Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Transducers 3.1: Piezoelectric Transducers 3.2: Characteristics of Piezoelectric Transducers 3.3: Radiated Fields of Ultrasonic Transducers 3.4: Transducer Beam Spread 3.5: Transducer Types 3.6: Transducer Testing I 3.7: Transducer Modeling 3.8: Couplants 3.9: Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs) Continues Next Page
3.10: Pulser-Receivers 3.11: Tone Burst Generators In Research 3.12: Arbitrary Function Generators 3.13: Electrical Impedance Matching and Termination 3.14: Transducer Quality Factor “Q” 3.15: Data Presentation 3.16: Testing Techniques 3.17: UT Equipment Circuitry 3.18: Further Reading on Sub-Section 3 3.19: Questions & Answers
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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For example, sound waves are almost
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Immersion Method- Figure below show
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1.2: Source-1: The advantages of ul
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Source-3: Advantages and Disadvanta
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The disadvantages of ultrasonic ins
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Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound
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2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
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Ultrasonic Formula
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2.1: Wave Propagation Ultrasonic te
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.ed
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2.2: Modes of Sound Wave Propagatio
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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2.2.3 Longitudinal Wave Also Knows
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Longitudinal wave: Longitudinal wav
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2.2.4 Shear waves (S-Waves) In air,
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Shear waves
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Q10: For a shear wave travelling fr
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Rayleigh waves are a type of surfac
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Q29: The longitudinal wave incident
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave
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Surface wave has the ability to fol
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Surface wave - One wavelength deep
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Love Wave http://web.ics.purdue.edu
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Other Reading: Rayleigh Waves Surfa
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Q110: What kind of wave mode travel
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2.2.6 Lamb Wave: Lamb waves propaga
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Types of Wave New! • Plate wave-
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Plate or Lamb waves are similar to
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With Lamb waves, a number of modes
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Symmetrical = extensional mode
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The form is determined by whether t
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Q1: The wave mode that has multiple
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Dispersion refers to the fact that
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Thickness Limitation: One can not g
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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In terms of the spring model, Hooke
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law, whe
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What properties of material affect
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Where V is the speed of sound, C is
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Q50: The principle attributes that
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E/N/G
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Examples of approximate compression
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Shear Wave Velocity: V S The veloci
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The applet below shows a longitudin
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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As can be noted by the equation, a
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The two velocities of sound are lin
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Sensitivity and resolution are two
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2.5.2 Grain Size & Frequency Select
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Since more things in a material are
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Detectability variable: • pulse l
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Q7: When a material grain size is o
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Pulse Length: A sound pulse traveli
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Determining cross sectional area us
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Pulse volume rule-of-thumb: Competi
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When sound travels through a medium
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Scattering: Grain Size and Wave Fre
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Spreading/ Scattering / adsorption
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The units of the attenuation value
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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A o Ut A
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2.6.3 Frequency selection There is
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Q94: In general, which of the follo
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Q7: When the material grain size is
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Transmission & Reflection Animation
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The following applet can be used to
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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2.8: Reflection and Transmission Co
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Since the amount of reflected energ
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Note that the reflection and transm
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If reflection and transmission at i
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Further Reading (Olympus Technical
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Further Reading: Reflection & Trans
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2.9: Refraction and Snell's Law
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V s1 Only If this medium support sh
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http://www.ni.com/white-paper/3368/
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Note that in the diagram, there is
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Snell Law
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Snell Law
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Example: Snell’s Law L-wave and S
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Snell Law: First critical angle
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Q155 Which of the following can occ
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Q: When angle beam contact testing
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Snell Law: http://techcorr.com/serv
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More on Snell Law Like light, when
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http://www.ndtcalc.com/calculators.
