Africa Water Atlas - UNEP/GRID-Sioux Falls

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Total Surface Area: 475 442 km 2 Estimated Population in 2009: 19 522 000 Republic of Cameroon James Emery/Flickr.com WATER PROFILE <strong>Water</strong> Availability Year Value Average precipitation in depth (mm/yr) 2008 1 604 Total renewable water (actual) 2008 285.5 (10 9 m 3 /yr) Total renewable per capita (actual) 2008 14 957 (m 3 /inhab/yr) Surface water: total renewable (actual) 2008 280.5 (10 9 m 3 /yr) Groundwater: total renewable (actual) 2008 100 (10 9 m 3 /yr) Dependency ratio (%) 2008 4.4 PROGRESS TOWARDS MDG GOAL 7 Cameroon’s water sector is highly fragmented and underfunded, with an aging and poorly maintained infrastructure network that has hampered the provision of improved water sources. In addition, there has been rapid urbanization in smaller towns and peri-urban areas, overwhelming services. Cameroon increased overall access to improved water in cities from 77 to 92 per cent, and in rural areas from 31 to 47 per cent from 1990 to 2008. Overall there has not been any change in the percentage of population using improved sanitation between 1990 and 2008. 50% 1990 74% 2008 Proportion of total population using improved drinking water sources, percentage Withdrawals Year Total freshwater withdrawal (surface 2000 0.9 water + groundwater) (10 9 m 3 /yr) Surface water withdrawal (10 9 m 3 /yr) ... ... Groundwater withdrawal (10 9 m 3 /yr) ... ... Value Total water withdrawal per capita 2002 59.6 (m 3 /inhab/yr) Freshwater withdrawal as % of total 2002 0.3 renewable water resources (actual) (%) Irrigation Year Irrigated grain production as % of ... ... total grain production (%) Area salinized by irrigation (1000 ha) ... ... Value 47% 1990 47% 2008 Proportion of total population using sanitation facilities, percentage Withdrawals by sector (as % of total water withdrawal), 2000 18.2% Municipal 8% Industrial 50.8% 1990 46.6% 2007 Slum population as percentage of urban 73.8% Agricultural 220
Hydropower Capacity and Drought Vulnerability Cameroon is endowed with abundant surface water resources, with 280.5 billion cubic metres available annually (FAO 2008) and an estimated hydropower potential of 35 GW (WWAP 2009). At present, only two per cent of this huge potential has been developed. Despite this under-utilization, hydroelectric power made up 67 per cent of all electricity generated in the country in 2007 (World Bank 2010). Total production has increased greatly in the last few decades, rising from 2.7 billion kWh in 1990 to 3.8 billion kWh in 2007 (World Bank 2010). While capacity has increased, over half of the population still has no access to electricity. This figure falls even further in rural areas where 80 per cent of the population has no access (IEA 2006). In addition, the lack of a nationwide grid results in an inefficient system where 20 per cent of the generated power output is lost during transmission and distribution (World Bank 2009). To minimize such losses and enable greater access in rural and isolated areas, the Rural Electrification Agency (World Bank 2009) is promoting micro-hydro schemes. Cameroon’s dependence on hydropower for meeting the vast majority of its energy needs leaves the sector vulnerable to any changes in climate. Drought periods can have a serious impact on power availability, with power shortages already a problem during the dry season. Rural <strong>Water</strong> Access Despite plentiful renewable water, which averages at just under 15 000 m 3 per person annually, access to potable water remains a challenge. Nationally, a quarter of the population has no access to a clean drinking water source and less than half have use of improved sanitation facilities. Access is especially problematic in rural areas where 49 per cent are using unimproved water and 65 per cent have no access to sanitation (WHO/UNICEF 2010). The country size (1 200 km in length), proximity to the sea, and typography give it a varied climate with wide differences in rainfall and vegetation. While the south of the country receives the maximum rainfall of up to 10 000 mm each year, this figure drops steeply further north, falling to a minimum of 500 mm in the far northern region of the country nearest the Sahara (WWAP 2009). Average rainfall has been declining since the 1950s, leading to increased desertification in the north and a falling water table to reduced recharge. In addition, previously permanent wells are drying late in the dry season. In 2009, land degradation from farming in onceprotected forest areas combined with an extended dry season culminated in an acute water scarcity crisis in the Mbouda District in western Cameroon. The local reservoir completely dried up leaving more than 100 000 residents with no access to water (UNOCHA 2009). Elin B./Flickr.com 221
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AFRICA WATER ATLAS i
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Table of Contents Foreword ........
