Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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Although beam spread must be considered when performing an ultrasonic inspection, it is important to note that in the far field, or Fraunhofer zone, the maximum sound pressure is always found along the acoustic axis (centerline) of the transducer. Therefore, the strongest reflections are likely to come from the area directly in front of the transducer. Beam spread occurs because the vibrating particle of the material (through which the wave is traveling) do not always transfer all of their energy in the direction of wave propagation. Recall that waves propagate through the transfer of energy from one particle to another in the medium. If the particles are not directly aligned in the direction of wave propagation, some of the energy will get transferred off at an angle. (Picture what happens when one ball hits another ball slightly off center). In the near field, constructive and destructive wave interference fill the sound field with fluctuation. At the start of the far field, however, the beam strength is always greatest at the center of the beam and diminishes as it spreads outward.
As shown in the applet below, beam spread is largely determined by the frequency and diameter of the transducer. Beam spread is greater when using a low frequency transducer than when using a high frequency transducer. As the diameter of the transducer increases, the beam spread will be reduced. http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/Graphics/toplinks-rev2.swf
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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For example, sound waves are almost
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Immersion Method- Figure below show
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1.2: Source-1: The advantages of ul
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Source-3: Advantages and Disadvanta
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The disadvantages of ultrasonic ins
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Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound
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2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
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Ultrasonic Formula
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2.1: Wave Propagation Ultrasonic te
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.ed
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2.2: Modes of Sound Wave Propagatio
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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2.2.3 Longitudinal Wave Also Knows
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Longitudinal wave: Longitudinal wav
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2.2.4 Shear waves (S-Waves) In air,
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Shear waves
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Q10: For a shear wave travelling fr
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Rayleigh waves are a type of surfac
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Q29: The longitudinal wave incident
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave
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Surface wave has the ability to fol
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Surface wave - One wavelength deep
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Love Wave http://web.ics.purdue.edu
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Other Reading: Rayleigh Waves Surfa
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Q110: What kind of wave mode travel
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2.2.6 Lamb Wave: Lamb waves propaga
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Types of Wave New! • Plate wave-
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Plate or Lamb waves are similar to
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With Lamb waves, a number of modes
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Symmetrical = extensional mode
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The form is determined by whether t
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Q1: The wave mode that has multiple
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Dispersion refers to the fact that
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Thickness Limitation: One can not g
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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In terms of the spring model, Hooke
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law, whe
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What properties of material affect
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Where V is the speed of sound, C is
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Q50: The principle attributes that
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E/N/G
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Examples of approximate compression
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Shear Wave Velocity: V S The veloci
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The applet below shows a longitudin
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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As can be noted by the equation, a
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The two velocities of sound are lin
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Sensitivity and resolution are two
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2.5.2 Grain Size & Frequency Select
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Since more things in a material are
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Detectability variable: • pulse l
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Q7: When a material grain size is o
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Pulse Length: A sound pulse traveli
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Determining cross sectional area us
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Pulse volume rule-of-thumb: Competi
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When sound travels through a medium
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Scattering: Grain Size and Wave Fre
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Spreading/ Scattering / adsorption
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The units of the attenuation value
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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A o Ut A
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2.6.3 Frequency selection There is
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Q94: In general, which of the follo
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Q7: When the material grain size is
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Transmission & Reflection Animation
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The following applet can be used to
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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2.8: Reflection and Transmission Co
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Since the amount of reflected energ
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Note that the reflection and transm
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If reflection and transmission at i
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Further Reading (Olympus Technical
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Further Reading: Reflection & Trans
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2.9: Refraction and Snell's Law
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V s1 Only If this medium support sh
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http://www.ni.com/white-paper/3368/
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Note that in the diagram, there is
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Snell Law
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Snell Law
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Example: Snell’s Law L-wave and S
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Snell Law: First critical angle
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Q155 Which of the following can occ
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Q: When angle beam contact testing
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Snell Law: http://techcorr.com/serv
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More on Snell Law Like light, when
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http://www.ndtcalc.com/calculators.
