Plant Protection 3 : Selected Ornamentals, Fruit and Vegetables

CHRYSANTHEMUM
SELECTED REFERENCES
American Phytopathological Soc. 1981. Chrysanthemum
Diseases. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Anon. 1996. A Change to CWR Quarantine Status. Aust.
Hort., June.
Casida, J. E. and Quistad, G. B. (eds). 1995. Pyrethrum
Flowers : Production, Chemistry, Toxicology and
Uses. Oxford University Press, NY.
Com. of Aust., Aust. Quar. and Inspect. Service, Dept.
of Primary Indust. and Energy, Plant Quar. leaflets.
Leafminers of Chrysanthemums. No. 39. 1996.
White Rust of Chrysanthemum. No. 20. 1984.
Bodman, K. G., Hughes. I. K. and Lacy, S. A. 1985.
Growing Chrysanthemums. Qld Dept. of Primary
Industries, Brisbane.
Bodman, K., Carson, C., Forsberg, L., Gough, N.,
Hughes, I., Parker, R. and Ramsey, M. 1996.
Ornamental Plants : Pests, Diseases & Disorders.
Qld Dept. of Primary Industries, Brisbane.
Bonde, M. R., Peterson, G. L., Rizvi, S. A. and
Smilanick, J. L. 1995. Myclobutanil as a Curative
Agent for Chrysanthemum White Rust. Plant
Disease, Vol.79(5).
Fletcher, J. T. 1984. Diseases of Greenhouse Plants.
Longman, London.
Jones, R. and Moody, H. 1993. Caring for Cut Flowers.
Dept. of Agric. and Rural Affairs, Melbourne.
Langevin, D. 1992. The Growing and Marketing of Fall
Mums. Annedawn Pub., Norton, MA, USA.
Larson, R. A. (ed.). 1992. Introduction to Floriculture.
2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Locke, B. 1990. Chrysanthemum : The Complete Guide.
Crowood Press, London.
McMaugh, J. 1994. What Garden Pest or Disease is
That? rev. edn. Lansdowne, Sydney.
Nowak, J. and Rudnicki, R. M. 1990. Postharvest
Handling & Storage of Cut Flowers, Florist Greens,
& Potted Plants. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
Peterson, J. L. 1995. Compendium of Flowering Potted
Plant Diseases. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Randall, H. and Wren, A. 1983. Growing
Chrysanthemums. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
Salinger, J. P. 1985. Commercial Flower Growing.
Butterworths, Wellington, NZ.
Skeen, J. P. 1984. Growing Chrysanthemums. Kangaroo
Press, Kenthurst, NSW.
Strider, D. L. (ed.) 1985. Diseases of Floral Crops. Vol.
1., Praeger Pub., NY.
State/Territory Departments of Agriculture/Primary
Industry eg
NSW Agfacts
Cineraria leafminer (Insect Pest Bull. 87, 1976)
Diseases of Chrysanthemum
Tas Service Sheets
White Rust of Chrysanthemum and its Control
Vic Agnotes
Application of Fungicides for Control of Chrysanthemum
White Rust
Chrysanthemums All Year Round
Chrysanthemum Foliar Nematode
Chrysanthemums for Cut Flowers
Chrysanthemum Stunt
Control of White Rust of Chrysanthemums
Fungal Diseases of Chrysanthemum in Victoria
Pests of Chrysanthemums
Potted Chrysanthemums
Propagation of Chrysanthemums/Carnations by Tissue
Culture
Virus Diseases of Chrysanthemum
White Rust of Chrysanthemums
Associations, Journals etc.
Flower Link
GrowSearch (database Qld DPI)
National Chrysanthemum Soc. (Handbook on
Chrysanthemum Classification)
State/Territory Horticultural/Flower Socs.
See Annuals and herbaceous perennials A 10
Remember, always check
for recent references
MANAGEMENT
Selection
Horticultural varieties: Perennial florists' chrysanthemum is the most widely grown type of chrysanthemum;
there are many different cultivars.
Resistant varieties: Where problems occur, consider using resistant varieties, eg white rust, ray blight.
Diagnose any problem correctly. Salinger (1985) has prepared a key to assist with the diagnosis of disorders.
Plant quarantine: Many diseases of chrysanthemum are not yet present in Australia.
Disease-free planting material: Purchase pathogen and virus-tested chrysanthemums (high health,
elite planting material) from reputable suppliers or propagate only from disease and pest-free plants. As many
pests and diseases are introduced on cuttings, inspect all planting material for white rust, gall midge and other
pests and diseases. Tip cutting should have no contact with soil.
Establishment and Maintenance
Propagation: By cuttings or tissue culture. Named varieties must be propagated by root divisions, cuttings or
tissue culture. When taking cuttings remove all but the younger healthy leaves; older leaves are more likely to
carry symptomless disease (leaf spots, ray blight, rust). Also by seed.
Cultural methods: Rotate crops to avoid build up of inoculum. Do not plant clean stock in contaminated
areas or soil. Plant in well drained soil (pH 6.2-6.7). Do not plant cuttings too deeply and avoid excess
fertiliser. Irrigate well but avoid wetting foliage for long periods, water in the morning to reduce foliage
diseases. Provide shade in hot climates and protect from wind, rain and frost, choose an open sunny position
unless the climate is very hot. The habit of growth is determined by the number of flower stems and the size
and quality of the flowers. Stopping or pinching (removal of the growth tip) promotes the development of
3-4 lateral stems and disbudding (removal of buds) influences the size and quality of flowers. Support flowerbearing
stems to prevent them bending under the weight of the flowers. Avoid excess nitrogen as lush
growth is difficult to spray.
Sanitation: Remove and destroy residues from previous crops to make leaf and flower diseases and insect
pests, eg gall midge, less likely. Even a few small infected plants are a source of infection. Practice nursery
hygiene. Remove and destroy severely diseased plants in otherwise healthy crops. See Nurseries N 51.
Physical and mechanical methods: Pasteurise soil for cutting beds before planting or treat in some
manner to ensure that residues from previous crops are destroyed.
Pesticides: Growth regulators are used to promote flowering and dwarf plants. Where necessary protect
foliage from fungal diseases and insect pests with pesticides. It is recommended that a comprehensive
disease and pest control program be prepared. Monitor diseases and pests regularly.
A 26
ANNUALS AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS