Anthropology - Butler University

ANTHROPOLOGY
The Near East Side Legacy: Revitalization or Gentrification?
Samantha Adamson, Faculty Sponsor: Susan Hyatt, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
With the recent injection of funds from Indianapolis Super Bowl’s NFL Youth Education Town
Legacy project, a revitalization endeavor on the upper near Eastside of Indianapolis has taken
place gained additional funding and momentum with the hopes of creating a “neighborhood of
choice” in close vicinity to Indianapolis downtown. In this paper, I will evaluate the
consequences of the Legacy project. Is this project the neighborhood revitalization that
Indianapolis’ upper eastside so desperately needs? Or is this a superficial development that is
simply an example of gentrification at its finest? I will evaluate the differences between the ideas
of those who benefit from the project and those who are just outside its reach.
Super Hoosier Hospitality
Oaksoon Callahan, Faculty Sponsor: Susan Hyatt, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
The Super Bowl XLVI in Indianapolis recruited 13,000 Hoosiers volunteers to make the event a
success. In my paper, I will be discussing Indianapolis’s Philanthropy leading up to the Super
Bowl. My research will survey philanthropic activities in relation to the Super Bowl and the
impact of such a connection on those organizations. I will be surveying volunteers about their
philanthropic activities leading up to the Super Bowl and whether the Super Bowl was a onetime
philanthropic act, a way to be involved with the Super Bowl, or another opportunity for
them to give back to the community. Many organizations are also partaking in the Legacy
Project on the Near Eastside, but how will such a project be maintained after the Super Bowl
when the “Super Bowl” label is no longer attached the opportunities of philanthropy?
Reifying Beauty: Hair, Gender, & Power
Matthew Free, Faculty Sponsor: Sholeh Shahrokhi, Butler University
In the creation of beauty and fashion, much attention is paid to the role of the fashion industry
elite—those who indeed create trends and beauty ideals. However, whatever influence ‘high
fashion’ has on perception and creation of beauty norms and exceptions, beauty is idealized,
enacted, performed, and created daily by the ‘laypeople’ of fashion, the professionals of
technique. This multisided, mini-ethnographic project attempts to locate the salon amidst the
discourses it produces and by which it is produced. Somewhere between 'high fashion,' those
who hold the power to determine trends and styles, and the consumers that buy and buy into
these ideas is the place—the salon—that facilitates an integral part of this exchange. The
beautician is artist-laborer, translating the ‘high fashion’ of hair into the everyday, designing and
realizing some fusion of pragmatism and what is in-style. From where beauty is deified to where
it is reified, connotations and expectations of gender, race, and power permeate the industries
and ideologies of beauty-making. Norms are not representative of the whole, but created as an
end—the means to which are money and painstaking treatments, products, styling, razors, shears,
chemicals, and judgment. The endless flux of rewriting the self into what has already been and is

constantly being authored is reflected in the periodic visit to the salon. I have tried here to initiate
a dialogue between constructions and performances of beauty and gender and the power
relationships amongst the beautician, beauty ideals, race, consumerism, and the client.
While Neighborhoods Decline, Georgia Street Rises: An Analysis of Downtown
Development and the Super Bowl in Indianapolis Stephen Godanis, Faculty Sponsor: Susan
Hyatt, Indiana University/Purdue University at Indianapolis
Downtown Indianapolis is witnessing a dramatic resurgence. The completion of the Georgia
Street corridor, a three-block, 12.5 million dollar project, complete with covered pedestrian
walkways, trees, and imagined cafes, is the envy of the city. Few neighborhoods boast the
development that has become common downtown. In this paper, I analyze the effects of the new
Georgia St. corridor on the downtown area. In addition, I will discuss the ways in which this
ambitious project was initiated and completed in a surprisingly short period of time, during the
run-up to the Super Bowl while other neighborhoods in Indianapolis have been left to languish.
Food Porn: the Art of Food Photography, Blogging, and Entering the "Foodie" Culture
Emilija Grinvalds, Faculty Sponsor: Troy Hill, Butler University
With the advent of Food Network, Iron Chef, and food-centric magazines, food blogging has
become an increasingly popular method of becoming involved with the "foodie" culture. Anyone
with a camera and internet access can share their recipes online to a huge community that is
passionate and hungry for the next big recipe. However, as the community continues to grow and
become more exclusive, the quality of food photography has become the determining factor that
separates amateur foodies from professionals. The art of food photography is to master how to
manipulate light and "style" the food so that the food not only looks appetizing, but also tells a
story. In this presentation I will share my food blogging experiences and "the tricks of the trade"
on how to create food stories and properly photograph food.
A Glimpse of Ghana
Kelly Hamman & Jenna Wheaton, Faculty Sponsor: Deborah Corpus, Butler University
After two best friends studied separately in Ghana, they returned with a new perspective of
Ghana and the world. Fusing elements they observed in everyday life with an academic historical
basis of understanding, a new conceptualization of Ghanaian life and society has emerged. These
two friends seek to share the joys of life in Ghana while providing additional information on the
core factors that have served to shape this illuminating country, including indigenous culture,
religion, and tribal structures as well as the unfortunate advent of colonialism and slavery.
Job Scrimmage: After the Game Is Over
Amanda Jolliffe, Faculty Sponsor: Susan Hyatt, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
The problem of unemployment in Indianapolis can be debilitating emotionally and
financially. The Super Bowl is coming to Indianapolis in 2012 and along with the excitement it
will supposedly bring in new employment opportunities. The question on everyone's mind is

whether the Super Bowl jobs will have the staying power to remain in Indianapolis after the
game is over or whether they will disappear as has been the case in other cities that have hosted
major sporting events. In this paper, I evaluate the kinds of jobs that came to Indy and whether
any of them will be living wage jobs.
New Brew: The Emergence of Microbrewing in the American Midwest
Dustin Klingler, Faculty Sponsor: Susan Hyatt, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
Brewing is a tradition long practiced Indiana but within the past two decades the state has
become a center for innovation within the craft and it now stands at the vanguard. As
Indianapolis is continuously growing so are these small breweries. The significance behind these
breweries is that they are intertwined with other local food movements within and around the
state of Indiana. These small breweries have also been instrumental in passing new legislation
allowing for sales on Sunday, which equates to direct state revenue. Most importantly these
small breweries have also become integral members of their communities, giving back to their
local customers through various fundraisers, donations, and special charity events. The goal of
this presentation is to explain the connections microbreweries have to other local food
movements as well as analyze the effects they are having their communities.
The Catholic Church and Mexican Immigrants in Indianapolis: The Immigrant
Experience in Indianapolis at St. Philip Neri
Ryan Logan, Faculty Sponsor: Susan Hyatt, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
Although marginalized, the growth in Latino populations is having an effect on many
metropolitan areas in the United States. This is seen on East and West Washington Street here in
Indianapolis as well as in several Catholic parishes. In this presentation, I will explore the nature
of the changing relationships between the Catholic Church (specifically St. Philip Neri Catholic
Church in Indianapolis) and the influx of Latino residents and worshippers in that parish.
Utilizing ethnographic methodology, I will demonstrate how the Catholic Church plays a pivotal
role in the lives of Latino immigrants and, in many ways, how the Latino immigrants are saving
Catholic parishes.
Conceptions of Identity in Teotitlán del Valle
Angela Miller, Faculty Sponsor: Ageeth Sluis, Butler University
In order to research my honor’s thesis for Butler University, I spent April and May of 2011
living with members of Vida Nueva, a women’s weaving cooperative in Teotitlán del Valle, a
rural Zapotec village in southern Mexico. The resulting ethnography documents and analyzes the
ways in which Vida Nueva’s efforts to empower indigenous women have altered the community
of Teotitlán. The first section of the project uses Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of capital to examine
how the women’s attempt to gain economic resources has resulted in their attainment of cultural
and social assets. The second chapter uses subaltern theory to investigate how the rug market has
shaped indigenous identity in Teotitlán. The final chapter elaborates on the idea that the women
have altered cultural norms by exploring notions of gender identity in the state of Oaxaca. The

conclusion integrates the results to show that Vida Nueva has changed the community of
Teotitlán.
Examining the Colonial Project: James Cameron’s Avatar and the Conquest of Knowledge
and Desire
Tia Osborne, Faculty Sponsor: Sholeh Shahrokhi, Butler University
James Cameron’s Avatar stands as one of the most successful movies of all time. The fan base
and online community connected to this film is enormous and illustrates Cameron’s ability to
create films that resonate with the “contemporary zeitgeist.” This paper examines the ways in
which Avatar, as an immensely popular cultural product, speaks to both our past and our present.
Drawing on influential works such as Edward Said’s Orientalism, Talal Asad’s Anthropology &
the Colonial Encounter and other writers like Arturo Escobar and Michel Foucault, I examine
the ways in which the conquest of knowledge and desire in the colonial context becomes
intimately intertwined and emphasized through the two main characters’ (Jake Sully and Neytiri)
romantic relationship throughout the film. This “conquest of knowledge” primarily considers the
discourse both surrounding and constructing the “Other” throughout colonial and neocolonial
encounters. In addition, I argue that the construction of the “Other” is coupled with a gendered
construction, with the colonial power, the “knower” relatively superior to the colonial subject,
the “known.”
Harry Potter and the Manifestations of Colonialism
John Shaw, Faculty Sponsor: Sholeh Shahrokhi, Butler University
This presentation offers a critical examination of the Harry Potter book series by JK Rowling
and the ways that we can trace various forms of colonial powers represented in their stories.
More specifically, by examining the relationship presented to us between the wizards and
witches that populate the novels and the magical creatures known as “house-elves”. I argue that
the books provide clear references to colonialism, (i.e. subjugated populations, acts of resistance,
and struggles with identity) that closely parallel the history of our own world. To frame the
theoretical approach of this research I used works from authors Michel Foucault, Edward Said,
Arturo Escobar, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak in order to get a sense of the anthropological
and colonial canon as well as various critiques of discourse. Finally, in order to situate these
theories in the fictional world of Harry Potter, this critique will depart from a passage in which
Rowling describes a statue created by the wizards that is symbolic of a hierarchal binary between
the colonizer and the colonized.
Cultural Biases within Art
Ginny Swale, Faculty Sponsor: Sholeh Shahrokhi, Butler University
As the creation and trade of art becomes globalized in the modern era, we are asked to consider
what, if any, cultural biases are present in that exchange. How do different cultures perceive and
appreciate foreign art? More specifically, in what ways do cultural biases and stereotypes
influence us to either approve or disapprove (through purchase or patronage) of a foreign art
form? Through my discussion on this topic, I would like to highlight the hypocrisy with which
art is bought and sold in the U.S- specifically how a piece of art can be transformed from being

