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century include high-throughput screening technologies to identify cellular interactions with NMs for efficacy and safety. This session will present ongoing genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics studies of interactions between natural and engineered NMs and biological systems. Findings of novel interactions of NMs and biological systems will be highlighted and the feasibility of these approaches for future comprehensive studies of NM efficacy and safety will be discussed. Examples of in vitro cellular interactions with a variety of NMs will be provided which include mRNA, miRNA, and proteomic expression profiles of human and mammalian cells exposed to nanotubes, nanocrystals (quantum dots), dendrimers and nano-scale particles of both terrestrial and extra-terrestrial origin. Selective activation of specific genes, proteins, and cellular signaling pathways will be related to possible mechanisms of action. We will highlight how the addition of metabolomics to other ‘omics based studies can further define the effects of NMs on biological systems after environmental exposures. The final presentation will expand upon the systems biology approach and show how multiple ‘omics technologies can provide mechanistic meaning when individual data sets are analyzed ranging from a global to subcellular view. This session should be of interest to all investigators interested in state-of-the-art ‘omics technologies for screening the effects of foreign materials, including NMs, in humans and other organisms. 2040 MESSENGER RNA AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION PROFILING OF NANOMATERIAL INTERACTIONS WITH PRIMARY HUMAN SKIN AND LUNG CELLS. M. Cunningham. Nanomics Biosciences, Inc., Cary, NC. A variety of nanomaterials (e.g. carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, lunar dust, quantum dots, nano- and low micron-scale particulates) were exposed to primary human skin, lung, and neuronal cells in vitro. The activities of mRNAs and miRNAs were profiled in an effort to elucidate tissue-specific responses to various NMs. The data were analyzed and compared between the different cell types and materials. Results highlighting the selective activation of unique sub-cellular signaling pathways in different cell types representing different exposure routes and the consequences of NM exposure will be presented. 2041 CARBON NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE ALTERS BARRIER EPITHELIAL CELL FUNCTION: PROTEOMIC AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSES. F. A. Witzmann. Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Murine kidney barrier cells (mpkCCDcl4) were exposed to various concentrations of fullerenes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and unrefined and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, in vitro. Differential protein expression was assessed independently by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry and 2DE. Transepithelial electrical resistance and hormone stimulated transport were also measured as physiological endpoints. Results highlighting exposure-related alterations in protein expression including cell adhesion and tight-junctional proteins, and barrier cell function unique to nanoparticle type, dose, and degree of functionalization will be presented. 2042 GENOMIC SIGNATURES FOR SIZE-DEPENDENT BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES. F. F. Chen. Life Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA. Sponsor: M. Cunningham. Nanoparticles are used increasingly in consumer products and biomedical applications, yet the cellular interaction mechanism is not well understood for nanomaterials of different physico-chemical properties. Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) are used as the model system to help understand the size-dependent biological effects of nanoparticles. Cells treated with Au-NPs ranging from 2 nm to 200 nm were studied. Whole genome expression measurements indicate size-dependent effects at the molecular level. Gene function, promoter and pathway analyses reveal differential signaling processes that are correlated with nanoparticle sizes. 2043 IN VITRO AND IN VIVO METABOLOMIC AND PROTEOMIC BIOMARKER STUDIES OF III-V SEMICONDUCTORS ON RENAL PROXIMAL TUBULE CELLS. B. A. Fowler 1 , E. A. Conner 2 and H. Yamauchi 3 . 