142 SLAVERY AND ABOLITIOK " I:-.IGI RAIDS AND SLAVERY 143 NO TES I. The research for lhis paper was funded by lhe Foreign Area Research Program from July 1972 \0 January 1974 <strong>in</strong> nonhern Nigeria, <strong>and</strong> based on my dissertation: "The <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> Chiefdom <strong>and</strong> the Afril.:an Fronlier : Mounta<strong>in</strong>eers <strong>and</strong> Resistance to Lhe Sok()(o Cal iphate, ca. 1800·1908" (Ph .D . Thesis, Universil), of Wiscons<strong>in</strong>-Madison, 1975), <strong>and</strong> expressed hence forth as Pauon , Thesis. I express lhe usual disclaimer. 2. Si r H . R. Paimer, S udanese Memoirs ( London : Cass, 1967), pp. l04 , 106-7. 3. Stanhope \'(Ihite, Descent f rom Ihe Hills ( Llmdon : Fred Murray 1963), pr.35-36; Malam Yahaya, Age 95 , irHerviewed at <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> To wn on July 27 , 1973 (Tape No.9); Malar& Mohammadu Muht3f1 , Age 49, <strong>in</strong>terviewed 31 Zaria Ci ty on 10 June 1973 (Tape No. 9). 4 . C. N. Ubah , "The Polit ical <strong>and</strong> Economic Adm<strong>in</strong>istration of Kana , 1900-1940" ( Ph .D. Thesis, Universit y of Ibadan , 1973), p.SS. 5. Qur'an , S. XXIV , 32, 33 ; The Encyclopedia of 1$/0," , 1960 , ed. s.\'. " Abd." 6. Paul E. Love joy, "Plantations In The Economy of The SokOlo <strong>Caliphate</strong>;' Joumol of African History , XIX , 3 (1 978): 346; Lovejoy, " The Charac(eristics of <strong>Caliphate</strong> (Islamic West Africa)," The American Hisumcal Revie-..v, 84, S ( December 1979): 1271,1277. 7. Lovejoy,]IlH ( 1978), 343-4 , 347 ; Lovejoy, IlHR (1979) , 1277 . 8. Lovejoy,JAH (1978); 34R-9. 9. Majid Khadduri, War <strong>and</strong> Peace <strong>in</strong> tM Law of Islam (Ballimore : Johns Hopk<strong>in</strong>s Press. 1955), pp .46-7, 53, 56, 59; Sark<strong>in</strong> Yakubu Turawa Tiffi, et aI , <strong>in</strong>terviewed at Tiffi on 3 December 1973 (T ape No. 26) ; Madak<strong>in</strong> Kudu (Bawa Bu), Age 83, <strong>in</strong>terviewed at <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> Town on 7 Augusl 1973 (Tape No. 14) ; M. G. Smilh , Government In Z a:=:=au /800-/950 ( London : Oxford University, 1960), pp.74 , 1S4, 157, 164 . 10. P. A. BenlOn, The Longuaget <strong>and</strong> PeaplesofBomu: Belnga CQlIeclion a/the U'lnt<strong>in</strong>gso/P.A . 8em01l ( London: (ass, 1968), p. 2S4 ;Sark<strong>in</strong> Dua, Age 62 , <strong>in</strong>terviewed at N <strong>in</strong>giT own on I Seplember ]973 (Tape No. 28). 11. See E. M . Chilver <strong>and</strong> P. M. Kaherry , NOles on ,he Precolonial HIStory <strong>and</strong> Ethnography of the Bome,uJa Grassfields ( Buea : West Cameroon Archives , 1966) j Revd S. W . Kodlc, Polyglolla A/ricana ( London: 1854) ; <strong>and</strong> Philip D . Curt<strong>in</strong> ,Atlanc1cSIave Trade( Madison: University nf Wi scons<strong>in</strong> Press), 1969, p.255. 12. Murray La st>"Aspecls of Adm<strong>in</strong>istraliolJ <strong>and</strong> Dissent <strong>in</strong> Hausal<strong>and</strong>, 1880-1968 ," A/ n·ca. XL, 4 ( 1970) ,348. 13. He<strong>in</strong>rich Barth) Travels <strong>and</strong> DIScoveries <strong>in</strong> North <strong>and</strong> Central A/n'ca 184 9-1955 , Vol. (London : Cass, 1965), p.Sl7. 14. C. N . lI bah (Ph .D. Thesis), 1'.55. IS. Fi eld NOles ( 1973), <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong>. 16. Lasl.A/nca ( 1970) : 348 . 17 . Barth, Travell , p . 5 15. IS . Pallon , Thesis, p.S7. 19 . Pauon, Thesis, p. 196. Map is adapted from Love joy, JAH 1978 : 345 . 