Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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Wave Interaction Complete in-phase Complete out of-phase not in-phase
When the origins of the two interacting waves are not the same, it is a little harder to picture the wave interaction, but the principles are the same. Up until now, we have primarily looked at waves in the <strong>for</strong>m of a 2D plot of wave amplitude versus wave position. However, anyone that has dropped something in a pool of water can picture the waves radiating out from the source with a circular wave front. If two objects are dropped a short distance apart into the pool of water, their waves will radiate out from their sources and interact with each other. At every point where the waves interact, the amplitude of the particle displacement is the combined sum of the amplitudes of the particle displacement of the individual waves. With an ultrasonic transducer, the waves propagate out from the transducer face with a circular wave front. If it were possible to get the waves to propagate out from a single point on the transducer face, the sound field would appear as shown in the upper image to the right. Consider the light areas to be areas of rarefaction and the dark areas to be areas of compression.
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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For example, sound waves are almost
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Immersion Method- Figure below show
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1.2: Source-1: The advantages of ul
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Source-3: Advantages and Disadvanta
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The disadvantages of ultrasonic ins
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Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound
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2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
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Ultrasonic Formula
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2.1: Wave Propagation Ultrasonic te
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.ed
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2.2: Modes of Sound Wave Propagatio
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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2.2.3 Longitudinal Wave Also Knows
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Longitudinal wave: Longitudinal wav
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2.2.4 Shear waves (S-Waves) In air,
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Shear waves
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Q10: For a shear wave travelling fr
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Rayleigh waves are a type of surfac
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Q29: The longitudinal wave incident
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave
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Surface wave has the ability to fol
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Surface wave - One wavelength deep
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Love Wave http://web.ics.purdue.edu
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Other Reading: Rayleigh Waves Surfa
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Q110: What kind of wave mode travel
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2.2.6 Lamb Wave: Lamb waves propaga
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Types of Wave New! • Plate wave-
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Plate or Lamb waves are similar to
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With Lamb waves, a number of modes
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Symmetrical = extensional mode
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The form is determined by whether t
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Q1: The wave mode that has multiple
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Dispersion refers to the fact that
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Thickness Limitation: One can not g
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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In terms of the spring model, Hooke
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law, whe
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What properties of material affect
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Where V is the speed of sound, C is
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Q50: The principle attributes that
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E/N/G
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Examples of approximate compression
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Shear Wave Velocity: V S The veloci
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The applet below shows a longitudin
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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As can be noted by the equation, a
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The two velocities of sound are lin
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Sensitivity and resolution are two
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2.5.2 Grain Size & Frequency Select
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Since more things in a material are
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Detectability variable: • pulse l
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Q7: When a material grain size is o
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Pulse Length: A sound pulse traveli
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Determining cross sectional area us
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Pulse volume rule-of-thumb: Competi
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When sound travels through a medium
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Scattering: Grain Size and Wave Fre
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Spreading/ Scattering / adsorption
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The units of the attenuation value
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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A o Ut A
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2.6.3 Frequency selection There is
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Q94: In general, which of the follo
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Q7: When the material grain size is
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Transmission & Reflection Animation
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The following applet can be used to
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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2.8: Reflection and Transmission Co
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Since the amount of reflected energ
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Note that the reflection and transm
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If reflection and transmission at i
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Further Reading (Olympus Technical
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Further Reading: Reflection & Trans
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2.9: Refraction and Snell's Law
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V s1 Only If this medium support sh
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http://www.ni.com/white-paper/3368/
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Note that in the diagram, there is
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Snell Law
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Snell Law
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Example: Snell’s Law L-wave and S
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Snell Law: First critical angle
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Q155 Which of the following can occ
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Q: When angle beam contact testing
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Snell Law: http://techcorr.com/serv
Page 236 and 237: More on Snell Law Like light, when
Page 238 and 239: http://www.ndtcalc.com/calculators.