1 Division Tox and Env.Med., ATSDR/CDC, Atlanta, GA, 2 Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD and 3 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan. Recent studies from a number of laboratories have demonstrated size - dependent glomerular clearance of nanoparticles of various compostitions with vacuolar accumulation in several renal cell types and subsequent cellular toxicity. Nanoparticles of the III-V semiconductors gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium arsenide (InAs)are being used for a variety of microelectronic and imaging applications but the toxicological database on these materials is limited. In order to provide basic scientific information on cellular responses to GaAs and InAs particles, a series of rodent studies using intracheally administered 4-5 micron particles of GaAs or InAs were conducted to evaluate in vivo proteomic (protein expression patterns) and metabolomic(heme pathway) responses to these agents in renal tubule cells. Complimentary in vitro studies using primary cultures of renal proximal tubule cells from both rodents and humans were conducted to examine molecular responses of this target cell population to soluble Ga, In, and As compounds alone or as combinations. Metabolomic and proteomic biomarker endpoints were monitored to assess early cellular responses to these agents and manifestations of cell injury. Overall, results of these combined in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated both element/combination-specific heme pathway and proteomic biomarker patterns and the importance of gender in mediating observed cellular responses. Oxidative stress and stress protein response patterns appear to be major factors in mediating the cellular toxicity of these agents in renal tubule cell populations. 2044 DYNAMIC NETWORK ANALYSIS OF NANOSILICA- INDUCED TOXICITY PATHWAYS USING MICROARRAY AND PROTEOMIC DATA. K. Waters. Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA. Sponsor: M. Cunningham. Nanosilica exposures to mouse macrophage and alveolar epithelial cells were used to investigate and determine the modes of action for nanomaterial-induced inflammation and cytotoxicity in the lung. Microarray studies in cells exposed to nanosized amorphous silica demonstrated time- and dose-dependent regulation of biological pathways that can be correlated to cytotoxicity endpoints. Global proteomics analysis of secreted proteins identified extracellular factors that are known to modulate the inflammatory response. Network inference analyses determined critical control points in the response pathways that have were subsequently validated as determinates of responses to nanosilica using siRNA and pharmacological knockdown studies in cells. Response biomarkers for these toxicity pathways provide a foundation for dose-response modeling of nanosilica biocompatibility. 2045 THE PROCESS OF DEFINING RISK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS HAVING SIGNIFICANT SKIN EXPOSURE AND ABSORPTION POTENTIAL. W. G. Reifenrath 1 and J. H. Ross 2 . 1 Stratacor, Inc., Richmond, CA and 2 Risk Sciences, LLC, Sacramento, CA. Skin exposure and subsequent absorption of environmental contaminants are often critical issues for regulatory decisions concerning the treatment of contaminants or remediation at hazardous waste sites. Likewise, these issues are important in the registration or re-registration of pesticides. To address these points, laboratory studies are generally conducted with excised skin or animal models to determine the extent (percent absorption) or rate of penetration (permeability constant) of a chemical in question. In addition, exposure determinations, often based on field studies, determine the form and amount of chemical that can potentially reach the skin. Biomonitoring studies can integrate the processes of skin exposure and systemic absorption. The forgoing studies generate numbers, which require a translation into the potential for bioeffect, and the significance of that effect, which leads to a risk assessment. Regulators, such as the U.S. EPA, then make decisions based on the assembled data. The process works best when there is communication between all parties, starting with the design of experimental protocols. In recent years, there has been an increasing reliance on in vitro permeation data. While test guidelines are available for percutaneous absorption, actual studies have unique aspects that need 434 SOT 2010 ANNUAL MEETING
