Africa Water Atlas - UNEP/GRID-Sioux Falls

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Total Surface Area: 390 757 km 2 Estimated Population in 2009: 12 523 000 Republic of Zimbabwe James Wight/Flickr.com WATER PROFILE Water Availability Year Value Average precipitation in depth (mm/yr) 2005 657 Total renewable water (actual) 2008 20 (10 9 m 3 /yr) Total renewable per capita (actual) 2008 2 558 (m 3 /inhab/yr) Surface water: total renewable (actual) 2008 19 (10 9 m 3 /yr) Groundwater: total renewable (actual) 2008 6 (10 9 m 3 /yr) Dependency ratio (%) 2008 38.7 PROGRESS TOWARDS MDG GOAL 7 Between 1990 and 2008, the percentage of people in Zimbabwe with improved drinking water sources increased from 78 to 82 per cent. The percentage of the population using improved sanitation facilities increased from 43 per cent to 44 per cent. Urban use dropped from 58 per cent to 56 per cent and rural population use remained the same at 37 percent over the period. Withdrawals Year Total freshwater withdrawal (surface 2002 4.2 water + groundwater) (10 9 m 3 /yr) Surface water withdrawal (10 9 m 3 /yr) 2002 3.8 Groundwater withdrawal (10 9 m 3 /yr) 2002 0.4 Value Total water withdrawal per capita 2002 513.6 (m 3 /inhab/yr) Freshwater withdrawal as % of total 2002 21 renewable water resources (actual) (%) Irrigation 78% 1990 82% 2008 Proportion of total population using improved drinking water sources, percentage Year Irrigated grain production as % of ... ... total grain production (%) Area salinized by irrigation (1000 ha) ... ... Value 43% 1990 44% 2008 Proportion of total population using sanitation facilities, percentage Withdrawals by sector (as % of total water withdrawal), 2002 14% Municipal 7.1% Industrial 4% 1990 17.9% 2007 Slum population as percentage of urban 78.9% Agricultural 292
Water-related Diseases Sokwanele/Flickr.com Zimbabwe’s unreliable sanitation infrastructure, highly frequent sewage-system collapse and shallowly dug wells contribute to the high incidence of communicable diseases in the country. This is further amplified by a frail economy that often prevents the purchase of materials and chemicals for water purification. The nation is also threatened by the prevalence of water-related diseases including malaria, schistosomiasis (bilharzia), enteric diseases like diarrhoea, agrochemical poisoning, skin and eye diseases and cholera. Recently, Zimbabwe suffered one of sub-Saharan Africa’s most severe cholera outbreaks, causing the death of more than 4 000 people and infecting 60 055 others (UNOCHA 2009, WHO 2010). In 2009, a further 1 912 people died from the disease and 37 000 cases were reported (WHO 2010). Although the fatality rate has dropped from 5.1 per cent to 3.4 per cent, it still remains above the average expected fatality rate for cholera. Both rural and urban areas are susceptible to the proliferation of water-related diseases. Eighty-two per cent of cholera cases were reported in rural areas, where 63 per cent of the population reside. Urban areas in Zimbabwe are also threatened by cholera. Harare, Zimbabwe’s capital, was the epicentre of the 2008-2009 epidemic where 30 strains of cholera were detected in the city and every water source in the area was contaminated (UNOCHA 2009). Water Scarcity Affects Agricultural Water Use The agricultural sector accounts for almost 79 per cent of total water withdrawal in Zimbabwe (FAO 2005). Approximately 60 per cent of Zimbabwe’s economically active population is directly dependent on agriculture for food and livelihoods and the sector contributes 17 per cent of the nation’s GDP (FAO 2005). Major irrigated crop products include cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, soybeans, fruit, vegetables and maize. Drought events are a major constraint on agricultural productivity as 80 per cent of the nation’s land lies in areas where rainfall is erratic and inadequate (FAO 2005). The total estimated exploitable yield from all river basins is estimated at 8.5 km 3 /yr. Roughly 56 per cent of this, or 4.8 km 3 / yr, is already committed. This leaves only 3.7 km 3 /yr available for irrigation and other sectors (FAO 2005). The issue of naturally limited water availability is further compounded by changes made to Zimbabwe’s agricultural system in the last decade. Following the expropriation of farms in 2000, many new farm owners were unable to maintain the water systems and irrigation dams that had previously powered the sector (IPS News 2008), which introduced additional barriers to agricultural productivity and food security. Sokwanele/Flickr.com 293
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AFRICA WATER ATLAS i
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Table of Contents Foreword ........
