Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Creep & stress rupture 700 o F ~ 1000 o F All metals and alloys 蠕变和应力断裂 API510 Thermal fatigues Operating temperature All materials of construction Short Term Overheating – >1000 o F All fired heater tube materials and Stress Rupture common materials of construction 短期过热 – 应力破裂 Steam Blanketing 蒸汽遮盖 >1000 o F Carbon steel and low alloy steels Dissimilar Metal Weld (DMW) Operating temperature Carbon steel / 300 SS junction Cracking Thermal Shock 温度突然变 Cold liquid impinge on hot All metals and alloys. surface Flue-gas dew-point H 2 SO 4 -280 o F (138 o C), CS, low alloy and 300 SS corrosion HCL-130 o F (54 o C). CUI 10 o F (–12 0 C) and 350 o F C-Steel and low alloy steel (175 o C) 140 o F (60 o C) and 400 o F austenitic stainless steels and (205 o C) duplex stainless steels
High Temperature Corrosion [>400 o F (204 o C)] Oxidation CS - >1000 o F (538 o C) All metals and alloys 氧化 300SS- >1500 o F (816 o C). API510 Sulfidation Iron based alloy 500 o F (260 o C). All metals and alloys 硫腐蚀 Others ? Carburization >1100 o F (593 o C) All metals and alloys 渗碳 Decarburization ? CS and low alloy steel 脱碳 Metal dusting 900 o F ~1500 o F(482 o C~ 816 o C) All metals and alloys 金属尘化 Fuel ash corrosion > 700 o F(371 o C), varies with melting All metals and alloys 燃料灰腐蚀 point of salts formed. Nitriding >600 o F (316 o C) Carbon steels, low alloy steels, 300 渗氮 Series SS and 400 Series SS
Page 1 and 2: Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed E
Page 3 and 4: 印度支那不就是 “Indo
Page 6 and 7: Speaker: Fion Zhang 2013/7/4
Page 8: Ctrl + Shift + S = save a copy Ctrl
Page 11: For API 570 ICP - API RP 571, Damag
Page 14 and 15: API RP 571, Damage Mechanisms Affec
Page 16: API RP 571, Damage mechanisms Affec
Page 19: Mechanical and Metallurgical Failur
Page 23 and 24: FOREWORD 前言 The overall purpos
Page 25 and 26: This publication contains guidance
Page 27 and 28: Table of contents 目录 1.0 Intro
Page 29 and 30: 1.1 Introduction 序言 ASME 和 A
Page 31 and 32: 当设备观察到的缺陷
Page 33 and 34: 基于外观或形态 , 损
Page 35 and 36: General and local metal loss/ 均
Page 41 and 42: Surface connected cracking
Page 53 and 54: SCC or fatigue cracks nucleate at s
Page 55 and 56: subsurface cracking
Page 57 and 58: subsurface cracking
Page 59 and 60: Microfissuring/microvoid formation
Page 61 and 62: Microfissuring/microvoid formation
Page 63 and 64: Metallurgical changes
Page 65 and 66: Metallurgical changes
Page 67 and 68: Each of these general types of dama
Page 69 and 70: API571, 此规范对石油化
Page 71 and 72:
a) Description of Damage - a basic
Page 73 and 74:
Damage mechanisms that are common t
Page 75 and 76:
SECTION 2.0 REFERENCES 2.1 Standard
Page 77 and 78:
ASM • Metals Handbook Volume 1, P
Page 79 and 80:
WRC • Bulletin 32 Graphitization
Page 81 and 82:
SECTION 3.0 DEFINITION OF TERMS AND
Page 83 and 84:
3.1.4 Di-ethanolamine 二乙醇
Page 87 and 88:
The 1949 Schaeffler diagram
Page 89:
The 1949 Schaeffler diagram
Page 96 and 97:
3.1.9 Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HI
Page 106 and 107:
3.1.12 Martensitic stainless steel
Page 112 and 113:
3.2 Symbols and Abbreviations 3.2.1
Page 114 and 115:
3.2.31 HP - high pressure. 3.2.32 H
Page 118 and 119:
SECTION 4.0 GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANIS
Page 120 and 121:
GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
4.2 Mechanical & Metallurgical Fail
Page 135 and 136:
4.4 High Temperature Corrosion 高
Page 137 and 138:
4.2 Mechanical & Metallurgical Fail
Page 139 and 140:
2013- API570 Examination Par. 3 - D
Page 141 and 142:
Exam Damage Mechanism Temperatures
Page 143 and 144:
4.2.1 Graphitization 石墨化 (
Page 145 and 146:
4.2.1 Graphitization 石墨化 4.
Page 147 and 148:
Graphitization Location: Areas with
Page 149 and 150:
4.2.1.3 Critical Factors a) The mos
Page 151 and 152:
f) The second and more damaging typ
Page 154 and 155:
eyebrow! Type2 Graphitization 焊
Page 156 and 157:
eyebrow! Type 2 Graphitization 焊
Page 158 and 159:
4.2.1.4 Affected Units or Equipment
Page 160 and 161:
4.2.1.5 Appearance or Morphology of
Page 162 and 163:
Figure 4-2 - High magnification pho
Page 164 and 165:
4.2.1.7 Inspection and Monitoring a
Page 166 and 167:
Creep Type: Microvoid formation & j
Page 168 and 169:
Typical ferrite-pearlite structure
Page 170:
Figure 13: Lower bainite generated
Page 173 and 174:
Random graphitization
Page 175 and 176:
Graphitization of A Cast Iron Main
Page 177 and 178:
石墨化 , 学习重点 : 1.
Page 179 and 180:
Spheroidization Prolong Exposure 85
Page 182 and 183:
Figure 9: The microstructures near
Page 184 and 185:
Spheroidization 球化 in physical
Page 189:
http://www.matter.org.uk/steelmatte
Page 192 and 193:
Spheroidization affect Cr-Mo low ca
Page 194 and 195:
Susceptibility to Spheroidization
Page 198 and 199:
Spheroidization is a change in the
Page 200 and 201:
650 o F~ 1070 o F API510-Exam
Page 202 and 203:
API510-Exam 4.2.3 Temper Embrittlem
Page 204 and 205:
API510-Exam 4.2.3.2 Affected Materi
Page 206 and 207:
[Embrittlement temperature 650°F~1
Page 208 and 209:
[Embrittlement temperature 650°F~1
Page 210 and 211:
韧脆转变温度向上移
Page 212 and 213:
API510-Exam SEM fractographs of tem
Page 214 and 215:
API510-Exam 4.2.3.3 Critical Factor
Page 216 and 217:
API510-Exam 4.2.3.4 Affected Units
Page 218 and 219:
API510-Exam
Page 220 and 221:
API510-Exam
Page 222 and 223:
Intergranular Cracking API510-Exam
Page 224 and 225:
API510-Exam 4.2.3.6 Prevention / Mi
Page 226 and 227:
API510-Exam Existing Material: De-e
Page 228 and 229:
API510-Exam Susceptibility to tempe
Page 230 and 231:
API510-Exam 4.2.3.7 Inspection and
Page 232 and 233:
API510-Exam
Page 234 and 235:
API510-Exam irreversible temper bri
Page 236 and 237:
回火脆化学习重点 : 1
Page 238:
Intermediate temperature
Page 241 and 242:
4.2.4 Strain Aging 伸张时效
Page 243 and 244:
韧性减低 / 抗拉曾强
Page 245 and 246:
拉力 AISC- Guide to Design Crite
Page 247 and 248:
d) Strain aging effects are observe
Page 249 and 250:
Bessemer Process
Page 251 and 252:
Bessemer Process
Page 253 and 254:
Open hearth Process
Page 255 and 256:
Open hearth Process 平炉炼钢
Page 257 and 258:
Basic Oxygen Process
Page 263 and 264:
Metallurgy for Dummies http://metal
Page 265 and 266:
4) Rimmed Steel 沸腾钢 , 不
Page 267 and 268:
4.2.5 885°F (475°C) embrittlement
Page 269 and 270:
Graphitisation Spheroidization Temp
Page 271 and 272:
885°F (475°C) embrittlement Embri
Page 273 and 274:
• The existence of 885°F embritt
Page 275:
d) Since 885°F embrittlement can o
Page 280 and 281:
Fig. 3—Oxalic acid etched microst
Page 284:
Impact energy and brinell hardness
Page 287 and 288:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc
Page 289 and 290:
4.2.6 Sigma-Phase Embrittlement “
Page 291 and 292:
885°F embrittlement Sigma phase em
Page 293 and 294:
