum PRR is need
- Page 1141 and 1142:
Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
- Page 1143 and 1144:
5.15: Questions & Answers Exercises
- Page 1145 and 1146:
Compared 6 dB Drop Sizing with Equa
- Page 1147 and 1148:
Q5: Ultrasonic inspection is being
- Page 1151 and 1152:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
- Page 1155 and 1156:
Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
- Page 1157 and 1158:
6.1: Defects & Discontinuities
- Page 1159 and 1160:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities
- Page 1161 and 1162:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
- Page 1163 and 1164:
Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
- Page 1165 and 1166:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1167 and 1168:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1169 and 1170:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1171 and 1172:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
- Page 1173 and 1174:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1175 and 1176:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1177 and 1178:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1179 and 1180:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1181 and 1182:
6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
- Page 1183 and 1184:
Salute to the Steel Workers!
- Page 1185 and 1186:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
- Page 1187 and 1188:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
- Page 1189 and 1190:
Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
- Page 1192 and 1193:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities
- Page 1194 and 1195:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities
- Page 1196 and 1197:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities
- Page 1198 and 1199:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1200 and 1201:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1202 and 1203:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1204 and 1205:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1206 and 1207:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1208 and 1209:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
- Page 1210 and 1211:
6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
- Page 1212 and 1213:
Service Induced Defects & Discontin
- Page 1214 and 1215:
Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
- Page 1216 and 1217:
Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
- Page 1218 and 1219:
Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
- Page 1220 and 1221:
Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
- Page 1222 and 1223:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
- Page 1224 and 1225:
Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
- Page 1226 and 1227:
Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
- Page 1228 and 1229:
Rail Inspection One of the major pr
- Page 1230 and 1231:
Transverse Fissure
- Page 1232 and 1233:
Transverse Fissure
- Page 1234 and 1235:
Techniques: Wheel Probe
- Page 1236 and 1237:
Techniques: (c) same with additiona
- Page 1238 and 1239:
6.3.1: UT of Weldments (Welded Join
- Page 1240 and 1241:
UT Calculator
- Page 1242 and 1243:
The second step in the inspection i
- Page 1244 and 1245:
https://www.mandinasndt.com/index.p
- Page 1246 and 1247:
Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
- Page 1249 and 1250:
6.3.2 Weld Scanning
- Page 1251 and 1252:
Typical Scanning Patterns: Typicall
- Page 1253 and 1254:
Weld Scanning
- Page 1255 and 1256:
Weld Scanning
- Page 1257 and 1258:
Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects S
- Page 1259 and 1260:
Plate Weld Scanning
- Page 1261 and 1262:
Plate Weld Scanning
- Page 1263 and 1264:
Plate Weld Scanning
- Page 1265 and 1266:
Practice Makes Perfect 62. Which of
- Page 1267 and 1268:
Pipe & Tube
- Page 1269 and 1270:
Experts at work
- Page 1271 and 1272:
Pipe Scanning
- Page 1273 and 1274:
Pipe Scanning
- Page 1275 and 1276:
Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio
- Page 1277 and 1278:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
- Page 1279 and 1280:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
- Page 1281 and 1282:
Answer part B c a b a/Sin A = b/Sin
- Page 1283 and 1284:
Q35: Which of the following may res
- Page 1285 and 1286:
Expert at works
- Page 1287 and 1288:
Basic echodynamic pattern of reflec
- Page 1289 and 1290:
C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
- Page 1291 and 1292:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
- Page 1293 and 1294:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
- Page 1295 and 1296:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
- Page 1297 and 1298:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
- Page 1299 and 1300:
C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
- Page 1301 and 1302:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
- Page 1303 and 1304:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
- Page 1305 and 1306:
Echodynamic- Differences between th
- Page 1307 and 1308:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
- Page 1309 and 1310:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
- Page 1311 and 1312:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
- Page 1313 and 1314:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Angl
- Page 1315 and 1316:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Perf
- Page 1317 and 1318:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Vert
- Page 1319 and 1320:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
- Page 1321 and 1322:
Echo Dynamic
- Page 1323 and 1324:
Echo Dynamic
- Page 1325 and 1326:
Echo Dynamic
- Page 1327 and 1328:
Echo Dynamic Crack
- Page 1329 and 1330:
Echo Dynamic- Shaper indication and
- Page 1331 and 1332:
Echo Dynamic Threadlike defects, po
- Page 1333 and 1334:
Echo Dynamic In case “a” it wil
- Page 1335 and 1336:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
- Page 1337 and 1338:
Q. A smooth flat discontinuity whos
- Page 1339 and 1340:
Q24. During inspection of a paralle
- Page 1341 and 1342:
Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
- Page 1343 and 1344:
Expert at works
- Page 1345 and 1346:
Physical Dimension
- Page 1347 and 1348:
Physical Dimension
- Page 1349 and 1350:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
- Page 1351 and 1352:
Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
- Page 1353 and 1354:
Mock-Up
- Page 1355 and 1356:
Mock-Up
- Page 1357 and 1358:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
- Page 1359 and 1360:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
- Page 1361 and 1362:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
- Page 1363 and 1364:
6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
- Page 1365 and 1366:
A test program had been first carri
- Page 1367 and 1368:
6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
- Page 1369 and 1370:
Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
- Page 1371 and 1372:
Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
- Page 1373 and 1374:
The test sample may be of any geome
- Page 1375 and 1376:
Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
- Page 1377 and 1378:
Note on units: If sound velocity is
- Page 1379 and 1380:
Experts at work
- Page 1381 and 1382:
This application note contains quic
- Page 1383 and 1384:
Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
- Page 1385 and 1386:
Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
- Page 1387 and 1388:
Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
- Page 1389 and 1390:
High Temperature Conventional UT- G
- Page 1391 and 1392:
(1a) Thickness gaging The most comm
- Page 1393 and 1394:
In challenging applications requiri
- Page 1395 and 1396:
Applications involving thin materia
- Page 1397 and 1398:
Note that normal incidence shear wa
- Page 1399 and 1400:
2.3 Test Techniques The following f
- Page 1401 and 1402:
Coupling Technique: The combination
- Page 1403 and 1404:
3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
- Page 1405 and 1406:
3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
- Page 1407 and 1408:
Keyword: • In typical fine grain
- Page 1409 and 1410:
Discussion: An offshore installatio
- Page 1413 and 1414:
6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
- Page 1415 and 1416:
Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
- Page 1417 and 1418:
With oil at the correct level, suff
- Page 1419 and 1420:
In another position measurement sys
- Page 1421 and 1422:
Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
- Page 1423 and 1424:
In-Service Inspection The methods d
- Page 1425 and 1426:
In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
- Page 1427 and 1428:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
- Page 1429 and 1430:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
- Page 1431 and 1432:
Casting In castings flaw detection
- Page 1433 and 1434:
Casting
- Page 1435 and 1436:
6.12: Bonded Joint
- Page 1437 and 1438:
During inspection, the oscilloscope
- Page 1439 and 1440:
Corrosion Monitoring Ultrasonic ins
- Page 1441 and 1442:
6.14: Crack Monitoring
- Page 1443 and 1444:
Monitoring of fatigue cracks in par
- Page 1445 and 1446:
For example, 150 mm (6 in.) diam, 8
- Page 1447 and 1448:
Stress Measurements With ultrasonic
- Page 1449 and 1450:
6.16: Bond Testing
- Page 1451 and 1452:
The real limitation of
- Page 1453 and 1454:
The real limitation of
- Page 1455 and 1456:
The real limitation of
- Page 1457 and 1458:
6.App-1.1 TOFD Basic Theory TOFD is
- Page 1459 and 1460:
6.App-1.2 Main Benefits of TOFD for
- Page 1461 and 1462:
6.App-1.3 6.App-1.3.1 The Theory Mo
- Page 1463 and 1464:
TOFD is generally recognised as the
- Page 1465 and 1466:
TOFD Transmitter Receiver Crack Bac
- Page 1467 and 1468:
6.App-1.2 Application Examples ■
- Page 1469 and 1470:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
- Page 1471 and 1472:
Weld Root Corrosion and Erosion Pul
- Page 1473 and 1474:
TOFD is deployed by scanning the we
- Page 1475 and 1476:
Scan of weld with cursor positioned
- Page 1477 and 1478:
Measurement of corroded area shows
- Page 1479 and 1480:
6.App-1.3.4 TOFD Benefits for Corro
- Page 1481 and 1482:
6.App-1.3.5 Overview on Scanning Di
- Page 1483 and 1484:
■ Parallel TOFD scanning: Where t
- Page 1485 and 1486:
Typical “Parallel” Weld Scannin
- Page 1487 and 1488:
6.App-1.3.6 Further Reading- Introd
- Page 1489 and 1490:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
- Page 1491 and 1492:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
- Page 1493 and 1494:
Sail Off
- Page 1495 and 1496:
Content: Section 7: Reference Mater
- Page 1497 and 1498:
7.2: General References & Resources
- Page 1499:
Calibrating 70° Probe with IIW Blo
- Page 1504 and 1505:
Content: Section 8: Ultrasonic Insp
- Page 1506 and 1507:
Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
- Page 1508 and 1509:
8.2: Online UT Quizzes
- Page 1510 and 1511:
http://www.ndtcalc.com/index.php?pa
- Page 1518:
Addendum-01a Equipment Calibrations
- Page 1521 and 1522:
Attenuation due to Beam spread for:
- Page 1523 and 1524:
Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Sma
- Page 1525 and 1526:
Material Attenuation Determination:
- Page 1527 and 1528:
Δ dB = total Material attenuation
- Page 1529 and 1530:
Construction of beam edges plot- No
- Page 1531 and 1532:
20dB drop to find edges of beam
- Page 1533 and 1534:
Construction of beam spread at 13mm
- Page 1535 and 1536:
Construction of beam spread at 32mm
- Page 1537 and 1538:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge Tun
- Page 1539 and 1540:
First/ Second Critical Angles V L1
- Page 1541 and 1542:
Finding the probe index
- Page 1543 and 1544:
Checking the probe Angle:
- Page 1545 and 1546:
Calibration for range:
- Page 1547 and 1548:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
- Page 1549 and 1550:
The IOW Block: The Institute of Wel
- Page 1551 and 1552:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