Page 240 and 241: Mode Conversion http://www.ndt-ed.o
Page 242 and 243: Snell's Law holds true for shear wa
Page 244 and 245: In the applet below, the shear (tra
Page 246 and 247: Creep wave
Page 248 and 249: Beyond the first critical angle, on
Page 250 and 251: Note that the applet defaults to co
Page 252 and 253: Offset of Normal probe above circul
Page 254 and 255: Refraction and mode conversion at n
Page 260 and 261: Q118: At the water-steel interface,
Page 262 and 263: Q72. In a water immersion test, ult
Page 264 and 265: Q53. The term used to determined th
Page 266 and 267: The absolute noise level and the ab
Page 268 and 269: Sound Volume: Area x pulse length M
Page 270: Acoustic Volume: w x w y ∆t
Page 273 and 274: Determining cross sectional area us
Page 275 and 276: 4. Decreases in materials with high
Page 277 and 278: Pulse Length Affect Resolution
Page 279 and 280: Transducer cut-out http://ichun-che
Page 281 and 282: UT Transducer
Page 283 and 284: UT Transducer- Surface creep wave t
Page 285: UT Transducer
Page 289 and 290: However, as stated previously, soun
Page 291 and 292: Q5: Acoustic pressure along the bea
Page 293 and 294: Of course, there are more than two
Page 295 and 296: 2.12.3 Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone Fr
Page 297 and 298: The Near Field (Fresnel)- Wave Inte
Page 299 and 300: Fresnel / Fraunhofer Zone
Page 301 and 302: Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
Page 303 and 304: Near/ Far Fields
Page 305 and 306: where D is the diameter of the tran
Page 307 and 308: Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone 10dB, K-0
Page 309 and 310: Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
Page 311 and 312: Q: Where does beam divergence occur
Page 313 and 314: Q160 Beam divergence is a function
Page 315 and 316: Dead Zone - The interval following
Page 317 and 318: Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
Page 319 and 320: Dead Zone http://www.ni.com/white-p
Page 321 and 322: Q36: To eliminate the decrease in s
Page 323 and 324: Large Reflector Inverse Rule
Page 325: Small Reflector Inverse Square Rule
Page 329 and 330: Fundamental Frequency The lowest re
Page 331 and 332: Transducers Piezoelectric Thickness
Page 333 and 334: Application Case#1: The specimen's
Page 335 and 336: Application Case#2: Electromagnetic
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Q7: The resonance frequency of 2cm
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dB is a measures of ratio of 2 valu
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The Decibel The equation used to de
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Why is the dB unit used? Use of dB
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Use of the dB in Sound Measurements
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Since transducers and microphones p
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Sound Levels- Relative
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Practice:
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Whenever
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Absolute: The standard reference so
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Exercise: ANSWER Find the absolute
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Relative dB: Example Calculation 1
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Example Calculation 3 Consider the
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2.16 Practice Makes Perfect
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Q104: If an ultrasonic wave is tran
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学习总是开心事
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Section 3: Equipment & Transducers
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Wavelength in mm for Steel
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3.10: Pulser-Receivers 3.11: Tone B
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• Sensitivity is the ability of t
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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This alignment of molecules will ca
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Transducer Effectiveness The effect
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
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The thickness of the active element
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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Piezoelectric crystals may be X or
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Q153 A quartz crystal cut so that i
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3.1.1: Type of Piezoelectric Crysta
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Quartz
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■ Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 , grows
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Followings are Piezoelectric crysta
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BaTiO 3
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■ Lead Metaniobate (PBNbO 6 ) cry
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Fig. 4: Comparison between lead Met
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■ Lead Zirconate Titanate PZT Cur
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350°C is also goof for:
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Curie Temperature: In physics and m
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Lead zirconium Titanate PZT http://
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Properties of Piezoelectric Materia
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Q67: Which of the following transdu
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Q21: An advantage of using a cerami
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3.2: Characteristics of Piezoelectr
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Transducer PZT & Matching Layer Thi
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Contact Transducer Types: socket cr
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Transducer: Straight Beam
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Transducer Cut-Out
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3.2.3 Design of Matching Layer The
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3.2.4 Backing (Damping) The backing
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3.2.5 Wear Plate The basic purpose
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When signals are in phase, their am
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Transducers http://www.ndt-kits.com
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Resolution: BS4331 Pt 3. the recomm
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In the early days of ultrasonic tes
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Transducer Damping (illustration wi
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Transducer Damping Narrow bandwidth
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -14dB
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Transducer Damping- Pulse Length
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Transducer Damping- Low Damping (X-
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48. A more highly damped transducer
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Bandwidth: • The unit for bandwid
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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The relation between MHz bandwidth
Page 483 and 484:
The approximate relations shown in
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Instrumentation Band Width:
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Q164: The resolving power of a tran
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3.3: Radiated Fields of Ultrasonic
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The pressure waves combine to form
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Angular characteristics for large d
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Angular characteristics: Spatial di
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Angular characteristics: Sound pres
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Beam Spreads http://www.eclipsescie
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Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
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Probe dimension & Z f, , Ɵ 探子
Page 508 and 509:
Although beam spread must be consid
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Near/ Far Fields Near field, constr
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For a flat piston source transducer
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3.5.1 Contact transducers are used
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Contact probe
Page 519 and 520:
Practice Makes Perfect 43. Which of
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Unfocused & Focused
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Focused Transducer (Olympus) Z B F
Page 525 and 526:
Focal Length Variations Focal Lengt
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This change in the focal length can
Page 529 and 530:
Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
Page 531 and 532:
Q18: Which of the following is an a
Page 533 and 534:
3.5.3 Dual element transducers cont
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The Perspex shoes hold the crystals
Page 537 and 538:
Other Reading (Olympus): Dual eleme
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Figure (13).
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Duo Elements Transducer
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Delay Lined Transducer: Advantages:
Page 545 and 546:
Delay Lined Transducer
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TR-Probe / Dual Crystal Probe- Tran
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Cross Talk at High Gain
Page 552 and 553:
Probe Delay
Page 554 and 555:
3.5.5 Angle beam transducers Angle
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Page 562 and 563:
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Page 566 and 567:
Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
Page 568 and 569:
Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
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Angle Beam Transducers- Longitudina
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3.5.6 Normal incidence shear wave t
Page 574 and 575:
Normal incidence shear wave transdu
Page 576 and 577:
3.5.7 Paint brush transducers Paint
Page 578 and 579:
3.5.8 Wheel Transducer Wheel Transd
Page 580 and 581:
UT Technician At works- Salute!
Page 582 and 583:
Manufacturers often provide time an
Page 584 and 585:
Excitation: Spiked Pulser (negative
Page 586 and 587:
Pulse energy: Broad band versus Nar
Page 588 and 589:
Other tests may include the followi
Page 590:
Effects of Probe Sizes: 1. The larg
Page 594 and 595:
Shock excitation
Page 596 and 597:
Frequency Response--The frequency r
Page 598 and 599:
3.7: Transducer Modeling In high-te
Page 600 and 601:
The Thompson-Gray Measurement Model
Page 602 and 603:
Couplant
Page 604 and 605:
Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
Page 606 and 607:
Couplant
Page 608 and 609:
3.9: Electromagnetic Acoustic Trans
Page 610 and 611:
F is the body force per unit volume
Page 612 and 613:
A number of practical EMAT configur
Page 614 and 615:
Comparison between EMAT and Piezoel
Page 616 and 617:
Challenges and Disadvantages The di
Page 618 and 619:
http://mdienergy.com/emat.html
Page 620 and 621:
EMAT Transducer http://www-ndc.me.e
Page 622 and 623:
Cross-sectional view of a normal fi
Page 624 and 625:
Cross-sectional view of a meander c
Page 626 and 627:
Practical EMAT designs are relative
Page 628 and 629:
The pulser section of the instrumen
Page 630 and 631:
Pulse characteristics Pulse energy
Page 632 and 633:
Pulse Length: BS EN 12668- Part 1 I
Page 635 and 636:
Pulse Length
Page 637 and 638:
Pulse Length
Page 639 and 640:
Pulse Length and Wave form
Page 641 and 642:
Wave form Quality Factor
Page 643 and 644:
Pulse-Echo mode of operation, narro
Page 645 and 646:
Modulus of the electrical impedance
Page 647 and 648:
Transducers
Page 649 and 650:
In the receiver section the voltage
Page 651 and 652:
Pulse/Beam Characteristics High fre
Page 653 and 654:
Frequency - The number of wave cycl
Page 655 and 656:
Sensitivity - The relationship betw
Page 657 and 658:
Focusing - Immersion transducers ca
Page 659 and 660:
Q15: A significant limitation of a
Page 661 and 662:
Tone burst generators
Page 663 and 664:
3.12: Arbitrary Function Generators
Page 665 and 666:
In spread spectrum ultrasonics (see
Page 667 and 668:
Data Signals: Input versus Output C
Page 669 and 670:
Shielding is normally specified as
Page 671 and 672:
3.14 Transducer Quality Factor “Q
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Quality Factor “Q” High quality
Page 675 and 676:
Data Presentation: A, B and C-scan
Page 677 and 678:
3.15.1 A-Scan Presentation The A-sc
Page 679 and 680:
A-Scan
Page 681 and 682:
In the illustration of the A-scan p
Page 683 and 684:
B-Scan
Page 685 and 686:
B-Scan Presentation The B-scan pres
Page 687 and 688:
B-Scan
Page 689 and 690:
3.15.3 C-Scan Presentation The C-sc
Page 691:
C-Scan
Page 694 and 695:
High resolution scans can produce v
Page 696 and 697:
C-Scan Recording
Page 698 and 699:
3.15.4 The D scan- The D scan gives
Page 700 and 701:
AUT Displays
Page 702 and 703:
In the pulse-echo method, it is nec
Page 704 and 705:
Fig. 12.2 Shadow method with reflec
Page 706 and 707:
3.16 Testing Techniques 3.16.1 Puls
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Through Transmission Techniques
Page 711 and 712:
3.16.3 The Tandem Techniques The ta
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3.16.4 Immersion Methods In immersi
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¼ T T
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3.17.1 Instrument Circuitry: Althou
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Instrument Circuitry: Screen pictur
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Instrument Circuitry: Receiver-ampl
Page 723 and 724:
Instrument Circuitry: Image- and Da
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Instrument Circuitry: Pulse Repetit
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3.17.2 Instrument Control: Even tho
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Instrument Control: DELAY and RANGE
Page 731 and 732:
Instrument Control: Display Control
Page 733 and 734:
Instrument Controls: • A marker c
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Instrument Control: Gates Most UT e
Page 737 and 738:
Figure above Block diagram circuitr
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Pulse Repetition Rate - Gain - Freq
Page 742 and 743:
A basic instrument contains several
Page 744 and 745:
Applications. The chief value of B-
Page 746 and 747:
• First, the display is generated
Page 748 and 749:
Signal Display. The oscilloscope sc
Page 750 and 751:
Typical C-scan setup, including dis
Page 752 and 753:
Gating. (Depth Gate) An electronic
Page 754 and 755:
Q1: In an ultrasonic test system wh
Page 756 and 757:
Q30: The time from the start of the
Page 758 and 759:
Q166: In a basic pulse echo instrum
Page 760 and 761:
121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
Page 762 and 763:
125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 764 and 765:
3.18.2 Reflection 西塘
Page 766 and 767:
How do reflection, refraction, and
Page 768 and 769:
3.18.3 Refraction happens when ligh
Page 770 and 771:
Diffraction
Page 772 and 773:
Diffraction
Page 774 and 775:
Diffraction
Page 776 and 777:
Diffraction happen when light tries
Page 778 and 779:
3.18.5 Interference
Page 780 and 781:
Interference
Page 782 and 783:
Q11: When maximum sensitivity is re
Page 784 and 785:
Q3: The ultrasonic instrument used
Page 786 and 787:
Q15: Entry surface resolution is a
Page 788 and 789:
Expert at Works-Salute!