perceived as 'primitive' and worthless to a valuable, prized possession all through the connotation
under which it’s sold. I will be using examples from African art and Mexican textiles to
demonstrate the relationship between differing cultures and to showcase some very relevant
examples of art manipulation.
A Fatal Attraction: The Symbiotic Relationship between Indianapolis and a Sports
Strategy
Lian Thang, Faculty Sponsor: Susan Hyatt, Indiana University/Purdue University at Indianapolis
For Indianapolis, a chance to host the 2012 Super Bowl is not only an honor, but it is an
opportunity to rebrand itself as a "big league city" with Midwestern charm. From the building of
the Lucas Oil Stadium, to the expansion of the existing convention center to subsidizing the
building of a soaring new hotel, Indianapolis has bent itself backward to be "cool" and "sporty."
This dependency on sports as a mean for economic development has created a complex
landscape in the city of Indianapolis and its surrounding areas. Thus, I will analyze how the
vernacular landscape of the city of Indianapolis and its surroundings has been impacted over
time due to a sports strategy.
Coffee and Dates: Perceptions of Life in the Modern Middle East
Patrick Thevenow, Faculty Sponsor: Elise Edwards, Butler University
This presentation explores the differing usage of public space by men in the Middle East and the
implications of foreign perception upon this activity through the analysis of existing historical
and anthropological work on this subject and original ethnographic fieldwork in the Sultanate of
Oman. Through examining the use of public space in the Middle East I create an image of life in
a culture quite different from America which will aid in furthering understanding between
American and Middle Eastern culture. Firsthand ethnographic work with Omani men over their
daily date and coffee meetings is the basis of this work, coupled with a discussion of the effects
of foreign and domestic perception upon the activities of this last generation of men to grow up
in a largely pre-oil Middle East. This work is a culmination of over two years of research,
multiple trips to a wide range of locations in the Middle East, and countless hours of writing and
editing that has all contributed to create a unique image of a part of life in the Arab World that is
rarely encountered by Americans.
The Curse of Being Iraqi: A Summer in Kurdistan
Patrick Thevenow, Faculty Sponsor: Elise Edwards, Butler University
American perceptions of life in Iraq have been largely formed through images of atrocities and
war over the past two decades. While my personal perception of Iraq had been formed based
upon these images, a trip to Iraq in the summer of 2011 completely rebuilt my understanding of
life in Iraq. Through photographs, ethnographic storytelling, and discussion, I hope to paint a
unique portrait of daily life in Iraq. While what has been broadcast on television is a part of the
reality of life here, it is by no means the entire reality. This presentation will seek to broaden
horizons and enhance the understanding of life for Iraqis--a group of people who remain
misunderstood and demonized by long years of war and violence.

Death in the Neighborhood of Saturdays: An Ethnograpic Portrait of Mortuary Practices
from Indianapolis' Old Southside
Anne Waxingmoon, Faculty Sponsor: Susan Hyatt, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
The Neighborhood of Saturdays is a collaborative project between the Anthropology Department
at IUPUI, and current and former residents of Indianapolis' Old Southside. Dr. Susan Hyatt has
directed students in collecting the oral histories of neighborhood life from the residents. Stories
of unity and relative racial harmony are in abundance from the old neighborhood, particularly
before it was literally divided by super infrastructure with the building of Interstate 70. A priority
of the project is the completion and publishing of a book to honor the Old Southside entitled The
Neighborhood of Saturdays. My Senior Project, "Death in the Neighborhood of Saturdays"
represents a sub-project, focused on the death and bereavement practices of two of the
neighborhood's prominent subcommunities: Sephardic Jews and African-Americans. Through
oral interviews, scholarly research, and participant observation in contemporary funeral practices
from both sub-communities, I have compiled a chapter for inclusion in The Neighborhood of
Saturdays. My work highlights how ethnic identity and public policy intersect to impact death
and bereavement practices in historic and contemporary Indianapolis.
BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY
Refining the Annotations of Malaria Genomes
Asaad Alkhouli, Faculty Sponsor: Peter Blair, Earlham College
Malaria remains a global scourge to human life and existence and is responsible for up to 500
million cases and 3 million deaths annually. Therefore the need to establish and design novel
malaria drug and vaccine strategies is crucial yet remains challenged, in part, due to the current
status of malaria gene annotations. While the human malaria (P. falciparum) genome deserves
the majority of attention, the accuracy of the rodent model (P. yoelii) genome is imperative for
the traditional pipeline of drug/vaccine development and validity studies. Our research utilizes
published large-scale datasets, notably Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), comparative genomics,
and bioinformatic approaches to resolve and correct the current P. yoelii gene annotations. Our
research focused on the first 200 genes of the rodent malaria genome. Overall, 62% of all genes
surveyed were incorrectly called as originally published. This presentation will offer both a
description of our methodology and an update of results. Our data are currently available on the
free online genomic resource, PlasmoDB (www.plasmodb.org). This work was funded by an
NIH Academic Research Enhancement Award (R15 AI068675-01/02) and the Stephenson Fund.
Developing a Temperature-Sensitive S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) Hydrolase
Expression Vector to Study SAM Metabolism in E. Coli
Matt Alward, Faculty Sponsor: Jeffrey Hughes, Millikin University
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) hydrolase (SAMase) cleaves SAM in E. coli transformed with
expression vectors containing the cloned coliphage T3 gene. This provides a tool to study the

metabolism of SAM in these cells. A temperature sensitive mutant of this enzyme is being
studied to determine whether temperature shifts might be used to regulate SAMase activity. The
variant gene, SAM ts , has been cloned into bacteriophage M13 and cells infected by these phage
are being assayed at different temperatures for activities affected by SAMase expression. To
produce a more reliable expression vector, the SAM ts gene is being spliced into pUC18 to allow
antibiotic selection of transformed cells. The goal of this research is to provide a molecular tool
for controlled expression of SAMase in E. coli that should be useful in studies involving cell
division, methylations, and other SAM-related activities.
Locating a SNP on a Particular Region of the HLA-C Gene in Psoriatic Individuals that
Will Indicate Susceptibility to Developing Psoriasis
Kristy Amores, Faculty Sponsor: Joann Lau, Bellarmine University
Psoriasis is a non-contagious, lifelong skin disorder that is characterized by periodic flare-ups of
well defined, red patches covered by silvery flaky scales. It can be difficult to determine
individuals at risk for psoriasis since there are several factors including genetic and
environmental. The purpose of this study was to identify a single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP) in the PSOR1 susceptibility gene, HLA-C (a gene associated with the immune system)
that will identify individuals susceptible to psoriasis. PSORS1 has been implicated in about 35-
50% of the heritability of the disease. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used
to amplify a 3000 bp region of HLA-C. Previously established two primer sets within the HLA-
C region were used for PCR optimization and analyzed by gel electrophoresis. DNA samples
from healthy and psoriatic individuals will be collected. Age and gender matched will be
extracted, amplified and sequenced to identify a SNP for restriction enzyme screening. Results
from this experiment can be used to develop a way to screen individuals who are more
susceptible to psoriasis.
Do Butterfly Communities Change Over Time in Northern California?
Lucas Avery, Faculty Sponsor: Andrew McCall, Denison University
Climate change is affecting many species across diverse ecosystems. Butterflies are reliable
biological indicator species with changes in habitat ranges correlating with regional climate
trends. In this study we explored if butterfly communities at ten sites in northern California
changed over the last thirty years, and whether these changes depended on the life history
characteristics (weedy or non-weedy) of the species Our hypotheses were that the communities
were changing and that weedy species were changing less because of their greater tolerance to
changes in host plant availability. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to
first characterize each year using relative butterfly species abundances. This also allowed us to
graphically observe the changes in time in multivariate space. We analyzed the change in
communities over time by first partitioning the years into early, mid, and late periods. We then
analyzed the differences among the categories using a multivariate extension of ANOVA called
ANOSIM. All of the butterfly communities changed over the three time periods. (P-values for
all sites were < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in the amount of change between
the weedy and non-weedy butterflies, suggesting that the differences over time were not
dependent on life histories.

The Relationship between Soil pH, Depth below Surface, and Buried Bone Preservation
Sarah Berger, Faculty Sponsor: Stephen Nawrocki, University of Indianapolis
There are many factors that can affect the condition and survival of bones depending on whether
they are scattered on the ground surface or buried. This research examines the effects of burial
on bone condition for 26 adult and 51 subadult human skeletons excavated from the historic 19th
century Berne Cemetery in northwest Indiana. The degree of erosion, cortical delamination,
fragmentation, and differential preservation of spongy and cortical bone was documented and
ranked for each skeleton. Following the model developed by Nawrocki (1995), skeletal ranks
were then correlated to the pH of the soil in each burial, depth below surface, and degree of
postburial disturbance (if present) in order to determine which factors, if any, affected bone
condition. This approach should help us to understand why skeletons deposited in seemingly
similar environments display considerable variability in preservation.
Small Mammal Biodiversity and Abundance at Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge
Stephanie Bishir, Faculty Sponsors: Walter Bruyninckx & Joseph Robb, Hanover College
I surveyed small mammals at Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge (BONWR) during the summer
and fall of 2011. BONWR is located on the former site of the Jefferson Proving Ground. Given
this history, there exists unexploded ordnance on the property that has limited access since 1940,
and has resulted in mammal diversity not being well documented. BONWR is interested in
developing a species list in order to assess biodiversity and document any rare species, allowing
the refuge to be able to better understand how to manage and preserve the unique biodiversity
and habitat relationships of the species found on the refuge. In my survey, a total of 7 habitat
types were sampled yielding 6 species in 1,652 total trap nights. The habitats sampled were pole
stand and mature mixed forest, mixed forest riparian corridor, open and dense grassland with
saplings, mature mesic forest slope, and open grassland near forest edge. I also examined 29
previous specimens that were collected in pitfall traps that were set during a previous
investigation. The white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) was the dominant species,
comprising 61.73% of the total species captured. The prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) was
subdominant, comprising 16.05% of the total species captured. Species diversity was highest in
the open grassland and lower in forest habitats. The information gathered can be compared to
future surveys as environmental conditions change to assess the impact that these changes are
having on the small mammal populations, in regards to their diversity, abundance, and overall
habitat relationships.
Periwinkle Eradication: Are Multiple Years of Herbicide Application Necessary?
Stacy Buschhaus, Faculty Sponsor: Darrin Rubino, Hanover College
Periwinkle (Vinca minor L.) becomes an invasive species when it escapes into Midwestern
forests. The goal of this study was to determine the most effective method of site preparation
and herbicide application to eradicate periwinkle. During the previous growing season all of the
vinca was sprayed with herbicide. Three herbicide treatment methods were used in the second
year: rake-and-spray (rake around any periwinkle seen and spray), see-and-spray (any vinca that
lived through the first year and was visible was sprayed), and intense rake and spray (removal of
all vegetative cover and spraying of periwinkle). The species, tree species, and woody species

