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Device Controllers A computer system contains a many types of I/O devices and their respective controllers network card graphics adapter disk controller DVD-ROM controller serial port USB sound card TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Page 69
CHAPTER 12 I/O Software This section describes interrupts, application I/O interface, Kernel Subsystem and device driver. Interrupts The CPU hardware uses an interrupt request line wire which helps CPU to sense after executing every instruction. When the CPU checks that a controller has put a signal on the interrupt request line, the CPU saves a state, such as the current value of the instruction pointer, and jumps to the interrupt handler routine at a fixed address. The interrupt handler part determines the cause of the interrupt performs the necessary processing and executes an interrupt instruction to return the CPU to its execution state. The basic mechanism of interrupt enables the CPU to respond to an asynchronous event, such as when a device controller becomes ready for service. Most CPUs have two interrupt request lines. non-maskable interrupt - Such kind of interrupts are reserved for events like unrecoverable memory errors. maskable interrupt - Such interrupts can be switched off by the CPU before the execution of critical instructions that must not be interrupted. The interrupt mechanism accepts an address - a number that selects a specific interrupt handling routine/function from a small set. In most architecture, this address is an offset stored in a table called the interrupt vector table. This vector contains the memory addresses of specialized interrupt handlers. TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Page 70
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Operating System Tutorial
Page 3 and 4:
ABOUT THE TUTORIAL Operating System
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Multiprogramming ..................
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Clocks ............................
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Following are some of important fun
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CHAPTER 2 Types of Operating System
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Distributed operating System Distri
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Real Time operating System Real tim
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Program execution Operating system
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Error handling Error can occur anyt
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Increased performance as a new job
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Multiprogramming When two or more p
Page 25 and 26: Spooling Spooling is an acronym for
Page 27 and 28: Program A program by itself is not
Page 29 and 30: Process Control Block, PCB Each pro
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 6 Operating System Process
Page 33 and 34: Two State Process Model Two state p
Page 35 and 36: Running process may become suspende
Page 37 and 38: Context Switch A context switch is
Page 39 and 40: First Come First Serve (FCFS) Jo
Page 41 and 42: Priority Based Scheduling Each p
Page 43 and 44: Multi Queue Scheduling Multiple
Page 45 and 46: Difference between Process and Thre
Page 47 and 48: Types of Thread Threads are impleme
Page 49 and 50: Multithreading Models Some operatin
Page 51 and 52: Difference between User Level & Ker
Page 53 and 54: Instructions and data to memory add
Page 55 and 56: Logical versus Physical Address Spa
Page 57 and 58: Memory Allocation Main memory usual
Page 59 and 60: Paging External fragmentation is av
Page 61 and 62: Address generated by CPU is divided
Page 63 and 64: Virtual memory is commonly implemen
Page 65 and 66: Step Description Step 1 Check an in
Page 67 and 68: Page Replacement Algorithm Page rep
Page 69 and 70: Least Recently Used (LRU) algorithm
Page 71 and 72: I/O port An I/O port typically cons
Page 73 and 74: I/O devices I/O Devices can be cate
Page 75: 4 Disk controller sends each byte t
Page 79 and 80: Clocks Clocks are also called timer
Page 81 and 82: Device driver Device driver is a pr
Page 83 and 84: File Type File type refers to the a
Page 85 and 86: Space Allocation Files are allocate
Page 87 and 88: Authentication Authentication refer
Page 89 and 90: Program Threats Operating system's
Page 91 and 92: Computer Security Classifications A
Page 93 and 94: Components of Linux System Linux Op
Page 95 and 96: Basic Features Following are some o
Page 97: APPENDIX A About tutorialspoint.com
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