Page 792 and 793:
Section 4: Calibration Methods
Page 794 and 795:
4.1: Calibration Methods Calibratio
Page 796 and 797:
In ultrasonic testing, there is als
Page 798 and 799:
Introduction to the Common Standard
Page 800 and 801:
The IIW Type Calibration Block
Page 802 and 803:
The IIW Type I Calibration Block
Page 804 and 805:
The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
Page 806 and 807:
The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
Page 810 and 811:
Find probe angle Find Index/Range/R
Page 812 and 813:
V2 Calibration Block
Page 814 and 815:
Calibration Blocks
Page 816 and 817:
The standard shown in the above fig
Page 818 and 819:
IIW Blocks- IIW Type US-2
Page 820 and 821:
V1/5, A2 Block
Page 822 and 823:
DSC Block, Mini block, Rompas Block
Page 824 and 825:
A block that closely resembles the
Page 826 and 827:
Calibration Range Using DSC AWS Blo
Page 828 and 829:
AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
Page 830 and 831:
AWS Resolution Calibration (RC) Blo
Page 832 and 833:
30 FBH Resolution Reference Block T
Page 834 and 835:
Step and Tapered Calibration Wedges
Page 836 and 837:
Area Amplitude Blocks provide stand
Page 838 and 839:
The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
Page 840 and 841:
ASTM E 127
Page 842 and 843:
Distance-Amplitude #3, #5, #8 FBH B
Page 844 and 845:
Q56: On the area-amplitude ultrason
Page 846 and 847:
4.2: The Calibrations 4.2.1: Distan
Page 848 and 849:
http://www.huatecgroup.com/china-di
Page 850:
DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
Page 853 and 854:
The following applet shows a test b
Page 855 and 856:
Developing a Distance Amplitude Cor
Page 857 and 858:
Back Wall Echo
Page 859 and 860:
2.) This example represents the use
Page 861 and 862:
4.) With no further adjustments to
Page 863 and 864:
Plotting DAC Curve
Page 865 and 866:
DAC Curve
Page 868 and 869:
Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Dist
Page 870 and 871:
4.2.2: Finding the probe index
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Exit Point- A5 Block
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5.2.3: Checking the probe angle
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Probe Angles- A5 Block
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Calibration of shear waves for rang
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Echo from 100mm circular Section
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50 mm radius from V2 Block
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Exit Point /Range/Probe Angle calib
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Dead Zone Determine the dead zone b
Page 892 and 893:
20 dB Profile Probe Beam Line of Sy
Page 894 and 895:
4.2.7: Transfer Correction Methods
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Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
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Transfer and Attenuation Correction
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4.2.8.1: Linearity of time base Gen
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Ultrasonic Testing - Horizontal Lin
Page 908:
Tolerance Frequency of checking The
Page 913 and 914:
Figure 6 — General purpose set-up
Page 915:
Method A: 6.3.2.1 Apparatus—A tes
Page 918 and 919:
Q61: The vertical linear range of a
Page 920 and 921:
4.3: Curvature Correction Curvature
Page 922 and 923:
Concave surfaces work to focus the
Page 924 and 925:
Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 926 and 927:
Q: In transmitting sound energy int
Page 928 and 929:
The resulting model allows computat
Page 930 and 931:
Curvature Corrections
Page 932 and 933:
Curvature Correction
Page 934 and 935:
4.4: Calibration References & Stand
Page 936 and 937:
Reference Reflectors: are used as a
Page 938 and 939:
Reference Reflectors are used as a
Page 940 and 941:
Q80: The 50 mm diameter hole in an
Page 942 and 943:
4.6: Video Time http://v.pps.tv/pla
Page 944:
Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Test
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Content: Section 5: Measurement Tec
Page 952 and 953:
5.1: Normal Beam Inspection Pulse-e
Page 954 and 955:
A-Scan
Page 956 and 957:
Precision ultrasonic thickness gage
Page 958 and 959:
5.2: Angle Beams I Angle Beam Trans
Page 960:
Angle Beam Transducers and wedges a
Page 963 and 964:
Flaw Location and Echo Display
Page 965 and 966:
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Dead Zone
Page 971 and 972:
Flaw Location
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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The angled sound beam is highly sen
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How they work -- Snell's Law A soun
Page 981 and 982:
There are two advantages to designi
Page 983 and 984:
Contoured wedges
Page 985 and 986:
Focused dual element angle beams Th
Page 987 and 988:
threaded snap-in steel with a shear
Page 989 and 990:
Crack Tip Diffraction Methods No an
Page 991 and 992:
Crack Tip Diffraction Method The eq
Page 993 and 994:
6 dB Drop Method
Page 995 and 996:
6 dB Drop Method www.youtube.com/em
Page 997 and 998:
5.3.3 The 20 dB drop sizing method
Page 999 and 1000:
20 dB Drop Sizing- For Small Reflec