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Foreword The Millennium Declaration
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Preface Since Africa’s water reso
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Statement from H.E. Jean Ping Chair
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93 per cent of its total surface wa
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We never know the worth of water ti
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Figure i: Annual water balance is a
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Eugene Apindi Ochieng Eugene Apindi
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Several of Africa’s transboundary
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Figure v-b: By 2009, several additi
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Figure vii: Katse Dam site Figure v
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In Africa, the world’s second-dri
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Key Facts Renewable water resources
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Figure 1.1: Total renewable water r
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Mukundi Mutasa Key Facts Africa’s
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International Rivers Dams There is
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Estuaries Estuaries are special typ
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Key Facts Africa’s climate is cha
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Africa’s Biomes Key Facts Arid la
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Figure 1.10: Selected demographic i
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overconsumption of water resources.
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Table 1.8 Examples of ecosystem ser
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FAO. (2009). AQUASTAT database. Foo
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Water systems occur at many scales
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Figure 2.1: Africa’s major transb
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The Congo River runs 4 670 km in a
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potential but fell into disrepair o
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In most years, the Shabelle’s dis
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Lake Chad is among the largest fres
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irrigation that draws water from th
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5151
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Figure 2.4.10: Damming of the Logon
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Lake Turkana is the largest desert
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Figure 2.5.4: The Gibe III dam was
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The streamflow of the Limpopo is va
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The Niger River sustains an island
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Figure 2.7.4: Dams in the Upper Nig
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a small pond for a few years during
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and services, including a productiv
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Sosialistick Ungdom/Flickr.com syst
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7171
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Figure 2.8.1 Nile Basin population
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Dams, Irrigation and Water Agreemen
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Figure 2.8.8: Tekezê Dam site, bef
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B A 2006, IR n.d., UN News Centre 2
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Figure 2.8.12: Wet season and dry s
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CPWF Basin Focal Project/Flickr.com
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Case Study: Coastal Erosion and the
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Much of the basin’s population is
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There are no major dams on the Okav
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While only three per cent of the ba
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The river’s transboundary nature
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in the delta area. In both cases, p
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Figure 2.12.8: Years of drought and
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The Volta Basin lies across parts o
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Over 40 million people make their h
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Ryan Hoover/International Rivers Ca
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seasonal flooding following the dam
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affected by recurrent drought. Afri
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Nubian Sandstone Aquifer The Nubian
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Figure 2.16.4: Nubian Sandstone Aqu
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Gordontour/Flickr.com The Great Man
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Figure 2.17.1: North-Western Sahara
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Figure 2.19.1: Southeast Kalahari K
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Figure 2.21.1: Map of Tano Groundwa
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Kiwango, Y. and Wolanski, E. (2008)
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Improving the Quantity, Quality and
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CHALLENGE 1 PROVIDE SAFE DRINKING W
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US Marine Corps./Flickr.com challen
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CHALLENGE 2 ENSURE ACCESS TO ADEQUA
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Kuritita/Flickr.com chronic under-f
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CHALLENGE 3 FOSTER COOPERATION IN T
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Catherine Murray/Flickr.com there i
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CHALLENGE 4 PROVIDE WATER FOR FOOD
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Figure 3.4.3 Proportion of arable l
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• Invest in simple and inexpensiv
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CHALLENGE 5 DEVELOP HYDROPOWER TO E
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destroyed by war in countries such
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Table 3.5.1: Overview of proposed h
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Box 3.5.2. Regional power pools and
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CHALLENGE 6 MEET GROWING WATER DEMA
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Mike Blyth/Flickr.com are charged f
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CHALLENGE 7 PREVENT LAND DEGRADATIO
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Figure 3.7.2: Dry and wet seasons i
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Box 3.7.1: Environmental reserves i
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CHALLENGE 8 MANAGE WATER UNDER GLOB
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Box 3.8.2: Late-twentieth-century w
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Figure 3.8.2: Number of people kill
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ILRI/Flickr.com • Population grow
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CHALLENGE 9 ENHANCE CAPACITY TO ADD
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policy and strategy reforms and set
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6. Meet Growing Water Demand AfDB.
