Ningi Raids and Slavery in Nineteenth Century Sokoto Caliphate

142 SLAVERY AND ABOLITIOK
" I:-.IGI RAIDS AND SLAVERY
143
NO TES
I. The research for lhis paper was funded by lhe Foreign Area Research Program from July
1972 \0 January 1974 in nonhern Nigeria, and based on my dissertation: "The Ningi
Chiefdom and the Afril.:an Fronlier : Mountaineers and Resistance to Lhe Sok()(o
Cal iphate, ca. 1800·1908" (Ph .D . Thesis, Universil), of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975), and
expressed hence forth as Pauon , Thesis. I express lhe usual disclaimer.
2. Si r H . R. Paimer, S udanese Memoirs ( London : Cass, 1967), pp. l04 , 106-7.
3. Stanhope \'(Ihite, Descent f rom Ihe Hills ( Llmdon : Fred Murray 1963), pr.35-36; Malam
Yahaya, Age 95 , irHerviewed at Ningi To wn on July 27 , 1973 (Tape No.9); Malar&
Mohammadu Muht3f1 , Age 49, interviewed 31 Zaria Ci ty on 10 June 1973 (Tape No. 9).
4 . C. N. Ubah , "The Polit ical and Economic Administration of Kana , 1900-1940" ( Ph .D.
Thesis, Universit y of Ibadan , 1973), p.SS.
5. Qur'an , S. XXIV , 32, 33 ; The Encyclopedia of 1$/0," , 1960 , ed. s.\'. " Abd."
6. Paul E. Love joy, "Plantations In The Economy of The SokOlo Caliphate;' Joumol of
African History , XIX , 3 (1 978): 346; Lovejoy, " The Charac(eristics of Caliphate (Islamic
West Africa)," The American Hisumcal Revie-..v, 84, S ( December 1979): 1271,1277.
7. Lovejoy,]IlH ( 1978), 343-4 , 347 ; Lovejoy, IlHR (1979) , 1277 .
8. Lovejoy,JAH (1978); 34R-9.
9. Majid Khadduri, War and Peace in tM Law of Islam (Ballimore : Johns Hopkins Press.
1955), pp .46-7, 53, 56, 59; Sarkin Yakubu Turawa Tiffi, et aI , interviewed at Tiffi on 3
December 1973 (T ape No. 26) ; Madakin Kudu (Bawa Bu), Age 83, interviewed at Ningi
Town on 7 Augusl 1973 (Tape No. 14) ; M. G. Smilh , Government In Z a:=:=au /800-/950
( London : Oxford University, 1960), pp.74 , 1S4, 157, 164 .
10. P. A. BenlOn, The Longuaget and PeaplesofBomu: Belnga CQlIeclion a/the U'lntingso/P.A .
8em01l ( London: (ass, 1968), p. 2S4 ;Sarkin Dua, Age 62 , interviewed at N ingiT own on I
Seplember ]973 (Tape No. 28).
11. See E. M . Chilver and P. M. Kaherry , NOles on ,he Precolonial HIStory and Ethnography of
the Bome,uJa Grassfields ( Buea : West Cameroon Archives , 1966) j Revd S. W . Kodlc,
Polyglolla A/ricana ( London: 1854) ; and Philip D . Curtin ,Atlanc1cSIave Trade( Madison:
University nf Wi sconsin Press), 1969, p.255.
12. Murray La st>"Aspecls of AdministraliolJ and Dissent in Hausaland, 1880-1968 ," A/ n·ca.
XL, 4 ( 1970) ,348.
13. Heinrich Barth) Travels and DIScoveries in North and Central A/n'ca 184 9-1955 , Vol.
(London : Cass, 1965), p.Sl7.
14. C. N . lI bah (Ph .D. Thesis), 1'.55.
IS. Fi eld NOles ( 1973), Ningi.
16. Lasl.A/nca ( 1970) : 348 .
17 . Barth, Travell , p . 5 15.
IS . Pallon , Thesis, p.S7.
19 . Pauon, Thesis, p. 196. Map is adapted from Love joy, JAH 1978 : 345 .
20. Smith, GO'Vernme,u in Zatzou, pp.S2 , 10 1, 170, 177 , un, 185-7, 190 for references It'
Ningi. 1 also discussed Ningi-Zazzau rclarions with Ihe aulhor.
21. EncyclopedtO 0/ Islam , 1913 ed., s.v. "Djadwal"; Malam Muhammad Mai T samiya
(Ningi), Sfar Cole,uJar of Divination (ca. 1860) i Field Notes (1973), Ningi.
22. Trevor RobertS, " Report on Tin-Smelting al Lirue-N Delma," S.N .P. 7. 2863/1918,
NAK ; S.N. Payton, "Ningi District Re-organization of Report on Ningi," 141 , SI4 "1 ,"
NAK/l935; Bawa Bu (Tape No. 26).
23 . A. W. Groom , "Reponon Ningi District June ISth to August 18th 1910," S.N.P . 76137,
NAK; Drummond-Hay, " Lere District Assessment Report," Zarpmf 1820 (1 )/1929:
NAK; Smith, Govcrnmelll In Zazzau , r. 170; Harold Gunn, Pagan Peoples uf lhe Cemral
Area 0/ Norfhem Nlgen'QPari Xl! (London: IAI , 1956), pp.3i , 48.
14 . A. W . Groom, " Report on Ningi District June 18th to August 18th 1910 ."
I S. Malam Dikko, Ton'kh Muassas Bauehi Yaqub al-Awwal , Arabic MS .; Victor N . Low.
Three NIgerian Emirates: A Study in Oral HistOry (Evanston: North-western Unive rsity,
1972), rr. I33, 136·140, 182·5.
:.,. Arewa Hous7Collec(ion , K ad~na , Arabie Mss. Uncatalogued . Professor AbduJlahi Smith
u'3.n s l~ted thISle ner fo r the Wnter . For ~ allehi-Misanties see Abubakar Yaya Aliyu , "The
E s ta~il s hm enl and Development of Errurale Government in Bauchi - 180S- J903" (Ph 0
TheSIS, Ahmadu BeUo Unive rsilY, 1973). . .
- A. W. Groom, "Repo ~t on Ningi Distriet June 18th to August 18th 19 10."
!t~ Adamu M oh~~ed FIIut, "The Political and Economic Re.Orientalion ofKanoEmirate
Northern NIgeria c. 1882- 1940" (Ph.D. Thesis, University of London 1973) p. 52:
A .W : Groom, "ReiX)f( on Ningi District June 18(h to August ISlh 1910." ' ,
- DI st rict Note Boc:>k,.Rano (Nasarawa Local Government Division, Military Governor's
0f!1. ce , Kana); DIStrict NOie Book, Tudlln Wada(Nasarawa Local Governmenl Division
Military Governor's Office , Kano).
:'l . District NOie Book , Dutse District ( Nasarawa Local Government Division, Military
Governor's Office, Kano).
!I Fika (Ph.D . Thesis), pp. 52 , 99.
Lt Palmer, S udanese M l!11UJirs . p. 130.
;]. ;alm ~r.' S ua'anese Mem.OI·rs , p. 1~O; Ta(p,id al-Akhbar, Mss. 97/53 , 95/56; Katanga-Warji
, Musloans of u;e WafJ3Wa playmg ~anou s types of songs), ime rviewed al Katanga-Warji
on. IS MaY,, 19/3 ( Tape No.8, SIde A) ; and Sarkin Baima, Age 85, interviewed at
Halma-War!! ( Tape No. 4 , Sid e A).
Taqy>4 al-Ilkhbar, Ms s. 97/53 , 95/54,97/55,97/56 , 97/57.
15 . Alhaji Abubakar Gatba and Malam Ibrahim HaJilu ) interviewed at Katin Madaki on
~ SePtembe~ 30 ( Tap ~ No. 21 ); Alhaii Abubakar Garba , Tarikin Kafin Madaki .
]II!!. Ma lam Dlkko, Tankh Muassas Bauchi Yaqub aJ-A wwal; Malam Yahaya (Field NOles
Bure~ ucracy ) ; James Morri son, Personal Communications, 10 April 1974 .
Alha~~ Abubakar Carba and Malam Ibrahim Halilu (Tape No. 21 ) Sides A and B).
.. ;'\Ihall Abubakar Garba and Ma lam Ibr.thim Halilu (Tape No. 21); Imam Mahmud
~\1l1ha~d } Ton,kh,umam Bauchi, p.l78; Alkali Ningi (Salihu Maj, Turare), Age 62 ,
trllervlewed at N mgl T own on 26 September 1973 (Tape No. 16, Side B).
Ad.ell :anon, JI' .., ..~he ~ame Ningi and Developing Pre-Colonial Citizenship: A 'Non­
Tnbal Perspecuve In Nmeteenth Century Hausaland ," Afrika Und Ubersee LXII 4
; 1979) ,241-5 1. ' ,
Patton, Thesis, p.2 19 .
Patlon , Thesis, pp.219-20.
J-
"!2
Comma~der of.the army ~th m a n ., ~on of tile Emir ofZakzak, Abdullahi ( 1873-78) to Amlr
al-masalih wa ll aI-na sa Ih ( Wazln of Sokoto) Abdukadiri (1874-1 886) b . Gidado, ca.
1873-1 878 , NAK , Zarprof vol. I, Outward Corresrondence , p.17.
~. Fika (Ph .D. Thesis), p. I 14 .
...:
Palmer,S udant'se Ml!11UJirs , pp. 130-13 1; A. W. Groom, "Repon on N ingi District June 18
to August 18, 19 10."
Khadduri, War and Peace, p.163 .
Ali b . Muhammad al-Mawardi, us SWillS Gouvernememau.x an notes par E. Fagnan
~ Alg e r : A. Jourdan, 191 5). '
Khadduri, War and Peace, pp. 165-6.
Amir al-Muminin Mu'adh of Sokoto (1877-1881) (0 Emir Bauchi IbraJlim ( 1847- 1878)
Arewa House, Kaduna, Arabic MSS Uncatalogued.
'
Mu.rray Last, !he .SakOtO Caliphau (London : Longmans, 1967), pp. 145-149.
I diSCUSsed thIS with Professors M. A. Alhajj and Abd ullahi Smith, Abdullahi Bayero
College, Kano , and Arewa House , Kaduna, respectively.
Numelin, Th e Beginnings 0/ Diplomacy, pp. 127-9.
Khadduri, War and Peace, pp.168-9.
Smith, Governmellt in ZazUlu, pp. 178-88 .
C. N. Ubah , " Kano Emirate in (he 19th Century: A Study of Political Developments"
U..1.A. Thesis, University of Ghana, 1965), p.82.
Victor Low, Three Nigmoll Emirates: A Study ill Oral History (Evan ston : Northwestern
Universily, 1972), pp. 185-S .
Smith , Governmenl in ZazZQu. , pp. 180-3.
Smi th , Guvcrnmetll in ZazZlJu., p. 183.
Malam Mohammadu Muhlari , Age 49, interviewed at Zaria City on 10 June 1973 (Tape