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Foreword The Millennium Declaration
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Preface Since Africa’s water reso
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Statement from H.E. Jean Ping Chair
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93 per cent of its total surface wa
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We never know the worth of water ti
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Figure i: Annual water balance is a
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Eugene Apindi Ochieng Eugene Apindi
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Several of Africa’s transboundary
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Figure v-b: By 2009, several additi
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Figure vii: Katse Dam site Figure v
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In Africa, the world’s second-dri
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Key Facts Renewable water resources
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Figure 1.1: Total renewable water r
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Mukundi Mutasa Key Facts Africa’s
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International Rivers Dams There is
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Estuaries Estuaries are special typ
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Key Facts Africa’s climate is cha
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Africa’s Biomes Key Facts Arid la
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Figure 1.10: Selected demographic i
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overconsumption of water resources.
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Table 1.8 Examples of ecosystem ser
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FAO. (2009). AQUASTAT database. Foo
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Water systems occur at many scales
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Figure 2.1: Africa’s major transb
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The Congo River runs 4 670 km in a
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potential but fell into disrepair o
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In most years, the Shabelle’s dis
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Lake Chad is among the largest fres
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irrigation that draws water from th
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5151
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Figure 2.4.10: Damming of the Logon
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Lake Turkana is the largest desert
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Figure 2.5.4: The Gibe III dam was
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The streamflow of the Limpopo is va
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The Niger River sustains an island
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Figure 2.7.4: Dams in the Upper Nig
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a small pond for a few years during
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and services, including a productiv
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Sosialistick Ungdom/Flickr.com syst
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7171
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Figure 2.8.1 Nile Basin population
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Dams, Irrigation and Water Agreemen
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Figure 2.8.8: Tekezê Dam site, bef
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B A 2006, IR n.d., UN News Centre 2
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Figure 2.8.12: Wet season and dry s
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CPWF Basin Focal Project/Flickr.com
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Case Study: Coastal Erosion and the
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Much of the basin’s population is
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There are no major dams on the Okav
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While only three per cent of the ba
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The river’s transboundary nature
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in the delta area. In both cases, p
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Figure 2.12.8: Years of drought and
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The Volta Basin lies across parts o
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Over 40 million people make their h
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Ryan Hoover/International Rivers Ca
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seasonal flooding following the dam
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affected by recurrent drought. Afri
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Nubian Sandstone Aquifer The Nubian
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Figure 2.16.4: Nubian Sandstone Aqu
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Gordontour/Flickr.com The Great Man
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Figure 2.17.1: North-Western Sahara
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Figure 2.19.1: Southeast Kalahari K
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Figure 2.21.1: Map of Tano Groundwa
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Kiwango, Y. and Wolanski, E. (2008)
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Improving the Quantity, Quality and
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CHALLENGE 1 PROVIDE SAFE DRINKING W
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US Marine Corps./Flickr.com challen
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CHALLENGE 2 ENSURE ACCESS TO ADEQUA
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Kuritita/Flickr.com chronic under-f
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CHALLENGE 3 FOSTER COOPERATION IN T
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Catherine Murray/Flickr.com there i
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CHALLENGE 4 PROVIDE WATER FOR FOOD
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Figure 3.4.3 Proportion of arable l
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• Invest in simple and inexpensiv
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CHALLENGE 5 DEVELOP HYDROPOWER TO E
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destroyed by war in countries such
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Table 3.5.1: Overview of proposed h
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Box 3.5.2. Regional power pools and
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CHALLENGE 6 MEET GROWING WATER DEMA
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Mike Blyth/Flickr.com are charged f
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CHALLENGE 7 PREVENT LAND DEGRADATIO
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Figure 3.7.2: Dry and wet seasons i
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Box 3.7.1: Environmental reserves i
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CHALLENGE 8 MANAGE WATER UNDER GLOB
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Box 3.8.2: Late-twentieth-century w
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Figure 3.8.2: Number of people kill
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ILRI/Flickr.com • Population grow
Page 181 and 182: CHALLENGE 9 ENHANCE CAPACITY TO ADD
Page 183 and 184: policy and strategy reforms and set
Page 185 and 186: 6. Meet Growing Water Demand AfDB.