Page 1001 and 1002:
Move the probe to the other side of
Page 1003 and 1004:
Note that we have only drawn the be
Page 1005 and 1006:
5.3.4 Equalization Back Wall Sizing
Page 1007 and 1008:
5.3.6 The DGS Method Distance Gain
Page 1009 and 1010:
Automatic Scanning
Page 1011 and 1012:
Dripless Bubbler
Page 1013 and 1014:
The second major consideration is h
Page 1015 and 1016:
Pulse-Echo and Pulse-Echo-Overlap M
Page 1017 and 1018:
EMATs http://www.resonic.com/error%
Page 1019 and 1020:
EMAT Driver Frequency: 450-600 KHz
Page 1021 and 1022:
5.6: Attenuation Measurements Ultra
Page 1023 and 1024:
The most common method used to get
Page 1025 and 1026:
Attenuation:
Page 1027 and 1028:
Section of bi-phase modulated sprea
Page 1029 and 1030:
Spread Spectrum UT
Page 1031 and 1032:
Two discrimination technique are te
Page 1033 and 1034:
5.8: Signal Processing Techniques S
Page 1035 and 1036:
The frequency domain display shows
Page 1037 and 1038:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1039 and 1040:
The following Fourier Java applet,
Page 1041 and 1042:
5.9: Scanning Methods Direct contac
Page 1043 and 1044:
Pulse Echo Method: Sound pressure o
Page 1045 and 1046:
Pulse Echo Method
Page 1047 and 1048:
Pulse Echo Method
Page 1049 and 1050:
Amplitude loss: Inverse Square Law
Page 1051 and 1052:
Influence of reflector orientation
Page 1053 and 1054:
Pulse Echo Method IP BE F plate del
Page 1055 and 1056:
5.9.2 Pitch-Catch Methods Advantage
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Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
Page 1059 and 1060:
5.9.2.2 Pitch-Catch Methods- Tandem
Page 1061 and 1062:
Distance Between Transmitter / Rece
Page 1063 and 1064:
5.9.3 Immersion Methods Many of the
Page 1065 and 1066:
Immersion Methods- Since sound wave
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Modified Immersion Methods- Bubbler
Page 1069 and 1070:
Angle Beam Immersion Methods Note t
Page 1071 and 1072:
Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Pipe
Page 1073 and 1074:
Immersion Testing Set-up
Page 1075 and 1076:
Manipulators The manipulator is pri
Page 1077 and 1078:
Bridges When the manipulator is aut
Page 1079 and 1080:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
Page 1081 and 1082:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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An unfocused transducer may be used
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Focus may be designated in three wa
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Q: In immersion testing, to remove
Page 1089 and 1090:
Q2: In an immersion test of a piece
Page 1091 and 1092:
Q176: To evaluate and accurately lo
Page 1093 and 1094:
5.10: Scanning Patterns
Page 1095 and 1096:
5.11: Pulse Repetition Rate and Pen
Page 1097 and 1098:
Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
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Pulse-Length and Near Surface Sensi
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5.12: Interferences & Non-Relevant
Page 1103 and 1104:
Specimen Surface Interference Exces
Page 1105 and 1106:
Specimen Surface Interference- You
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Material Geometric Interference Fal
Page 1109 and 1110:
Non Relevant Indication Large grain
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Non Relevant Indications The geomet
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Entry surface variables: Surface ro
Page 1115 and 1116:
Whether uniform or irregular, a rou
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Keywords on Rough Surface: 1. The d
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The coating is sufficiently thin th
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5.13.3 Couplant Condition Both cont
Page 1123 and 1124:
In more practical terms, for water
Page 1125 and 1126:
For example the plastics listed in
Page 1127 and 1128:
Like the decibel, the Neper is a un
Page 1129 and 1130:
Hence:
Page 1131 and 1132:
5.14 The Concept of Effective Dista
Page 1133 and 1134:
Q&A on The Concept of Effective Dis
Page 1135 and 1136:
Q2: A steel bar with 200 mm thick i
Page 1137 and 1138:
Q4: Assuming that Minimum 3 pulses
Page 1139 and 1140:
Q6: What is the maximum PRR is need
Page 1141 and 1142:
Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
Page 1143 and 1144:
5.15: Questions & Answers Exercises
Page 1145 and 1146:
Compared 6 dB Drop Sizing with Equa
Page 1147 and 1148:
Q5: Ultrasonic inspection is being
Page 1151 and 1152:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
Page 1155 and 1156:
Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
Page 1157 and 1158:
6.1: Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1161 and 1162:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
Page 1163 and 1164:
Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
Page 1165 and 1166:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1167 and 1168:
Page 1169 and 1170:
Page 1171 and 1172:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
Page 1173 and 1174:
Page 1175 and 1176:
Page 1177 and 1178:
Page 1179 and 1180:
Page 1181 and 1182:
6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
Page 1183 and 1184:
Salute to the Steel Workers!