Sigma-Phase Embrittlement 西格
Page 295 and 296:
e) The 300 Series SS can exhibit ab
Page 297 and 298:
Σ(σ)phase in austenitic matrix
Page 299 and 300:
σ 相脆化 - 缺乏韧性
Page 301 and 302:
FCC (fluidized catalytic cracking )
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Stainless steel heater tubes
Page 309 and 310:
tube-to-tubesheets attachment
Page 311 and 312:
tube-to-tubesheets attachment
Page 313 and 314:
设备 : 催化裂化再生
Page 315:
d) For the 10% sigmatized specimen,
Page 323 and 324:
Table 2. Impact testing (Test Metho
Page 325 and 326:
Fig. 2. Micrograph showing carburiz
Page 327 and 328:
Fig. 4. Micrograph showing sigma fo
Page 329 and 330:
Fig. 6. Micrograph showing sigma ph
Page 331 and 332:
Fig. 8a. SEM fractography showing t
Page 333 and 334:
4.2.6.6 Prevention / Mitigation a)
Page 339 and 340:
What causes knife-line attack? For
Page 355 and 356:
4.2.6.7 Inspection and Monitoring
Page 359 and 360:
http://www.metalconsult.com/failure
Page 361 and 362:
http://www.metalconsult.com/failure
Page 366:
http://www.industrialheating.com/ar
Page 372:
Table 4: Chemical composition of fe
Page 390:
Improperly etched specimen showing
Page 394:
Oxalic acid etched- Duplex SS
Page 398 and 399:
4.2.7 Brittle Fracture 脆性破
Page 400 and 401:
No shear lip, little micro void coa
Page 402 and 403:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.7.3 Critical Fa
Page 404 and 405:
API510/570-Exam Definition of Britt
Page 406 and 407:
API510/570-Exam
Page 408 and 409:
API510/570-Exam Figure 7: The fract
Page 410 and 411:
Figure 4: The fracture on the Case
Page 412 and 413:
API510/570-Exam Various stages duri
Page 414 and 415:
API510/570-Exam
Page 416 and 417:
API510/570-Exam
Page 418 and 419:
API510/570-Exam
Page 420 and 421:
http://www.wermac.org/misc/pressure
Page 422 and 423:
API510/570-Exam c) Most processes r
Page 424 and 425:
The main material property that API
Page 426 and 427:
Figure UCS 66.1 Coincident Ratio Th
Page 428 and 429:
Steps: 1. Determine material group.
Page 430 and 431:
Steps: 5. If the coincident ratio i
Page 432 and 433:
UCS-66 (b2) For minimum design meta
Page 434 and 435:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.7.5 Appearance
Page 436 and 437:
Crack propagation (cleavage) in bri
Page 438 and 439:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.7.6 Prevention
Page 440 and 441:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.7.7 Inspection
Page 442 and 443:
API510/570-Exam
Page 444 and 445:
API510/570-Exam
Page 446 and 447:
API510/570-Exam
Page 448 and 449:
API510/570-Exam
Page 450 and 451:
API510/570-Exam
Page 452 and 453:
API510/570-Exam
Page 454 and 455:
API510/570-Exam
Page 456 and 457:
Microvoid due to plastid yielding &
Page 458 and 459:
API510/570-Exam Further reading: ht
Page 460 and 461:
4.2.8 Creep & Stress Rupture 蠕
Page 463 and 464:
Graphitisation Spheroidization Temp
Page 473:
http://www.ejsong.com/mdme/me mmods
Page 477 and 478:
c) The level of creep damage is a f
Page 480 and 481:
不是所有的蠕变失效
Page 482 and 483:
c) Low creep ductility failures hav
Page 484 and 485:
c) Creep damage is not reversible.