ichness, and percent periwinkle cover were assessed throughout the 2011 growing season. An
ANOVA analysis determined that herbicide application to invaded areas significantly increased
species richness (F = 29.64, P < 0.05), tree species richness (F = 9.50), and woody species
richness (F = 10.90) in the three treatment sections. Herbicide application also significantly
decreased (F = 2053.20) the percent periwinkle cover in the three treatment sections by the end
of the growing season. UPGMA cluster analysis of the treatments showed that the rake-andspray
and see-and-spray treatments were most successful in establishing non-invaded
communities following herbicide application. Results show that multiple herbicide applications
are needed over several years in order to completely eradicate Vinca minor from the area and
return it to a natural, non-invaded state.
Analysis of DNA Sequence and Enzyme Expression of Cloned Punitive T3 SAMase
Homologs in Escherichia Coli
Ian Callahan, Faculty Sponsor: Jeffrey Hughes, Millikin University
A variety of bacteriophage direct synthesis of an S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) hydrolase
(SAMase) immediately upon infection to inactive host Type I restriction systems. The cloned
SAMase gene from coliphage T3 has been expressed in Escherichia coli to remove endogenous
SAM and study metabolic consequences such as the effects of SAMase-induced
hypomethylation, induction of methionine biosynthetic genes, and impaired cell division. Using
degenerate primers, genomic DNA from coliphage BA14, serratia phage IV, and klebsiellaphage
K11 was amplified by PCR and cloned into pUC18. Analysis of insert DNA sequences and the
ability of each plasmid to induce met regulon genes in the E. coli will verify the identity and
activity of each putative clone. Furthermore, comparison of these sequences to those obtained
from seven bacteriophage genomes submitted to GenBank should identify features in the protein
related to its activity, information that should be useful in creating a more effect SAMase
expression vector.
Treatment of Craniofacial Deficits in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome
Alexis Chom, Faculty Sponsor: Randall Roper, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
Trisomy 21 is the genetic source of the group of phenotypes commonly known as Down
syndrome (DS). These phenotypes include cognitive impairment, heart defects and craniofacial
abnormalities, including a small mandible. The Ts65Dn mouse model contains three copies of
approximately half the genes found on human chromosome 21 and exhibits similar phenotypes
to individuals with DS including a small, dysmorphic mandible. Our lab has traced this deficit to
a smaller first branchial arch (BA1) consisting of fewer neural crest cells (NCCs) at embryonic
day 9.5 (E9.5). At E9.5, Dyrk1a, a gene known to affect craniofacial development, is upregulated
in the BA1, likely contributing to its cell deficit. Using epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), an
extract from green tea and a known inhibitor of Dyrk1a, we are attempting to rescue this deficit.
We hypothesize the consumption of EGCG by pregnant mothers at E7 and E8 will rescue the
mandibular deficit in developing embryos by reducing the expression or activity of Dyrk1a.
From our data we conclude the treatment of pregnant mothers with EGCG results in increased
embryo size of trisomic embryos. Further analysis will be done to determine embryo volume, the
volume of the BA1, and number of NCCs within the BA1 to determine the effects of EGCG in

vivo. This research will better our understanding of craniofacial development and could lead to
potential genetic-based therapies in the future.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ester Derivatives of Chloramphenicol
Nathan Clarke, Faculty Sponsor: Jeremy Johnson, Butler University
The increase in antibiotic resistant drugs over the past decades has led researchers into
developing new methods to maximize the efficacy of already developed antibiotics. Through the
process of microwave synthesis and solution phase resins, choloramphenicol derivatives were
esterified with three differing carboxylic acids, (Triacetic Acid, Proprionic acid, Cyclobuteric
acid). Theaddition of esters to the antibiotics removes its potential toxicity until bacterial
esterases reactivate the drug. Microwave synthesis for each reaction yielded low to moderate
concentrations of complex mixtures of chloramphenicol derivatives; whereas the use of solution
phase resins (PS-Carbodiimide) yielded much higher concentrations. Products were tested for
their ability to inhibit bacterialgrowth. In the presence of different bacterial esterases, the
proprionic acid derivatives showed the greatest reactivation of the chloramphenicol, inhibiting
the growth of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilus.
Genetic Diversity in Genus Myriophyllum
Kelly Crider, Faculty Sponsor: Nathanael Hauck, Butler University
Invasive Myriophyllum spicatum (i.e. Eurasian watermilfoil) is a major threat to the biodiversity
of native communities of organisms. Additionally, M. spicatum clogs waterways and costs the
state of Indiana thousands of dollars in treatment costs each year. Samples of watermilfoil were
collected from the Indianapolis Canal to measure levels of genetic diversity, a classic indicator of
the overall health of a population. DNA was extracted from the samples, and specific sequences
were replicated via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using both chloroplast and random
amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Replicated chloroplast DNA was sent into
MCLabs for genetic sequencing, while RAPD DNA was run out on agarose gels. Genetic
sequencing from MCLabs indicated that M. spicatum made up a much smaller percentage of the
Canal’s milfoil population than originally anticipated, with the vast majority of the population
being composed of native varieties of milfoil.
A New Assay to Measure Uptake by S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) in Escherichia Coli
Transformed with a Yeast SAM Permease Expression Vector
Kirsten Daykin, Faculty Sponsor: Jeffrey Hughes, Millikin University
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) is a sulfonium containing metabolite whose presence is vital for
many metabolic reactions. SAM, however, cannot cross cell membranes in Escherichia
coli. Metabolism of SAM has been extensively studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and
advantage of this species being that it processes a transmembrane SAM permease (SAP) which
allows exogenously added SAM to cross cell membranes. Transforming a putative SAP
expression vector (pSAP1) into E. coli apparently allows the uptake of SAM by these cells as
demonstrated previously. To verify this conclusion using a different assay procedure, E. coli
strains K-12 and BW545 were transformed with pSAP1, SAM was added exogenously, and
samples were taken after 0, 2, 4, and 8 hours. Cell-free media were analyzed by ultraviolet

visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) at 260 nm in order to monitor disappearance of 260nm absorbing
substances, including SAM. Comparison of these data with previous results should provide a
better basis upon which to claim that pSAP1 facilitates the uptake of SAM in E. coli.
Active Site Characterization of Vibrio Cholerae ybfF
Liz Ellis, Faculty Sponsor: Jeremy Johnson, Butler University
V. cholerae ybfF is a metabolic thioesterase with a unique binding pocket and interesting
substrate specificity. In a previous study, ybfF was found to show strong substrate specificity
toward butyl esters, but to also accept a wide-range of aromatic, polar, and sterically constrained
esters. To understand the structural basis for the catalytic promiscuity of V. cholerae, we
substituted thirteen residues within the binding pocket and active site and determined their affect
on the thermal stability and catalytic activity of ybfF. Comparison of the kinetic constants and
thermal stability of the ybfF variants to wild-type ybfF indicate that the two lobes of the
bifurcated substrate binding pockets play discrete roles in controlling catalytic activity. One
pocket containing the catalytic nucleophile controls substrate specificity, while the other pocket
contributes to stability and orients hydrolytic water molecules. The unusual substrate specificity
could make ybfF a potential prodrug target
Analysis of Culture Media for Compounds Exported from Escherichia Coli with In Vivo S-
adenosylmethionine Hydrolase Activity
Stephanie Gates, Faculty Sponsor: Jeffrey Hughes, Millikin University
In vivo expression of the cloned coliphage T3 S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase (SAMase) causes
SAM to be hydrolyzed into 5’-methylthioadenosine (which is subsequently degraded to 5-
methylthioribose, MTR) and homoserine. To better understand the consequences of expressing
SAMase in E. coli, media conditioned by cells transformed with SAMase expression vectors
were analyzed for the presence of exported organic compounds using high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Demonstrating
high levels of exported MTR will confirm published reports, identifying homoserine and
derivatives such as homoserine lactone may help explain cell aggregation in these cultures
through an autoinduction mechanism, and other molecules found in significant levels should hint
at other SAMase-related metabolic disturbances.
Comparison of the Substrate Specificity of Homologous Esterases from Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and Vibrio cholerae
Alexandra Gehring, Faculty Sponsor: Jeremy Johnson, Butler University
Multiple drug resistant TB has become common in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infections. Consequently, new drugs and new drug targets are needed to treat M. tuberculosis
infections. One interesting class of new drug targets is an enzyme family known as lipases,
which are essential to the virulence of the bacteria and are used to sustain a persistent infection
of TB. M. tuberculosis has a large number of lipases which are used to cleave ester bonds in
lipids, including Rv0045c. ybfF is an enzyme in V. cholerae that has an amino acid sequence
similar to that of Rv0045c. Because of this, it is plausible the Rv0045c and ybfF are bacterial
esterase homologs. The substrate specificity of Rv0045c and ybfF was determined against a

library of fluorogenic ester substrates. Comparison of their substrate specificity, amino acid
sequence, and crystal structures provides support that Rv0045c and ybfF are homologs.
Patterns of Tree Seedling Invasion Over Time within Self-Thinning, Near Monocultures of
Prunus serotina
Jonathan (Yoni) Glogower & Casey McCabe, Faculty Sponsor: Brent Smith, Earlham College
Black cherry (Prunus serotina, Rosaceae), is a common fruit-bearing tree found throughout
forests of eastern North America . We investigated the temporal pattern of appearance of tree
invaders in a 47 year-old black cherry forest. This forest had been closely studied since its
emergence from an abandoned farm field in 1974. In 1987, 16 plots were located in soils of
differing quality and at different tree densities. All trees in these plots were tagged and censused
regularly. We sampled invaders by coring all individuals larger than 2.5cm DBH, aging them
and recording average ring width as a measure of growth rate. Using age data, we plotted the
temporal pattern of colonization in conjunction with the temporal pattern of thinning of the
original black cherry trees. We also investigated whether present day soil quality or forest
density has had an impact on patterns of invader establishment.
We found that there was a distinct wave of increase in invader establishment at the time when
the thinning of black cherry trees was most rapid. This fits the model of inhibition put forth by
Connel and Slatyer (1977). However, growth rate based on ring width of invading trees was not
significantly different between plots of differing soil quality and plots of differing tree density.
We conclude that the decrease in black cherry density was significant enough to allow for
seedling establishment, yet still dense enough to inhibit optimal growth rates, and that
competition for light was the cause.
Effects of Intraspecific Competition on Brood Ball Construction Time of East African
Dung Beetles
Emma Grygotis & George Bouchard, Faculty Sponsor: Leslie Bishop, Earlham College
Herbivore dung contains many nutrients and resources that are available to a broad variety of
organisms. Dung beetles are one such organism, using dung for several purposes, including the
construction of brood balls in which their eggs hatch and larvae develop. Field observations of
dung beetle populations in Ndarakwai Game Reserve, Northern Tanzania, suggested that
intraspecific competition may be a determining factor of the time allocation for Kheper sp., the
most frequently observed dung species over the course of our study. We recorded the time and
number of aggressive intraspecific interactions for each phase of the brood ball construction
process, from the time an individual beetle has arrived on a fresh dung pad to the time it rolls
away with a complete brood ball. The rate of interaction was highest prior to the start of
construction, but remained high until after beetles had left the pad. These results support the
hypothesis that intraspecific competition is important in determining patterns of time allocation
during brood ball construction. Such a hypothesis could explain why many of the construction
behaviors, such as rolling away from the pile prior to covering the ball with dirt, as well as
partner building between mated pairs of beetles, are beneficial. Implications for population
variability in both ball and beetle size are also discussed.
Identification of Airborne Mold on the Campus of Bellarmine University