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Mode Conversion http://www.ndt-ed.o
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Snell's Law holds true for shear wa
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In the applet below, the shear (tra
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Creep wave
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Beyond the first critical angle, on
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Note that the applet defaults to co
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Offset of Normal probe above circul
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q118: At the water-steel interface,
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Q72. In a water immersion test, ult
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Q53. The term used to determined th
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The absolute noise level and the ab
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Sound Volume: Area x pulse length M
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Acoustic Volume: w x w y ∆t
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Determining cross sectional area us
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4. Decreases in materials with high
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Pulse Length Affect Resolution
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Transducer cut-out http://ichun-che
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UT Transducer
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UT Transducer- Surface creep wave t
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UT Transducer
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When the origins of the two interac
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However, as stated previously, soun
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Q5: Acoustic pressure along the bea
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Of course, there are more than two
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2.12.3 Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone Fr
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The Near Field (Fresnel)- Wave Inte
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Fresnel / Fraunhofer Zone
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields
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where D is the diameter of the tran
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone 10dB, K-0
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Q: Where does beam divergence occur
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Q160 Beam divergence is a function
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Dead Zone - The interval following
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone http://www.ni.com/white-p
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Q36: To eliminate the decrease in s
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Large Reflector Inverse Rule
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Small Reflector Inverse Square Rule
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Fundamental Frequency The lowest re
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Transducers Piezoelectric Thickness
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Application Case#1: The specimen's
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Application Case#2: Electromagnetic
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Q7: The resonance frequency of 2cm
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dB is a measures of ratio of 2 valu
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The Decibel The equation used to de
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Why is the dB unit used? Use of dB
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Use of the dB in Sound Measurements
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Since transducers and microphones p
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Sound Levels- Relative
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Practice:
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Whenever
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Absolute: The standard reference so
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Exercise: ANSWER Find the absolute
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Relative dB: Example Calculation 1
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Example Calculation 3 Consider the
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2.16 Practice Makes Perfect
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Q104: If an ultrasonic wave is tran
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学习总是开心事
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Section 3: Equipment & Transducers
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Wavelength in mm for Steel
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3.10: Pulser-Receivers 3.11: Tone B
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• Sensitivity is the ability of t
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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This alignment of molecules will ca
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Transducer Effectiveness The effect
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
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The thickness of the active element
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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Piezoelectric crystals may be X or
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Q153 A quartz crystal cut so that i
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3.1.1: Type of Piezoelectric Crysta
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Quartz
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■ Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 , grows
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Followings are Piezoelectric crysta
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BaTiO 3
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■ Lead Metaniobate (PBNbO 6 ) cry
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Fig. 4: Comparison between lead Met
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■ Lead Zirconate Titanate PZT Cur
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350°C is also goof for:
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Curie Temperature: In physics and m
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Lead zirconium Titanate PZT http://
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Properties of Piezoelectric Materia
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Q67: Which of the following transdu
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Q21: An advantage of using a cerami
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3.2: Characteristics of Piezoelectr
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Transducer PZT & Matching Layer Thi
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Contact Transducer Types: socket cr
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Transducer: Straight Beam
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Transducer Cut-Out
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3.2.3 Design of Matching Layer The
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3.2.4 Backing (Damping) The backing
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3.2.5 Wear Plate The basic purpose
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When signals are in phase, their am
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Transducers http://www.ndt-kits.com
Page 458 and 459: Resolution: BS4331 Pt 3. the recomm
Page 460: In the early days of ultrasonic tes
Page 463 and 464: Transducer Damping (illustration wi
Page 465 and 466: Transducer Damping Narrow bandwidth
Page 467 and 468: Transducer Damping
Page 469 and 470: Transducer Damping at -14dB
Page 471 and 472: Transducer Damping- Pulse Length
Page 473 and 474: Transducer Damping- Low Damping (X-
Page 475 and 476: 48. A more highly damped transducer
Page 477 and 478: Bandwidth: • The unit for bandwid
Page 479 and 480: Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
Page 481 and 482: The relation between MHz bandwidth
Page 483 and 484: The approximate relations shown in
Page 485 and 486: Instrumentation Band Width:
Page 487 and 488: Q164: The resolving power of a tran
Page 489 and 490: 3.3: Radiated Fields of Ultrasonic
Page 492 and 493: The pressure waves combine to form
Page 494 and 495: Angular characteristics for large d
Page 496 and 497: Angular characteristics: Spatial di
Page 498 and 499: Angular characteristics: Sound pres
Page 500 and 501: http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
Page 502 and 503: Beam Spreads http://www.eclipsescie
Page 504 and 505: Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
Page 506 and 507: Probe dimension & Z f, , Ɵ 探子
Page 510: Near/ Far Fields Near field, constr
Page 513 and 514: For a flat piston source transducer
Page 515 and 516: 3.5.1 Contact transducers are used
Page 517 and 518: Contact probe
Page 519 and 520: Practice Makes Perfect 43. Which of
Page 521 and 522: Unfocused & Focused
Page 523 and 524: Focused Transducer (Olympus) Z B F
Page 525 and 526: Focal Length Variations Focal Lengt
Page 527 and 528: This change in the focal length can
Page 529 and 530: Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
Page 531 and 532: Q18: Which of the following is an a
Page 533 and 534: 3.5.3 Dual element transducers cont
Page 535 and 536: The Perspex shoes hold the crystals
Page 537 and 538: Other Reading (Olympus): Dual eleme
Page 539 and 540: Figure (13).