Page 486 and 487:
Page 488:
4.2.8.8 Related Mechanisms 相关
Page 493 and 494:
Figure 4-18 - Creep rupture of an H
Page 495:
a b Figure 4-19 - Creep Failure of
Page 508 and 509:
4.2.9 Thermal Fatigue 热疲劳 A
Page 510 and 511:
API510/570-Exam Graphitisation Sphe
Page 512 and 513:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.9.3 Critical Fa
Page 514 and 515:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.9.4 Affected Un
Page 516 and 517:
Figure 4-21 - Bulging in a skirt of
Page 518 and 519:
Figure 4-23 - Thermal fatigue of 30
Page 520 and 521:
API510/570-Exam Figure 4-25 - Older
Page 522 and 523:
API510/570-Exam
Page 524 and 525:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.9.5 Appearance
Page 526 and 527:
API510/570-Exam Figure 4-27 - Photo
Page 528 and 529:
API510/570-Exam b) Designs should i
Page 530 and 531:
API510/570-Exam
Page 532 and 533:
API510/570-Exam
Page 534 and 535:
API510/570-Exam 571-4 Charlie Chong
Page 536 and 537:
API510/570-Exam
Page 538 and 539:
API510/570-Exam
Page 540 and 541:
热疲劳学习重点 : a)
Page 542 and 543:
Short Term Overheating Stress Ruptu
Page 544 and 545:
4.2.10.3 Critical Factors 关键
Page 546 and 547:
4.2.10.5 Appearance or Morphology o
Page 566 and 567:
短期过热应力开裂学
Page 568:
Steam Blanketing Local over-heating
Page 572 and 573:
individual bubbles join to form a s
Page 575:
Heat transfer and mass transfer dur
Page 581 and 582:
4.2.11.4 Affected Units or Equipmen
Page 584 and 585:
Page 588 and 589:
蒸汽封学习重点 : a)
Page 593 and 594:
4.2.12 Dissimilar Metal Weld (DMW)
Page 595:
Table 4-4: Coefficients of Thermal
Page 598 and 599:
d) Thermal cycling aggravates the p
Page 600 and 601:
g) Dissimilar metal welds on a ferr
Page 602 and 603:
Environmental Cracking - Ambient se
Page 604 and 605:
High temperature service Blister Fi
Page 606 and 607:
High temperature service Figure 4-4
Page 608 and 609:
Intergranular liquid metal embrittl
Page 610 and 611:
• Alloy transitions inside fired
Page 612 and 613:
4.2.12.6 Prevention / Mitigation
Page 614 and 615:
Figure 4-34 - Schematic of typical
Page 616 and 617:
Page 624 and 625:
异种钢焊接开裂学习
Page 626 and 627:
4.2.13 Thermal Shock 温度突
Page 628 and 629:
f) Fracture is related to constrain
Page 630 and 631:
Page 641 and 642:
高温突变学习重点 : a
Page 643 and 644:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.14 Erosion/Eros
Page 645 and 646:
API510/570-Exam e) For each environ
Page 647 and 648:
API510/570-Exam c) Hydroprocessing
Page 649 and 650:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.14.6 Prevention
Page 651 and 652:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.14.7 Inspection
Page 653 and 654:
Figure 4-44 - Erosion of a 9Cr-1Mo
Page 655 and 656:
定义 : Corrosion 腐蚀 - 化
Page 657 and 658:
API510/570-Exam
Page 659 and 660:
API510/570-Exam
Page 661 and 662:
API510/570-Exam Flow Direction
Page 663 and 664:
Flow Direction API510/570-Exam
Page 665 and 666:
API510/570-Exam
Page 667 and 668:
API510/570-Exam
Page 669 and 670:
API510/570-Exam 冲蚀 / 冲蚀 -
Page 671:
4.2.15 Cavitation 4.2.15.1 Descript
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
c) Attack is accelerated by the mec
