- Page 1 and 2: Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed E
- Page 3: 印 度 支 那 不 就 是 “Indo
- Page 7 and 8: Adobe Acrobat Reader Hotkeys http:/
- Page 10 and 11: For API 510 ICP - API RP 571, Damag
- Page 13 and 14: BODY OF KNOWLEDGE API-510 PRESSURE
- Page 15 and 16: BODY OF KNOWLEDGE API-570 AUTHORIZE
- Page 18 and 19: 2013- API570 Examination Par. 3 - D
- Page 20 and 21: Creep & stress rupture 700 o F ~ 10
- Page 22 and 23: 今 日 课 程 : 0900~1130hrs 第
- Page 24 and 25: 这 份 文 件 反 映 了 行 业
- Page 26 and 27: 值 得 留 意 的 是 此 文 件
- Page 28 and 29: SECTION 1.0 Introduction and scope
- Page 30 and 31: 当 进 行 FFS/RBI 评 估 时 也
- Page 32 and 33: In general, the following types of
- Page 34 and 35: SECTION 4.0 GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANIS
- Page 36 and 37: General and local metal loss/ 均
- Page 38 and 39: General and local metal loss/ 均
- Page 40 and 41: Surface connected cracking
- Page 42 and 43: Surface connected cracking
- Page 44 and 45: Surface connected cracking
- Page 46 and 47: Surface connected cracking
- Page 48 and 49: Surface connected cracking
- Page 50 and 51: Surface connected cracking
- Page 52 and 53: Surface connected cracking
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subsurface cracking
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subsurface cracking
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subsurface cracking
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Microfissuring/microvoid formation
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Metallurgical changes
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Metallurgical changes
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Metallurgical changes
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1.2 Scope 范 围 This recommended
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1.3 Organization and Use 格 式
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f) Prevention / Mitigation - method
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• 提 供 损 伤 机 理 作 为
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2.1 Standards API • API 530 Press
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NACE • Std. MR 0103 Materials Res
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2.2 Other References A list of publ
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3.1 Terms 3.1.1 Austenitic 奥 氏
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Add Nickel Add Nickel 0% Nickel-Fer
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The 1949 Schaeffler diagram
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http://www.intechopen.com/books/env
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3.1.11 Martensitic 马 氏 体 - a
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3.1.16 Stress oriented hydrogen ind
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3.2.16 CW - cooling water. 3.2.17 D
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3.2.49 NAC - naphthenic acid corros
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4.1 General 大 纲 4.2 Mechanical
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GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
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GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
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GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
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GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
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GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
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GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS - ALL IND
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4.3 Uniform or Localized Loss of Th
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4.5 Environment Assisted Cracking
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4.2 Mechanical and Metallurgical Fa
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Exam Damage Mechanism Temperatures
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Exam Damage Mechanism Temperatures
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Prolong Exposure 800°F ~ 1100°F f
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碳 钢 /C - ½ Mo 钢 , 在 长
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Probable cause: Prolonged exposure
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e) There are two general types of g
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Weld heat affected zone graphitizat
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eyebrow! Graphitization
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Non-weld graphitization is a form o
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e) Where concentrated eyebrow graph
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Figure 4-1 - High magnification pho
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4.2.1.6 Prevention / Mitigation 预
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Spheroidization (see 4.2.2) and gra
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Typical ferrite-pearlite structure
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Typical martensitic structure of ca
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Random graphitization
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Chain graphitization http://davidnf
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800°F
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4.2.2 Carbide Spheroidization 碳
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4.2.2 Softening (Spheroidization)
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Differences • Softening (Spheroid
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Carbide Spheroidization 碳 化 物
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• Graphitisation and spheroidizat
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• Residual stress & cold works ac
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Exam DM Temperatures Affected mater
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4.2.3 Temper Embrittlement 回 火
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API510-Exam Graphitization 石 墨
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API510-Exam Temper embrittlement is
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API510-Exam Temper Embrittlement
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[Embrittlement temperature 650°F~1
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韧 脆 转 变 温 度 API510-Exam
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API510-Exam 脆 性 转 变 温 度
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http://www.twi.co.uk/news-events/bu
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API510-Exam d) Some embrittlement c
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API510-Exam http://www.twi-global.c
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API510-Exam 4.2.3.5 Appearance or M
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Intergranular Cracking API510-Exam
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API510-Exam Embrittlement Mechanism
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API510-Exam 3. MPT’s generally ra
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) New Materials API510-Exam The bes
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API510-Exam Typical J* and X factor
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Figure 4-5 - Plot of CVN toughness
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API510-Exam Temper embrittlement is
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API510-Exam Metallurgy of Mo in all
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4.2.4 Strain Aging 时 效 伸 张