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Tracking Progress Towards Environme
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Access to Improved Drinking Water G
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Pierre Holtz/UNICEF In Africa, half
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Rural-Urban Disparities Access to I
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Percentage of urban population usin
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Worldwide, women shoulder the large
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CAPE VERDE Praia GAMBIA GUINEA- BIS
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Industrial Water Pollution Algeria
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Vulnerability of the Nile Delta to
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Water Scarcity and Virtual Water Li
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Curt Carnemark / World Bank wastewa
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Erik Hersman/Flickr.com Water-Relat
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Unsustainable Exploitation of Aquif
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CAPE VERDE Praia GAMBIA GUINEA- BIS
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D Proffer/Flickr.com Degradation of
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Climate-change Impacts on Water Ava
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Carsten/Flickr.com Water Stress and
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Rural Water and Sanitation Infrastr
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Matt Rudge/Flickr.com Endemic Droug
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_Julien Harneisr/Flickr.com Water P
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Civil Unrest and Water Access Two d
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Drought Since 1960, Uganda has expe
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WESTERN SAHARA Rabat MOROCCO ALGERI
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Hydropower Capacity and Drought Vul
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HDPTCAR Civil Unrest Affecting Wate
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Afcone/Flickr.com Drought and Food
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Julien Harneis/Flickr.com Populatio
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Julien Harneis/Flickr.com Displacem
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Flickr.com Water Access Despite hav
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Urban Water Access and Pollution Wi
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Maria Cartas/Flickr.com Water Pollu
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WESTERN SAHARA Rabat MOROCCO ALGERI
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Sand Mining Benin’s 125-km coastl
Page 253 and 254: Climate Variability and Water Scarc
Page 255 and 256: Richard Leeming/Flickr.com Unsustai
Page 257 and 258: Threats to Aquaculture Production f
Page 259 and 260: Wetland Degradation An estimated 20
Page 261 and 262: lepetitNicolas/Flickr.com Degradati
Page 263 and 264: Taking Advantage of Hydropower Pote
Page 265 and 266: Contaminated Water Supplies in Biss
Page 267 and 268: Slums and Access to Sanitation Faci
Page 269 and 270: Bob Rayner/Flickr.com Drought, Dese
Page 271 and 272: Phytoplankton blooms (Source: NASA
Page 273 and 274: Foxc Photography/Flickr.com Access
Page 275 and 276: Degradation of Hadejia-Nguru Wetlan
Page 277 and 278: About Skorasaurus /Flickr.com Publi
Page 279 and 280: Hydroelectric Power Potential Sierr
Page 281 and 282: Travelling Pooh/Flickr.com Threats
Page 283 and 284: CAPE VERDE Praia GAMBIA GUINEA- BIS
Page 285 and 286: Under-developed Irrigation Potentia
Page 287 and 288: Michael Gorey/Flickr.com Water Avai
Page 289 and 290: John Pannell/Flicrk.com Water Scarc
Page 291 and 292: Paul Shaffner/Flicrk.com Water-rela
Page 293 and 294: Urban and Rural Water and Sanitatio
Page 295 and 296: Rui Ornelas/Flickr.com Water Scarci
Page 297 and 298: World Bank Water Supply Shortage Po
Page 299 and 300: Oxfam International/Flickr.com Resp
Page 301 and 302: Sustainable Sanitation/Flickr.com L
Page 303: Altered Flood Regime in the Kafue R
Page 307 and 308: CAPE VERDE Praia GAMBIA GUINEA- BIS
Page 309 and 310: Water Contamination from Volcanic E
Page 311 and 312: Drought in Southern Madagascar Desp
Page 313 and 314: Mootoosamy Olivier Daren/Flickr.com
Page 315 and 316: Water Availability and Storage The
Page 317 and 318: Central African Republic IDMC. (201
Page 319 and 320: UN-Water. (2008). National Investme
Page 321 and 322: Glossary Agro-pastoral Anthropogeni
Page 323 and 324: Acknowledgement Production and Edit
Page 325 and 326: H Hadejia-Nguru Wetland, Nigeria 26
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Africa Water Atlas - UNEP/GRID-Sioux Falls

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