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ii CONTENTS 3 The Michelson interferometer 23 3.1 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2.2 Background theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.2.3 Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2.4 Experimental work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.2.5 Conditions of interference - polarisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2.6 Conditions of interference - coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2.7 Micrometer calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3 Fringe visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.2 Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.3.3 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.4 Refractive index of air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.4.2 Background theory: optical path length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.4.3 Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.4.4 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4 Fraunhofer diffraction 33 4.1 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.3 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.3.1 Fresnel or Fraunhofer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.3.2 Diffraction by a single slit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.4 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.4.1 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.4.2 Single slit diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.4.3 Babinet’s principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
CONTENTS iii 4.4.4 Multiple slits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.5 Further work - circular and other diffracting objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.5.1 Overview and background theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.5.2 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.6 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.6.1 CCD camera operating instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.6.2 How the CCD works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5 Holography 47 5.1 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.3 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.4 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.4.1 Intensity of a wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.4.2 Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.4.3 Holograms and holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.4.4 Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.5 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.5.1 Film handling and developing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.5.2 White light hologram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.5.3 Transmission or off-axis hologram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 5.5.4 Time-averaged interferometry of a resonating tube . . . . . . . . . 55 5.6 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 5.6.1 Spherical waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 5.6.2 Interference of two waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.6.3 Transmission function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 II General physics 59 6 Magnets And magnetic fields 61
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4.5. FURTHER WORK - CIRCULAR AND OT
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4.6. APPENDICES 45 • An intensity
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Chapter 5 Holography 5.1 Abstract H
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5.4. BACKGROUND 49 photography is a
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5.5. EXPERIMENT 51 5.4.4 Movement N
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5.5. EXPERIMENT 53 than it takes to
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5.6. APPENDICES 55 Once you have se
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 57 Bibliography [1] E
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Chapter 6 Magnets And magnetic fiel
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6.3. THE HALL EFFECT 63 We now assi
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6.4. EXPERIMENT 65 Question 6.4 Wha
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6.5. FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS AND AC
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Chapter 7 Fundamental constants 7.1
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7.2. CHARGE TO MASS RATIO OF THE EL
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7.3. THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 81 Ta
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7.4. EXPERIMENT 83 Figure 7.4: The
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7.5. USEFUL DATA 85 7.5 Useful data
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114 CHAPTER 9. ELECTRON SPIN RESONA
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Chapter 10 Rutherford scattering 10
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10.3. GEOMETRY 131 only for this ex
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10.3. GEOMETRY 133 Pre-lab Question
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10.4. EXPERIMENT 135 10.4.1.2 Vacuu
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10.4. EXPERIMENT 137 That signal is
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10.4. EXPERIMENT 139 Question 10.4
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10.5. USEFUL DATA 141 10.4.3.2 Furt
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144 CHAPTER 11. β SPECTROSCOPY Fig
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146 CHAPTER 11. β SPECTROSCOPY Eva
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148 CHAPTER 11. β SPECTROSCOPY ~ 1
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150 CHAPTER 11. β SPECTROSCOPY DET
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Chapter 12 γ ray detection and spe
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12.4. CALIBRATION OF THE DETECTOR 1
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12.4. CALIBRATION OF THE DETECTOR 1
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12.5. ENERGY RESOLUTION 159 There i
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 161 Table 12.2: Table
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164 CHAPTER 13. ENERGY LOSS OF α P
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Chapter 14 Errors 14.1 Introduction
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14.3. GRAPHS AND ERRORS 179 14.3 Gr
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14.4. EXCEL 181 technique was devel
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14.6. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND DATA/
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14.8. CONCLUDING COMMENTS 185 ( )
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188 CHAPTER 15. EXCEL TUTORIAL ADC
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Chapter 16 The Safe Use of Lasers 1
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Multiplier Prefix Symbol 10 −24 y
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Bibliography - School of Physics - University of Melbourne

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