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Mode Conversion http://www.ndt-ed.o
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Snell's Law holds true for shear wa
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In the applet below, the shear (tra
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Creep wave
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Beyond the first critical angle, on
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Note that the applet defaults to co
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Offset of Normal probe above circul
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q118: At the water-steel interface,
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Q72. In a water immersion test, ult
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Q53. The term used to determined th
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The absolute noise level and the ab
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Sound Volume: Area x pulse length M
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Acoustic Volume: w x w y ∆t
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Determining cross sectional area us
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4. Decreases in materials with high
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Pulse Length Affect Resolution
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Transducer cut-out http://ichun-che
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UT Transducer
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UT Transducer- Surface creep wave t
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UT Transducer
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When the origins of the two interac
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However, as stated previously, soun
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Q5: Acoustic pressure along the bea
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Of course, there are more than two
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2.12.3 Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone Fr
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The Near Field (Fresnel)- Wave Inte
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Fresnel / Fraunhofer Zone
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields
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where D is the diameter of the tran
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone 10dB, K-0
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Q: Where does beam divergence occur
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Q160 Beam divergence is a function
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Dead Zone - The interval following
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone http://www.ni.com/white-p
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Q36: To eliminate the decrease in s
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Large Reflector Inverse Rule
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Small Reflector Inverse Square Rule
Page 329 and 330: Fundamental Frequency The lowest re
Page 331 and 332: Transducers Piezoelectric Thickness
Page 333 and 334: Application Case#1: The specimen's
Page 335 and 336: Application Case#2: Electromagnetic
Page 337 and 338: Q7: The resonance frequency of 2cm
Page 339 and 340: dB is a measures of ratio of 2 valu
Page 341 and 342: The Decibel The equation used to de
Page 343 and 344: Why is the dB unit used? Use of dB
Page 345 and 346: Use of the dB in Sound Measurements
Page 347 and 348: Since transducers and microphones p
Page 349 and 350: Sound Levels- Relative
Page 351 and 352: Practice:
Page 353: “Absolute" Sound Levels Whenever
Page 356 and 357: Absolute: The standard reference so
Page 358 and 359: Exercise: ANSWER Find the absolute
Page 360 and 361: Relative dB: Example Calculation 1
Page 362 and 363: Example Calculation 3 Consider the
Page 364 and 365: 2.16 Practice Makes Perfect
Page 366 and 367: Q104: If an ultrasonic wave is tran
Page 368 and 369: 学习总是开心事
Page 376: Section 3: Equipment & Transducers
Page 379: Wavelength in mm for Steel
Page 383 and 384: • Sensitivity is the ability of t
Page 385 and 386: Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
Page 387 and 388: This alignment of molecules will ca
Page 389 and 390: Transducer Effectiveness The effect
Page 391 and 392: Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
Page 393 and 394: Piezoelectric crystals
Page 397 and 398: The thickness of the active element
Page 399 and 400: At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
Page 401 and 402: At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
Page 403 and 404: Piezoelectric crystals may be X or
Page 405 and 406: Q153 A quartz crystal cut so that i
Page 409 and 410: 3.1.1: Type of Piezoelectric Crysta
Page 411 and 412: Quartz
Page 413 and 414: ■ Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 , grows
Page 415 and 416: Followings are Piezoelectric crysta
Page 417 and 418: BaTiO 3
Page 419 and 420: ■ Lead Metaniobate (PBNbO 6 ) cry
Page 421 and 422: Fig. 4: Comparison between lead Met
Page 423 and 424: ■ Lead Zirconate Titanate PZT Cur
Page 425 and 426: 350°C is also goof for:
Page 427 and 428: Curie Temperature: In physics and m
Page 429 and 430: Lead zirconium Titanate PZT http://
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Properties of Piezoelectric Materia
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Q67: Which of the following transdu
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Q21: An advantage of using a cerami
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3.2: Characteristics of Piezoelectr
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Transducer PZT & Matching Layer Thi
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Contact Transducer Types: socket cr
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Transducer: Straight Beam
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Transducer Cut-Out
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3.2.3 Design of Matching Layer The
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3.2.4 Backing (Damping) The backing
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3.2.5 Wear Plate The basic purpose
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When signals are in phase, their am
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Transducers http://www.ndt-kits.com
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Resolution: BS4331 Pt 3. the recomm
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In the early days of ultrasonic tes
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Transducer Damping (illustration wi
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Transducer Damping Narrow bandwidth
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -14dB
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Transducer Damping- Pulse Length
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Transducer Damping- Low Damping (X-
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48. A more highly damped transducer
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Bandwidth: • The unit for bandwid
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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The relation between MHz bandwidth
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The approximate relations shown in
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Instrumentation Band Width:
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Q164: The resolving power of a tran
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3.3: Radiated Fields of Ultrasonic
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The pressure waves combine to form
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Angular characteristics for large d
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Angular characteristics: Spatial di
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Angular characteristics: Sound pres
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Beam Spreads http://www.eclipsescie
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Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
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Probe dimension & Z f, , Ɵ 探子
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Although beam spread must be consid
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Near/ Far Fields Near field, constr
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For a flat piston source transducer
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3.5.1 Contact transducers are used
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Contact probe
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Practice Makes Perfect 43. Which of
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Unfocused & Focused
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Focused Transducer (Olympus) Z B F
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Focal Length Variations Focal Lengt
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This change in the focal length can
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Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
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Q18: Which of the following is an a
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3.5.3 Dual element transducers cont
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The Perspex shoes hold the crystals
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Other Reading (Olympus): Dual eleme
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Figure (13).
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Duo Elements Transducer
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Delay Lined Transducer: Advantages:
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Delay Lined Transducer
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TR-Probe / Dual Crystal Probe- Tran
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Cross Talk at High Gain
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Probe Delay
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3.5.5 Angle beam transducers Angle
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
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Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
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Angle Beam Transducers- Longitudina
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3.5.6 Normal incidence shear wave t
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Normal incidence shear wave transdu
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3.5.7 Paint brush transducers Paint
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3.5.8 Wheel Transducer Wheel Transd
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UT Technician At works- Salute!