Page 701 and 702:
气穴腐蚀学习重点 : a
Page 703 and 704:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.16 Mechanical F
Page 705 and 706:
API510/570-Exam b) Metallurgical Is
Page 707 and 708:
API510/570-Exam
Page 709 and 710:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.16.4 Affected U
Page 711 and 712:
API510/570-Exam b) Mechanical Loadi
Page 713 and 714:
Figure 4-50 - Schematic of a fatigu
Page 715 and 716:
Figure 4-52 - Higher magnification
Page 717 and 718:
Figure 4-54 - Fatigue crack in a 16
Page 719 and 720:
Figure 4-56 - The surface of the fr
Page 721 and 722:
API510/570-Exam
Page 723 and 724:
API510/570-Exam
Page 725 and 726:
API510/570-Exam The signature mark
Page 727 and 728:
API510/570-Exam
Page 729 and 730:
API510/570-Exam
Page 731 and 732:
API510/570-Exam
Page 733 and 734:
API510/570-Exam
Page 735 and 736:
API510/570-Exam
Page 737 and 738:
API510/570-Exam
Page 739 and 740:
API510/570-Exam
Page 741 and 742:
API510/570-Exam
Page 743 and 744:
API510/570-Exam
Page 745 and 746:
API510/570-Exam
Page 747 and 748:
530.352 Materials Selection Lecture
Page 749 and 750:
Examples of Fatigue Failures Plasti
Page 751 and 752:
Examples of Fatigue Failures Railwa
Page 753 and 754:
Types of Fatigue: Fatigue of cracke
Page 755 and 756:
Basic Fatigue Terminology: + max
Page 757 and 758:
Low Cycle Fatigue • Apply control
Page 759 and 760:
Miner’s s Rule Rule of Accumulati
Page 761 and 762:
Crack initiation Cracks start at:
Page 763 and 764:
Crack Growth Striation indicating s
Page 765 and 766:
Real world comparisons: log da/dN t
Page 767 and 768:
Fracture Surfaces: Initiation site
Page 769 and 770:
4.2.17 Vibration Induced Fatigue
Page 771 and 772:
API 570-Exam 4.2.17.4 Affected Unit
Page 773 and 774:
API 570-Exam 4.2.17.6 Prevention /
Page 775 and 776:
API 570-Exam 4.2.17.8 Related Mecha
Page 777 and 778:
Figure 4-58 - Cross-sectional view
Page 779 and 780:
API 570-Exam
Page 781 and 782:
4.2.18 Refractory Degradation 耐
Page 783 and 784:
4.2.18.3 Critical Factors a) Refrac
Page 785 and 786:
Page 787 and 788:
Page 793 and 794:
耐火材料退化学习重
Page 795 and 796:
4.2.19 Reheat Cracking 4.2.19.1 Des
Page 797 and 798:
4.2.19.3 Critical Factors Important
Page 799:
http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.co
Page 804 and 805:
http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/s.j.bull
Page 806 and 807:
Figure 4-60 - Samples removed from
Page 808 and 809:
Figure 4-62 - Cross-section through
Page 810 and 811:
Page 812 and 813:
Page 816 and 817:
http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/s.j.bull
Page 818 and 819:
4.2.20 GOX-Enhanced Ignition & Comb
Page 820 and 821:
4.2.20.2 Affected Materials a) Carb
Page 822 and 823:
4.2.20.3 Critical Factors a) Many f
Page 824 and 825:
e) Impingement areas such as sharp
Page 826 and 827:
Page 828 and 829:
g) A thorough review is needed befo
Page 830 and 831:
Figure 4-64 - Thermal combustor on
Page 832 and 833:
Figure 4-66 - Same as figure above
Page 834 and 835:
Figure 4-68 - Photograph illustrati
Page 836:
气化氧 - 增强燃烧学
show all

Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?