Evaluation of Environmental Impacts in Life Cycle Assessment - estis

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V Guidance for readers VI Acknowledgements VIII Part One The Framework of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 1 Part Two Life Cycle Thinking 1 Overview of LCA methodology 1 LCA Users 2 Introduction to Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 3 Basic elements in LCIA 3 Level of sophistication in LCIA 6 What is the meaning of midpoints and endpoints? 7 Examples of midpoint and endpoint approaches 10 Part Three Recent methodological discussions on the evaluation of environmental impacts in LCA 17 Brussels and Brighton workshops 17 Uncertainty and Comprehensiveness 19 Areas of Protection 22 Transparency 24 Advanced applications of LCIA 25 Application dependency of LCIA 29 Comparative assertions and environmental claims 30 Relationship with decision support 33 Part Four Challenges in the current state of LCA and especially LCIA and recommendations on how to overcome them to broaden its use 35 Challenges 35 Recommendations 37 Conclusions 38 Contents Appendices: 39 1. LCA for Beginnners 40 2. Bibliography 44 3. Internet Resources 52 4. LCA based electronic tools 53 5. Scientific Articles 58 6. Workshops Participants 86 About UNEP DTIE, US-EPA, CML and AGA 94
Page 1 and 2: United Nations Environment Programm
Page 3 and 4: EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Page 5: Foreword In 1998 and 2000, UNEP joi
Page 9 and 10: VII Readers’s guide This report i
Page 11 and 12: 1 The Framework of Life Cycle Asses
Page 13 and 14: 3 Introduction to Life Cycle Impact
Page 15 and 16: 5 • Identification of the categor
Page 17 and 18: 7 Traditionally LCIA uses linear mo
Page 19 and 20: 9 approaches). Two different routes
Page 21 and 22: 11 the CO 2 emission that, under th
Page 23 and 24: 13 Climate Change Extraction of abi
Page 25 and 26: 15 1. Modeling in the technosphere
Page 27 and 28: 17 Recent methodological discussion
Page 29 and 30: 19 Nutrification Photo-oxidant form
Page 31 and 32: 21 impacts, included the most impor
Page 33 and 34: 23 Man-made Environment - crops - m
Page 35 and 36: 25 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF LCIA Hu
Page 37 and 38: 27 One of the basic limitations of
Page 39 and 40: 29 occur above or below thresholds.
Page 41 and 42: 31 subjective scores, such as weigh
Page 43 and 44: 33 According to Hertwich, from the
Page 45 and 46: 35 Challenges in the current state
Page 47 and 48: 37 Unclear perception of the applic
Page 49 and 50: 39 Appendix 1: LCA for beginners Ap
Page 51 and 52: 41 The Interpretation phase aims to
Page 53 and 54: 43 TABLE: Using environmental decla
Page 55 and 56: 45 Hofstetter, P., 1998. Perspectiv
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47 Hoagland, N.T, 2001. Non-Traditi
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49 Tolle, D.A., D.J. Hesse, G. Brad
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51 Zakaria, Z., M. N. Hassan and M.
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53 LCA based electronic Tools The t
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55 Contact details: PIRA Internatio
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57 Contact details: EMPA / Sinum Gm
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59 of LCA in the context of sustain
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61 Workshop Logistics On the 29th a
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63 address the following questions
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65 than the accepted threshold leve
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67 Mark Huijbregts of the Universit
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69 participants against trying to d
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71 Owens, J.W., Amey, E., Barnthous
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73 Although the terms have yet to b
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75 of the approaches. A summary of
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77 Resource Availability Environmen
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79 saying that one represented grea
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81 biodiversity change. In some imp
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83 across categories may be depende
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85 Participants finally expressed a
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87 Gonzales, Bernard 3M U.S.A. e-ma
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89 Weitz, Keith Research Triangle I
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91 Henshaw, Carole Unilever Researc
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93 Romach, George IME Die Metallurg
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95 The U.S. Environmental Protectio
Page 107 and 108:
Life Cycle Initiative UNEP/ SETAC c
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