Samuel Harris, Faculty Sponsor: Joanne Dobbins, Bellarmine University
This research project was conducted in order to determine an efficient, accurate way of detecting
3 different species of the fungus Aspergillus (A. niger, A. flavus, and A. fumigatus)
simultaneously from an airborne sample. A protocol was developed to quickly identify airborne
molds found both outdoors and within places of residency, work, and recreation. An “Aerotech”
air sampling apparatus was used to collect airborne mold. Several samples from different
locations indoors and outdoors around the Norton Health Science Center on the campus of
Bellarmine University were taken. The sample plates were grown until distinguishable fungal
colonies appeared. Each unique colony was re-plated and, after sufficient and pure growth of
these colonies had been established, samples were prepared to microscopically identify each
unique species. Using traditional microscopic identification of fungal fruiting bodies as a
reference, Aspergillus and Penicilium molds were selected for DNA analysis. With this DNA,
PCR and gel electrophoresis determined primer affinity and accuracy with each sample. Once
Aspergillus DNA had been genetically confirmed, primers developed by the EPA for detecting
fungal species were obtained. PCR and gel electrophoresis produced clear and distinct bands for
each species tested. DNA from each control Aspergillus species was then mixed with all 3
primers in a single sample and the PCR produced one lane with 3 unique bands (a process known
as multiplexing). Species present in an unknown sample were now able to be identified as
Aspergillus and distinguished from Penicillium by comparing bands present to established band
sizes. With this type of PCR involving multiple primers and unknown samples producing
distinguishable bands or different sizes, a more efficient method to quickly and accurately
identify select species of airborne mold has been established. Finally, future comparisons of
unknown mold samples to the established fungal species, using our select primers, will give us
the capability to identify with greater efficiency the prevalence of specific airborne mold on the
Bellarmine University campus.
Hypersensitivity Response and Systemic Acquired Resistance in Mnium cuspidatum upon
Pathogenic Infection by Pythium irregulare
Rachel Heck, Faculty Sponsor: Philip Villani, Butler University
The most common methods by which angiosperms (flowering plants) respond to pathogen attack
include the hypersensitivity response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). HR is
characterized as the immediate death of cells in which the pathogen has entered, as well as the
cells surrounding the infected ones so as to prevent the spread of the pathogen. SAR is initiated
when a certain signaling molecule is sent out to all areas of the plant starting at the initial
infection site. Once SAR has been initiated, the plant will create defensive molecules (e.g.
jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene) and should be protected for an extended period of time
from a multitude of different pathogens and further infection by the same pathogen. The specific
pathogenic defense mechanisms employed by mosses have not been researched in depth, but
previous research has given evidence to suggest mosses may employ the same methods of
defense as the angiosperms. Through comparative microscopic analysis of the moss species
Mnium cuspidatum post inoculation with the fungus Pythium irregulare, evidence to suggest the
presence of the use of HR and SAR by M. cuspidatum has been noted. Further experimentation
should be performed to determine which signaling molecule is used by M. cuspidatum to initiate
SAR.

Testing the Hotspot Hypothesis of Lek Evolution in the White-Crowned Manakin
Meghan Hennessey & Martin Ventura, Faculty Sponsor: Wendy Tori, Earlham College
In many species males gather to display at traditional sites (i.e., leks) for the purpose of
mating. Females visit these display arenas to assess potential mates, and typically there is high
variance in male mating success. The fact that only a few males sire the majority of offspring
begs the question: why do males gather in leks if by doing so they may risk a decrease in fitness
by allowing direct comparison with competing males?
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of leks. The hotspot hypothesis
suggests that patterns of female movement and dispersion determine where males settle. Males
gather in areas with the highest probability of encountering females (hotspots). To test this
hypothesis, we estimated the home range size of two female White-crowned Manakins by
attaching radio transmitters and conducting telemetry via triangulation within a 100 Ha plot in
the Ecuadorian Amazon. Combining our home range estimates with previous female capture
data (2001-2011), we used Geographic Information Systems to generate a female density
map. Next, we examined whether male territories were located in areas of higher female
densities than expected by chance. To do this, we overlaid the observed male territories on the
female density map and calculated the average number of female home ranges overlapping male
territories. We compared this value against 100 sets of randomly generated territories using a
Monte Carlo simulation. Our findings are discussed in light of what is known about this species.
Unusual Gait Transitions in Elephant Calves
Megan Houchin, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Dale, Butler University
Hoyt and Taylor’s (1981) famous study of locomotion in ponies indicated that as the speed of the
ponies increased, they switched gaits from lateral sequence walk, to trot, then to gallop. This
relationship between speed and gait may be true of most animals, but it does not seem true of
young elephants. I recorded the gaits used by elephant calves during their first year of
life. Using reference points in the elephant yard I was able to calculate the speed of the
elephants when using both the lateral sequence and the trot gaits. These elephants exhibited both
gaits over the same range of speeds. I will describe the range of speeds over which the two gaits
overlapped, and discuss why elephant calves might use two different gaits at the same speed
instead of switching gaits like the ponies in Hoyt and Taylor’s study.
African Elephant Locomotion
Elizabeth Jennings, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Dale, Butler University
For hundreds of years, observers thought that elephants had only one gait. Scientists have only
recently recognized that elephants exhibit several walking patterns. Research on elephant
locomotion is important because of their huge size and their unusual body shape; this research
provides insight into the effects of mass on locomotion. There have been several interesting
studies on the footfall patterns of adult African elephants (Loxodonta africana). The present
study extends this work by examining locomotion in an African elephant calf at the Indianapolis
Zoo. I will collect frame-by-frame observational video data from this calf across a six-month
period (from the calf’s birth, July 20, 2011, to January 2012) and use this information to

determine how the movements of the fore and hind limbs are coordinated across a wide variety
of speeds and ages. My hypothesis is that stride duration will increase as the calf’s age increases,
but that the calf’s gait, itself, will not change.
Where do the Bugs Go? Pollination Networks in Alpine Meadows
Alina Kanaski, Faculty Sponsor: Chris Smith, Earlham College
Pollination networks are a way to look at pollination as an ecosystem-wide process, rather than
focusing on any single interaction. For this study, pollination networks were created for three
meadows in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. This was done through direct observation of
pollination events in sample plots over a four-week period. A tentative correlation was found
between the size and connectedness of meadows and the size of the pollination network. Two
different methods of mapping pollination networks were also compared.
Comparative Conservation Efforts: Australia & the United States
Sarah Kuchinsky, Faculty Sponsor: Travis Ryan, Butler University
A recent study abroad experience inspired the idea for this project. Australia and the United
States both have unique flora and fauna, many of which are threatened. This project focuses on
the conservation efforts of both nations by using two case studies. Conservation efforts at the
national, state, and local levels are assessed in the Hawaiian monk seal and the Tasmanian devil.
Both are endemic island species residing in their namesake locations. Both are listed as
"endangered" species and are at dire risk of extinction. This paper analyzes the main
conservation literature of both countries and looks at experiments done to assess the outcomes of
conservation laws.
Embryonic Bone Development and Nfat Expression in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model for Down
Syndrome
Ahmed Malik, Faculty Sponsor: Randall Roper, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
Down syndrome (DS) is a common genetic disorder that occurs in approximately 1 out of every
750 live births. DS phenotypes include cognitive deficits, altered craniofacial features, muscle
hypotonia, heart defects, and abnormal bone structure. The Ts65Dn mouse model is the most
common organismal model used to study DS phenotypes. This model exhibits a number of
phenotypic traits comparable to those of humans with DS, including bone anomalies. Past
studies have shown that Ts65Dn mice exhibit weaker trabecular bone due to less trabeculae.
They have also been shown to have less bone mineral density and bone mineral content at 6
weeks of age when compared to their euploid counterparts, with the severity of these defects
lessening by 16 weeks. No studies of bone development have yet decisively identified the origin
of these defects. We hypothesized that abnormal endochondral ossification is responsible for the
presence of these deficiencies in bone mineral content and bone mineral density. Aberrant
expression of Nfat has been implicated as the molecular cause of many DS-related phenotypes,
and activity of Nfat can be determined based upon its localization. Specifically, Nfat has been
shown to control many aspects of bone development, which makes it of special interest to this
research. To test our hypothesis of a bone deficit present during embryonic development of

Ts65Dn embryos, we are comparing cartilaginous template characteristics, progression of the
mineralization front, osteoclast activity, percent bone volume, and Nfat localization in euploid
and trisomic mouse femurs at embryonic day 17.5. Our preliminary data show lower percent
bone volumes in trisomic femurs, suggesting that endochondral ossification in Ts65Dn mice lags
behind that of their euploid counterparts. These results indicate that DS bone phenotypes do
indeed originate during embryonic development and create a foundation for future work on their
treatment.
Kosciusko County Water Quality Testing Factors
Ashlea Marshall, Faculty Sponsor: Paulette Sauders, Grace College
Testing for water quality can have its murky points, such as who will test the water and what the
testers will look for in the water. Microorganisms, toxins from algae, and chemicals have shut
down beaches, pools and reservoirs. In Kosciusko County in Northern Indiana, several groups of
people test their local bodies of water for harmful chemicals and take care of the area
surrounding them. Those in charge of water quality testing from four local water quality testing
groups and the Kosciusko County Health Department have agreed to share their water quality
testing practices. Through the information these groups have shared, I hope to learn which
factors determine water quality testing in Kosciusko County, such as government regulations and
scientific research.
Natural Selection on Insect Resistance in Several Populations of Wild Radish
Clare Meernik, Faculty Sponsor: Andrew McCall, Denison University
Levels of plant defenses may be predicted by the optimal defense theory, which suggests that
plants experiencing varying levels of herbivory across years will have high levels of inducible
defenses, while plants in conditions with more constant herbivory will employ constitutive
defenses. To investigate these predictions, we censused herbivore damage on fourteen
populations of wild radish from northern California for six years and grew the plants in a
greenhouse. Spodoptera exigua larvae were used to challenge half of the wild radishes from each
population and subsequently challenge all the plants. Constitutive defenses were determined by
caterpillar performance on undamaged control plants within populations, while induced defenses
were determined by analyzing caterpillar performance on previously damaged plants compared
with the undamaged controls in each population. Plants with prior damage were more resistant to
herbivory relative to controls, indicated by more trichomes produced, fewer holes eaten, and less
weight gain of the caterpillars after being challenged. However, no significant relationships were
found between variation in herbivory and constitutive or induced defense measured by the same
variables. Even with extended census data over six years, our results provide no support for a
relationship between variation in herbivory and any type of defense.
C-mpl is Expressed on Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts and is Important in Regulation of
Skeletal Homeostasis
Tomas Meijome, Faculty Sponsor: Melissa Kacena, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis

Thrombopoietin is the main megakaryocyte growth factor, and c-mpl is the thrombopoietin
receptor. As megakaryocytes have been shown to enhance bone formation, it may be expected
that c-mpl-/- mice, having reduced megakaryocyte numbers, would have decreased
bone. However, c-mpl-/- mice have similar or higher bone mass compared to controls. Here we
show, c-mpl expression on osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and begin to identify how c-mpl regulates
bone. Static and dynamic bone histomorphometry parameters suggest that c-mpl deficiency
results in a high bone turnover state with net balance or gain in bone volume. In vitro, higher
percentage of c-mpl-/- osteoblasts were in active phases of the cell cycle, leading to increased
osteoblast number. No differences in osteoblast differentiation were observed in vitro as
examined by real-time PCR and functional assays. In co-culture systems, which allow for
interactions between osteoblasts and osteoclast progenitors, c-mpl-/- osteoblasts enhanced
osteoclastogenesis. The MCSF/OPG/RANKL axis, a major pathway by which osteoblasts
regulate osteoclastogenesis, was however unaffected in c-mpl-/- osteoblasts. These data begin to
clarify the roles of megakaryocytes and c-mpl in regulating bone. Further understanding how c-
mpl regulates bone formation may provide insight into homeostatic regulation of bone mass as
well as bone loss diseases such as osteoporosis.
The Characterization of the S1 transposon in Sweet and Sour Cherry Trees
Karissa Miller, Faculty Sponsor: Nathanael Hauck, Butler University
Transposons provide variability to genomes of various species. And when comparing the diploid
sweet cherry to the tetraploid sour cherry one would think that there would be more activity and
affect in the diploid speices. In order to confirm this hypothesis, several different techniques
were employed including PCR, sequencing, RFLP, and the making of a fosmid library. In the
end it can be concluded that the S1 transposon is conserved between the two species but the
characteristics of it are not fully known at this time.
The Diversity of Feeding Behaviors in Marine Olivid Snails
Molly Miller, Faculty Sponsor: Winfried Peters, Indiana University/Purdue University at Fort
Wayne
Olivid snails (families Olividae and Olivellidae) occupy a variety of niches in the intertidal and
shallow subtidal of tropical and subtropical sandy coasts worldwide. Evolutionary niche
establishment depends on various factors; in the olivids, different modes of food acquisition
seem to have played a key role. The two extremes are represented by large predatory members of
Oliva (olive snails) which show very complex behavioral sequences of prey attack and handling,
and some small Olivella (dwarf olive snails) species which are suspension feeders that produce
mucus nets carried by unique foot appendages, with which they filter microscopic food particles
from swash waves. In the field as well as under controlled aquarium conditions, we are
characterizing behavioral patterns related to food acquisition with the aim of mapping these
patterns onto current phylogenetic models, in order to provide independent behavioral evidence
for the reconstruction of olivid evolution. In this contribution, we will present a comparative
analysis of food acquisition in Oliva sayana from Florida, Agaronia propatula and Olivella
semistriata from the tropical east Pacific, and Olivella biplicata from Oregon.

Understanding Invasion Patterns of Honeysuckle at Butler University via Genetic
Structure
Ashley Neiweem, Faculty Sponsor: Nathanael Hauck, Butler University
The Amur Honeysuckle (Lonciera maackii) plant is abundant on Butler University's
campus. Native to China, Korea and Japan, the intentionally introduced plant quickly takes over
sunlight and other resources to eliminate other native species. The ecological damages that the
invasive plant causes are important. However, understanding its reproductive patterns may be a
preventable measure in controlling its spread. Specifically, study of the genetic data of the
Honeysuckle may be useful in understanding its invasive patterns. The genetic diversity of the
Honeysuckle plant was closely examined over the course of BSI 2011, with the hypothesis that
diversity exists among the Honeysuckle population and facilitates its invasiveness.
Thieves or Friends: Are Specialist Bees More Efficient at Removing Pollen than
Generalists?
Kellen Paine, Faculty Sponsor: Brent Smith, Earlham College
Specialist bees take advantage of a very limited set of floral hosts compared to generalists that forage in the same
system, thus it is suspected that they have evolved to exploit these hosts very efficiently. Though
bees are generally thought of as pollinators the relationship between specialist bees and their host
plants comes into question. Because specialists are expected to be especially good foragers they
might act as pollen parasites relative to other visitors if they do not make up for the excess pollen
removed by depositing more pollen on stigmas. To investigate this I studied the pollinators of
Physalis longifolia [Solanaceae] and I investigated pollen removal versus fruit-set in Physalis’
generalists [Halictidae] and its specialist (Colletes latitarsis), which sometimes sonicates the
flower (which lacks poricidal anthers) when collecting pollen. Colletes removed significantly
more pollen than Dialictus but not more than Halictus or Augochlorella. Further Colletes did not
remove more pollen when sonicating than during other visits. Colletes induced fruits set in
Physalis around 90% of the time, whereas Halictids were less likely to induce fruit set. This
implies that sweat bees act as pollen thieves in the Physalis system, taking more pollen than they
contribute to pollination. Colletes does not remove more pollen than generalists in a single visit,
but more data is needed to determine whether or not Colletes is actually a more efficient forager,
and what advantages it gains from being a specialist in this system.
The Effects of Mint-Derived Monoterpenes on Legume Growth and Nodulation
Kellen Paine, Ian Suzuki, Anne Rohn & Frances Hall, Faculty Sponsor: Brent Smith, Earlham
College
Monoterpenes found in certain members of the mint family have been shown to have
antimicrobial properties. However, recent studies have demonstrated that these monoterpenes
also promote nodulation and growth in legumes. One possible explanation for this increase is a
positive interaction between mint-derived monoterpenes, such as thymol and carvacrol, and
Rhizobium, mutualist nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in the roots of legumes. In our study we
examined this interaction by observing the effects of thymol and carvacrol on nodulation and dry
weight in Glycine max. G. max were grown with five different soil treatment types: thyme
essential oil, double thyme essential oil, oregano essential oil, carvacrol, and control. G. max
grown with carvacrol or oregano essential oil had significantly higher dry weight. We found no

difference in nodulation among all treatments. However, when comparing only the larger plant
of each pot there was a statistically interesting difference in nodulation, implying a greater
dominance hierarchy in experimental treatments. This would indicate that carvacrol in particular
has a greater impact on nodulation in G. max than thymol. A possible explanation for this
interaction may be a possible co-evolution between G. max and Oreganum vulgaris, which
produces carvacrol. Legumes, such as G. max, are agriculturally very important and make up
27% of primary crops worldwide. By using mints or their essential oils as agricultural
supplements, this phenomenon could prove useful in promoting sustainable agricultural
practices.
Queen, Worker, and Male Yellowjacket Wasps Receive Different Nutrition During
Development
Kevin Schmidt, Faculty Sponsor: Chris Smith, Earlham College
Nutritional variation among developing larvae is a long-standing hypothesis for how a sterile
caste could evolve, with larvae deprived of nutrition becoming sterile or not leaving the nest. In
this study, we test whether the three castes of the eusocial yellowjacket wasp (Vespula
maculifrons) differ in the trophic source of their larval diet, their overall carbon (C) and nitrogen
(N) content, as well as the distribution of C and N across body parts. Virgin queens (gynes)
assimilated food from a higher relative trophic level compared to males, and workers were the
lowest. Gynes, due to their much greater mass compared to the other castes are much more costly
in terms of N, but males have the lowest C:N ratio. The variation in C:N is likely due to
differences in life history between males and females (gynes and workers), where females invest
more in energy storage (e.g., lipids) compared to males which have very short life spans; the
major difference is in the abdomen, where fat is stored. The results of this study complement
similar results in ants, which evolved a reproductive division of labor independently, and which
diverged from vespid wasps near 150 million years ago. Similarities between how wasp and ant
caste determination occurs suggest either a conserved mechanism that predates the evolution of
eusociality or convergence on the same mechanism for generating alternative phenotypes.
Provisioning N-expensive castes with food from a higher trophic level likely increases efficiency
of N delivery because of N-enrichment with increasing trophic level.
Genetic Variation in the Globally Rare Charophyte Chara Brittonii (Characeae)
Ryan Scribalo, Faculty Sponsor: Robin Scribailo, Purdue University North Central
Charophytes are macrophytic algae that are important components of the ecology of calcareous
lakes throughout the world. They perform many of the same functions as rooted aquatic vascular
plants stabilizing sediments, trapping nutrients, and providing habitat for young fish and
invertebrates. Chara brittonii is one of the rarest endemic North American species of
charophytes and has only been recorded from 12 localities. After a decade of study, Scribailo
and Alix have confirmed six populations as still extant, including five from Indiana and one from
Michigan. An important part of developing a conservation plan for a rare species is an
assessment of genetic variation within and among populations. With funding from a Flora
Richardson Grant, fresh samples of Chara brittonii were collected from five of the six existing
populations of this species in the summer of 2011. DNA was isolated from samples using
Qiagen DNEasy plant mini-kits. Twenty-four microsatellite DNA primers available for the