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Manufacturers often provide time an
Page 584 and 585:
Excitation: Spiked Pulser (negative
Page 586 and 587:
Pulse energy: Broad band versus Nar
Page 588 and 589:
Other tests may include the followi
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Effects of Probe Sizes: 1. The larg
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Shock excitation
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Frequency Response--The frequency r
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3.7: Transducer Modeling In high-te
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The Thompson-Gray Measurement Model
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Couplant
Page 604 and 605:
Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
Page 606 and 607:
Couplant
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3.9: Electromagnetic Acoustic Trans
Page 610 and 611:
F is the body force per unit volume
Page 612 and 613:
A number of practical EMAT configur
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Comparison between EMAT and Piezoel
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Challenges and Disadvantages The di
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http://mdienergy.com/emat.html
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EMAT Transducer http://www-ndc.me.e
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Cross-sectional view of a normal fi
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Cross-sectional view of a meander c
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Practical EMAT designs are relative
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The pulser section of the instrumen
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Pulse characteristics Pulse energy
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Pulse Length: BS EN 12668- Part 1 I
Page 635 and 636:
Pulse Length
Page 637 and 638:
Pulse Length
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Pulse Length and Wave form
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Wave form Quality Factor
Page 643 and 644:
Pulse-Echo mode of operation, narro
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Modulus of the electrical impedance
Page 647 and 648:
Transducers
Page 649 and 650:
In the receiver section the voltage
Page 651 and 652:
Pulse/Beam Characteristics High fre
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Frequency - The number of wave cycl
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Sensitivity - The relationship betw
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Focusing - Immersion transducers ca
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Q15: A significant limitation of a
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Tone burst generators
Page 663 and 664:
3.12: Arbitrary Function Generators
Page 665 and 666:
In spread spectrum ultrasonics (see
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Data Signals: Input versus Output C
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Shielding is normally specified as
Page 671 and 672:
3.14 Transducer Quality Factor “Q
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Quality Factor “Q” High quality
Page 675 and 676:
Data Presentation: A, B and C-scan
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3.15.1 A-Scan Presentation The A-sc
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A-Scan
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In the illustration of the A-scan p
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B-Scan
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B-Scan Presentation The B-scan pres
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B-Scan
Page 689 and 690:
3.15.3 C-Scan Presentation The C-sc
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C-Scan
Page 694 and 695:
High resolution scans can produce v
Page 696 and 697:
C-Scan Recording
Page 698 and 699:
3.15.4 The D scan- The D scan gives
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AUT Displays
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In the pulse-echo method, it is nec
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Fig. 12.2 Shadow method with reflec
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3.16 Testing Techniques 3.16.1 Puls
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Through Transmission Techniques
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3.16.3 The Tandem Techniques The ta
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3.16.4 Immersion Methods In immersi
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¼ T T
Page 717 and 718:
3.17.1 Instrument Circuitry: Althou
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Instrument Circuitry: Screen pictur
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Instrument Circuitry: Receiver-ampl
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Instrument Circuitry: Image- and Da
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Instrument Circuitry: Pulse Repetit
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3.17.2 Instrument Control: Even tho
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Instrument Control: DELAY and RANGE
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Instrument Control: Display Control
Page 733 and 734:
Instrument Controls: • A marker c
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Instrument Control: Gates Most UT e
Page 737 and 738:
Figure above Block diagram circuitr
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Pulse Repetition Rate - Gain - Freq
Page 742 and 743:
A basic instrument contains several
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Applications. The chief value of B-
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• First, the display is generated
Page 748 and 749:
Signal Display. The oscilloscope sc
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Typical C-scan setup, including dis
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Gating. (Depth Gate) An electronic
Page 754 and 755:
Q1: In an ultrasonic test system wh
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Q30: The time from the start of the
Page 758 and 759:
Q166: In a basic pulse echo instrum
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121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
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125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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3.18.2 Reflection 西塘
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How do reflection, refraction, and
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3.18.3 Refraction happens when ligh
Page 770 and 771:
Diffraction
Page 772 and 773:
Diffraction
Page 774 and 775:
Diffraction
Page 776 and 777:
Diffraction happen when light tries
Page 778 and 779:
3.18.5 Interference
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Interference
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Q11: When maximum sensitivity is re
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Q3: The ultrasonic instrument used
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Q15: Entry surface resolution is a
Page 788 and 789:
Expert at Works-Salute!