- Page 1553 and 1554:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
- Page 1555 and 1556:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
- Page 1557 and 1558:
The DAC
- Page 1559 and 1560:
DAC Curve
- Page 1561 and 1562:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
- Page 1563 and 1564:
Reading on: FLAT Bottom Holes FBH h
- Page 1565 and 1566:
Transfer Corection
- Page 1567 and 1568:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
- Page 1569 and 1570:
Transfer Correction:
- Page 1571 and 1572:
Transfer Correction: Compression Pr
- Page 1573 and 1574:
DGS- Distance Gain Size http://www.
- Page 1575 and 1576:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
- Page 1577 and 1578:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
- Page 1579 and 1580:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
- Page 1581 and 1582:
DGS- Different sizes of FBH at diff
- Page 1583 and 1584:
What is DGS TCG is a time-corrected
- Page 1585 and 1586:
Locating & Sizing Flaws
- Page 1587 and 1588:
With ultrasonic instruments having
- Page 1589 and 1590:
Scanning Patterns
- Page 1591 and 1592:
Scanning Patterns
- Page 1593 and 1594:
Scanning Patterns
- Page 1595 and 1596:
Scanning Patterns
- Page 1597 and 1598:
Scanning Patterns
- Page 1599 and 1600:
Scanning Patterns
- Page 1601 and 1602:
Scanning Patterns
- Page 1607 and 1608:
Scanning Patterns http://www.olympu
- Page 1609 and 1610:
Practice Makes Perfect 35. The 2 mm
- Page 1611 and 1612:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation
- Page 1613 and 1614:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transmit
- Page 1615 and 1616:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Applied
- Page 1617 and 1618:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Switch t
- Page 1619 and 1620:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
- Page 1621 and 1622:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Sensitiv
- Page 1623 and 1624:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transduc
- Page 1625 and 1626:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Rece
- Page 1627 and 1628:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Radio-Fr
- Page 1629 and 1630:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Imag
- Page 1631 and 1632:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Excess G
- Page 1633 and 1634:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Time Gai
- Page 1635 and 1636:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
- Page 1637 and 1638:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE Gai
- Page 1639 and 1640:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Slide Po
- Page 1641 and 1642:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Types of
- Page 1643 and 1644:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Receiver
- Page 1645 and 1646:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Large ra
- Page 1647 and 1648:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Linear a
- Page 1649 and 1650:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gain A L
- Page 1651 and 1652:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pre-ampl
- Page 1653 and 1654:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Saturati
- Page 1655 and 1656:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DEMODULA
- Page 1657 and 1658:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Half-Wav
- Page 1659 and 1660:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DETECTIO
- Page 1661 and 1662:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The vide
- Page 1663 and 1664:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation All Scan
- Page 1665 and 1666:
Matrix Rows x, coordinates
- Page 1667 and 1668:
Matrix Pixel
- Page 1669:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation In the S
- Page 1673 and 1674:
X X X X X X X X X X X X
- Page 1675 and 1676:
Raster Process 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
- Page 1677 and 1678:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The numb
- Page 1679 and 1680:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Bit 1 2
- Page 1681 and 1682:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Operator
- Page 1683 and 1684:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation POST PRO
- Page 1685 and 1686:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The DSC
- Page 1687 and 1688:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Resoluti
- Page 1689 and 1690:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 1. ROM 2
- Page 1691 and 1692:
66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
- Page 1693 and 1694:
69. In Figure 4, transducer B is be
- Page 1695 and 1696:
Q: The output voltage from a satura
- Page 1697:
Addendum-02 Equations & Calculation
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Contents: 1. Material Acoustic Prop
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2.0 Ultrasonic Formula http://www.n
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Ultrasonic Formula α = Transducer
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4.0 The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law,
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V is the speed of sound Eleatic con
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E/N/G
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Spreading/ Scattering/ adsorption (
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Amplitude at distance Z Where v is
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Which U t ? U 0 t , A 0 o U 1 t , A
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The following applet can be used to
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Reflection and Transmission Coeffic
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If reflection and transmission at i
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Q1: What is the percentage of initi
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8.0 Snell’s Law Snell's Law holds
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Practice Makes Perfect 5. For an ul
