- Page 1 and 2: Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed E
- Page 3 and 4: 印 度 支 那 不 就 是 “Indo
- Page 8: Ctrl + Shift + S = save a copy Ctrl
- Page 11: For API 570 ICP - API RP 571, Damag
- Page 14 and 15: API RP 571, Damage Mechanisms Affec
- Page 16: API RP 571, Damage mechanisms Affec
- Page 19 and 20: Mechanical and Metallurgical Failur
- Page 21 and 22: High Temperature Corrosion [>400 o
- Page 23 and 24: FOREWORD 前 言 The overall purpos
- Page 25 and 26: This publication contains guidance
- Page 27 and 28: Table of contents 目 录 1.0 Intro
- Page 29 and 30: 1.1 Introduction 序 言 ASME 和 A
- Page 31 and 32: 当 设 备 观 察 到 的 缺 陷
- Page 33 and 34: 基 于 外 观 或 形 态 , 损
- Page 35 and 36: General and local metal loss/ 均
- Page 37 and 38: General and local metal loss/ 均
- Page 39 and 40: General and local metal loss/ 均
- Page 41 and 42: Surface connected cracking
- Page 43 and 44: Surface connected cracking
- Page 45 and 46: Surface connected cracking
- Page 47 and 48: Surface connected cracking
- Page 49 and 50: Surface connected cracking
- Page 51 and 52: Surface connected cracking
- Page 53 and 54: SCC or fatigue cracks nucleate at s
- Page 55 and 56:
subsurface cracking
- Page 57 and 58:
subsurface cracking
- Page 59 and 60:
Microfissuring/microvoid formation
- Page 61 and 62:
Microfissuring/microvoid formation
- Page 63 and 64:
Metallurgical changes
- Page 65 and 66:
Metallurgical changes
- Page 67 and 68:
Each of these general types of dama
- Page 69 and 70:
API571, 此 规 范 对 石 油 化
- Page 71 and 72:
a) Description of Damage - a basic
- Page 73 and 74:
Damage mechanisms that are common t
- Page 75 and 76:
SECTION 2.0 REFERENCES 2.1 Standard
- Page 77 and 78:
ASM • Metals Handbook Volume 1, P
- Page 79 and 80:
WRC • Bulletin 32 Graphitization
- Page 81 and 82:
SECTION 3.0 DEFINITION OF TERMS AND
- Page 83 and 84:
3.1.4 Di-ethanolamine 二 乙 醇
- Page 87 and 88:
The 1949 Schaeffler diagram
- Page 89:
The 1949 Schaeffler diagram
- Page 96 and 97:
3.1.9 Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HI
- Page 106 and 107:
3.1.12 Martensitic stainless steel
- Page 112 and 113:
3.2 Symbols and Abbreviations 3.2.1
- Page 114 and 115:
3.2.31 HP - high pressure. 3.2.32 H
- Page 118 and 119:
SECTION 4.0 GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANIS
- Page 120 and 121:
GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
- Page 122 and 123:
GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
- Page 124 and 125:
GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
- Page 127 and 128:
GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
- Page 129 and 130:
GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
- Page 131 and 132:
GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
- Page 133 and 134:
4.2 Mechanical & Metallurgical Fail
- Page 135 and 136:
4.4 High Temperature Corrosion 高
- Page 137 and 138:
4.2 Mechanical & Metallurgical Fail
- Page 139 and 140:
2013- API570 Examination Par. 3 - D
- Page 141 and 142:
Exam Damage Mechanism Temperatures
- Page 143 and 144:
4.2.1 Graphitization 石 墨 化 (
- Page 145 and 146:
4.2.1 Graphitization 石 墨 化 4.
- Page 147 and 148:
Graphitization Location: Areas with
- Page 149 and 150:
4.2.1.3 Critical Factors a) The mos
- Page 151 and 152:
f) The second and more damaging typ
- Page 154 and 155:
eyebrow! Type2 Graphitization 焊
- Page 156 and 157:
eyebrow! Type 2 Graphitization 焊
- Page 158 and 159:
4.2.1.4 Affected Units or Equipment
- Page 160 and 161:
4.2.1.5 Appearance or Morphology of
- Page 162 and 163:
Figure 4-2 - High magnification pho
- Page 164 and 165:
4.2.1.7 Inspection and Monitoring a
- Page 166 and 167:
Creep Type: Microvoid formation & j
- Page 168 and 169:
Typical ferrite-pearlite structure
- Page 170:
Figure 13: Lower bainite generated
- Page 173 and 174:
Random graphitization
- Page 175 and 176:
Graphitization of A Cast Iron Main
- Page 177 and 178:
石 墨 化 , 学 习 重 点 : 1.
- Page 179 and 180:
Spheroidization Prolong Exposure 85
- Page 182 and 183:
Figure 9: The microstructures near
- Page 184 and 185:
Spheroidization 球 化 in physical
- Page 189:
http://www.matter.org.uk/steelmatte
- Page 192 and 193:
Spheroidization affect Cr-Mo low ca
- Page 194 and 195:
Susceptibility to Spheroidization
- Page 198 and 199:
Spheroidization is a change in the
- Page 200 and 201:
650 o F~ 1070 o F API510-Exam
- Page 202 and 203:
API510-Exam 4.2.3 Temper Embrittlem
- Page 204 and 205:
API510-Exam 4.2.3.2 Affected Materi
- Page 206 and 207:
[Embrittlement temperature 650°F~1
- Page 208 and 209:
[Embrittlement temperature 650°F~1
- Page 210 and 211:
韧 脆 转 变 温 度 向 上 移
- Page 212 and 213:
API510-Exam SEM fractographs of tem
- Page 214 and 215:
API510-Exam 4.2.3.3 Critical Factor
- Page 216 and 217:
API510-Exam 4.2.3.4 Affected Units
- Page 218 and 219:
API510-Exam
- Page 220 and 221:
API510-Exam
- Page 222 and 223:
Intergranular Cracking API510-Exam
- Page 224 and 225:
API510-Exam 4.2.3.6 Prevention / Mi
- Page 226 and 227:
API510-Exam Existing Material: De-e
- Page 228 and 229:
API510-Exam Susceptibility to tempe
- Page 230 and 231:
API510-Exam 4.2.3.7 Inspection and
- Page 232 and 233:
API510-Exam
- Page 234 and 235:
API510-Exam irreversible temper bri
- Page 236 and 237:
回 火 脆 化 学 习 重 点 : 1
- Page 238:
Intermediate temperature
- Page 241 and 242:
4.2.4 Strain Aging 伸 张 时 效
- Page 243 and 244:
韧 性 减 低 / 抗 拉 曾 强
- Page 245 and 246:
拉 力 AISC- Guide to Design Crite
- Page 247 and 248:
d) Strain aging effects are observe
- Page 249 and 250:
Bessemer Process
- Page 251 and 252:
Bessemer Process
- Page 253 and 254:
Open hearth Process
- Page 255 and 256:
Open hearth Process 平 炉 炼 钢
- Page 257 and 258:
Basic Oxygen Process
- Page 263 and 264:
Metallurgy for Dummies http://metal
- Page 265 and 266:
4) Rimmed Steel 沸 腾 钢 , 不
- Page 267 and 268:
4.2.5 885°F (475°C) embrittlement
- Page 269 and 270:
Graphitisation Spheroidization Temp
- Page 271 and 272:
885°F (475°C) embrittlement Embri
- Page 273 and 274:
• The existence of 885°F embritt
- Page 275:
d) Since 885°F embrittlement can o
- Page 280 and 281:
Fig. 3—Oxalic acid etched microst
- Page 284:
Impact energy and brinell hardness
- Page 287 and 288:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc
- Page 289 and 290:
4.2.6 Sigma-Phase Embrittlement “
- Page 291 and 292:
885°F embrittlement Sigma phase em
- Page 293 and 294:
Sigma-Phase Embrittlement 西 格
- Page 295 and 296:
e) The 300 Series SS can exhibit ab
- Page 297 and 298:
Σ(σ)phase in austenitic matrix
- Page 299 and 300:
σ 相 脆 化 - 缺 乏 韧 性
- Page 301 and 302:
FCC (fluidized catalytic cracking )
- Page 303 and 304:
FCC (fluidized catalytic cracking )
- Page 305 and 306:
FCC (fluidized catalytic cracking )
- Page 307 and 308:
Stainless steel heater tubes
- Page 309 and 310:
tube-to-tubesheets attachment
- Page 311 and 312:
tube-to-tubesheets attachment
- Page 313 and 314:
设 备 : 催 化 裂 化 再 生
- Page 315:
d) For the 10% sigmatized specimen,
- Page 323 and 324:
Table 2. Impact testing (Test Metho
- Page 325 and 326:
Fig. 2. Micrograph showing carburiz
- Page 327 and 328:
Fig. 4. Micrograph showing sigma fo
- Page 329 and 330:
Fig. 6. Micrograph showing sigma ph
- Page 331 and 332:
Fig. 8a. SEM fractography showing t
- Page 333 and 334:
4.2.6.6 Prevention / Mitigation a)
- Page 339 and 340:
What causes knife-line attack? For
- Page 355 and 356:
4.2.6.7 Inspection and Monitoring
- Page 359 and 360:
http://www.metalconsult.com/failure
- Page 361 and 362:
http://www.metalconsult.com/failure
- Page 366:
http://www.industrialheating.com/ar
- Page 372:
Table 4: Chemical composition of fe
- Page 390:
Improperly etched specimen showing
- Page 394:
Oxalic acid etched- Duplex SS
- Page 398 and 399:
4.2.7 Brittle Fracture 脆 性 破
- Page 400 and 401:
No shear lip, little micro void coa
- Page 402 and 403:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.7.3 Critical Fa
- Page 404 and 405:
API510/570-Exam Definition of Britt
- Page 406 and 407:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 408 and 409:
API510/570-Exam Figure 7: The fract
- Page 410 and 411:
Figure 4: The fracture on the Case
- Page 412 and 413:
API510/570-Exam Various stages duri
- Page 414 and 415:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 416 and 417:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 418 and 419:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 420 and 421:
http://www.wermac.org/misc/pressure
- Page 422 and 423:
API510/570-Exam c) Most processes r
- Page 424 and 425:
The main material property that API
- Page 426 and 427:
Figure UCS 66.1 Coincident Ratio Th
- Page 428 and 429:
Steps: 1. Determine material group.
- Page 430 and 431:
Steps: 5. If the coincident ratio i
- Page 432 and 433:
UCS-66 (b2) For minimum design meta
- Page 434 and 435:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.7.5 Appearance
- Page 436 and 437:
Crack propagation (cleavage) in bri
- Page 438 and 439:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.7.6 Prevention
- Page 440 and 441:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.7.7 Inspection
- Page 442 and 443:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 444 and 445:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 446 and 447:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 448 and 449:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 450 and 451:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 452 and 453:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 454 and 455:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 456 and 457:
Microvoid due to plastid yielding &
- Page 458 and 459:
API510/570-Exam Further reading: ht
- Page 460 and 461:
4.2.8 Creep & Stress Rupture 蠕
- Page 463 and 464:
Graphitisation Spheroidization Temp
- Page 473:
http://www.ejsong.com/mdme/me mmods
- Page 477 and 478:
c) The level of creep damage is a f
- Page 480 and 481:
不 是 所 有 的 蠕 变 失 效
- Page 482 and 483:
c) Low creep ductility failures hav
- Page 484 and 485:
c) Creep damage is not reversible.
