Planning for Climate Change - UN-Habitat

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Introduction While it is not the primary focus of this guide, mitigation is a key component of climate change planning. Planners can play an important role in mitigating climate change by leading the way in reducing greenhouse gas emissions through actions such as: Supporting and leading more sustainable and compact urban design; Encouraging and facilitating new green building technologies and development (buildings are major energy consumers and GHG emitters in both their construction and operation); Facilitating improved transportation networks with options that both reduce urban traffic congestion and support greener modes of transportation (public transportation, van and bus transportation, cycling, walking, etc.); Encouraging and facilitating new technologies and development for the treatment of liquid and solid wastes (wastewater treatment plants and landfills are sources of energy that can reduce the reliance on other energy sources that are large greenhouse gas emitters); Supporting sustainable energy production and distribution systems (e.g., urban solar and wind power, district energy systems, etc.); and, Supporting the conservation and rehabilitation of ecosystem for the mitigation services they provide (for example carbon sinks provided by forests) While cities definitely play a role in mitigation, the direction, mandate, resources and policy guidance to undertake broad-based mitigation activities most often comes from higher levels of government (typically federal or national governments). National standards for vehicle emissions and building codes are a couple of examples. Carbon cap and trade or carbon tax regimes are another. Certainly, there have been many cases, especially in the developed world, where cities have taken the lead on mitigation activities before there were (or in many cases are) national mandates for mitigation. Cities can also work together and lobby national governments to take action. The strategic planning approach outlined in this guide includes a key step to screen climate actions by considering how they would (and could) also support mitigation. Strategy assessment tools will help urban planners identify mitigation measures within their sphere of influence, and figure out how to integrate them into existing local government and sectoral plans and policies. While even aggressive measures by one city acting alone will not have a significant effect on global greenhouse gas conditions, proactive steps by many urban settlements around the world may well slow climate change impacts. Therefore cities (along with other actors) should take measures to reduce GHG emissions within their sphere of influence. This is particularly true in growing urban areas in developing nations, where some urban populations are projected to increase significantly – even double – over 14 PLANNING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE:
Introduction the next 20 years. Paired with an increase in wealth, this population increase will have major impacts on emissions through urban expansion and redevelopment, increases in individual car ownership, changes in settlement patterns and pressures on municipal infrastructure. Global growth in GHG emissions will likely occur primarily in the building and transport sectors in low and middle income countries. Better urban planning and growth management today will help limit and mitigate future emissions, as well as increasing the resilience of urban areas to the impacts of climate change. Figure 1: World GHG Emissions Flow Chart GHG EMISSIONS SECTOR END USE/ACTIVITY Transportation 13.5% Road 9.9% Air 1.6% Rail, Ship & Other Transport 2.3% Residential Buildings 9.9% Electricity & Heat 24.6% Commercial Buildings 5.4% Unallocated Fuel Combustion 3.5% Iron & Steel 3.2% Aluminum/NonFerrous Metals 1.4% Machinery 1.0% Pulp Paper & Printing 1.0% Food & Tobacco 1.0% Other Fuel 9.0% Consumption Chemicals 4.8% Cement 3.8% Industry 10.4% Other Industry 5.0% T&D Losses 1.9% Coal Mining 1.4% Fugitive Emissions 3.9% Industrial Processing 3.4% Oil/Gax Extraction, Refining 6.3% & Processing Land Use Change 18.2% Deforestation 8.3% Afforestation -1.5% Reforestation -0.5% Harvest/Management 2.5% Other -0.6% Agriculture Energy Use 1.4% Agriculture Soils 6.0% Agriculture 13.5% Livestock & Manure 5.1% Ripe Cultivation 1.5% Other Agriculture 0.5% Landfills Waste 3.6% 2.0% Wastewater, 1.6% Other Waste E N E R G Y A Strategic, Values-based Approach for Urban Planners 15
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Module C: What Can We Do About It?
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Appendix 1 - Tools TOOL 1-A Step 1,
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Appendix 5 - References and Noted R
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Planning for Climate Change - UN-Habitat

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