European species Chara canescens were used to attempt DNA amplification in Chara brittonii
and several other closely related species. Lack of amplification suggests that North American
and European species are too distantly related for primer recognition. A Hanes Trust Grant has
recently provided funding to develop species-specific primers for Chara brittonii and the related
species Chara zeylanica at the Savannah River Ecology Lab (University of Georgia) using stateof-the-art
Illumina paired-end sequencing. This will result in the production of 36 primers per
species which will then be screened and optimized to identify those with the greatest
polymorphism.
mTOR Signaling Mediates TBI-enhanced Neural Stem Cell Proliferation
Pich Seekaew, Faculty Sponsor: Jinhui Chen, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) induced neuron death was once thought to be irreversible.
However, the identification of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult brain holds the hope of
repairing injured brain following TBI. Our previous study showed that TBI promotes NSC
proliferation in an attempt to initial an innate repair and/or plasticity mechanisms. However, this
induced proliferation is transient without significantly increasing neurogenesis. It suggests that
additional intervention is required to further increase NSC proliferation to enhance neurogenesis
for successfully repairing the damaged brain following TBI. In order to determine the molecular
mechanism that mediates TBI-enhanced NSC proliferation, we assessed the activity of
mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling by detecting the level of Phospho-S6
Ribosomal protein (pS6), an indicator of the activity of mTOR signaling. We found that the level
of pS6 was transient but dramatically increased prior to TBI-enhanced NSC proliferation. In
contrast inhibiting the activity of mTOR signaling with rapamycin attenuated this effect,
indicating that mTOR signaling mediates TBI-enhanced NSC proliferation. Further stimulating
mTOR signaling strengthened the effect of TBI-enhanced NSC proliferation. These results
suggest that mTOR signaling mediates TBI-enhanced neural stem cell proliferation and
stimulating mTOR signaling may be a potential therapeutic approach to enhance neurogenesis
for post-traumatic functional recovery.
Identification of Transcription Factors Associated with Down Syndrome Skeletal
Abnormalities
Nicole Shepherd, Faculty Sponsor: Randall Roper, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit a variety of phenotypes, including craniofacial
and skeletal dysmorphologies. It is believed that trisomic genes initiate phenotypes associated
with Down syndrome, though specific gene-phenotype relationships for DS are largely
unknown. We hypothesize that the altered expression of genes in three copies will also affect the
expression of downstream genes, including non-trisomic genes and play an important role in DS
phenotypes. Transcription factors, which encode proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences
controlling the flow of transcription, are among the genes that may be affected by trisomy. We
have identified genetic and phenotypic alterations in craniofacial precursors as early as
embryonic dayE9.5of the Ts65Dn mouse model of human DS. This mouse model is trisomic for
orthologs of approximately half of the genes on human chromosome 21. Previous microarray

data from the developing mandible have shown dysregulation of multiple non-trisomic genes.
We will test the expression of the Six2, Gata3, Gata6, Pth, Hoxb4, Runx2, Ets2, and Osterix
transcription factors at two developmental time points, E9.5 and E13.5, to determine which are
dysregulated in the Ts65Dn DS mouse model. Understanding the effect of trisomy on nontrisomic
transcription factors will help identify links between trisomy and specific DS
phenotypes.
The Cloning and Analysis of the Spätzle Cytokine in Hermit Crabs (Coenobita clypeatus)
Brittany Sherron, Faculty Sponsors: Samuel Galewsky & Cynthia Handler, Millikin University
The idea that invertebrates experience pain has been debated in recent years. Hermit crabs
(Coenobita clypeatus) show a behavioral response indicating pain, but no connection has been
made with a physiological molecular response. In Drosophila melanogaster, the Toll signaling
pathway plays a role in the innate immune response and is functionally homologous to
mammalian interleukin-1 receptor. Spätzle, an IL-1 homologue, is required for activation of the
pathway. We cloned a portion of a spätzle-like gene in hermit crabs that shares 88% identity with
the spätzle gene from Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis). Reverse transcription PCR
indicates that spätzle mRNA is present in hermit crab tissue. We have examined the expression
of spätzle after crabs are treated with an inflammation inducing stimulus of 85 °C water.
Preliminary results suggest that spätzle is induced in experimental tissues when compared to a
control group treated with water at room temperature. These results suggest that a cytokine-like
gene is present in hermit crabs and is involved in an inflammation response that could indicate
pain. Currently, we are aiming to determine the full-length spätzle gene sequence.
Is Eurasian Water-Milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) an Introduced Invasive or Native
Aquatic Plant Species in North America?
Helen Sookradge & Jennifer Topolski, Faculty Sponsor: Robin Scribailo, Purdue University
North Central
The genus Myriophyllum is composed of a widespread group of submerged aquatic plant species
commonly found in lakes throughout North America. Although most species are members of
healthy aquatic plant communities, two species (M. aquaticum and M. spicatum) are introduced,
aggressive, aquatic weeds, costing millions of dollars to manage annually. A study of herbarium
specimens by Couch and Nelson in the 1980’s appeared to establish that M. spicatum was
introduced to North America in Washington D. C. in the mid-1950’s. Subsequently, this species
rapidly spread and is currently found in 43 states in the U. S. Studies of nuclear ribosomal DNA,
the internally transcribed spacer, and chloroplast DNA by several investigators have confirmed
that M. spicatum appears to have hybridized with native northern water-milfoil (M. sibiricum)
producing an aggressive, widespread, intermediate taxon. While studying thousands of
herbarium specimens of the latter two species for a treatment of the Haloragaceae for the Flora of
North America, Scribailo and Alix found numerous specimens dating back to the mid-1800’s
having the morphological characteristics of either M. spicatum or the hybrid taxon. To
determine if M. spicatum might be native to North America or introduced at a much earlier date,
DNA was isolated from herbarium specimens using Qiagen DNEasy plant mini-kits. Standard
primers for chloroplast DNA and ITS were used to amplify these regions for sequence

comparisons to published values to determine the identity of the herbarium specimens and to
shed light on the question of the status of M. spicatum in North America.
Habitat Distributions of Four Life Stages of the Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma
maculatum) in and around a Temporary Pond
Eric Stachura, Faculty Sponsor: Rebecca Homan, Denison University
Amphibians are incredibly important to our environment due to their high biomass efficiency as
a result of their ectothermic life style. To help understand how they use their environment, I
explored the distributions of four life stages of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum)
in and around a temporary pond in central Ohio. The four stages were adult females, egg masses,
larvae, and juveniles. Adult females and juveniles were caught in pitfall traps entering and/or
exiting the pond. Egg mass distributions were surveyed once a year by counting numbers of egg
masses along transects. Finally, each summer, larvae were sampled bi-weekly using a dipnet.
Patterns of habitat use for both individual life stages across years and for individual years across
life stages were determined using χ 2 and post-hoc tests. Yearly trends combining life stages
showed varied and inconsistent results. However, looking at each life stage on its own, I found
that all life stages except for egg masses exhibited a non-random distribution in and around the
pond. Furthermore, these autonomous life stages seem to utilize the same quads of the pond as
each other. These patterns could be explained by variation in micro-habitat quality and the ability
of the autonomous life stages to show preference towards one micro-habitat over another. If our
exploratory results are found to be significant than it could be prudent to look more closely at
larval distribution patterns to find out why they disperse the way they do.
Analysis of Global Gene Expression in Bladder Cancer Cells
Vera Staley & Rachel Warwar, Faculty Sponsor: Lina Yoo, Denison University
The PI3-kinase (PI3K) cell signaling pathway is responsible for cell survival, growth,
proliferation, and death. Alterations in this pathway have been associated with many human
cancers, including bladder cancer. Previous studies have shown that complex interactions and
feedback loops can occur within the PI3K pathway in a tissue-specific manner, indicating the
importance of tailored treatments. Our approach is to examine shared gene expression across two
cell lines to elucidate common gene changes applicable to many types of bladder cancer. This
study will use gene expression microarray technology in order to profile the characteristics of
two different bladder cancer cell lines. Both cell lines will be treated with epidermal growth
factor (EGF) in order to stimulate the PI3K pathway. Because EGF stimulates other pathways in
the cell, one control group of each cell line will also be treated with LY294002, an inhibitor of
the PI3K pathway, in order to examine changes exclusively due to the PI3K pathway. The results
of this study will globally analyze gene expression to determine over or under expressed genes in
the differentially treated cell lines. Those candidate genes will be further analyzed using PCR to
confirm gene expression and Western Blotting techniques to confirm protein expression. Any
compelling gene candidates have the potential to contribute to our understanding of molecular
pathways in the cell and could be used for diagnosis, prediction of progression, or treatment.
The Impact of a Water Treatment Plant on Small Freshwater Invertebrate Abundance and
Diversity

Hilary Standish, Tessa Breedlove & Meara Bucklin, Faculty Sponsor: Brent Smith, Earlham
College
Wastewater treatment facilities are present in all major cities across the United States, but their
potential impact on the environment is not always known. This experiment investigated the
impact of Richmond, Indiana’s Waste Water Treatment Plant on the abundance, diversity, and
composition of the Whitewater River’s freshwater invertebrates. We hypothesized that the
abundance and diversity of these invertebrates would change downstream of the wastewater
treatment plant. We tested at four different sites, one of which was upstream of the treatment
plant, the other three downstream of the plant at varying distances. At each site we selected plots
and then looked under all available rocks and documented the invertebrates found. Our results
show that freshwater invertebrates are affected negatively by wastewater treatment plants,
especially directly downstream of the plant. Snails appear to be the most greatly affected by the
chemicals used to sanitize the water, but other invertebrates are also affected at varying levels;
for example dragonfly, damselfly, and mayfly naiads also decrease dramatically immediately
after the plant. This suggests the effects of chlorine toxicity are greatly felt within certain
invertebrate populations.
Teaching Old Buildings New Tricks: Benefits of Retrofitting Indianapolis Buildings with
Green Roofs
Sarah Strobl, Faculty Sponsor: Travis Ryan, Butler University
Novel ideas such as green building are generally understood to only be appropriate for new
construction, but retrofitting spaces for green roofs is quite possible and practical. Extensive
green roofs are low-maintenance and can provide a variety of economic and environmental
benefits, especially in terms of providing increased habitat space and thus increased urban
biodiversity in native invertebrate species. Four different vegetated roofs around Indianapolis
were sampled and catalogued over the summer. Analysis included separating out plant material,
identifying invertebrates in the sample to order, and then counting individuals. Diversity indices
were used to quantify the diversity of each rooftop for comparison between and within each site.
The wide range of diversities already found between sites supports the conclusion that green
roofs provide another option for a more natural habitat for invertebrates, something that is
becoming harder to find in cities. Urban biodiversity can be further and more easily increased
and sustained by retrofitting existing buildings with green roofs.
The Ultrastructure of Spermatogenesis in the High Elevation Lizard, Sceloporus bicanthalis
Katherine Touzinsky & Justin Rheubert, Faculty Sponsor: Kevin Gribbins, Wittenberg
University
The body of ultrastructural data on spermatid characters during spermiogenesis continues to
grow in reptiles, but is still relatively limited within the squamates. This study focuses on the
ontogenic events of spermiogenesis within a viviparous and continually spermatogenic lizard
living at high altitudes in Mexico. Between the months of June and August, testicular tissues
were collected from 8 spermatogenically active Bunchgrass Lizards (Sceloporus bicanthalis)
from the Nevado de Toluca, Mexico. The testicular tissues were processed normally for
transmission electron microscopy and analyzed to access the ultrastructural differences between