Page 1185 and 1186:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1187 and 1188:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1189 and 1190:
Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
Page 1192 and 1193:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1194 and 1195:
Page 1196 and 1197:
Page 1198 and 1199:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1200 and 1201:
Page 1202 and 1203:
Page 1204 and 1205:
Page 1206 and 1207:
Page 1208 and 1209:
Page 1210 and 1211:
6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
Page 1214 and 1215:
Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
Page 1216 and 1217:
Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
Page 1218 and 1219:
Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
Page 1220 and 1221:
Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
Page 1222 and 1223:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
Page 1224 and 1225:
Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
Page 1226 and 1227:
Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
Page 1228 and 1229:
Rail Inspection One of the major pr
Page 1230 and 1231:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1232 and 1233:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1234 and 1235:
Techniques: Wheel Probe
Page 1236 and 1237:
Techniques: (c) same with additiona
Page 1238 and 1239:
6.3.1: UT of Weldments (Welded Join
Page 1240 and 1241:
UT Calculator
Page 1242 and 1243:
The second step in the inspection i
Page 1244 and 1245:
https://www.mandinasndt.com/index.p
Page 1246 and 1247:
Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
Page 1249 and 1250:
6.3.2 Weld Scanning
Page 1251 and 1252:
Typical Scanning Patterns: Typicall
Page 1253 and 1254:
Weld Scanning
Page 1255 and 1256:
Weld Scanning
Page 1257 and 1258:
Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects S
Page 1259 and 1260:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1261 and 1262:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1263 and 1264:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1265 and 1266:
Practice Makes Perfect 62. Which of
Page 1267 and 1268:
Pipe & Tube
Page 1269 and 1270:
Experts at work
Page 1271 and 1272:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1273 and 1274:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1275 and 1276:
Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio
Page 1277 and 1278:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1279 and 1280:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1281 and 1282:
Answer part B c a b a/Sin A = b/Sin
Page 1283 and 1284:
Q35: Which of the following may res
Page 1285 and 1286:
Expert at works
Page 1287 and 1288:
Basic echodynamic pattern of reflec
Page 1289 and 1290:
C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
Page 1291 and 1292:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1293 and 1294:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1295 and 1296:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1297 and 1298:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1299 and 1300:
C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1301 and 1302:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1303 and 1304:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1305 and 1306:
Echodynamic- Differences between th
Page 1307 and 1308:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1309 and 1310:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1311 and 1312:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
Page 1313 and 1314:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Angl
Page 1315 and 1316:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Perf
Page 1317 and 1318:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Vert
Page 1319 and 1320:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
Page 1321 and 1322:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1323 and 1324:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1325 and 1326:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1327 and 1328:
Echo Dynamic Crack
Page 1329 and 1330:
Echo Dynamic- Shaper indication and
Page 1331 and 1332:
Echo Dynamic Threadlike defects, po
Page 1333 and 1334:
Echo Dynamic In case “a” it wil
Page 1335 and 1336:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1337 and 1338:
Q. A smooth flat discontinuity whos
Page 1339 and 1340:
Q24. During inspection of a paralle
Page 1341 and 1342:
Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
Page 1343 and 1344:
Expert at works
Page 1345 and 1346:
Physical Dimension
Page 1347 and 1348:
Physical Dimension
Page 1349 and 1350:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1351 and 1352:
Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
Page 1353 and 1354:
Mock-Up
Page 1355 and 1356:
Mock-Up
Page 1357 and 1358:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1359 and 1360:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1361 and 1362:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1363 and 1364:
6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
Page 1365 and 1366:
A test program had been first carri
Page 1367 and 1368:
6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
Page 1369 and 1370:
Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
Page 1371 and 1372:
Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
Page 1373 and 1374:
The test sample may be of any geome
Page 1375 and 1376:
Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
Page 1377 and 1378:
Note on units: If sound velocity is
Page 1379 and 1380:
Experts at work
Page 1381 and 1382:
This application note contains quic
Page 1383 and 1384:
Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
Page 1385 and 1386:
Page 1387 and 1388:
Page 1389 and 1390:
High Temperature Conventional UT- G
Page 1391 and 1392:
(1a) Thickness gaging The most comm
Page 1393 and 1394:
In challenging applications requiri
Page 1395 and 1396:
Applications involving thin materia
Page 1397 and 1398:
Note that normal incidence shear wa
Page 1399 and 1400:
2.3 Test Techniques The following f
Page 1401 and 1402:
Coupling Technique: The combination
Page 1403 and 1404:
3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
Page 1405 and 1406:
3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
Page 1407 and 1408:
Keyword: • In typical fine grain
Page 1409 and 1410:
Discussion: An offshore installatio