to be addressed or negotiated. Decisions on seemingly small details at any level can ultimately have major impacts. Therefore, it is our intent to give a vertical perspective on the process by which safety assessments are made, starting at the laboratory and ending with a regulatory decision, and highlighting those aspects that can shape the outcome. 2046 DERMAL ABSORPTION IN THE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT PROCESS. J. H. Ross. Risk Sciences LLC, Sacramento, CA. In the absence of definitive data, the regulatory default for dermal absorption is 100%. Since potential exposure to all but the highest volatility pesticides (e.g. fumigants) is overwhelmingly dermal in many scenarios, it makes the measurement of dermal absorption arguably the single most important factor in defining absorbed dose. Because risk assessments are supposed to be for humans rather than rats, and over a wide range of chemical types humans absorb on average 5-fold less than rats through the skin, it is critical to be able to measure absorption in humans. However, conducting in vivo absorption studies in humans has become virtually impossible because of human subjects regulations created by EPA in 2006. Thus, acceptable alternatives to estimating human absorption accurately are necessary. A superficial effort to validate the use of in vitro human dermal absorption data as a predictor of in vivo human absorption has been made at the time OECD adapted its in vitro guidelines in 1996. A validation method is proposed and specific examples of the “parallelogram method” are discussed with historical context including permethrin, fluazifop butyl, and piperonyl butoxide. The importance of evolving field and laboratory methods in determining dermal absorption of environmental contaminants is rarely considered in human health hazard/risk assessment, however, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods need to be clearly understood, especially as to their ability to model field conditions. Health Canada dermal absorption research has evolved from early in vivo tests with animals such as rhesus monkeys, to in vitro test with excised fresh viable human skin tissue. Other alternatives to animal testing such as in silico computer models are also in development. Recently, our laboratory has commenced testing radiolabeled soil contaminants (e.g. 14C-benzo[a]pyrene, 14C-nonyl phenol, mercury203 and nickel63) in vitro employing an aqueous suspension of commercial gardening soil. This wet soil application may best model swimming/bathing exposure and perhaps can be extrapolated to children playing in mud, and possibly to soil particles on skin wet from eccrine sweat, but tests are needed with actual; field soils from contaminated sites in Canada applied to skin under other more commonly encountered exposure conditions. The importance of using relevant field exposure conditions is fundamental to reliable extrapolations of in vitro data for health risk assessment purposes. 2049 SURFACE DEPOSITION OF PESTICIDES AND DERMAL ABSORPTION OF RESIDUES IN AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENVIRONMENTS, DETERMINANTS OF PESTICIDE ABSORPTION IN AGRICULTURAL AND RESIDENTIAL SETTINGS. R. I. Krieger, Z. Chen, G. Sankaran and W. Song. Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA. Pesticide application inevitably produces a potential inhalation exposure of applicators and others in agricultural and residential environments. The more telling unintended (or unavoidable) human exposures that follow are derived from surface deposition of ug/cm2 residues. Contact transfer of these residues indoors or in agricultural settings produce ug/kg bw-d exposures that occur directly or indirectly via the dermal route. Human exposures are best measured using urine biomarkers under normal conditions of pesticide use. Chlorpyrifos, 2, 4-D and triclopyr, and malathion exposures associated with dermal exposure have been measured. Aspects of these studies illustrate the importance of detailed knowledge of pattern of pesticide use, description of the environmental fate of pesticides and their residues, and an understanding of the disposition of the chemicals in people. Interpretation of the results requires full appreciation of the importance of dermal exposure and absorption for predictive and responsible exposure assessment and risk characterization. 2047 TRANSLATING IN VITRO SKIN ABSORPTION DATA INTO ESTIMATES OF HUMAN SKIN ABSORPTION. W. G. Reifenrath. Stratacor, Inc., Richmond, CA. A significant limitation of in vitro skin diffusion studies has often been stated as the lack of dermal microcirculation in the upper layers of the dermis (papillary dermis). As a result, in vitro percutaneous absorption determinations based only on penetration into the receptor fluid may underestimate in vivo skin absorption, particularly for lipophilic test compounds, because of incomplete partitioning of penetrant into aqueous receptor fluids. Opinions and test guidelines vary regarding whether to include skin residues as percutaneous absorption and even the definition of skin residue. Dermis accumulations in vitro likely represent compound that normally (in vivo) would have left the skin tissue, so it makes sense to include dermal levels as likely to have been absorbed if the dermal microcirculation was functioning. The best fit of in vitro data to parallel in vivo data was the inclusion of dermis and receptor fluid values and not to include epidermis or tape strip residues. For 4 species and organic compounds spanning a wide range of physical properties, there was good agreement between in vitro vs in vivo percutaneous absorption when in vitro dermis residues were included with those in receptor fluid. 