spermatid generations during spermiogenesis. Interestingly, few differences exist between S.
bicanthalis spermiogenesis when compared to what has been described for other saurian
squamates. Degrading and coiling membrane structures similar to myelin figures were visible
within the developing acrosome that were most likely remnants from Golgi body vesicles. The
only major difference observed within the developing acrosome of S. bicanthalis was an apically
enlarged and well-developed lucent ridge between the basal subacrosome space and
perforatorium. This enlarged apical region led to open lucent areas seen within the subacrosome
space in acrosomal transverse sections of developing elongating spermatids that have not been
described previously. This study is an addition to the existing literature on spermatid
development in squamates, which could be useful in future work on the reproductive systems in
high altitude vicariant lizard species.
Possible Relationship between In Vivo S-adenosyl-L-methionine Hydrolase Activity and
Quorum Sensing in Escherichia coli
Grace Walworth, Faculty Sponsor: Jeffrey Hughes, Millikin University
Recent literature has documented the existence inter-bacterial communication molecules called
autoinducers in the form of N-actyl homoserine lactones that mediate a process called quorum
sensing. By using quorum sensing, bacteria are able to aggregate together to form a biofilm that
allows them to perform activities that single cells cannot conduct. In previous work, cells
transformed with an expression vector containing the coliphage T3 SAM hydrolase (SAMase)
gene aggregated into clumps distributed throughout the medium. We have demonstrated that
these do not appear related to capsule formation or entanglement of cell filaments, both of which
are induced by SAMase expression. The biochemical pathways related to SAM production and
SAMase activity could be responsible for high amounts of homoserine being internally
rearranged into homoserine lactone being dumped into the medium and possibly serving as an
autoinducer. Building off of previous work, optimal clumping conditions were determined and
various media was collected and assayed for the possible presence of autoinducing
molecules. Should conditioned media induce cell clumping, efforts will be made to identify the
molecules in the media responsible for cell clumping.
Gaits Used by African Elephants Vary with Distance Travelled (Excursion Size)
Brock Ward, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Dale, Butler University
Research into the gaits of elephants is largely a new area of study. As the world's largest
terrestrial animals, African Elephants provide insight into the influence of body size on
locomotor function. Research has shown that elephants can change gait from a lateral sequence
walk to a trot style gait. However, little research has been conducted to see if there is a
correlation between the number of strides the elephant takes (excursion size) and the type of gait
produced. The current study will utilize frame-by-frame obsevational analysis of the gaits
exhibited by African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) at the Indianapolis Zoo. It will show that
the gait an elephant uses changes systematically as a function of the distance the elephant
travels. I will attempt to explain why this occurs.
Investigation of the Relationship between the Anaphase Promoting Complex and the
FSHR-1 Protein in Regulating Synaptic Transmission at the C. elegans Neuromuscular
Junction

Amy Wasilk, Faculty Sponsor: Jennifer Kowalski, Butler University
Neurobiology has become a topic of increasing interest to the world as new information is
discovered about the brain almost daily. Neuronal communication occurs at specialized cellular
junctions called synapses and is referred to as synaptic transmission. The amount of
transmission occurring at each synapse is tightly regulated, and misregulation of synaptic
transmission occurs in neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s or epilepsy. My project
investigates the function of FSHR-1, which we previously identified as a potential substrate of
the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC), an ubiquitin ligase that regulates synaptic
transmission at the C. elegans neuromuscular junction (NMJ). FSHR-1 is a receptor protein
highly expressed in neurons and the intestine and is required for NMJ signaling. My goal is to
uncover the mechanism by which FSHR-1 and the APC regulate the balance of excitatory and
inhibitory signaling at this synapse. I am determining the role of FSHR-1 by using genetic,
behavioral, and biochemical approaches in C. elegans roundworms. My recent data suggest that
FSHR-1 is required presynaptically in neurons for normal NMJ synaptic transmission. I am
currently preparing for additional genetic experiments to determine the specific neuronal cell
type where FSHR-1 acts at the NMJ, and for biochemical analyses to test if FSHR-1 is a direct
APC substrate at this synapse. This work is significant because given the high conservation of
neuronal protein structure and function between worms and vertebrates, by better understanding
the proteins that control C. elegans neuronal communication, we can begin to address human
neurological diseases.
Systemic Acquired Resistance in Moss: Further Evidence for Conserved Plant Defense
Mechanisms
Peter Winter, Faculty Sponsor: Nathanael Hauck, Butler University
Vascular plants possess multiple mechanisms for defending themselves against pathogens. One
well-characterized defense mechanism is systemic acquired resistance (SAR), in which a plant
detects the presence of a pathogen and transmits a signal throughout the plant, inducing changes
in the expression of various pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Once SAR is established, the plant
is capable of mounting rapid responses to subsequent pathogen attacks. SAR has been
characterized in numerous vascular plants; however, our understanding of the evolutionary
history of SAR is incomplete since its presence in non-vascular plants has not been conclusively
demonstrated. Previous studies have alluded to the presence of an SAR in moss, however, none
of these have conclusively shown that the phenotype exists. Here, we show that the moss species
Amblystegium serpens does initiate an SAR-like reaction upon inoculation with Pythium
irregulare, a common soil-borne oomycete. Within 24 hours of a primary inoculation, moss
plants grown in culture became completely resistant to infection following subsequent
inoculation by the same pathogen. This increased resistance was a response to the pathogen itself
and not to physical wounding. Treatment with ß1,3 glucan, a structural component of oomycete
cell walls, was equally effective at triggering SAR. Our results demonstrate for the first time that
this important defense mechanism exists in a non-vascular plant, and, together with previous
studies, suggests that SAR arose prior to the divergence of vascular and non-vascular plants.

BUSINESS & ECONOMICS
Experiential Entrepreneurship: Psychological Capital and Generational Connection
Charlie Adams, James Dowell, Margo Graff & Brian Kenny, Faculty Sponsor: Denise E.
Williams, Butler University
The Millennial generation (age 18-24) has a natural potential to be entrepreneurs due to their
creativity, willingness to take risks, and technology and social networking savvy. They access
information in a fundamentally different way than past generations and in some ways,
technology is primarily tied to their identity. On the other hand, senior citizens often face
isolation as well as fear of technology and computers. Our study explores the impact of a
technology training intervention on the outcomes of hope, optimism, resilience and self-efficacy
(confidence) for both the Millennial and the senior citizen. The theory that we examine is
Psychological Capital (PsyCap) by Fred Luthans, Kyle Luthans, and Brett Luthans (2004). Our
research occurs in two studies. Study 1: we conducted marketing and applied research to
identify how, where, and to whom to direct a technology training intervention to. The results of
that study were that we tested training interventions in a local retirement community in
Indianapolis, Indiana for a month period in Fall 2010. Study 2: we will conduct qualitative
research to address our questions in Spring 2012 as we conduct more training in retirement
communities. The study is designed to answer the questions: Will the technology training more
likely increase the participants’ PsyCap? If so, which of the variables will be most
affected? Will delivering the training more likely increase the trainers’ PsyCap? Lastly, we
hypothesize that the training intervention will have a positive impact with both the youth trainer
and the senior citizen in terms of their “capacity to accept diversity” due to the interaction. The
questions deserve investigation and will contribute to knowledge about the influence of
technology training on Psychological Capital and diversity.
Total Quality Management Implementation: Critical Factors Necessary to Put the
Philosophy into Practice
Mathew Prest, Faculty Sponsor: Greg Rawski, University of Evansville
Total quality management (TQM) is one of the most popular management philosophies in
today’s business world. If implemented properly, TQM can help companies achieve business
success. Although many companies often adopt the principles of TQM, some companies still do
not achieve TQM’s benefits. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the critical factors that
are necessary to effectively implement TQM in an organization. In examining the critical factors,
the obstacles to TQM implementation will also be addressed.
Exception to the Rule: Facilitating Payments & Corporate Compliance Responses amid
Expansive FCPA Enforcement
Nick Stock, Faculty Sponsor: Mike Koehler, Butler University

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 was enacted for the purpose of making it
unlawful for certain classes of persons and entities to make payments to foreign government
officials to assist in obtaining or retaining business. In order to satiate investor growth
expectations, corporations are caught in the quagmire of entering corrupt international markets
that demand facilitating payments/bribes and FCPA enforcement agencies that are prosecuting
the law contrary to Congressional intent. This article will examine how corporations are
communicating the distinction between a facilitating payment and a corrupt payment to their
employees amid expansive FCPA enforcement. Initially, I will briefly discuss the Congressional
intent behind including a facilitating payments exception to the FCPA and expound on how the
current enforcement environment is contrary to that intent. Next, I will examine the international
business environment, demonstrating the pervasiveness of “corruption” within key growth
markets for multinational corporations. Finally, I will discuss how the largest multinational
corporations, as indicated by the Fortune Global 50 list, are leaving their FCPA policy up to
interpretation of their employees, exposing themselves to undue risk in an expansive
enforcement environment.
Greed is Good? Analyzing Market Responses to the “New Era of FCPA Enforcement” in
the Oil, Gas and Healthcare Sectors
Nick Stock, Faculty Sponsor: Mike Koehler, Butler University
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 was enacted for the purpose of making it
unlawful for certain classes of persons and entities to make payments to foreign government
officials to assist in obtaining or retaining business. Widely unenforced until 2002, the FCPA has
become the focus of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice’s
Criminal Fraud Section, who collected $1.6 billion in fines in 2010 from alleged violators of the
FCPA – over half of all federal criminal fines collected by the agency. Griffin’s (1977) study
found that firms disclosing “sensitive foreign payments” saw a slight decrease in the price of
their publicly-traded stock, but then reverted to normal levels after two to three weeks. However,
is this holding still true in today’s heightened enforcement environment? This study examines
the significance investors place on FCPA enforcement actions through market event analyses of
the targeted firm’s equity securities when the information became public knowledge and when
the enforcement agencies handed down the sentencing penalties. It observes companies within
the oil, gas and healthcare industries that have been the target of FCPA enforcement actions from
January 2002 to February 2012.
CHEMISTRY
Metal Dithenoylmethanates and Metal Tetrathenoylethanates as Microporous Metal-
Organic Frameworks
Ryan Bowser & Kent Shilts, Faculty Sponsor: Chad Wallace, Anderson University
Metal dibenzoylmethanates have previously been synthesized and investigated as microporous
metal-organic frameworks by Ripmeester. The divalent metal and neutral, coordinated ligands
may be changed to generate a variety of host materials with the ability to enclathrate guest

compounds. However, metal dithenoylmethanates (metal DTMs) and metal
tetrathenoylethanates (metal TTEs) have not been investigated. If porous, they would constitute
a new class of metal-complex hosts. We synthesized metal DTMs (Co, Zn, Ni, Cu) in an effort
to grow crystals and analyze their porosity. Our work on metal TTEs will also be presented.
Synthesis of Dihydropyrans by Tandem Reaction of Cyclic Boronic Half Acids
Erica Couch, Faculty Sponsor: LuAnne McNulty, Butler University
Natural products have influenced our lives through the development of new
drugs. Dihydropyrans are a group of structural compounds that can be used in the synthesis of
some natural products. Dihydropyrans are found in many significant compounds that possess
significant biological activity and may aid in the research for health improvements. This project
involves the preparation of dihydropyrans from a cyclic boronic acid in a four step synthesis
starting with the crotylation of an aldehyde to create a branched homoallylic
alcohol. Preparation of the cyclic boronic acid will be prepared via ring-closing metathesis
followed by a Suzuki coupling of the acid. The final step is a Michael reaction which will test
whether or not the stereochemistry of a dihydropyran can be controlled due to the added
substituent to the cyclic boronic acid precursor. Adding a substituent to the boronic acid may
allow control of the stereochemistry of dihydropyran formation, which would allow the
formation of two different stereoisomers and expand the utility of the method.
Electrochemical Detection in Microfluidic Devices using Carbon Cryogel Electrodes
Michael Ehrstein, Faculty Sponsor: Daniel Morris, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Chemical analysis using microfluidic devices is attractive because of the small sample
requirements and short analysis times. Detecting the small quantities of analytes associated with
microfluidic analyses is a challenge. The most common form is laser-induced fluorescence;
however, not all analytes lend themselves to fluorescence detection. Electrochemical detection
(ECD) is a more universal means of detecting small quantities of analyte. We are investigating
ECD using a carbon cryogel electrode. These porous carbon structures exhibit high surface area
to enhance detection sensitivity and they can be embedded in a microfluidic channel easily. Our
preliminary work involves detecting the accepted oxidative DNA damage marker 8-OH-dG
using cyclic voltammetry on a carbon cryogel electrode. We present results that demonstrate the
feasibility of such detection scheme in a microfluidic device.
Infrared Investigations of Solute-Solvent Interaction of Histidine, Tryptophan, and
Tyrosine with Water and Ionic Liquid
Kelly Grott, Faculty Sponsor: Joe Kirsch, Butler University
This research project investigates the interactions occurring between the amino acids Histidine,
Tryptophan and Tyrosine and the solvents water and an ionic liquid. Infrared spectroscopy was
used to examine the change in bond character of the bonds in the amino group and the carbonyl
group with respect to the solvent being used.