Page 792 and 793:
Section 4: Calibration Methods
Page 794 and 795:
4.1: Calibration Methods Calibratio
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In ultrasonic testing, there is als
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Introduction to the Common Standard
Page 800 and 801:
The IIW Type Calibration Block
Page 802 and 803:
The IIW Type I Calibration Block
Page 804 and 805:
The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
Page 806 and 807:
The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
Page 810 and 811:
Find probe angle Find Index/Range/R
Page 812 and 813:
V2 Calibration Block
Page 814 and 815:
Calibration Blocks
Page 816 and 817:
The standard shown in the above fig
Page 818 and 819:
IIW Blocks- IIW Type US-2
Page 820 and 821:
V1/5, A2 Block
Page 822 and 823:
DSC Block, Mini block, Rompas Block
Page 824 and 825:
A block that closely resembles the
Page 826 and 827:
Calibration Range Using DSC AWS Blo
Page 828 and 829:
AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
Page 830 and 831:
AWS Resolution Calibration (RC) Blo
Page 832 and 833:
30 FBH Resolution Reference Block T
Page 834 and 835:
Step and Tapered Calibration Wedges
Page 836 and 837:
Area Amplitude Blocks provide stand
Page 838 and 839:
The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
Page 840 and 841:
ASTM E 127
Page 842 and 843:
Distance-Amplitude #3, #5, #8 FBH B
Page 844 and 845:
Q56: On the area-amplitude ultrason
Page 846 and 847:
4.2: The Calibrations 4.2.1: Distan
Page 848 and 849:
http://www.huatecgroup.com/china-di
Page 850:
DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
Page 853 and 854:
The following applet shows a test b
Page 855 and 856:
Developing a Distance Amplitude Cor
Page 857 and 858:
Back Wall Echo
Page 859 and 860:
2.) This example represents the use
Page 861 and 862:
4.) With no further adjustments to
Page 863 and 864:
Plotting DAC Curve
Page 865 and 866:
DAC Curve
Page 868 and 869:
Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Dist
Page 870 and 871:
4.2.2: Finding the probe index
Page 872 and 873:
Exit Point- A5 Block
Page 874 and 875:
5.2.3: Checking the probe angle
Page 876 and 877:
Probe Angles- A5 Block
Page 878 and 879:
Calibration of shear waves for rang
Page 880 and 881:
Echo from 100mm circular Section
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50 mm radius from V2 Block
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Exit Point /Range/Probe Angle calib
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Dead Zone Determine the dead zone b
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20 dB Profile Probe Beam Line of Sy
Page 894 and 895:
4.2.7: Transfer Correction Methods
Page 896 and 897:
Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
Page 898 and 899:
Transfer and Attenuation Correction
Page 900 and 901:
4.2.8.1: Linearity of time base Gen
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Ultrasonic Testing - Horizontal Lin
Page 908:
Tolerance Frequency of checking The
Page 913 and 914:
Figure 6 — General purpose set-up
Page 915:
Method A: 6.3.2.1 Apparatus—A tes
Page 918 and 919:
Q61: The vertical linear range of a
Page 920 and 921:
4.3: Curvature Correction Curvature
Page 922 and 923:
Concave surfaces work to focus the
Page 924 and 925:
Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 926 and 927:
Q: In transmitting sound energy int
Page 928 and 929:
The resulting model allows computat
Page 930 and 931:
Curvature Corrections
Page 932 and 933:
Curvature Correction
Page 934 and 935:
4.4: Calibration References & Stand
Page 936 and 937:
Reference Reflectors: are used as a
Page 938 and 939:
Reference Reflectors are used as a
Page 940 and 941:
Q80: The 50 mm diameter hole in an
Page 942 and 943:
4.6: Video Time http://v.pps.tv/pla
Page 944:
Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Test
Page 950 and 951:
Content: Section 5: Measurement Tec
Page 952 and 953:
5.1: Normal Beam Inspection Pulse-e
Page 954 and 955:
A-Scan
Page 956 and 957:
Precision ultrasonic thickness gage
Page 958 and 959:
5.2: Angle Beams I Angle Beam Trans
Page 960:
Angle Beam Transducers and wedges a
Page 963 and 964:
Flaw Location and Echo Display
Page 965 and 966:
Page 967 and 968:
Page 969 and 970:
Dead Zone
Page 971 and 972:
Flaw Location
Page 973 and 974:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
Page 975 and 976:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
Page 977 and 978:
The angled sound beam is highly sen
Page 979 and 980:
How they work -- Snell's Law A soun
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There are two advantages to designi
Page 983 and 984:
Contoured wedges
Page 985 and 986:
Focused dual element angle beams Th
Page 987 and 988:
threaded snap-in steel with a shear
Page 989 and 990:
Crack Tip Diffraction Methods No an
Page 991 and 992:
Crack Tip Diffraction Method The eq
Page 993 and 994:
6 dB Drop Method
Page 995 and 996:
6 dB Drop Method www.youtube.com/em
Page 997 and 998:
5.3.3 The 20 dB drop sizing method
Page 999 and 1000:
20 dB Drop Sizing- For Small Reflec