2048 IN VITRO DERMAL ABSORPTION OF SOIL CONTAMINANTS: IMPORTANCE OF MODELING FIELD EXPOSURE CONDITIONS. R. P. Moody. Environmental Health Centre, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Sponsor: H. Maibach. 2050 REGULATORY PERSPECTIVES ON THE USE OF DERMAL ABSORPTION DATA FOR RISK ASSESSMENT. P. V. Shah, J. P. Ryman-Rasmussen, J. Rowland and J. Evans. Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC. In 1992, the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment of the U.S. EPA issued an interim report, Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications, to provide guidance for conduction dermal exposure assessments. The 2001 Superfund RAGS Part E, Interim Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessments, was the result of Superfund Dermal Workgroup meetings on issues associated with the characterization of risk resulting from dermal exposures at Superfund sites, which was of limited relevance to pesticides. The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) has relied upon OPPTS 870.7600 guideline dermal absorption studies in rats under conditions that mimic occupational exposures in order to predict dermal absorption of pesticides in humans. Because human skin is usually less permeable than rat skin, there is increasing interest in using human skin to refine the dermal absorption factor used for risk assessment. In vitro studies using human skin provide an alternative to human studies for this purpose. However, in vitro studies are currently not accepted by OPP as a stand-alone to predict human dermal absorption factors because in vitro methods have not been standardized or validated. The Triple Pack, or Parallelogram, approach allows the predictivity of the in vitro assay to be assessed by running an in vivo study (in rats) and an in vitro study (using rat skin and human skin) under similar conditions (e.g. same formulations, doses, times, and treatment of the skin with regard to washing) to assess the predictivity of the in vitro method. In an ideal case, the ratio of dermal absorption in rats in vivo and in vitro (the rat in vivo/rat in vitro ratio) is 1. After quantifying the predictivity of the in vitro method for rats, the in vitro results for human skin may be used to refine the dermal absorption factor. The ultimate goal is to obtain a database of Triple Pack studies amenable to analysis that may support using in vitro studies with human skin as a stand-alone for assessing the dermal absorption of pesticides. 2051 EU/OECD GUIDELINES, A PERSPECTIVE FROM BAYER CROPSCIENCE. P. Fisher. Human Safety, Bayer CropScience, Sophia Antipolis, France. Sponsor: J. Ross. As a producer of novel plant protection products, Bayer CropScience needs to produce data on the dermal absorption of its active ingredients in order to refine operator, worker, bystander and resident risk assessments. These dermal absorption studies are performed according to the OECD guidelines and guidance document and also the EC guidance document. There are currently on-going projects to revise the EC/SANCO/222 guidance document and to provide a new OECD Guidance Notes document. This presentation will provide an update on the progress being SOT 2010 ANNUAL MEETING 435
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The Toxicologist Supplement to Toxi
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The Toxicologist Supplement to Toxi
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1 BIOLOGICAL PATHWAY ANALYSIS: AN I
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11 ICH INITIATIVES FOR CONDUCTING P
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models. Experimental approaches and
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30 SILICA AND ASBESTOS IMMUNOTOXICI
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40 NONCANCER TOXICITY POTENTIAL AT
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ased products for patient administr
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nase regulates Hsp27-induced reorga
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exposure resulted in splenomegaly.