Page 541 and 542: Duo Elements Transducer
Page 543 and 544: Delay Lined Transducer: Advantages:
Page 545 and 546: Delay Lined Transducer
Page 548 and 549: TR-Probe / Dual Crystal Probe- Tran
Page 550 and 551: Cross Talk at High Gain
Page 552 and 553: Probe Delay
Page 554 and 555: 3.5.5 Angle beam transducers Angle
Page 556 and 557: Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
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Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
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Angle Beam Transducers- Longitudina
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3.5.6 Normal incidence shear wave t
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Normal incidence shear wave transdu
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3.5.7 Paint brush transducers Paint
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3.5.8 Wheel Transducer Wheel Transd
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UT Technician At works- Salute!
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Manufacturers often provide time an
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Excitation: Spiked Pulser (negative
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Pulse energy: Broad band versus Nar
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Other tests may include the followi
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Effects of Probe Sizes: 1. The larg
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Shock excitation
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Frequency Response--The frequency r
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3.7: Transducer Modeling In high-te
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The Thompson-Gray Measurement Model
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Couplant
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Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
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Couplant
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3.9: Electromagnetic Acoustic Trans
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F is the body force per unit volume
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A number of practical EMAT configur
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Comparison between EMAT and Piezoel
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Challenges and Disadvantages The di
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http://mdienergy.com/emat.html
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EMAT Transducer http://www-ndc.me.e
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Cross-sectional view of a normal fi
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Cross-sectional view of a meander c
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Practical EMAT designs are relative
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The pulser section of the instrumen
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Pulse characteristics Pulse energy
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Pulse Length: BS EN 12668- Part 1 I
Page 635 and 636:
Pulse Length
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Pulse Length
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Pulse Length and Wave form
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Wave form Quality Factor
Page 643 and 644:
Pulse-Echo mode of operation, narro
Page 645 and 646:
Modulus of the electrical impedance
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Transducers
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In the receiver section the voltage
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Pulse/Beam Characteristics High fre
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Frequency - The number of wave cycl
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Sensitivity - The relationship betw
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Focusing - Immersion transducers ca
Page 659 and 660:
Q15: A significant limitation of a
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Tone burst generators
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3.12: Arbitrary Function Generators
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In spread spectrum ultrasonics (see
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Data Signals: Input versus Output C
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Shielding is normally specified as
Page 671 and 672:
3.14 Transducer Quality Factor “Q
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Quality Factor “Q” High quality
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Data Presentation: A, B and C-scan
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3.15.1 A-Scan Presentation The A-sc
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A-Scan
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In the illustration of the A-scan p
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B-Scan
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B-Scan Presentation The B-scan pres
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B-Scan
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3.15.3 C-Scan Presentation The C-sc
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C-Scan
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High resolution scans can produce v
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C-Scan Recording
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3.15.4 The D scan- The D scan gives
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AUT Displays
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In the pulse-echo method, it is nec
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Fig. 12.2 Shadow method with reflec
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3.16 Testing Techniques 3.16.1 Puls
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Through Transmission Techniques
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3.16.3 The Tandem Techniques The ta
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3.16.4 Immersion Methods In immersi
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¼ T T
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3.17.1 Instrument Circuitry: Althou
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Instrument Circuitry: Screen pictur
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Instrument Circuitry: Receiver-ampl
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Instrument Circuitry: Image- and Da
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Instrument Circuitry: Pulse Repetit
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3.17.2 Instrument Control: Even tho
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Instrument Control: DELAY and RANGE
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Instrument Control: Display Control
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Instrument Controls: • A marker c
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Instrument Control: Gates Most UT e
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Figure above Block diagram circuitr
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Pulse Repetition Rate - Gain - Freq
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A basic instrument contains several
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Applications. The chief value of B-
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• First, the display is generated
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Signal Display. The oscilloscope sc
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Typical C-scan setup, including dis
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Gating. (Depth Gate) An electronic
Page 754 and 755:
Q1: In an ultrasonic test system wh
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Q30: The time from the start of the
Page 758 and 759:
Q166: In a basic pulse echo instrum
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121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
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125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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3.18.2 Reflection 西塘
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How do reflection, refraction, and
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3.18.3 Refraction happens when ligh
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction happen when light tries
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3.18.5 Interference
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Interference
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Q11: When maximum sensitivity is re
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Q3: The ultrasonic instrument used
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Q15: Entry surface resolution is a
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Expert at Works-Salute!
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Section 4: Calibration Methods
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4.1: Calibration Methods Calibratio
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In ultrasonic testing, there is als
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Introduction to the Common Standard
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The IIW Type Calibration Block
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The IIW Type I Calibration Block
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The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
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The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
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Find probe angle Find Index/Range/R
Page 812 and 813:
V2 Calibration Block
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Calibration Blocks
Page 816 and 817:
The standard shown in the above fig
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IIW Blocks- IIW Type US-2
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V1/5, A2 Block
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DSC Block, Mini block, Rompas Block
Page 824 and 825:
A block that closely resembles the
Page 826 and 827:
Calibration Range Using DSC AWS Blo
Page 828 and 829:
AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
Page 830 and 831:
AWS Resolution Calibration (RC) Blo
Page 832 and 833:
30 FBH Resolution Reference Block T
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Step and Tapered Calibration Wedges
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Area Amplitude Blocks provide stand
Page 838 and 839:
The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
Page 840 and 841:
ASTM E 127
Page 842 and 843:
Distance-Amplitude #3, #5, #8 FBH B
Page 844 and 845:
Q56: On the area-amplitude ultrason
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4.2: The Calibrations 4.2.1: Distan
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http://www.huatecgroup.com/china-di
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DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
Page 853 and 854:
The following applet shows a test b
Page 855 and 856:
Developing a Distance Amplitude Cor
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Back Wall Echo
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2.) This example represents the use
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4.) With no further adjustments to
Page 863 and 864:
Plotting DAC Curve
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DAC Curve
Page 868 and 869:
Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Dist
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4.2.2: Finding the probe index
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Exit Point- A5 Block
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5.2.3: Checking the probe angle
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Probe Angles- A5 Block
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Calibration of shear waves for rang
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Echo from 100mm circular Section
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50 mm radius from V2 Block
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Exit Point /Range/Probe Angle calib
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Dead Zone Determine the dead zone b
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20 dB Profile Probe Beam Line of Sy
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4.2.7: Transfer Correction Methods
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Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
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Transfer and Attenuation Correction
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4.2.8.1: Linearity of time base Gen
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Ultrasonic Testing - Horizontal Lin
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Tolerance Frequency of checking The
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Figure 6 — General purpose set-up
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Method A: 6.3.2.1 Apparatus—A tes
Page 918 and 919:
Q61: The vertical linear range of a
Page 920 and 921:
4.3: Curvature Correction Curvature
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Concave surfaces work to focus the
Page 924 and 925:
Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 926 and 927:
Q: In transmitting sound energy int
Page 928 and 929:
The resulting model allows computat
Page 930 and 931:
Curvature Corrections
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Curvature Correction
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4.4: Calibration References & Stand
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Reference Reflectors: are used as a
Page 938 and 939:
Reference Reflectors are used as a
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Q80: The 50 mm diameter hole in an
Page 942 and 943:
4.6: Video Time http://v.pps.tv/pla
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Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Test
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Content: Section 5: Measurement Tec
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5.1: Normal Beam Inspection Pulse-e
Page 954 and 955:
A-Scan
Page 956 and 957:
Precision ultrasonic thickness gage
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5.2: Angle Beams I Angle Beam Trans
Page 960:
Angle Beam Transducers and wedges a
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Flaw Location and Echo Display
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Dead Zone
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Flaw Location
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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The angled sound beam is highly sen
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How they work -- Snell's Law A soun
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There are two advantages to designi
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Contoured wedges
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Focused dual element angle beams Th