Page 187 and 188: Tracking Progress Towards Environme
Page 189 and 190: Access to Improved Drinking Water G
Page 191 and 192: Pierre Holtz/UNICEF In Africa, half
Page 193 and 194: Rural-Urban Disparities Access to I
Page 195 and 196: Percentage of urban population usin
Page 197 and 198: Worldwide, women shoulder the large
Page 199 and 200: CAPE VERDE Praia GAMBIA GUINEA- BIS
Page 201 and 202: Industrial Water Pollution Algeria
Page 203 and 204: Vulnerability of the Nile Delta to
Page 205 and 206: Water Scarcity and Virtual Water Li
Page 207 and 208: Curt Carnemark / World Bank wastewa
Page 209 and 210: Erik Hersman/Flickr.com Water-Relat
Page 211 and 212: Unsustainable Exploitation of Aquif
Page 213 and 214: CAPE VERDE Praia GAMBIA GUINEA- BIS
Page 215 and 216: D Proffer/Flickr.com Degradation of
Page 217 and 218: Climate-change Impacts on Water Ava
Page 219 and 220: Carsten/Flickr.com Water Stress and
Page 221 and 222: Rural Water and Sanitation Infrastr
Page 223 and 224: Matt Rudge/Flickr.com Endemic Droug
Page 225 and 226: _Julien Harneisr/Flickr.com Water P
Page 227 and 228: Civil Unrest and Water Access Two d
Page 229 and 230: Drought Since 1960, Uganda has expe
Page 231: WESTERN SAHARA Rabat MOROCCO ALGERI
Page 235 and 236: HDPTCAR Civil Unrest Affecting Wate
Page 237 and 238: Afcone/Flickr.com Drought and Food
Page 239 and 240: Julien Harneis/Flickr.com Populatio
Page 241 and 242: Julien Harneis/Flickr.com Displacem
Page 243 and 244: Flickr.com Water Access Despite hav
Page 245 and 246: Urban Water Access and Pollution Wi
Page 247 and 248: Maria Cartas/Flickr.com Water Pollu
Page 249 and 250: WESTERN SAHARA Rabat MOROCCO ALGERI
Page 251 and 252: Sand Mining Benin’s 125-km coastl
Page 253 and 254: Climate Variability and Water Scarc
Page 255 and 256: Richard Leeming/Flickr.com Unsustai
Page 257 and 258: Threats to Aquaculture Production f
Page 259 and 260: Wetland Degradation An estimated 20
Page 261 and 262: lepetitNicolas/Flickr.com Degradati
Page 263 and 264: Taking Advantage of Hydropower Pote
Page 265 and 266: Contaminated Water Supplies in Biss
Page 267 and 268: Slums and Access to Sanitation Faci
Page 269 and 270: Bob Rayner/Flickr.com Drought, Dese
Page 271 and 272: Phytoplankton blooms (Source: NASA
Page 273 and 274: Foxc Photography/Flickr.com Access
Page 275 and 276: Degradation of Hadejia-Nguru Wetlan
Page 277 and 278: About Skorasaurus /Flickr.com Publi
Page 279 and 280: Hydroelectric Power Potential Sierr
Page 281 and 282: Travelling Pooh/Flickr.com Threats
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CAPE VERDE Praia GAMBIA GUINEA- BIS
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Under-developed Irrigation Potentia
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Michael Gorey/Flickr.com Water Avai
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John Pannell/Flicrk.com Water Scarc
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Paul Shaffner/Flicrk.com Water-rela
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Urban and Rural Water and Sanitatio
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Rui Ornelas/Flickr.com Water Scarci
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World Bank Water Supply Shortage Po
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Oxfam International/Flickr.com Resp
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Sustainable Sanitation/Flickr.com L
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Altered Flood Regime in the Kafue R
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Water-related Diseases Sokwanele/Fl
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CAPE VERDE Praia GAMBIA GUINEA- BIS
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Water Contamination from Volcanic E
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Drought in Southern Madagascar Desp
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Mootoosamy Olivier Daren/Flickr.com
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Water Availability and Storage The
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Central African Republic IDMC. (201
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UN-Water. (2008). National Investme
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Glossary Agro-pastoral Anthropogeni
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Acknowledgement Production and Edit
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H Hadejia-Nguru Wetland, Nigeria 26
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Africa Water Atlas - UNEP/GRID-Sioux Falls

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