Globalization and Inequality - Trinity College Dublin

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Williamson, Jeffrey G. 1995. “The Evolution of Global Labor Markets since 1830: Background Evidence and Hypotheses.” Explorations in Economic History 32 (2): 141-196. Williamson, Jeffrey G. 1997. “Globalization and Inequality, Past and Present.” World Bank Research Observer 12 (2): 117-35. Williamson, Jeffrey G. 1998. “Real Wages and Relative Factor Prices in the Third World Before 1940: What Do They Tell Us About the Sources of Growth?” HIER Discussion Paper 1855. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Institute for Economic Research. Williamson, Jeffrey G. 2000. “Land, Labor and Globalization in the Pre-Industrial Third World.” NBER Working Paper 7784. Cambridge MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Wood, Adrian. 1994. North-South Trade, Employment and Inequality: Changing Fortunes in a Skill-Driven World. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Wood, Adrian. (1997), “Openness and Wage Inequality in Developing Countries: The Latin American Challenge to East Asian Conventional Wisdom.” World Bank Economic Review 11 (1): 33-57. World Bank. 2000. Global Development Finance 2000. Washington D.C.: World Bank. Zlotnik, Hania. 1999. “Trends of International Migration Since 1965: What Existing Data Reveal.” International Migration 37 (1): 21-61. 39
Table 1. Average tariffs on manufactured goods, selected countries, 1913-1998 1913 1931 1950 1980 1998/99 Austria 18 24 18 14.6 NA Belgium 9 14 11 NA NA Denmark 14 – 3 NA NA France 20 30 18 NA NA Germany 13 21 26 NA NA Italy 18 46 25 NA NA Netherlands 4 -- 11 NA NA Spain 41 63 -- 8.3 NA Sweden 20 21 9 6.2 NA UK 0 -- 23 NA NA EU NA NA NA 8.3 4.1 Russia 84 ** ** ** 13.4 a Switzerland 9 19 -- 3.3 3.2 b Australia 16 -- -- -- 6 Canada 26 -- -- -- 4.9 Japan 25-30 -- -- 9.9 5.5 New Zealand 15-20 -- -- -- 4.4 USA 44 48 14 7 4.5 Argentina 28 -- -- -- 14 Brazil 50-70 -- -- -- 15.2 Colombia 40-60 -- -- -- 11.4 Mexico 40-50 -- -- -- 12.6 China 4-5 -- -- -- 17.4 India approx. 5 -- -- -- 34.2 Iran 3-4 -- -- -- -- Thailand 2-3 -- -- -- 47.2 c Turkey 5-10 -- -- -- 0.25 Sources: Bairoch (1989; 1993); World Development Indicators 2000. Notes: NA = not applicable; – = not available; ** refers to the fact that the USSR ran such a restrictive trade policy that average tariffs were irrelevant; a = 1997; b = 1996; c = 1993. 40
Page 1 and 2: Globalization and Inequality: Histo
Page 3 and 4: 20 th centuries, distinguishing bet
Page 5 and 6: inequality overall (Kanbur 1999). T
Page 7 and 8: Trends in International Economic In
Page 9 and 10: Transport costs continued to fall d
Page 11 and 12: 17%, and it had increased to an imp
Page 13 and 14: What proportion of these flows went
Page 15 and 16: (World Bank 2000, p. 126). This bro
Page 17 and 18: any have calculated the changing re
Page 19 and 20: period of rapid growth and globaliz
Page 21 and 22: costs; by mass migration from the O
Page 23 and 24: manufacturing prices has the expect
Page 25 and 26: ental ratios fell, but also in land
Page 27 and 28: hit these economies during the late
Page 29 and 30: labour earnings are widening but wa
Page 31 and 32: endowments and traded goods prices;
Page 33 and 34: especially since Slaughter (2001) f
Page 35 and 36: equired to document the evolution o
Page 37 and 38: Clemens, Michael A. and Jeffrey G.
Page 39: O'Rourke, Kevin H. and Jeffrey G. W
Page 43 and 44: Table 3. Inequality in the late 20
Page 45: 1 Figure 2. World inequality, 1820-

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