- Page 486 and 487:
4.2.8.7 Inspection and Monitoring
- Page 488:
4.2.8.8 Related Mechanisms 相 关
- Page 493 and 494:
Figure 4-18 - Creep rupture of an H
- Page 495:
a b Figure 4-19 - Creep Failure of
- Page 508 and 509:
4.2.9 Thermal Fatigue 热 疲 劳 A
- Page 510 and 511:
API510/570-Exam Graphitisation Sphe
- Page 512 and 513:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.9.3 Critical Fa
- Page 514 and 515:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.9.4 Affected Un
- Page 516 and 517:
Figure 4-21 - Bulging in a skirt of
- Page 518 and 519:
Figure 4-23 - Thermal fatigue of 30
- Page 520 and 521:
API510/570-Exam Figure 4-25 - Older
- Page 522 and 523:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 524 and 525:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.9.5 Appearance
- Page 526 and 527:
API510/570-Exam Figure 4-27 - Photo
- Page 528 and 529:
API510/570-Exam b) Designs should i
- Page 530 and 531:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 532 and 533:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 534 and 535:
API510/570-Exam 571-4 Charlie Chong
- Page 536 and 537:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 538 and 539:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 540 and 541:
热 疲 劳 学 习 重 点 : a)
- Page 542 and 543:
Short Term Overheating Stress Ruptu
- Page 544 and 545:
4.2.10.3 Critical Factors 关 键
- Page 546 and 547:
4.2.10.5 Appearance or Morphology o
- Page 566 and 567:
短 期 过 热 应 力 开 裂 学
- Page 568:
Steam Blanketing Local over-heating
- Page 572 and 573:
individual bubbles join to form a s
- Page 575:
Heat transfer and mass transfer dur
- Page 581 and 582:
4.2.11.4 Affected Units or Equipmen
- Page 584 and 585:
4.2.11.6 Prevention / Mitigation a)
- Page 588 and 589:
蒸 汽 封 学 习 重 点 : a)
- Page 593 and 594:
4.2.12 Dissimilar Metal Weld (DMW)
- Page 595:
Table 4-4: Coefficients of Thermal
- Page 598 and 599:
d) Thermal cycling aggravates the p
- Page 600 and 601:
g) Dissimilar metal welds on a ferr
- Page 602 and 603:
Environmental Cracking - Ambient se
- Page 604 and 605:
High temperature service Blister Fi
- Page 606 and 607:
High temperature service Figure 4-4
- Page 608 and 609:
Intergranular liquid metal embrittl
- Page 610 and 611:
• Alloy transitions inside fired
- Page 612 and 613:
4.2.12.6 Prevention / Mitigation
- Page 614 and 615:
Figure 4-34 - Schematic of typical
- Page 616 and 617:
4.2.12.7 Inspection and Monitoring
- Page 624 and 625:
异 种 钢 焊 接 开 裂 学 习
- Page 626 and 627:
4.2.13 Thermal Shock 温 度 突
- Page 628 and 629:
f) Fracture is related to constrain
- Page 630 and 631:
4.2.13.5 Appearance or Morphology o
- Page 641 and 642:
高 温 突 变 学 习 重 点 : a
- Page 643 and 644:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.14 Erosion/Eros
- Page 645 and 646:
API510/570-Exam e) For each environ
- Page 647 and 648:
API510/570-Exam c) Hydroprocessing
- Page 649 and 650:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.14.6 Prevention
- Page 651 and 652:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.14.7 Inspection
- Page 653 and 654:
Figure 4-44 - Erosion of a 9Cr-1Mo
- Page 655 and 656:
定 义 : Corrosion 腐 蚀 - 化
- Page 657 and 658:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 659 and 660:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 661 and 662:
API510/570-Exam Flow Direction
- Page 663 and 664:
Flow Direction API510/570-Exam
- Page 665 and 666:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 667 and 668:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 669 and 670:
API510/570-Exam 冲 蚀 / 冲 蚀 -
- Page 671:
4.2.15 Cavitation 4.2.15.1 Descript
- Page 697 and 698:
4.2.15.4 Affected Units or Equipmen
- Page 699 and 700:
c) Attack is accelerated by the mec
- Page 701 and 702:
气 穴 腐 蚀 学 习 重 点 : a
- Page 703 and 704:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.16 Mechanical F
- Page 705 and 706:
API510/570-Exam b) Metallurgical Is
- Page 707 and 708:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 709 and 710:
API510/570-Exam 4.2.16.4 Affected U
- Page 711 and 712:
API510/570-Exam b) Mechanical Loadi
- Page 713 and 714:
Figure 4-50 - Schematic of a fatigu
- Page 715 and 716:
Figure 4-52 - Higher magnification
- Page 717 and 718:
Figure 4-54 - Fatigue crack in a 16
- Page 719 and 720:
Figure 4-56 - The surface of the fr
- Page 721 and 722:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 723 and 724:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 725 and 726:
API510/570-Exam The signature mark
- Page 727 and 728:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 729 and 730:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 731 and 732:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 733 and 734:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 735 and 736:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 737 and 738:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 739 and 740:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 741 and 742:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 743 and 744:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 745 and 746:
API510/570-Exam
- Page 747 and 748:
530.352 Materials Selection Lecture
- Page 749 and 750:
Examples of Fatigue Failures Plasti
- Page 751 and 752:
Examples of Fatigue Failures Railwa
- Page 753 and 754:
Types of Fatigue: Fatigue of cracke
- Page 755 and 756:
Basic Fatigue Terminology: + max
- Page 757 and 758:
Low Cycle Fatigue • Apply control
- Page 759 and 760:
Miner’s s Rule Rule of Accumulati
- Page 761 and 762:
Crack initiation Cracks start at:
- Page 763 and 764:
Crack Growth Striation indicating s
- Page 765 and 766:
Real world comparisons: log da/dN t
- Page 767 and 768:
Fracture Surfaces: Initiation site
- Page 769 and 770:
4.2.17 Vibration Induced Fatigue
- Page 771 and 772:
API 570-Exam 4.2.17.4 Affected Unit
- Page 773 and 774:
API 570-Exam 4.2.17.6 Prevention /
- Page 775 and 776:
API 570-Exam 4.2.17.8 Related Mecha
- Page 777 and 778:
Figure 4-58 - Cross-sectional view
- Page 779 and 780:
API 570-Exam
- Page 781 and 782:
4.2.18 Refractory Degradation 耐
- Page 783 and 784:
4.2.18.3 Critical Factors a) Refrac
- Page 785 and 786:
4.2.18.4 Affected Units or Equipmen
- Page 787 and 788:
4.2.18.7 Inspection and Monitoring
- Page 793 and 794:
耐 火 材 料 退 化 学 习 重
- Page 795 and 796:
4.2.19 Reheat Cracking 4.2.19.1 Des
- Page 797 and 798:
4.2.19.3 Critical Factors Important
- Page 799:
http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.co
- Page 804 and 805:
http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/s.j.bull
- Page 806 and 807:
Figure 4-60 - Samples removed from
- Page 808 and 809:
Figure 4-62 - Cross-section through
- Page 810 and 811:
4.2.19.6 Prevention / Mitigation a)
- Page 812 and 813:
4.2.19.7 Inspection and Monitoring
- Page 816 and 817:
http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/s.j.bull
- Page 818 and 819:
4.2.20 GOX-Enhanced Ignition & Comb
- Page 820 and 821:
4.2.20.2 Affected Materials a) Carb
- Page 822 and 823:
4.2.20.3 Critical Factors a) Many f
- Page 824 and 825:
e) Impingement areas such as sharp
- Page 826 and 827:
4.2.20.5 Appearance or Morphology o
- Page 828 and 829:
g) A thorough review is needed befo
- Page 830 and 831:
Figure 4-64 - Thermal combustor on
- Page 832 and 833:
Figure 4-66 - Same as figure above
- Page 834 and 835:
Figure 4-68 - Photograph illustrati
- Page 836:
气 化 氧 - 增 强 燃 烧 学