Page 1001 and 1002:
Move the probe to the other side of
Page 1003 and 1004:
Note that we have only drawn the be
Page 1005 and 1006:
5.3.4 Equalization Back Wall Sizing
Page 1007 and 1008:
5.3.6 The DGS Method Distance Gain
Page 1009 and 1010:
Automatic Scanning
Page 1011 and 1012:
Dripless Bubbler
Page 1013 and 1014:
The second major consideration is h
Page 1015 and 1016:
Pulse-Echo and Pulse-Echo-Overlap M
Page 1017 and 1018:
EMATs http://www.resonic.com/error%
Page 1019 and 1020:
EMAT Driver Frequency: 450-600 KHz
Page 1021 and 1022:
5.6: Attenuation Measurements Ultra
Page 1023 and 1024:
The most common method used to get
Page 1025 and 1026:
Attenuation:
Page 1027 and 1028:
Section of bi-phase modulated sprea
Page 1029 and 1030:
Spread Spectrum UT
Page 1031 and 1032:
Two discrimination technique are te
Page 1033 and 1034:
5.8: Signal Processing Techniques S
Page 1035 and 1036:
The frequency domain display shows
Page 1037 and 1038:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1039 and 1040:
The following Fourier Java applet,
Page 1041 and 1042:
5.9: Scanning Methods Direct contac
Page 1043 and 1044:
Pulse Echo Method: Sound pressure o
Page 1045 and 1046:
Pulse Echo Method
Page 1047 and 1048:
Pulse Echo Method
Page 1049 and 1050:
Amplitude loss: Inverse Square Law
Page 1051 and 1052:
Influence of reflector orientation
Page 1053 and 1054:
Pulse Echo Method IP BE F plate del
Page 1055 and 1056:
5.9.2 Pitch-Catch Methods Advantage
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Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
Page 1059 and 1060:
5.9.2.2 Pitch-Catch Methods- Tandem
Page 1061 and 1062:
Distance Between Transmitter / Rece
Page 1063 and 1064:
5.9.3 Immersion Methods Many of the
Page 1065 and 1066:
Immersion Methods- Since sound wave
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Modified Immersion Methods- Bubbler
Page 1069 and 1070:
Angle Beam Immersion Methods Note t
Page 1071 and 1072:
Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Pipe
Page 1073 and 1074:
Immersion Testing Set-up
Page 1075 and 1076:
Manipulators The manipulator is pri
Page 1077 and 1078:
Bridges When the manipulator is aut
Page 1079 and 1080:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
Page 1081 and 1082:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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An unfocused transducer may be used
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Focus may be designated in three wa
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Q: In immersion testing, to remove
Page 1089 and 1090:
Q2: In an immersion test of a piece
Page 1091 and 1092:
Q176: To evaluate and accurately lo
Page 1093 and 1094:
5.10: Scanning Patterns
Page 1095 and 1096:
5.11: Pulse Repetition Rate and Pen
Page 1097 and 1098:
Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
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Pulse-Length and Near Surface Sensi
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5.12: Interferences & Non-Relevant
Page 1103 and 1104:
Specimen Surface Interference Exces
Page 1105 and 1106:
Specimen Surface Interference- You
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Material Geometric Interference Fal
Page 1109 and 1110:
Non Relevant Indication Large grain
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Non Relevant Indications The geomet
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Entry surface variables: Surface ro
Page 1115 and 1116:
Whether uniform or irregular, a rou
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Keywords on Rough Surface: 1. The d
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The coating is sufficiently thin th
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5.13.3 Couplant Condition Both cont
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In more practical terms, for water
Page 1125 and 1126:
For example the plastics listed in
Page 1127 and 1128:
Like the decibel, the Neper is a un
Page 1129 and 1130:
Hence:
Page 1131 and 1132:
5.14 The Concept of Effective Dista
Page 1133 and 1134:
Q&A on The Concept of Effective Dis
Page 1135 and 1136:
Q2: A steel bar with 200 mm thick i
Page 1137 and 1138:
Q4: Assuming that Minimum 3 pulses
Page 1139 and 1140:
Q6: What is the maximum PRR is need
Page 1141 and 1142:
Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
Page 1143 and 1144:
5.15: Questions & Answers Exercises
Page 1145 and 1146:
Compared 6 dB Drop Sizing with Equa
Page 1147 and 1148:
Q5: Ultrasonic inspection is being
Page 1151 and 1152:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
Page 1155 and 1156:
Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
Page 1157 and 1158:
6.1: Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
Page 1163 and 1164:
Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
Page 1165 and 1166:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1167 and 1168:
Page 1169 and 1170:
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
Page 1183 and 1184:
Salute to the Steel Workers!