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Practice Makes Perfect 9. Calculate
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9.0 S/N Ratio The following formula
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Sound Volume: Area x pulse length
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where α is the radius of the trans
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Example: Calculate the modified Nea
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11.0 Focusing & Focal Length http:/
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12.0 Offset of Normal probe above c
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13.0 “Q” Factor 3dB down
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Inverse Square Law http://www.cyber
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DGS Distance Gain Sizing Y-axis sho
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The blue curves plotted show how th
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20-4dB=16dB (deduced) Δ Flaw =30-1
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http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/atlas
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DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
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Figure1:
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15.0 Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
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Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
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Addendum-03 Questions & Answers Col
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Make mistakes now, not during exam!
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30. On an A-scan display the dead z
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31. As the acoustic impedance ratio
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15. Which type of test block is use
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Mistake Made ----------------------
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Question: Which type of screen pres
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Table 1.2
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Q1-13 The second critical angle at
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For evaluating material properties
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Q1-22 The beam spread half angle I
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Q2-12 An angle beam produce a 45°
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Q2-17 A change in echo amplitude fr
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Q2-19 What is the rate of attenuati
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Q2-11 A change in 16dB on the atten
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Q3-7 The half angle beam spread of
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Monkey made mistake too!
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Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
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Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
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Q3-8 Answer: The next SDH used will
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Q3-13 During examination, an indica
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Q3-15 In contact testing, the back
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Q4-13 Answer: PRR = number of pulse
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Q4-16
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Q4-17 Illustrations Complete loop=4
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8. When testing a 30 mm diameter, 5
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Q5-20 Answer: None of above
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Q5-22 Table B-1
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38. The angle of a refracted shear
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48. A more highly damped transducer
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47. When a vertical indication has
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63. The purpose of the couplant is
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Immersion Testing Method
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Standards Answer: B
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Standards Answer: A (or C?)
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Standards Answer: C
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Standards Answer: C
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Standards Answer: A?
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Arrows shown standard correct answe
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Arrows shown standard correct answe
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Arrows shown standard correct answe
- Page 1864 and 1865:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
- Page 1866 and 1867:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
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Take a break mms://a588.l3944020587
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Arrows shown standard correct answe
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Expert at Works
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Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
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Practices Make Perfect
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Click to Q&A http://www.ndtcalc.com
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Inverse Square Law http://www.cyber
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Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
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Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
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