20. Smith, GO'Vernme,u <strong>in</strong> Zatzou, pp.S2 , 10 1, 170, 177 , un, 185-7, 190 for references It' <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong>. 1 also discussed <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong>-Zazzau rclarions with Ihe aulhor. 21. EncyclopedtO 0/ Islam , 1913 ed., s.v. "Djadwal"; Malam Muhammad Mai T samiya (<strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong>), Sfar Cole,uJar of Div<strong>in</strong>ation (ca. 1860) i Field Notes (1973), <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong>. 22. Trevor RobertS, " Report on T<strong>in</strong>-Smelt<strong>in</strong>g al Lirue-N Delma," S.N .P. 7. 2863/1918, NAK ; S.N. Payton, "<strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> District Re-organization of Report on <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong>," 141 , SI4 "1 ," NAK/l935; Bawa Bu (Tape No. 26). 23 . A. W. Groom , "Reponon <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> District June ISth to August 18th 1910," S.N.P . 76137, NAK; Drummond-Hay, " Lere District Assessment Report," Zarpmf 1820 (1 )/1929: NAK; Smith, Govcrnmelll In Zazzau , r. 170; Harold Gunn, Pagan Peoples uf lhe Cemral Area 0/ Norfhem Nlgen'QPari Xl! (London: IAI , 1956), pp.3i , 48. 14 . A. W . Groom, " Report on <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> District June 18th to August 18th 1910 ." I S. Malam Dikko, Ton'kh Muassas Bauehi Yaqub al-Awwal , Arabic MS .; Victor N . Low. Three NIgerian Emirates: A Study <strong>in</strong> Oral HistOry (Evanston: North-western Unive rsity, 1972), rr. I33, 136·140, 182·5. :.,. Arewa Hous7Collec(ion , K ad~na , Arabie Mss. Uncatalogued . Professor AbduJlahi Smith u'3.n s l~ted thISle ner fo r the Wnter . For ~ allehi-Misanties see Abubakar Yaya Aliyu , "The E s ta~il s hm enl <strong>and</strong> Development of Errurale Government <strong>in</strong> Bauchi - 180S- J903" (Ph 0 TheSIS, Ahmadu BeUo Unive rsilY, 1973). . . - A. W. Groom, "Repo ~t on <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> Distriet June 18th to August 18th 19 10." !t~ Adamu M oh~~ed FIIut, "The Political <strong>and</strong> Economic Re.Orientalion ofKanoEmirate Northern NIgeria c. 1882- 1940" (Ph.D. Thesis, University of London 1973) p. 52: A .W : Groom, "ReiX)f( on <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> District June 18(h to August ISlh 1910." ' , - DI st rict Note Boc:>k,.Rano (Nasarawa Local Government Division, Military Governor's 0f!1. ce , Kana); DIStrict NOie Book, Tudlln Wada(Nasarawa Local Governmenl Division Military Governor's Office , Kano). :'l . District NOie Book , Dutse District ( Nasarawa Local Government Division, Military Governor's Office, Kano). !I Fika (Ph.D . Thesis), pp. 52 , 99. Lt Palmer, S udanese M l!11UJirs . p. 130. ;]. ;alm ~r.' S ua'anese Mem.OI·rs , p. 1~O; Ta(p,id al-Akhbar, Mss. 97/53 , 95/56; Katanga-Warji , Musloans of u;e WafJ3Wa playmg ~anou s types of songs), ime rviewed al Katanga-Warji on. IS MaY,, 19/3 ( Tape No.8, SIde A) ; <strong>and</strong> Sark<strong>in</strong> Baima, Age 85, <strong>in</strong>terviewed at Halma-War!! ( Tape No. 4 , Sid e A). Taqy>4 al-Ilkhbar, Ms s. 97/53 , 95/54,97/55,97/56 , 97/57. 15 . Alhaji Abubakar Gatba <strong>and</strong> Malam Ibrahim HaJilu ) <strong>in</strong>terviewed at Kat<strong>in</strong> Madaki on ~ SePtembe~ 30 ( Tap ~ No. 21 ); Alhaii Abubakar Garba , Tarik<strong>in</strong> Kaf<strong>in</strong> Madaki . ]II!!. Ma lam Dlkko, Tankh Muassas Bauchi Yaqub aJ-A wwal; Malam Yahaya (Field NOles Bure~ ucracy ) ; James Morri son, Personal Communications, 10 April 1974 . Alha~~ Abubakar Carba <strong>and</strong> Malam Ibrahim Halilu (Tape No. 21 ) Sides A <strong>and</strong> B). .. ;'\Ihall Abubakar Garba <strong>and</strong> Ma lam Ibr.thim Halilu (Tape No. 21); Imam Mahmud ~\1l1ha~d } Ton,kh,umam Bauchi, p.l78; Alkali <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> (Salihu Maj, Turare), Age 62 , trllervlewed at N mgl T own on 26 September 1973 (Tape No. 16, Side B). Ad.ell :anon, JI' .., ..