Page 987 and 988:
threaded snap-in steel with a shear
Page 989 and 990:
Crack Tip Diffraction Methods No an
Page 991 and 992:
Crack Tip Diffraction Method The eq
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6 dB Drop Method
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6 dB Drop Method www.youtube.com/em
Page 997 and 998:
5.3.3 The 20 dB drop sizing method
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20 dB Drop Sizing- For Small Reflec
Page 1001 and 1002:
Move the probe to the other side of
Page 1003 and 1004:
Note that we have only drawn the be
Page 1005 and 1006:
5.3.4 Equalization Back Wall Sizing
Page 1007 and 1008:
5.3.6 The DGS Method Distance Gain
Page 1009 and 1010:
Automatic Scanning
Page 1011 and 1012:
Dripless Bubbler
Page 1013 and 1014:
The second major consideration is h
Page 1015 and 1016:
Pulse-Echo and Pulse-Echo-Overlap M
Page 1017 and 1018:
EMATs http://www.resonic.com/error%
Page 1019 and 1020:
EMAT Driver Frequency: 450-600 KHz
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5.6: Attenuation Measurements Ultra
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The most common method used to get
Page 1025 and 1026:
Attenuation:
Page 1027 and 1028:
Section of bi-phase modulated sprea
Page 1029 and 1030:
Spread Spectrum UT
Page 1031 and 1032:
Two discrimination technique are te
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5.8: Signal Processing Techniques S
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The frequency domain display shows
Page 1037 and 1038:
Fourier Analysis
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The following Fourier Java applet,
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5.9: Scanning Methods Direct contac
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Pulse Echo Method: Sound pressure o
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Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method
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Amplitude loss: Inverse Square Law
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Influence of reflector orientation
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Pulse Echo Method IP BE F plate del
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5.9.2 Pitch-Catch Methods Advantage
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Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
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5.9.2.2 Pitch-Catch Methods- Tandem
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Distance Between Transmitter / Rece
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5.9.3 Immersion Methods Many of the
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Immersion Methods- Since sound wave
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Modified Immersion Methods- Bubbler
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Angle Beam Immersion Methods Note t
Page 1071 and 1072:
Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Pipe
Page 1073 and 1074:
Immersion Testing Set-up
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Manipulators The manipulator is pri
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Bridges When the manipulator is aut
Page 1079 and 1080:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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An unfocused transducer may be used
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Focus may be designated in three wa
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Q: In immersion testing, to remove
Page 1089 and 1090:
Q2: In an immersion test of a piece
Page 1091 and 1092:
Q176: To evaluate and accurately lo
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5.10: Scanning Patterns
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5.11: Pulse Repetition Rate and Pen
Page 1097 and 1098:
Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
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Pulse-Length and Near Surface Sensi
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5.12: Interferences & Non-Relevant
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Specimen Surface Interference Exces
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Specimen Surface Interference- You
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Material Geometric Interference Fal
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Non Relevant Indication Large grain
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Non Relevant Indications The geomet
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Entry surface variables: Surface ro
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Whether uniform or irregular, a rou
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Keywords on Rough Surface: 1. The d
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The coating is sufficiently thin th
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5.13.3 Couplant Condition Both cont
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In more practical terms, for water
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For example the plastics listed in
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Like the decibel, the Neper is a un
Page 1129 and 1130:
Hence:
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5.14 The Concept of Effective Dista
Page 1133 and 1134:
Q&A on The Concept of Effective Dis
Page 1135 and 1136:
Q2: A steel bar with 200 mm thick i
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Q4: Assuming that Minimum 3 pulses
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Q6: What is the maximum PRR is need
Page 1141 and 1142:
Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
Page 1143 and 1144:
5.15: Questions & Answers Exercises
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Compared 6 dB Drop Sizing with Equa
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Q5: Ultrasonic inspection is being
Page 1151 and 1152:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
Page 1155 and 1156:
Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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6.1: Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
Page 1163 and 1164:
Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1167 and 1168:
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
Page 1173 and 1174:
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6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
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Salute to the Steel Workers!
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1187 and 1188:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1189 and 1190:
Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
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6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
Page 1216 and 1217:
Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
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Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
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Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
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Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
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Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
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Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
Page 1228 and 1229:
Rail Inspection One of the major pr
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Transverse Fissure
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Transverse Fissure
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Techniques: Wheel Probe
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Techniques: (c) same with additiona
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6.3.1: UT of Weldments (Welded Join
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UT Calculator
Page 1242 and 1243:
The second step in the inspection i
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https://www.mandinasndt.com/index.p
Page 1246 and 1247:
Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
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6.3.2 Weld Scanning
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Typical Scanning Patterns: Typicall
Page 1253 and 1254:
Weld Scanning
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Weld Scanning
Page 1257 and 1258:
Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects S
Page 1259 and 1260:
Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Practice Makes Perfect 62. Which of
Page 1267 and 1268:
Pipe & Tube
Page 1269 and 1270:
Experts at work
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio
Page 1277 and 1278:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1279 and 1280:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1281 and 1282:
Answer part B c a b a/Sin A = b/Sin
Page 1283 and 1284:
Q35: Which of the following may res
Page 1285 and 1286:
Expert at works
Page 1287 and 1288:
Basic echodynamic pattern of reflec
Page 1289 and 1290:
C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
Page 1291 and 1292:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1293 and 1294:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1295 and 1296:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1297 and 1298:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1299 and 1300:
C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1301 and 1302:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1303 and 1304:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
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Echodynamic- Differences between th
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1309 and 1310:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Angl
Page 1315 and 1316:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Perf
Page 1317 and 1318:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Vert
Page 1319 and 1320:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic
Page 1327 and 1328:
Echo Dynamic Crack
Page 1329 and 1330:
Echo Dynamic- Shaper indication and
Page 1331 and 1332:
Echo Dynamic Threadlike defects, po
Page 1333 and 1334:
Echo Dynamic In case “a” it wil
Page 1335 and 1336:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1337 and 1338:
Q. A smooth flat discontinuity whos
Page 1339 and 1340:
Q24. During inspection of a paralle
Page 1341 and 1342:
Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
Page 1343 and 1344:
Expert at works
Page 1345 and 1346:
Physical Dimension
Page 1347 and 1348:
Physical Dimension
Page 1349 and 1350:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1351 and 1352:
Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
Page 1353 and 1354:
Mock-Up
Page 1355 and 1356:
Mock-Up
Page 1357 and 1358:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1359 and 1360:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1361 and 1362:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1363 and 1364:
6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
Page 1365 and 1366:
A test program had been first carri
Page 1367 and 1368:
6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
Page 1369 and 1370:
Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
Page 1371 and 1372:
Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
Page 1373 and 1374:
The test sample may be of any geome
Page 1375 and 1376:
Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
Page 1377 and 1378:
Note on units: If sound velocity is
Page 1379 and 1380:
Experts at work
Page 1381 and 1382:
This application note contains quic
Page 1383 and 1384:
Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
Page 1385 and 1386:
Page 1387 and 1388:
Page 1389 and 1390:
High Temperature Conventional UT- G
Page 1391 and 1392:
(1a) Thickness gaging The most comm
Page 1393 and 1394:
In challenging applications requiri
Page 1395 and 1396:
Applications involving thin materia
Page 1397 and 1398:
Note that normal incidence shear wa
Page 1399 and 1400:
2.3 Test Techniques The following f
Page 1401 and 1402:
Coupling Technique: The combination
Page 1403 and 1404:
3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
Page 1405 and 1406:
3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
Page 1407 and 1408:
Keyword: • In typical fine grain
Page 1409 and 1410:
Discussion: An offshore installatio
Page 1413 and 1414:
6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
Page 1415 and 1416:
Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
Page 1417 and 1418:
With oil at the correct level, suff
Page 1419 and 1420:
In another position measurement sys
Page 1421 and 1422:
Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
Page 1423 and 1424:
In-Service Inspection The methods d
Page 1425 and 1426:
In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
Page 1427 and 1428:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
Page 1429 and 1430:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
Page 1431 and 1432:
Casting In castings flaw detection
Page 1433 and 1434:
Casting
Page 1435 and 1436:
6.12: Bonded Joint
Page 1437 and 1438:
During inspection, the oscilloscope
Page 1439 and 1440:
Corrosion Monitoring Ultrasonic ins
Page 1441 and 1442:
6.14: Crack Monitoring
Page 1443 and 1444:
Monitoring of fatigue cracks in par
Page 1445 and 1446:
For example, 150 mm (6 in.) diam, 8
Page 1447 and 1448:
Stress Measurements With ultrasonic
Page 1449 and 1450:
6.16: Bond Testing
Page 1451 and 1452:
The real limitation of
Page 1453 and 1454:
Page 1455 and 1456:
Page 1457 and 1458:
6.App-1.1 TOFD Basic Theory TOFD is
Page 1459 and 1460:
6.App-1.2 Main Benefits of TOFD for
Page 1461 and 1462:
6.App-1.3 6.App-1.3.1 The Theory Mo
Page 1463 and 1464:
TOFD is generally recognised as the
Page 1465 and 1466:
TOFD Transmitter Receiver Crack Bac
Page 1467 and 1468:
6.App-1.2 Application Examples ■
Page 1469 and 1470:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
Page 1471 and 1472:
Weld Root Corrosion and Erosion Pul
Page 1473 and 1474:
TOFD is deployed by scanning the we
Page 1475 and 1476:
Scan of weld with cursor positioned
Page 1477 and 1478:
Measurement of corroded area shows
Page 1479 and 1480:
6.App-1.3.4 TOFD Benefits for Corro
Page 1481 and 1482:
6.App-1.3.5 Overview on Scanning Di
Page 1483 and 1484:
■ Parallel TOFD scanning: Where t
Page 1485 and 1486:
Typical “Parallel” Weld Scannin
Page 1487 and 1488:
6.App-1.3.6 Further Reading- Introd
Page 1489 and 1490:
Page 1491 and 1492:
Page 1493 and 1494:
Sail Off
Page 1495 and 1496:
Content: Section 7: Reference Mater
Page 1497 and 1498:
7.2: General References & Resources
Page 1499:
Calibrating 70° Probe with IIW Blo
Page 1504 and 1505:
Content: Section 8: Ultrasonic Insp
Page 1506 and 1507:
Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
Page 1508 and 1509:
8.2: Online UT Quizzes
Page 1510 and 1511:
http://www.ndtcalc.com/index.php?pa
Page 1518:
Addendum-01a Equipment Calibrations
Page 1521 and 1522:
Attenuation due to Beam spread for:
Page 1523 and 1524:
Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Sma
Page 1525 and 1526:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1527 and 1528:
Δ dB = total Material attenuation
Page 1529 and 1530:
Construction of beam edges plot- No
Page 1531 and 1532:
20dB drop to find edges of beam
Page 1533 and 1534:
Construction of beam spread at 13mm
Page 1535 and 1536:
Construction of beam spread at 32mm
Page 1537 and 1538:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge Tun
Page 1539 and 1540:
First/ Second Critical Angles V L1
Page 1541 and 1542:
Finding the probe index
Page 1543 and 1544:
Checking the probe Angle:
Page 1545 and 1546:
Calibration for range:
Page 1547 and 1548:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1549 and 1550:
The IOW Block: The Institute of Wel
Page 1551 and 1552:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1553 and 1554:
Page 1555 and 1556:
Page 1557 and 1558:
The DAC
Page 1559 and 1560:
DAC Curve
Page 1561 and 1562:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
Page 1563 and 1564:
Reading on: FLAT Bottom Holes FBH h
Page 1565 and 1566:
Transfer Corection
Page 1567 and 1568:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1569 and 1570:
Transfer Correction:
Page 1571 and 1572:
Transfer Correction: Compression Pr
Page 1573 and 1574:
DGS- Distance Gain Size http://www.
Page 1575 and 1576:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1577 and 1578:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1579 and 1580:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1581 and 1582:
DGS- Different sizes of FBH at diff
Page 1583 and 1584:
What is DGS TCG is a time-corrected
Page 1585 and 1586:
Locating & Sizing Flaws
Page 1587 and 1588:
With ultrasonic instruments having
Page 1589 and 1590:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1591 and 1592:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1593 and 1594:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1595 and 1596:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1597 and 1598:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1599 and 1600:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1601 and 1602:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1607 and 1608:
Scanning Patterns http://www.olympu
Page 1609 and 1610:
Practice Makes Perfect 35. The 2 mm
Page 1611 and 1612:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation
Page 1613 and 1614:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transmit
Page 1615 and 1616:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Applied
Page 1617 and 1618:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Switch t
Page 1619 and 1620:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
Page 1621 and 1622:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Sensitiv
Page 1623 and 1624:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transduc
Page 1625 and 1626:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Rece
Page 1627 and 1628:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Radio-Fr
Page 1629 and 1630:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Imag
Page 1631 and 1632:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Excess G
Page 1633 and 1634:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Time Gai
Page 1635 and 1636:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1637 and 1638:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE Gai
Page 1639 and 1640:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Slide Po
Page 1641 and 1642:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Types of
Page 1643 and 1644:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Receiver
Page 1645 and 1646:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Large ra