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Graphitisation Spheroidization Temp
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http://link.springer.com/article/10
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拉 力 AISC- Guide to Design Crite
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4.2.4.3 Critical Factors 关 键
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Bessemer Process
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Bessemer Process
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Open hearth Process
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Open hearth Process
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Basic Oxygen Process 碱 性 氧
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Basic Oxygen Process
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Capped Steel 半 镇 静 钢 , 加
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应 变 时 效 学 习 重 点 : 1
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885°F (475°C) embrittlement 600°
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4.2.5 885°F (475°C) Embrittlement
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• Most refining companies limit t
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4.2.5.3 Critical Factors 关 键
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Fig. 2—Microstructure of solution
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4.2.5.7 Inspection and Monitoring a
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475 o C Embrittlement in a Duplex S
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• 885°F (475°C) Embrittlement o
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Sigma-Phase Embrittlement 1000 o F~
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4.2.6 Sigma Phase Embrittlement 4.2
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4.2.6.3 Critical Factors 关 键
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Σ(σ)phase in austenitic matrix ht
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h) Stainless steels with sigma can
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4.2.6.4 Affected Units or Equipment
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FCC (fluidized catalytic cracking )
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FCC (fluidized catalytic cracking )
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Stainless steel heater tubes
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tube-to-tubesheets attachment
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tube-to-tubesheets attachment
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4.2.6.5 Appearance or Morphology of
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SPECIFICATION FOR HEAT-RESISTING CH
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Evaluation of Sigma Phase Embrittle
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Fig. 1. Cyclone sample, as received
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Note: solution annealing at 1,066
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Note: solution annealing at 1,066
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Note: solution annealing at 1,066
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Fig. 8b. SEM fractography showing t
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d) Sigma phase in welds can be mini
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Anodic site
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Figure 10: Shaeffler diagram showin
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http://www.metalconsult.com/failure
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http://www.metallograf.de/start-eng
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http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?scr
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Polishing markings
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NaOH etched
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Sigma-phase embrittlement • 高
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Brittle Fracture Below DTBTT DTBT:
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API510/570-Exam 4.2.7 Brittle Fract
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API510/570-Exam d) Thicker material
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam In Case 2 from Okla
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API510/570-Exam Figure 5: The fract
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam Brittle fracture of
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam 4.2.7.4 Affected Un
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UCS-66 MATERIALS. ASME VIII Div.1-
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Steps: 1. UG-20 for exemption on im
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How to use FIG. UCS-66 & FIG. UCS-6
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ASME VIII Div.1- Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Once the MDMT allowable had been as
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UCS-66 (b2) For minimum design meta
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam d) Some reduction i
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API510/570-Exam 4.2.7.8 Related Mec
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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Ductile fracture (non creep type)
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam Brittle Fracture
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Creep & Stress Rupture 700 o F ~ 10
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4.2.8 Creep and Stress Rupture 蠕
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4.2.8.3 Critical Factors 蠕 变
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f) Low creep ductility is: 低 延
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4.2.8.4 Affected Units or Equipment
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4.2.8.6 Prevention / Mitigation 预
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c2 Fired Heater Tubes 炉 管 • A
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c) Fired heater tubes should be ins
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Figure 4-17 - Pinched Alloy 800H pi
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a b Figure 4-19 - Creep Failure of
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蠕 变 和 应 力 开 裂 学 习
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Thermal Fatigue Operating Temp. API
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API510/570-Exam 4.2.9 Thermal Fatig
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API510/570-Exam d) Damage is also p
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Figure 4-20 - Thermal fatigue crack
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Figure 4-22 -Thermal fatigue cracki
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API510/570-Exam Figure 4-24 - In a
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API510/570-Exam d) Tubes in the hig
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http://www.slashgear.com/bill-gates
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API510/570-Exam c) In steam generat
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API510/570-Exam 4.2.9.6 Prevention
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API510/570-Exam 4.2.9.7 Inspection
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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4.2.10 Short Term Overheating Stres
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4.2.10 Short Term Overheating - Str
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4.2.10.4 Affected Units or Equipmen
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4.2.10.6 Prevention / Mitigation