Page 1413 and 1414:
6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
Page 1415 and 1416:
Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
Page 1417 and 1418:
With oil at the correct level, suff
Page 1419 and 1420:
In another position measurement sys
Page 1421 and 1422:
Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
Page 1423 and 1424:
In-Service Inspection The methods d
Page 1425 and 1426:
In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
Page 1427 and 1428:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
Page 1429 and 1430:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
Page 1431 and 1432:
Casting In castings flaw detection
Page 1433 and 1434:
Casting
Page 1435 and 1436:
6.12: Bonded Joint
Page 1437 and 1438:
During inspection, the oscilloscope
Page 1439 and 1440:
Corrosion Monitoring Ultrasonic ins
Page 1441 and 1442:
6.14: Crack Monitoring
Page 1443 and 1444:
Monitoring of fatigue cracks in par
Page 1445 and 1446:
For example, 150 mm (6 in.) diam, 8
Page 1447 and 1448:
Stress Measurements With ultrasonic
Page 1449 and 1450:
6.16: Bond Testing
Page 1451 and 1452:
The real limitation of
Page 1453 and 1454:
Page 1455 and 1456:
Page 1457 and 1458:
6.App-1.1 TOFD Basic Theory TOFD is
Page 1459 and 1460:
6.App-1.2 Main Benefits of TOFD for
Page 1461 and 1462:
6.App-1.3 6.App-1.3.1 The Theory Mo
Page 1463 and 1464:
TOFD is generally recognised as the
Page 1465 and 1466:
TOFD Transmitter Receiver Crack Bac
Page 1467 and 1468:
6.App-1.2 Application Examples ■
Page 1469 and 1470:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
Page 1471 and 1472:
Weld Root Corrosion and Erosion Pul
Page 1473 and 1474:
TOFD is deployed by scanning the we
Page 1475 and 1476:
Scan of weld with cursor positioned
Page 1477 and 1478:
Measurement of corroded area shows
Page 1479 and 1480:
6.App-1.3.4 TOFD Benefits for Corro
Page 1481 and 1482:
6.App-1.3.5 Overview on Scanning Di
Page 1483 and 1484:
■ Parallel TOFD scanning: Where t
Page 1485 and 1486:
Typical “Parallel” Weld Scannin
Page 1487 and 1488:
6.App-1.3.6 Further Reading- Introd
Page 1489 and 1490:
Page 1491 and 1492:
Page 1493 and 1494:
Sail Off
Page 1495 and 1496:
Content: Section 7: Reference Mater
Page 1497 and 1498:
7.2: General References & Resources
Page 1499:
Calibrating 70° Probe with IIW Blo
Page 1504 and 1505:
Content: Section 8: Ultrasonic Insp
Page 1506 and 1507:
Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
Page 1508 and 1509:
8.2: Online UT Quizzes
Page 1510 and 1511:
http://www.ndtcalc.com/index.php?pa
Page 1518:
Addendum-01a Equipment Calibrations
Page 1521 and 1522:
Attenuation due to Beam spread for:
Page 1523 and 1524:
Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Sma
Page 1525 and 1526:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1527 and 1528:
Δ dB = total Material attenuation
Page 1529 and 1530:
Construction of beam edges plot- No
Page 1531 and 1532:
20dB drop to find edges of beam
Page 1533 and 1534:
Construction of beam spread at 13mm
Page 1535 and 1536:
Construction of beam spread at 32mm
Page 1537 and 1538:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge Tun
Page 1539 and 1540:
First/ Second Critical Angles V L1
Page 1541 and 1542:
Finding the probe index
Page 1543 and 1544:
Checking the probe Angle:
Page 1545 and 1546:
Calibration for range:
Page 1547 and 1548:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1549 and 1550:
The IOW Block: The Institute of Wel
Page 1551 and 1552:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1553 and 1554:
Page 1555 and 1556:
Page 1557 and 1558:
The DAC
Page 1559 and 1560:
DAC Curve
Page 1561 and 1562:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
Page 1563 and 1564:
Reading on: FLAT Bottom Holes FBH h
Page 1565 and 1566:
Transfer Corection
Page 1567 and 1568:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1569 and 1570:
Transfer Correction:
Page 1571 and 1572:
Transfer Correction: Compression Pr
Page 1573 and 1574:
DGS- Distance Gain Size http://www.
Page 1575 and 1576:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1577 and 1578:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1579 and 1580:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1581 and 1582:
DGS- Different sizes of FBH at diff
Page 1583 and 1584:
What is DGS TCG is a time-corrected
Page 1585 and 1586:
Locating & Sizing Flaws
Page 1587 and 1588:
With ultrasonic instruments having
Page 1589 and 1590:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1591 and 1592:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1593 and 1594:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1595 and 1596:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1597 and 1598:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1599 and 1600:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1601 and 1602:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1607 and 1608:
Scanning Patterns http://www.olympu
Page 1609 and 1610:
Practice Makes Perfect 35. The 2 mm
Page 1611 and 1612:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation
Page 1613 and 1614:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transmit
Page 1615 and 1616:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Applied
Page 1617 and 1618:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Switch t
Page 1619 and 1620:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
Page 1621 and 1622:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Sensitiv
Page 1623 and 1624:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transduc
Page 1625 and 1626:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Rece
Page 1627 and 1628:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Radio-Fr
Page 1629 and 1630:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Imag
Page 1631 and 1632:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Excess G
Page 1633 and 1634:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Time Gai
Page 1635 and 1636:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1637 and 1638:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE Gai
Page 1639 and 1640:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Slide Po
Page 1641 and 1642:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Types of
Page 1643 and 1644:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Receiver
Page 1645 and 1646:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Large ra