Page 1647 and 1648:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Linear a
Page 1649 and 1650:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gain A L
Page 1651 and 1652:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pre-ampl
Page 1653 and 1654:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Saturati
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DEMODULA
Page 1657 and 1658:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Half-Wav
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DETECTIO
Page 1661 and 1662:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The vide
Page 1663 and 1664:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation All Scan
Page 1665 and 1666:
Matrix Rows x, coordinates
Page 1667 and 1668:
Matrix Pixel
Page 1669:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation In the S
Page 1673 and 1674:
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Page 1675 and 1676:
Raster Process 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Page 1677 and 1678:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The numb
Page 1679 and 1680:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Bit 1 2
Page 1681 and 1682:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Operator
Page 1683 and 1684:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation POST PRO
Page 1685 and 1686:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The DSC
Page 1687 and 1688:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Resoluti
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 1. ROM 2
Page 1691 and 1692:
66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1693 and 1694:
69. In Figure 4, transducer B is be
Page 1695 and 1696:
Q: The output voltage from a satura
Page 1697:
Addendum-02 Equations & Calculation
Page 1702 and 1703:
Contents: 1. Material Acoustic Prop
Page 1705 and 1706:
2.0 Ultrasonic Formula http://www.n
Page 1707 and 1708:
Ultrasonic Formula α = Transducer
Page 1709 and 1710:
4.0 The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law,
Page 1711 and 1712:
V is the speed of sound Eleatic con
Page 1713 and 1714:
E/N/G
Page 1715 and 1716:
Spreading/ Scattering/ adsorption (
Page 1717 and 1718:
Amplitude at distance Z Where v is
Page 1719 and 1720:
Which U t ? U 0 t , A 0 o U 1 t , A
Page 1721 and 1722:
The following applet can be used to
Page 1723 and 1724:
Reflection and Transmission Coeffic
Page 1725 and 1726:
If reflection and transmission at i
Page 1727 and 1728:
Q1: What is the percentage of initi
Page 1729 and 1730:
8.0 Snell’s Law Snell's Law holds
Page 1731 and 1732:
Practice Makes Perfect 5. For an ul
Page 1733 and 1734:
Practice Makes Perfect 9. Calculate
Page 1735 and 1736:
9.0 S/N Ratio The following formula
Page 1737 and 1738:
Sound Volume: Area x pulse length
Page 1739:
where α is the radius of the trans
Page 1743 and 1744:
Example: Calculate the modified Nea
Page 1745 and 1746:
11.0 Focusing & Focal Length http:/
Page 1747 and 1748:
12.0 Offset of Normal probe above c
Page 1749 and 1750:
13.0 “Q” Factor 3dB down
Page 1751:
Inverse Square Law http://www.cyber
Page 1754 and 1755:
DGS Distance Gain Sizing Y-axis sho
Page 1756 and 1757:
The blue curves plotted show how th
Page 1758 and 1759:
20-4dB=16dB (deduced) Δ Flaw =30-1
Page 1760 and 1761:
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/atlas
Page 1762:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1765 and 1766:
Figure1:
Page 1767 and 1768:
15.0 Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
Page 1769 and 1770:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1775 and 1776:
Addendum-03 Questions & Answers Col
Page 1777 and 1778:
Make mistakes now, not during exam!
Page 1779 and 1780:
30. On an A-scan display the dead z
Page 1781 and 1782:
31. As the acoustic impedance ratio
Page 1783 and 1784:
15. Which type of test block is use
Page 1785 and 1786:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1787 and 1788:
Question: Which type of screen pres
Page 1790 and 1791:
Table 1.2
Page 1792 and 1793:
Q1-13 The second critical angle at
Page 1794 and 1795:
For evaluating material properties
Page 1796 and 1797:
Q1-22 The beam spread half angle I
Page 1798 and 1799:
Q2-12 An angle beam produce a 45°
Page 1800 and 1801:
Q2-17 A change in echo amplitude fr
Page 1802 and 1803:
Q2-19 What is the rate of attenuati
Page 1804 and 1805:
Q2-11 A change in 16dB on the atten
Page 1806 and 1807:
Q3-7 The half angle beam spread of
Page 1808 and 1809:
Monkey made mistake too!
Page 1810 and 1811:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1812 and 1813:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1814 and 1815:
Q3-8 Answer: The next SDH used will
Page 1816 and 1817:
Q3-13 During examination, an indica
Page 1818 and 1819:
Q3-15 In contact testing, the back
Page 1820 and 1821:
Q4-13 Answer: PRR = number of pulse
Page 1822 and 1823:
Q4-16
Page 1824 and 1825:
Q4-17 Illustrations Complete loop=4
Page 1826 and 1827:
8. When testing a 30 mm diameter, 5
Page 1828 and 1829:
Q5-20 Answer: None of above
Page 1830:
Q5-22 Table B-1
Page 1833 and 1834:
38. The angle of a refracted shear
Page 1835 and 1836:
48. A more highly damped transducer
Page 1837 and 1838:
47. When a vertical indication has
Page 1839 and 1840:
63. The purpose of the couplant is
Page 1841:
Immersion Testing Method
Page 1846 and 1847:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1848 and 1849:
Standards Answer: A (or C?)
Page 1850 and 1851:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1852 and 1853:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1854:
Standards Answer: A?
Page 1857 and 1858:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
Page 1859 and 1860:
Page 1861:
Page 1864 and 1865:
Page 1866 and 1867:
Page 1868 and 1869:
Take a break mms://a588.l3944020587
Page 1870 and 1871:
Page 1872 and 1873:
Expert at Works
Page 1874 and 1875:
Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
Page 1876 and 1877:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1878 and 1879:
Click to Q&A http://www.ndtcalc.com
Page 1880 and 1881:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1882:
Inverse Square Law http://www.cyber
Page 1885 and 1886:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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