Page 1185 and 1186:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1187 and 1188:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1189 and 1190:
Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
Page 1192 and 1193:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1194 and 1195:
Page 1196 and 1197:
Page 1198 and 1199:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1200 and 1201:
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6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
Page 1214 and 1215:
Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
Page 1216 and 1217:
Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
Page 1218 and 1219:
Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
Page 1220 and 1221:
Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
Page 1222 and 1223:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
Page 1224 and 1225:
Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
Page 1226 and 1227:
Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
Page 1228 and 1229:
Rail Inspection One of the major pr
Page 1230 and 1231:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1232 and 1233:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1234 and 1235:
Techniques: Wheel Probe
Page 1236 and 1237:
Techniques: (c) same with additiona
Page 1238 and 1239:
6.3.1: UT of Weldments (Welded Join
Page 1240 and 1241:
UT Calculator
Page 1242 and 1243:
The second step in the inspection i
Page 1244 and 1245:
https://www.mandinasndt.com/index.p
Page 1246 and 1247:
Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
Page 1249 and 1250:
6.3.2 Weld Scanning
Page 1251 and 1252:
Typical Scanning Patterns: Typicall
Page 1253 and 1254:
Weld Scanning
Page 1255 and 1256:
Weld Scanning
Page 1257 and 1258:
Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects S
Page 1259 and 1260:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1261 and 1262:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1263 and 1264:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1265 and 1266:
Practice Makes Perfect 62. Which of
Page 1267 and 1268:
Pipe & Tube
Page 1269 and 1270:
Experts at work
Page 1271 and 1272:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1273 and 1274:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1275 and 1276:
Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio
Page 1277 and 1278:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1279 and 1280:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1281 and 1282:
Answer part B c a b a/Sin A = b/Sin
Page 1283 and 1284:
Q35: Which of the following may res
Page 1285 and 1286:
Expert at works
Page 1287 and 1288:
Basic echodynamic pattern of reflec
Page 1289 and 1290:
C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
Page 1291 and 1292:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1293 and 1294:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1295 and 1296:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1297 and 1298:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1299 and 1300:
C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1301 and 1302:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1303 and 1304:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1305 and 1306:
Echodynamic- Differences between th
Page 1307 and 1308:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1309 and 1310:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1311 and 1312:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
Page 1313 and 1314:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Angl
Page 1315 and 1316:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Perf
Page 1317 and 1318:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Vert
Page 1319 and 1320:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
Page 1321 and 1322:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1323 and 1324:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1325 and 1326:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1327 and 1328:
Echo Dynamic Crack
Page 1329 and 1330:
Echo Dynamic- Shaper indication and
Page 1331 and 1332:
Echo Dynamic Threadlike defects, po
Page 1333 and 1334:
Echo Dynamic In case “a” it wil
Page 1335 and 1336:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1337 and 1338:
Q. A smooth flat discontinuity whos
Page 1339 and 1340:
Q24. During inspection of a paralle
Page 1341 and 1342:
Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
Page 1343 and 1344:
Expert at works
Page 1345 and 1346:
Physical Dimension
Page 1347 and 1348:
Physical Dimension
Page 1349 and 1350:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1351 and 1352:
Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
Page 1353 and 1354:
Mock-Up
Page 1355 and 1356:
Mock-Up
Page 1357 and 1358:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1359 and 1360:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1361 and 1362:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1363 and 1364:
6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
Page 1365 and 1366:
A test program had been first carri
Page 1367 and 1368:
6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
Page 1369 and 1370:
Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
Page 1371 and 1372:
Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
Page 1373 and 1374:
The test sample may be of any geome
Page 1375 and 1376:
Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
Page 1377 and 1378:
Note on units: If sound velocity is
Page 1379 and 1380:
Experts at work
Page 1381 and 1382:
This application note contains quic
Page 1383 and 1384:
Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
Page 1385 and 1386:
Page 1387 and 1388:
Page 1389 and 1390:
High Temperature Conventional UT- G
Page 1391 and 1392:
(1a) Thickness gaging The most comm
Page 1393 and 1394:
In challenging applications requiri
Page 1395 and 1396:
Applications involving thin materia
Page 1397 and 1398:
Note that normal incidence shear wa
Page 1399 and 1400:
2.3 Test Techniques The following f
Page 1401 and 1402:
Coupling Technique: The combination
Page 1403 and 1404:
3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
Page 1405 and 1406:
3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
Page 1407 and 1408:
Keyword: • In typical fine grain
Page 1409 and 1410:
Discussion: An offshore installatio
Page 1413 and 1414:
6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
Page 1415 and 1416:
Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
Page 1417 and 1418:
With oil at the correct level, suff
Page 1419 and 1420:
In another position measurement sys
Page 1421 and 1422:
Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
Page 1423 and 1424:
In-Service Inspection The methods d
Page 1425 and 1426:
In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
Page 1427 and 1428:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
Page 1429 and 1430:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
Page 1431 and 1432:
Casting In castings flaw detection
Page 1433 and 1434:
Casting
Page 1435 and 1436:
6.12: Bonded Joint
Page 1437 and 1438:
During inspection, the oscilloscope
Page 1439 and 1440:
Corrosion Monitoring Ultrasonic ins
Page 1441 and 1442:
6.14: Crack Monitoring
Page 1443 and 1444:
Monitoring of fatigue cracks in par
Page 1445 and 1446:
For example, 150 mm (6 in.) diam, 8
Page 1447 and 1448:
Stress Measurements With ultrasonic
Page 1449 and 1450:
6.16: Bond Testing
Page 1451 and 1452:
The real limitation of
Page 1453 and 1454:
Page 1455 and 1456:
Page 1457 and 1458:
6.App-1.1 TOFD Basic Theory TOFD is
Page 1459 and 1460:
6.App-1.2 Main Benefits of TOFD for
Page 1461 and 1462:
6.App-1.3 6.App-1.3.1 The Theory Mo
Page 1463 and 1464:
TOFD is generally recognised as the
Page 1465 and 1466:
TOFD Transmitter Receiver Crack Bac
Page 1467 and 1468:
6.App-1.2 Application Examples ■
Page 1469 and 1470:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
Page 1471 and 1472:
Weld Root Corrosion and Erosion Pul
Page 1473 and 1474:
TOFD is deployed by scanning the we
Page 1475 and 1476:
Scan of weld with cursor positioned
Page 1477 and 1478:
Measurement of corroded area shows
Page 1479 and 1480:
6.App-1.3.4 TOFD Benefits for Corro
Page 1481 and 1482:
6.App-1.3.5 Overview on Scanning Di
Page 1483 and 1484:
■ Parallel TOFD scanning: Where t
Page 1485 and 1486:
Typical “Parallel” Weld Scannin
Page 1487 and 1488:
6.App-1.3.6 Further Reading- Introd
Page 1489 and 1490:
Page 1491 and 1492:
Page 1493 and 1494:
Sail Off
Page 1495 and 1496:
Content: Section 7: Reference Mater
Page 1497 and 1498:
7.2: General References & Resources
Page 1499:
Calibrating 70° Probe with IIW Blo
Page 1504 and 1505:
Content: Section 8: Ultrasonic Insp
Page 1506 and 1507:
Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
Page 1508 and 1509:
8.2: Online UT Quizzes
Page 1510 and 1511:
http://www.ndtcalc.com/index.php?pa
Page 1518:
Addendum-01a Equipment Calibrations
Page 1521 and 1522:
Attenuation due to Beam spread for:
Page 1523 and 1524:
Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Sma
Page 1525 and 1526:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1527 and 1528:
Δ dB = total Material attenuation
Page 1529 and 1530:
Construction of beam edges plot- No
Page 1531 and 1532:
20dB drop to find edges of beam
Page 1533 and 1534:
Construction of beam spread at 13mm
Page 1535 and 1536:
Construction of beam spread at 32mm
Page 1537 and 1538:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge Tun
Page 1539 and 1540:
First/ Second Critical Angles V L1
Page 1541 and 1542:
Finding the probe index
Page 1543 and 1544:
Checking the probe Angle:
Page 1545 and 1546:
Calibration for range:
Page 1547 and 1548:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1549 and 1550:
The IOW Block: The Institute of Wel
Page 1551 and 1552:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1553 and 1554:
Page 1555 and 1556:
Page 1557 and 1558:
The DAC
Page 1559 and 1560:
DAC Curve
Page 1561 and 1562:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
Page 1563 and 1564:
Reading on: FLAT Bottom Holes FBH h
Page 1565 and 1566:
Transfer Corection
Page 1567 and 1568:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1569 and 1570:
Transfer Correction:
Page 1571 and 1572:
Transfer Correction: Compression Pr
Page 1573 and 1574:
DGS- Distance Gain Size http://www.
Page 1575 and 1576:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1577 and 1578:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1579 and 1580:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1581 and 1582:
DGS- Different sizes of FBH at diff
Page 1583 and 1584:
What is DGS TCG is a time-corrected
Page 1585 and 1586:
Locating & Sizing Flaws
Page 1587 and 1588:
With ultrasonic instruments having
Page 1589 and 1590:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1591 and 1592:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1593 and 1594:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1595 and 1596:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1597 and 1598:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1599 and 1600:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1601 and 1602:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1607 and 1608:
Scanning Patterns http://www.olympu
Page 1609 and 1610:
Practice Makes Perfect 35. The 2 mm
Page 1611 and 1612:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation
Page 1613 and 1614:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transmit
Page 1615 and 1616:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Applied
Page 1617 and 1618:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Switch t
Page 1619 and 1620:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
Page 1621 and 1622:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Sensitiv
Page 1623 and 1624:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transduc
Page 1625 and 1626:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Rece
Page 1627 and 1628:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Radio-Fr
Page 1629 and 1630:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Imag
Page 1631 and 1632:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Excess G
Page 1633 and 1634:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Time Gai
Page 1635 and 1636:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1637 and 1638:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE Gai
Page 1639 and 1640:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Slide Po
Page 1641 and 1642:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Types of
Page 1643 and 1644:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Receiver
Page 1645 and 1646:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Large ra