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We investigated the effect of imati
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well plate prevented free cell move
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98 DERIVING SIGNATURES OF IN VIVO T
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sulfate, cinnamic aldehyde, 2,4-din
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The final product will be a system
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mercially available STP brands by m
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for six weeks, with 10 mg/kg azoxym
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eceived RES post-TCDD exposure when
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morigenesis. Knocking down of JARID
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163 MICROPET IMAGING OF [18F]-DFNSH
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These results are comparable to tha
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activity as assessed by lever press
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for measured physico-chemical param
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199 DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIPARAMETER
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To cause PLD, a drug needs to enter
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In contrast to the parent PBDEs and
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transiently transfected HEK 293 cel
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TCDD exposure, 24 h prior to a 20 %
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244 NON-ADDITIVE EFFECTS OF PCB153
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253 COMPARISON OF MIXTURE TOXICITY
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two cerium oxide nanoparticles of v
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271 SIZE-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF TUNGS
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adigms such as Tox 21 and Toxcast,
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QDs with emission maximum at 800nm
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Cleveland, while others were found
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without the need of animal testing.
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Conclusions: These results are cons
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ing oxime reactivation and organoph
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335 A NON-OXIME IMPROVES SURVIVAL I
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alties suffer from permanent lung i
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ies have established inflammatory b
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363 GENETIC VARIATION IN ISOGENIC M
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372 EVALUATING THE BIOLOGICAL INTER
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dose of 1/20 LD50 (400 mg/kg.bwt) f
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median CR-adjusted isoflavone conce
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data indicate that AhR deletion pro
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February 2006). The rabbit is one o
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tal neurotoxicity (DNT) test (OECD
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of selected microorganisms that are
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BVI. Histopathological analysis was
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446 MOLECULAR CLONING AND CHARACTER
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portant in predicting risk. CYPs 1A
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ats, which involves metabolic activ
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473 BOVINE CORNEAL OPACITY AND PERM
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482 TYPE III DEIODINASE (D3) IS PRO
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tancy evaluation and ranking of bat
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501 CHARACTERIZATION OF ESTERASE, G
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510 REDOX CYCLING BY ENDOGENOUS 2-
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prostate cancer cells. All 8 BEL de
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metallic nickel nanoparticles. Acti
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variety of more or less reactive ch
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550 QUALIFICATION STRATEGIES-GENOTO
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ferentiation, and 3) how mixtures o
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572 LOW-CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE: E
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582 IDENTIFICATION OF SENSITIVE URI
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duced by the genetic outcross of fe
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fects of new compounds are equally
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acterize the current state of the s
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620 CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL I
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ways. Moreover, both MAP kinase and
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641 POPS IN THE U.S. POPULATION AND
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studies such as the NCS, consider h
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the beginning of the academic caree
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trophil infiltration, a significant
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tactic response and optokinetic res
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usually high spontaneous PIG-A MFs.
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699 PROMUTAGEN ACTIVATION AND P450
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oxodG in bone marrow, spleen, kidne
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718 GENOTOXICITY OF ORGANIC EXTRACT
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ment were 18.0 and 4.5 nM for BEAS-
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strongest activation of nuclear fac
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746 MACROPHAGE INHIBITORY CYTOKINE-
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screening of cell migration. High-c
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dase inhibition). In contrast, inhi
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mice; the decrease was more pronoun
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Markers of oxidative damage reached
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793 PULMONARY RESPONSE, OXIDATIVE S
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cilitate clinical and industrial ap
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sion of p-p38, p-p53, p21 and cycli
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821 KIDNEY INJURY MOLECULE-2 GENE D
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commercial applications, and have b
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developmental effects. The residual
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strand breaks in an in vitro model
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etate (immunotoxicity). 2,4-D was t
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867 MELATONIN AMELIORATES CYCLOPHOS
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pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. Ten
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of radiolabeled Mn (carrier-free 54
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893 UNVEILING ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN
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using area under the concentration
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912 COMMERCIAL FISH DIETS INDUCE VI
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922 A STUDY OF PHOTOTOXICITY FOLLOW
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from 0.1 to 2.9 g/L (saturated vapo
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vasive method for assessing several
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950 ARSENITE DOWN-REGULATES THE CAR
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inflammatory signaling is altered b
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treated wood. Seventy-five of 132 w
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ergy homeostasis and raising levels
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treated with mercury and then with
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997 IN VIVO CORRELATES OF THE MANGA
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of the panel. The panel was compris
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sponse, location, and severity scor
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tant source of n-3 fatty acids such
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old for serious, irreversible or es
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1045 SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY EVALUATION
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sites collected 3 days after inject
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1063 MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF OLANZAP
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esponses, and can be available for
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hence more physiologically relevant
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thesized apoproteins, so we tested
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vate CYP3A5 but could be released b
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1108 STYRENE-INDUCED TOXIC EFFECTS
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1118 THE PRESENCE OF DIETHYL FUMARA
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zebrafish cells were first exposed
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utene-1,4-dial, which has been show
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groups, largely due to lower non-HD
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Exposure to gluten in individuals w
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contrast to VGSC activators such as
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1175 70% HYDROFLUORIC ACID (HF) CUT
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axis. An increase in hyaline drople
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1194 esiRNA AND siRNA HIGH-THROUGHP
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1203 ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR-DNA
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permeability (calcein), mitochondri
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olytic caspase activation, caspase-
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teristics of a human T-type voltage
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80% of the activity from the yellow
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1251 DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO DELT
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1260 MANEB ENHANCES MPP + -INDUCED
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demonstrated by knockdown of beclin
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1278 PINK1 AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMI
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treatment for number of live worms.
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1297 INVESTIGATION OF THE NEUROTOXI
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1306 DEVELOPMENT OF AN IN VITRO ASS
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1315 EVALUATION OF 3- AND 1-METHYLH
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prior to kainic acid-induced seizur
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1334 AFFECT OF GENETIC VARIATION ON
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1346 THE OTHER WORLD OF THE TRANSCR
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strate, leading to excess microvesi
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1368 OVERVIEW OF THERAPEUTIC VACCIN
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to a bovine adrenal cortical epithe
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DOTC had no effects. These results
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1398 PULMONARY TOXICITY OF CERIUM D
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PPARα, LXR, ER, AR and AhR activit
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1417 MECHANISM OF GENDER-DIVERGENT
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els, they disrupt homeostatic contr
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were to characterize exposure of th
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1448 ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAYS AND E
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the level in urine was 25% of the m
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1;akt-2 double mutant and pdk-1 mut
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jury effects when compared to contr
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tude than equivalent oral doses. Af
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cells; and increased iNOS and MCP-1
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B6.Cg-Kit W-sh mice. These findings
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1511 STATIN-TREATMENT EFFECTIVELY R
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1520 EFFECT OF INHALATION EXPOSURE
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numbers of IFN-γ producing cells w
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These data indicate that TCDD treat
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esponse to allogenic cells, where P
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larly suppressed LPS-induced TNF-α
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1565 INFLUENCE OF EXPOSURE ROUTE AN
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veloping animals to adverse effects
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the observed CL values were 0.07 L/
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which is most relevant for potentia
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tive impairment, suggesting that ox
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1611 AN IN VITRO METABOLOMICS APPRO
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Expression of the β6 integrin (Itg
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ats (10 μg/kg TCDD). Here we repor
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at liver slices and how the metabon
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with gender differences in AUC and
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oxetine (30 mg/kg reduced to 15 mg/
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eleased from necrotic cells where i
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plants, they are present in surface
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ferentiation (quantitative in-cell
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control for macrophage activation).
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to 0.5μg/ml. Minimal inhibitory co
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lines tested. Given that dex and AT
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tion in the absence of an immune re
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treated rats had lower calcium load
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1740 PROFILING COMPOUNDS WITH CARDI
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dothelial cells confirmed caveolin-
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1758 GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT INDUCES
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arin-induced suppression of MDR1 ex
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1780 ANTIANDROGENIC AND ANTIPROLIFE
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included in the evaluation, most of
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Society of Toxicology 2010 Author I
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Society of Toxicology 2010 Abstract
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49 th Annual Meeting and ToxExpo A
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The Official Journal of the Society
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The Toxicologist - Society of Toxicology

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