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4.2.11 Steam Blanketing 蒸 汽 封
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4.2.11 Steam Blanketing 4.2.11.1 De
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individual bubbles join to form a s
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4.2.11.3 Critical Factors a) Heat f
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4.2.11.5 Appearance or Morphology o
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Causes of Caustic Cracking Caustic
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4.2.12 Dissimilar Weld Cracking 异
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4.2.12.3 Critical Factors a) Import
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510°F Ferritic/austenitic joints c
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Austenitic Steel Ferritic Steel Cre
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Environmental Cracking - Ambient se
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High temperature service Blister Fi
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High temperature service Figure 4-4
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i) In environments that promote liq
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4.2.12.4 Affected Units or Equipmen
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4.2.12.5 Appearance or Morphology o
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Figure 4-33 - Two primary DMW confi
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e) In steam generating equipment, t
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4.2.12.8 Related Mechanisms Thermal
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4.2.13 Thermal Shock 热 冲 击
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4.2.13.3 Critical Factors a) The ma
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4.2.13.4 Affected Units or Equipmen
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4.2.13.7 Inspection and Monitoring
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4.2.14 Erosion/ Erosion Corrosion
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API510/570-Exam 4.2.14.3 Critical F
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API510/570-Exam 4.2.14.4 Affected U
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API510/570-Exam 4.2.14.5 Appearance
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API510/570-Exam c) Erosion-corrosio
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Figure 4-43 - Erosion Corrosion of
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Figure 4-45 - Erosion-Corrosion of
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金 属 可 能 从 表 面 以 (1)
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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Flow Direction API510/570-Exam
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Flow Direction API510/570-Exam
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Impingement point API510/570-Exam F
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API510/570-Exam
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4.2.15 Cavitation 气 穴 现 象
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4.2.15.3 Critical Factors a) In a p
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4.2.15.6 Prevention / Mitigation a)
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4.2.15.7 Inspection and Monitoring
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4.2.16 Mechanical Fatigue 机 械
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API510/570-Exam 4.2.16.3 Critical F
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API510/570-Exam For alloys with end
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API510/570-Exam c) Carbon Steel and
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a) Thermal Cycling API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam 4.2.16.5 Appearance
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Figure 4-51 - Compressor rod fractu
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Figure 4-53 - Fatigue fracture surf
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Figure 4-55 - A cross-section throu
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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API510/570-Exam
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http://www.efunda.com/formulae/soli
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Failure even at low Stresses • Fa
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Examples of Fatigue Failures Door S
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Types of Fatigue • Fatigue of unc
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Cyclic Loading Weight + time - 166
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High Cycle Fatigue S-N Curves • A
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Coffin-Manson Law For low cycle fat
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• Crack initiation The Fatigue Pr
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Crack Initiation: 174
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Propagation in Cracked Structures a
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Fracture surfaces: 178
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API510/570-Exam 机 械 疲 劳 学
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API 570-Exam 4.2.17 Vibration-Induc
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API 570-Exam 4.2.17.5 Appearance or
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API 570-Exam 4.2.17.7 Inspection an
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Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
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API 570-Exam
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振 动 引 起 的 疲 劳 学 习
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4.2.18 Refractory Degradation 耐
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f) Anchors must be resistant to con
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4.2.18.5 Appearance or Morphology o
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Figure 4-59 - Damaged refractory an
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4.2.19 Reheat Cracking 再 热 裂
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再 热 裂 纹 Reheat cracking occ
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c) In the first half of 2008, numer
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https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/0?0:APP
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4.2.19.4 Affected Units or Equipmen
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Figure 4-61 - Crack at weld from SS
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Figure 4-63 - Photomicrographs of t
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e) For 2 ¼ Cr-1 Mo-V SAW weld mate
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http://www.twi-global.com/technical
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再 热 裂 纹 学 习 重 点 : a
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4.2.20 Gaseous Oxygen-Enhanced Igni
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d) Although widely used for oxygen
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c) The temperature of a material af
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4.2.20.4 Affected Units or Equipmen
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4.2.20.6 Prevention / Mitigation Re
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4.2.20.7 Inspection and Monitoring
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Figure 4-65 - Same as figure above
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Figure 4-67 - Photograph of a burne
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Figure 4-69 - Burn-through of a PTF