~he ~ame <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> <strong>and</strong> Develop<strong>in</strong>g Pre-Colonial Citizenship: A 'Non Tnbal Perspecuve In Nmeteenth <strong>Century</strong> Hausal<strong>and</strong> ," Afrika Und Ubersee LXII 4 ; 1979) ,241-5 1. ' , Patton, Thesis, p.2 19 . Patlon , Thesis, pp.219-20. J- "!2 Comma~der of.the army ~th m a n ., ~on of tile Emir ofZakzak, Abdullahi ( 1873-78) to Amlr al-masalih wa ll aI-na sa Ih ( Wazln of <strong>Sokoto</strong>) Abdukadiri (1874-1 886) b . Gidado, ca. 1873-1 878 , NAK , Zarprof vol. I, Outward Corresrondence , p.17. ~. Fika (Ph .D. Thesis), p. I 14 . ...: Palmer,S udant'se Ml!11UJirs , pp. 130-13 1; A. W. Groom, "Repon on N <strong>in</strong>gi District June 18 to August 18, 19 10." Khadduri, War <strong>and</strong> Peace, p.163 . Ali b . Muhammad al-Mawardi, us SWillS Gouvernememau.x an notes par E. Fagnan ~ Alg e r : A. Jourdan, 191 5). ' Khadduri, War <strong>and</strong> Peace, pp. 165-6. Amir al-Mum<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong> Mu'adh of <strong>Sokoto</strong> (1877-1881) (0 Emir Bauchi IbraJlim ( 1847- 1878) Arewa House, Kaduna, Arabic MSS Uncatalogued. ' Mu.rray Last, !he .SakOtO Caliphau (London : Longmans, 1967), pp. 145-149. I diSCUSsed thIS with Professors M. A. Alhajj <strong>and</strong> Abd ullahi Smith, Abdullahi Bayero College, Kano , <strong>and</strong> Arewa House , Kaduna, respectively. Numel<strong>in</strong>, Th e Beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>gs 0/ Diplomacy, pp. 127-9. Khadduri, War <strong>and</strong> Peace, pp.168-9. Smith, Governmellt <strong>in</strong> ZazUlu, pp. 178-88 . C. N. Ubah , " Kano Emirate <strong>in</strong> (he 19th <strong>Century</strong>: A Study of Political Developments" U..1.A. Thesis, University of Ghana, 1965), p.82. Victor Low, Three Nigmoll Emirates: A Study ill Oral History (Evan ston : Northwestern Universily, 1972), pp. 185-S . Smith , Governmenl <strong>in</strong> ZazZQu. , pp. 180-3. Smi th , Guvcrnmetll <strong>in</strong> ZazZlJu., p. 183. Malam Mohammadu Muhlari , Age 49, <strong>in</strong>terviewed at Zaria City on 10 June 1973 (Tape
144 SLAVERY AND ABOLITIOK No.7. Side B); for l ifa, see Rev. G . P. Bargery. A Howa-English Dictionary <strong>and</strong> Englislt. HOllsa Vocabulary ( London: Oxford Uni versit y, 1934) , p. SOD. 59. Smith , Govtmme711 <strong>in</strong> Zazzau, pp. 18S·7. 60. Smilh ,GlnItmmenl <strong>in</strong> Zazzau , pp. 183, 18S;Malam Ibrahim Steven Audu, Tan"k<strong>in</strong> /sawa. 6 1. Alh aii Abubakar Garba . et. al . (T ape No. 21 , Side A) ; A. W. Groom, " Repan on <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> Dislricc" ' j J. F . J . Fitzpatrick, ., Assessment Repon on the <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> District," S.N.r . 1011 11 69/431,191 8 NAK. 62. Dislrict Note Book. Rano (Nasarawa Local Government Division , Military Governor'! O[fic.:e). 63. Low, Three Nigerian E mirates, pp.187-188; ] . M. Fremantle. " Hisro ry of the regie& compri s<strong>in</strong>g the Kalagum Division of K ano Prov<strong>in</strong>ce," Jou rnal of African Society. X-X! ( 19 11-12) ; 4J4 . 64 . Low, Three Nlgenan Emiraus, p . 188. 65. Suhan Muhanuned Bello b. Suhan Ibrahim 10 Amir al-M um<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong> (the Sultan of SOkOl0, tbs: Comm<strong>and</strong>er-of-Iht: Faithful) Umar b. Caliph 'Ali (188 1. 189 1), Kanoprof Vol. J Ourwatd Correspondence, NAK, p. 58. 66. Field Notes (Karuba <strong>and</strong> Sonoma) 6 December 1973; Akali <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> (SaJihu Mai Turart Age 62 , ioter viewed at <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> Town on 12 September 1973 (Tape No. 17, Side A); MalaA (Tape No, I). 67. Field Notes (<strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong>) , 2 May 1973 ; Field Notcs (Karuba <strong>and</strong> Sonoma), 7 December 191 68. F or a useful anaJysis of this process see Dennis DaJe Cordell, "The Awlad Suiayman Libya <strong>and</strong> Chad: A Study of Raid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Power <strong>in</strong> the Chad Bas<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the N<strong>in</strong>eteenth Cenlury" (M .A. Thesis, Universi ty ofWiscons<strong>in</strong>, 1972), pp. 70-90. For Bushman raider't character <strong>and</strong> rype see John B. Wright, Bushman Raiders 0/ the Drakensberge /840-/8 (Pietermaritlburg: UniversilY of Natal, 197 1), pp.24-46. 69. Smith, GfYr.Jmltnelll <strong>in</strong> Zazzau , p.82. 70. Field Notes (Karuba <strong>and</strong> Sonoma), 7 Dcceruber 1973 . For redislribution process ~ Creighton Gabel,Ana/ysu oJ Prehimmc ECtmomicPallerns (New York : Holt , Rjnehart aDo! W<strong>in</strong>slon , 1%7), pp.56-9. 71. Abubakar Yaya Ali yu , " The Civil War <strong>in</strong> Bauchi, ca. 188 1-2 ," S ava rIno , 2, 2 ( Decembe 197 3) ; 192-3 , 197. 72. Alhaji Abu bakar Garba , C/. al. (Tape No. 21 ). 73. Field Notes (Bureaucracy), 25 July 1973. 74. Paul Lovejoy, "Interregional Monetary Flows <strong>in</strong> th e Pre-coloniaJ T rade of Nigeria/ JAH , XV, 4 (1974) ; 577-8. 75. A. W . Groom, "Repon on <strong>N<strong>in</strong>gi</strong> Distriet June 18th to Augusl IS, 1910." 76. Joseph P. Smaldone, "Firearms <strong>in</strong> the Central Sud an : A Revolution," JAH, XIII, (1972),595 , 597. 77. Smilh, GO'V~nlln Zazzall , pp. 190- 1. 78. James Morrison, Personal Communica lion, 10 Apr il 1974. 79. Fika (Ph .D . Thesis), p. 117. 80. C.N. Ubah (M.A. Thesis), pp.84·S. 8 1. Ubah (M.A. Thesis), p.86. 82 . Sir Richard Palmer, Palmer Papers Oos Plateau Museum), pp. 7-8. 83. Malam Usman Dan Yaya ( 1890- 1902), son of Malam Haruna Baba to Sultan Muharnm BeUo, son of the late Ibrahim Dabo ( 1883·1 89 1), ca. 189 1, Bauprof, Out wa rd Correspoodence, Vol. 1, p.65, NAK. 84. Palmer, Palmer Papers, pp.7-8. 85. Fika (Ph .D . Thesis), p.117. 86. Malam Yusufu Abdulla hi Takai, Age 82 , M. Aliyu Hanua Takai, Age 73 , M. Abdullalt. Ad amu Waki li , Age 37 , <strong>in</strong>terviewed at Taka) on 2 December 1973 (Tape No. 26 , Side A It is <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g to nOte thai this rradition is aJ so fou nd <strong>in</strong> a coloniaJ document of 1924 F. M. Noad, " Kana Emirale, Sumaila District Re-A!ise5srueOl Repon ," S.N.P. 9 603/1924 . 87. Ubah, " Kana Enurate <strong>in</strong> the 19th Cemury: A Stud y of Polit ical Developments," pp. 16, 123. 88. Noad , " Kano Emiralt:, Sumaila DislriCl Re· Assessment Repon ." 89. Patton, Thesis, p. 225 . "INGT RAIDS AND SL AVER Y 145 Ill. Love joy,AHR ( 1979); 128 5. 1. Ubah (M.A. TheSIS), p. l l3. AI Ka(anga-Warji. I .....eOlIO Lulu <strong>and</strong> observed the hid<strong>in</strong>g places dur<strong>in</strong>g encouOlers with Aliyu. 92. Rev . Charles H. Rob<strong>in</strong>son, "The Hausa T erritories," The GeographicalJenmral , VIII , 3 (September 1892): 205,208. ra. Pallon , Thesis, pp. 256-7. Ubah (M.A. Thesis), p. 124 . Panon , Thesis, pp. 271·2.
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