Page 1647 and 1648:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Linear a
Page 1649 and 1650:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gain A L
Page 1651 and 1652:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pre-ampl
Page 1653 and 1654:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Saturati
Page 1655 and 1656:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DEMODULA
Page 1657 and 1658:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Half-Wav
Page 1659 and 1660:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DETECTIO
Page 1661 and 1662:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The vide
Page 1663 and 1664:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation All Scan
Page 1665 and 1666:
Matrix Rows x, coordinates
Page 1667 and 1668:
Matrix Pixel
Page 1669:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation In the S
Page 1673 and 1674:
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Page 1675 and 1676:
Raster Process 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Page 1677 and 1678:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The numb
Page 1679 and 1680:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Bit 1 2
Page 1681 and 1682:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Operator
Page 1683 and 1684:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation POST PRO
Page 1685 and 1686:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The DSC
Page 1687 and 1688:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Resoluti
Page 1689 and 1690:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 1. ROM 2
Page 1691 and 1692:
66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1693 and 1694:
69. In Figure 4, transducer B is be
Page 1695 and 1696:
Q: The output voltage from a satura
Page 1697:
Addendum-02 Equations & Calculation
Page 1702 and 1703:
Contents: 1. Material Acoustic Prop
Page 1705 and 1706:
2.0 Ultrasonic Formula http://www.n
Page 1707 and 1708:
Ultrasonic Formula α = Transducer
Page 1709 and 1710:
4.0 The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law,
Page 1711 and 1712:
V is the speed of sound Eleatic con
Page 1713 and 1714:
E/N/G
Page 1715 and 1716:
Spreading/ Scattering/ adsorption (
Page 1717 and 1718:
Amplitude at distance Z Where v is
Page 1719 and 1720:
Which U t ? U 0 t , A 0 o U 1 t , A
Page 1721 and 1722:
The following applet can be used to
Page 1723 and 1724:
Reflection and Transmission Coeffic
Page 1725 and 1726:
If reflection and transmission at i
Page 1727 and 1728:
Q1: What is the percentage of initi
Page 1729 and 1730:
8.0 Snell’s Law Snell's Law holds
Page 1731 and 1732:
Practice Makes Perfect 5. For an ul
Page 1733 and 1734:
Practice Makes Perfect 9. Calculate
Page 1735 and 1736:
9.0 S/N Ratio The following formula
Page 1737 and 1738:
Sound Volume: Area x pulse length
Page 1739:
where α is the radius of the trans
Page 1743 and 1744:
Example: Calculate the modified Nea
Page 1745 and 1746:
11.0 Focusing & Focal Length http:/
Page 1747 and 1748:
12.0 Offset of Normal probe above c
Page 1749 and 1750:
13.0 “Q” Factor 3dB down
Page 1751:
Inverse Square Law http://www.cyber
Page 1754 and 1755:
DGS Distance Gain Sizing Y-axis sho
Page 1756 and 1757:
The blue curves plotted show how th
Page 1758 and 1759:
20-4dB=16dB (deduced) Δ Flaw =30-1
Page 1760 and 1761:
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/atlas
Page 1762:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1765 and 1766:
Figure1:
Page 1767 and 1768:
15.0 Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
Page 1769 and 1770:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1775 and 1776:
Addendum-03 Questions & Answers Col
Page 1777 and 1778:
Make mistakes now, not during exam!
Page 1779 and 1780:
30. On an A-scan display the dead z
Page 1781 and 1782:
31. As the acoustic impedance ratio
Page 1783 and 1784:
15. Which type of test block is use
Page 1785 and 1786:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1787 and 1788:
Question: Which type of screen pres
Page 1790 and 1791:
Table 1.2
Page 1792 and 1793:
Q1-13 The second critical angle at
Page 1794 and 1795:
For evaluating material properties
Page 1796 and 1797:
Q1-22 The beam spread half angle I
Page 1798 and 1799:
Q2-12 An angle beam produce a 45°
Page 1800 and 1801:
Q2-17 A change in echo amplitude fr
Page 1802 and 1803:
Q2-19 What is the rate of attenuati
Page 1804 and 1805:
Q2-11 A change in 16dB on the atten
Page 1806 and 1807:
Q3-7 The half angle beam spread of
Page 1808 and 1809:
Monkey made mistake too!
Page 1810 and 1811:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1812 and 1813:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1814 and 1815:
Q3-8 Answer: The next SDH used will
Page 1816 and 1817:
Q3-13 During examination, an indica
Page 1818 and 1819:
Q3-15 In contact testing, the back
Page 1820 and 1821:
Q4-13 Answer: PRR = number of pulse
Page 1822 and 1823:
Q4-16
Page 1824 and 1825:
Q4-17 Illustrations Complete loop=4
Page 1826 and 1827:
8. When testing a 30 mm diameter, 5
Page 1828 and 1829:
Q5-20 Answer: None of above
Page 1830:
Q5-22 Table B-1
Page 1833 and 1834:
38. The angle of a refracted shear
Page 1835 and 1836:
48. A more highly damped transducer
Page 1837 and 1838:
47. When a vertical indication has
Page 1839 and 1840:
63. The purpose of the couplant is
Page 1841:
Immersion Testing Method
Page 1846 and 1847:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1848 and 1849:
Standards Answer: A (or C?)
Page 1850 and 1851:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1852 and 1853:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1854:
Standards Answer: A?
Page 1857 and 1858:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
Page 1859 and 1860:
Page 1861:
Page 1864 and 1865:
Page 1866 and 1867:
Page 1868 and 1869:
Take a break mms://a588.l3944020587
Page 1870 and 1871:
Page 1872 and 1873:
Expert at Works
Page 1874 and 1875:
Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
Page 1876 and 1877:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1878 and 1879:
Click to Q&A http://www.ndtcalc.com
Page 1880 and 1881:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1882:
Inverse Square Law http://www.cyber
Page 1885 and 1886:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1887:
Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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