Assessment of the benefits of Fire Extinguishers as fire safety ...

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7.1 Risk Model Approach .......................................................................................................... 7-72 7.2 Building Models..................................................................................................................... 7-72 7.3 Fire Initiating Event Likelihood......................................................................................... 7-78 7.4 Fire Protection System Performance Probability....................................................... 7-84 7.5 Fire Exposure Profile............................................................................................................. 7-91 7.6 Design Fires ............................................................................................................................. 7-94 7.7 Cost Evaluation....................................................................................................................... 7-97 7.8 NZBC Requirements for the Model Buildings ..........................................................7-101 7.9 Fire Loss Calculation...........................................................................................................7-102 7.10 Event Tree Fire Risk Model of Fire Protection Systems in the Building ..........7-104 7.11 Model Inputs.........................................................................................................................7-106 8 Possible Future Study ............................................................................8-146 9 Conclusion...............................................................................................9-148 10 References.............................................................................................10-150 Appendices Appendix A - Extracts from Compliance Document C/AS1, October 2005 and New Zealand Sprinkler Standard NZS 4541:2007 Appendix B - Extracts from Construction Act, Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Regulations, Health & Safety in Employment Act & Maritime Safety Act. Appendix C – Fire extinguisher Use and Training Appendix D – Fire Extinguisher Usage Survey 2008 – Information Pack Appendix E – Understanding Fire as a Risk Appendix F – Risk Model Simulations Page vii
List of Figures Figure 1.1: EUROFEU Survey results showing extinguisher effectiveness.........................1-25 Figure 1.2: Extracts form Australian Fire Service Statistical Information..........................1-29 Figure 3.1: Extract from the Deemed-to-satisfy provisions ABC 2008 ..............................3-42 Figure 3.2: Extract from “A Short Guide to Making your Premises Safe from Fire” ........3-44 Figure 3.3: Extract from NFPA 101.........................................................................................3-46 Figure 4.1: Total Number of Fire Incidents Reported in New Zealand ..............................4-48 Figure 4.2: Total Incidents Reported in Commercial/Assembly Occupancy......................4-49 Figure 4.3: Total Incidents Reported in Industrial / Storage Occupancy...........................4-49 Figure 4.4: Total Incidents Reported in Residential Occupancy .........................................4-50 Figure 4.5: All times fires occurred.........................................................................................4-51 Figure 4.6: All days fires occurred ..........................................................................................4-51 Figure 4.7: Fire Incidents Contained Using HOFFE ...............................................................4-52 Figure 5.1: Fire Extinguishers used by Occupancy................................................................5-55 Figure 5.2: Fire Service Attendance........................................................................................5-56 Figure 5.3: Fire Extinguisher Effectiveness............................................................................5-56 Figure 5.4: Type of Fire Extinguisher Used............................................................................5-57 Figure 5.5: Number of Fire Incidents Recorded (Survey 2008)...........................................5-61 Figure 5.6: Type of Fire Extinguisher Used (Survey 2008)...................................................5-61 Figure 5.7: Fire Extinguisher Effectiveness (Survey 2008)...................................................5-62 Figure 5.8: Extinguisher Used By (Survey 2008)...................................................................5-62 Figure 5.9: Incidents Recorded by Region (Survey 2008)....................................................5-63 Figure 6.1: Risk Analysis Process ............................................................................................6-67 Figure 6.2: Example of primary FPS success measures ........................................................6-67 Page viii
Page 1 and 2: Assessment of the benefits of Fire
Page 3 and 4: Abstract There were over 25,488 fir
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements I would like to ta
Page 7: Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ..
Page 11 and 12: Figure 7.26: Probability density fu
Page 13 and 14: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Initiative for R
Page 15 and 16: AS/NZS (combined Australian and New
Page 17 and 18: pressurized cylinder experiencing f
Page 19 and 20: 1.2.4 Electrical Non-conductivity R
Page 21 and 22: Class A Class B Class C Class E Cla
Page 23 and 24: 1.2.9 Maintenance of Extinguishers
Page 25 and 26: In addition to the UK findings, a w
Page 27 and 28: However there are no records of ind
Page 29 and 30: field was dropped in Version 5.0 of
Page 31 and 32: 2 Regulatory Requirements in New Ze
Page 33 and 34: ise buildings. However alternative
Page 35 and 36: fire extinguishers in New Zealand i
Page 37 and 38: 2.6 Construction Act 1959 The first
Page 39 and 40: The hazardous properties includes E
Page 41 and 42: The Act has provisions for Approved
Page 43 and 44: installation of suitable portable f
Page 45 and 46: esponsible person could be the empl
Page 47 and 48: Figure 3.3: Extract from NFPA 101 P
Page 49 and 50: extinguishers due to the nature of
Page 51 and 52: assembly buildings has shown a stea
Page 53 and 54: Figure 4.5 and 4.6 are representati
Page 55 and 56: 5 Fire Extinguisher Usage Survey As
Page 57 and 58: Unknown Number of Incidents attende
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callouts. It will be worthwhile to
Page 61 and 62:
5.2.2 Summary of Results - Survey 2
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160 140 136 Total Incidents Recorde
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However the survey cannot be used f
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Evaluation tools and techniques lik
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6.3 Risk Tolerance Criteria Risk to
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Property damage levels Potential Co
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7 Risk Model for Evaluating Extingu
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7.2.2 Care Facility Building (Retir
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The building is expected to have oc
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7.3 Fire Initiating Event Likelihoo
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per annum) and c1, c2, r and s are
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The average ignition frequency is s
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7.3.5 Comparing ignition data Ignit
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Table 7.5: Estimates of detection s
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Suppression Type Operational Reliab
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Table 7.12: Probabilities of succes
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stages and the probable consequence
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7.6 Design Fires A fire hazard anal
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There are no recommendations on how
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Figure 7.12: Average Building Costs
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Fire Extinguishers Estimates were p
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The fire protection requirements ar
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uildings, the residential fire cost
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7.11 Model Inputs This analysis use
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to better fire protection systems,
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Buildings with sprinkler protection
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1.4 1.2 Distribution for Fire initi
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espectively. These probabilities ar
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Building Height 0.6 X
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• The numbers of extinguishers ar
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Extinguisher fixed Costs 0.025 5.0%
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The following figures represent the
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6 Reduced Consumption Costs X
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Building height Firewall cost Floor
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The cost of fire includes the compo
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1 Distribution for cost of fire for
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Using the upper 95 th percentile as
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• Fire extinguishers used on manu
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Figure 7.37 shows the cumulative di
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Based on the comparison of the expe
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7.11.13 Comparison with Historical
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Regression sensitivity for cost of
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Regression sensitivity for cost of
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POSSIBLE FUTURE STUDY 8 Possible Fu
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9 Conclusion Based on the risk mode
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10 References 1. Compliance Documen
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33. Barry T.F., Risk - Informed, Pe
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59. Wade C.A., Page I., Fire Loss R
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Appendix A Extract from Compliance
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Extracted from the Compliance Docum
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Extracted from the New Zealand Spri
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Construction Act 1959 032 Commenced
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Figure B3: Extract from the Maritim
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Figure B6: Extract from the Approve
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Figure B8: Extract from Code of Pra
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Fire Extinguisher Use and Training
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• Additional operations specific
Page 177:
College of Engineering Michael Spea
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Understanding Fire as a Risk Fire c
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Fuels are in available as a solid,
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Figure 2: Modes of Heat Transfer Wh
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How does fire develop in a room? Fi
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Appendix F Risk Simulation Models
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