Page 1647 and 1648:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Linear a
Page 1649 and 1650:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gain A L
Page 1651 and 1652:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pre-ampl
Page 1653 and 1654:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Saturati
Page 1655 and 1656:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DEMODULA
Page 1657 and 1658:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Half-Wav
Page 1659 and 1660:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DETECTIO
Page 1661 and 1662:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The vide
Page 1663 and 1664:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation All Scan
Page 1665 and 1666:
Matrix Rows x, coordinates
Page 1667 and 1668:
Matrix Pixel
Page 1669:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation In the S
Page 1673 and 1674:
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Page 1675 and 1676:
Raster Process 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Page 1677 and 1678:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The numb
Page 1679 and 1680:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Bit 1 2
Page 1681 and 1682:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Operator
Page 1683 and 1684:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation POST PRO
Page 1685 and 1686:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The DSC
Page 1687 and 1688:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Resoluti
Page 1689 and 1690:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 1. ROM 2
Page 1691 and 1692:
66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1693 and 1694:
69. In Figure 4, transducer B is be
Page 1695 and 1696:
Q: The output voltage from a satura
Page 1697:
Addendum-02 Equations & Calculation
Page 1702 and 1703:
Contents: 1. Material Acoustic Prop
Page 1705 and 1706:
2.0 Ultrasonic Formula http://www.n
Page 1707 and 1708:
Ultrasonic Formula α = Transducer
Page 1709 and 1710:
4.0 The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law,
Page 1711 and 1712:
V is the speed of sound Eleatic con
Page 1713 and 1714:
E/N/G
Page 1715 and 1716:
Spreading/ Scattering/ adsorption (
Page 1717 and 1718:
Amplitude at distance Z Where v is
Page 1719 and 1720:
Which U t ? U 0 t , A 0 o U 1 t , A
Page 1721 and 1722:
The following applet can be used to
Page 1723 and 1724:
Reflection and Transmission Coeffic
Page 1725 and 1726:
If reflection and transmission at i
Page 1727 and 1728:
Q1: What is the percentage of initi
Page 1729 and 1730:
8.0 Snell’s Law Snell's Law holds
Page 1731 and 1732:
Practice Makes Perfect 5. For an ul
Page 1733 and 1734:
Practice Makes Perfect 9. Calculate
Page 1735 and 1736:
9.0 S/N Ratio The following formula
Page 1737 and 1738:
Sound Volume: Area x pulse length
Page 1739:
where α is the radius of the trans
Page 1743 and 1744:
Example: Calculate the modified Nea
Page 1745 and 1746:
11.0 Focusing & Focal Length http:/
Page 1747 and 1748:
12.0 Offset of Normal probe above c
Page 1749 and 1750:
13.0 “Q” Factor 3dB down
Page 1751:
Inverse Square Law http://www.cyber
Page 1754 and 1755:
DGS Distance Gain Sizing Y-axis sho
Page 1756 and 1757:
The blue curves plotted show how th
Page 1758 and 1759:
20-4dB=16dB (deduced) Δ Flaw =30-1
Page 1760 and 1761:
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/atlas
Page 1762:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1765 and 1766:
Figure1:
Page 1767 and 1768:
15.0 Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
Page 1769 and 1770:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1775 and 1776:
Addendum-03 Questions & Answers Col
Page 1777 and 1778:
Make mistakes now, not during exam!
Page 1779 and 1780:
30. On an A-scan display the dead z
Page 1781 and 1782:
31. As the acoustic impedance ratio
Page 1783 and 1784:
15. Which type of test block is use
Page 1785 and 1786:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1787 and 1788:
Question: Which type of screen pres
Page 1790 and 1791:
Table 1.2
Page 1792 and 1793:
Q1-13 The second critical angle at
Page 1794 and 1795:
For evaluating material properties
Page 1796 and 1797:
Q1-22 The beam spread half angle I
Page 1798 and 1799:
Q2-12 An angle beam produce a 45°
Page 1800 and 1801:
Q2-17 A change in echo amplitude fr
Page 1802 and 1803:
Q2-19 What is the rate of attenuati
Page 1804 and 1805:
Q2-11 A change in 16dB on the atten
Page 1806 and 1807:
Q3-7 The half angle beam spread of
Page 1808 and 1809:
Monkey made mistake too!
Page 1810 and 1811:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1812 and 1813:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1814 and 1815:
Q3-8 Answer: The next SDH used will
Page 1816 and 1817:
Q3-13 During examination, an indica
Page 1818 and 1819:
Q3-15 In contact testing, the back
Page 1820 and 1821:
Q4-13 Answer: PRR = number of pulse
Page 1822 and 1823:
Q4-16
Page 1824 and 1825:
Q4-17 Illustrations Complete loop=4
Page 1826 and 1827:
8. When testing a 30 mm diameter, 5
Page 1828 and 1829:
Q5-20 Answer: None of above
Page 1830:
Q5-22 Table B-1
Page 1833 and 1834:
38. The angle of a refracted shear
Page 1835 and 1836:
48. A more highly damped transducer
Page 1837 and 1838:
47. When a vertical indication has
Page 1839 and 1840:
63. The purpose of the couplant is
Page 1841:
Immersion Testing Method
Page 1846 and 1847:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1848 and 1849:
Standards Answer: A (or C?)
Page 1850 and 1851:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1852 and 1853:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1854:
Standards Answer: A?
Page 1857 and 1858:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
Page 1859 and 1860:
Page 1861:
Page 1864 and 1865:
Page 1866 and 1867:
Page 1868 and 1869:
Take a break mms://a588.l3944020587
Page 1870 and 1871:
Page 1872 and 1873:
Expert at Works
Page 1874 and 1875:
Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
Page 1876 and 1877:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1878 and 1879:
Click to Q&A http://www.ndtcalc.com
Page 1880 and 1881:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1882:
Inverse Square Law http://www.cyber
Page 1885 and 1886:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1887:
Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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