Investigating the Effect of Selenium Dioxide and Sodium Selenite on the Formation of 8-
OH-dG via Oxidative DNA damage and Developing a Liquid Chromatography- Mass
Spectrum Method as a Means of Analysis
William Hart, Faculty Sponsor: Daniel Morris, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Oxidative DNA damage occurs when essential transition metal ions, including Fe(II), Cu(II) and
Cr(III), form reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the Fenton reaction or “Fentonlike”
reactions when they come in contact with hydrogen peroxide, a by-product of cell
function. The ROS attack DNA at very specific sites causing DNA strand scission and/or
chemical modifications that cause problems with replication of DNA in cells [1]. The effect of
oxidative DNA damage is linked to many diseases, such as atherosclerosis, Parkinson’s disease
and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as the aging process [2]. Previous research has shown that
Selenium Dioxide and Sodium Selenite have an effect on oxidative DNA damage caused by
Fe(II) and that these compounds ability to act as anti-oxidants is tied to their ability to complex
with the metal ion. For these reasons, we investigated the effect of Selenium Dioxide and
Sodium Selenite on their ability to protect Calf thymus DNA from oxidative DNA damage
caused by Fe(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III) ions. We investigated the effect these two compounds had
by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate our reaction mixtures of
digested DNA and used an electro-chemical detector (ECD) and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer as a
means of detection. We looked at two factors to compare the effect of these compounds, the
amount of deoxyguanosine (dG) and the amount of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG)
remaining after oxidative DNA damage. We will present this data as a the ratio of 8-Oh-dG to
dG remaining, to illustrate how well the selenium compounds effect both site specific damage
and generalized damage. In addition to using HPLC-ECD to monitor 8-OH-dG and dG we
investigated using liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (LC-MS) as a means
of detection and identification of the products of oxidative DNA damage with the goal of better
understanding the mechanism of how selenium dioxide and sodium selenite affect oxidative
DNA damage. This lead us to develop and optimize an LC-MS method, and investigate the two
ionization process of LC-MS, electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical
ionization (APCI). Our research is, to our knowledge, the first time someone has tested the effect
of SeO 2 and SeO 3 2- on oxidative DNA damage mediated by Cu(II) and Cr(III). Our results can
hopeful allow us to gain insight into the differences between the oxidative damage caused by
these metal ions and the mechanism by which SeO 2 and SeO 3 -2 affect oxidative DNA damage.
Reproducibility of Gold Nanoparticle (AuNP) Syntheses
Qian He, Faculty Sponsor: Bridget Gourley, DePauw University
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using a range of methods adjusting reaction
conditions to generate a variety of different size particles. By exploring these techniques, we
hope to establish a library of AuNPs for use in a biosensing platform. The source of the gold
came from auric acid (HAuCl 4 ). The gold ions were first reduced and then isolated by a capping
agent. The sizes of the clusters were controlled by the relative number of the capping agents
compared to the number of Gold atoms. AuNPs of four sizes were produced by manipulating a
citrate to gold ratio. Citrate acted as both a reducing and capping agent. Employing a method
using d-glucose, no AuNPs were manufactured. Utilizing L-cysteine, AuNPs of one size were

created. UV-Vis data will be presented as evidence of the formation of different size AuNPs. All
of the results were tested by their reproducibility.
Study of Chiral Recognition in Amino Acid Based Chiral Ionic Liquid Solvents
Daniel Kroupa, Faculty Sponsor: Todd Hopkins, Butler University
In this study, amino acid based chiral ionic liquids were prepared and their chiral recognition
ability probed using a model system. Potential applications of amino acid based chiral ionic
liquids include enatioselective catalysis and chiral resolution. The chiral ionic liquids under
study were prepared from amino acid methyl ester cations and
bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide (TF 2 N) anions, specifically l-alanine methyl ester , d-alanine
methyl ester, l-leucine methyl ester, l-proline methyl ester, and l-valine methyl ester. The model
system used to quantify chiral recognition of each chiral ionic liquid consisted of dissolving a
chiral luminescent probe, racemic Eu(2,6,-pyridine dicarboxylate) 3 3- , in the ionic liquid and
measuring the ratios of left versus right-handed circularly polarized luminescence emitted from
the sample. The role of intermolecular interactions and stereochemistry of the amino acids in
chiral recognition of the luminescent probe will be discussed.
Spectroscopic Analysis of Chlorophyll a in a Polyethylene Glycol Solution
Chris Savas, Faculty Sponsor: Geoffrey Hoops, Butler University
Chlorophyll is an integral part of the transformation of energy from the sun into oxygen that is
necessary for human life. The absorbance of light by a molecule is typically unique for just that
molecule, and is determined mainly by the structure of the molecule. Absorbance is measured
by a spectrophotometer. Absorption of light may change based on whether the compound is free
floating in a solution or adsorbed to a surface. In previously published research, a waveguide
spectrophotometer was used to study chlorophyll that was adsorbed to various surfaces, rather
than free floating in solution. So is this peak shift, which is seen for the surface adsorbed
chlorophyll, a property of PEG, merely a consequence of chlorophyll being adsorbed to a
surface, or a unique combination of both? Paper chromatography was used to purify chlorophyll
a from all the other components of spinach. Following purification it was tested by spectroscopy
with varying NaCl concentrations as well as varying PEG concentrations. The results received
by the Cary 50 UV/Vis Spectrophotometer were normalized and then analyzed. The varying
NaCl concentrations did not result in a definite peak shift between the 0mM NaCl and the 10mM
NaCl. The peak shift was found to only occur with the 10mM NaCl and above a 30% PEG
concentration. This peak shift was seen to occur in normal free floating solution so it was not a
consequence of the chlorophyll being adsorbed to the waveguide surface but rather a property of
the PEG.
Simultaneous Determination of Various Bisphenols via LC/MS
Ben Trefilek, Faculty Sponsor: Olujide Akinbo, Butler University
Bisphenols (especially, Bisphenol A) are commonly used in epoxy coatings of metal cans and in
various other plastic products. These molecules are also well-known endocrine disruptors, thus
leading to numerous health problems. While extensive work has been done to develop methods
for accurate and reproducible determination of Bisphenol A (BPA), other Bisphenols (BPF, BPS,

BPB etc.) are not as well studied. This study worked to develop a reproducible LC/MS program
to simultaneously detect five Bisphenol molecules: BPA, BPF, BPS, BPB and BPE.
COMMUNICATION & MEDIA STUDIES
The Effect of Class Time on Student Success
Robert Bitting, Faculty Sponsor: Mike Rowley, Huntington University
For some, the biggest challenge in college is waking up and being prepared for a morning
class. Does the time of a class really affect students, and if so, how? The purpose of this study
is to examine how the time that a class meets affects student performance. Does the time of a
class affect the grade of students in that class? Does the time of a class affect the participation of
students in the class? Does the time of a class affect student attendance? A survey of teacher's
thoughts and students' grades and attendance will serve as data for this research project.
Understanding Sustainability: An Examination of Encoding and Decoding of Promotion
Materials for Green Consumers
Muriel Cross, Faculty Sponsor: Mark Rademacher, Butler University
Organic, sustainable, green, localvore, socially and environmentally conscious are all words
being used in a growing subculture that is concerned with keeping the world a healthy and
livable place. This issue is important to many people and affects everyone. Consumers connect
with this issue for various reasons ranging from the personal, such as seeking out healthy
options, to the social, such as environmentalism and sustainability. These consumers have been
embraced by marketers as having the potential to be a profitable market segment, as illustrated
by the increasing number of organic brands and products in the market today. Additionally, the
traditional model of communication is being complicated, much in part to unique, niche
segments such as green consumers. To explore how marketers can best target this market
segment, this study looked at one local company, Trader’s Point Creamery, and investigated how
this producer and their attempts at encoding effective communication compared with the
consumer’s decoding of that message. In-depth interviews were conducted with the owners of
Trader’s Point Creamery as well as six Trader’s Point Creamery consumers recruited at Trader’s
Point Saturday Farmer’s Market. The findings showed that the backgrounds of both the
producer and the consumer affected their interpretation of the meaning and the effectiveness of
the message. Also, the producer and consumer shared a field of experience, but there were some
areas of disconnect. The producer and consumer both had an understanding of living a green
lifestyle and the benefits for their body and the earth, but the reasons that the producer cited that
consumers should shop at Trader’s Point was different than the reasons they actually shopped
there. For the consumers, there was less of an emphasis on health than the producers imagined
and more of an emphasis on the experience and the taste of Trader’s Point and its products. The
implications of this study include a possible rethinking of Trader’s Point’s heavily health focused
communication materials. The contribution to the study of communication as a whole includes a

closer look at a small subset of consumers and an examination of how and what they know about
the companies they purchase from.
Effects of Parental Divorce on Children and Sibling Relationships
Hannah Coy, Faculty Sponsor: Valerie Young, Hanover College
Divorce is a very prevalent issue in our society today and this in turn is having effects on the
children of this generation. This paper investigates the effects that parental divorce has on
children of different age groups such as young children, adolescent children and adult children. It
also examines the effects that divorce has on siblings and whether the relationship grows closer
or farther apart through the duration and the afterlife of parental divorce. In-depth semistructured
interviews with six individuals provided insight into the way that adult children of
divorce reflect on their sibling relationships. From the results four main themes arose from
thematic deductive analysis: closeness, conflict, feeling caught and happiness. These themes
offer an extension of previous research on the effects of parental divorce on sibling relationships.
Live, but at What Cost? An Analysis of Live News Reporting in the Indianapolis Television
Market
Robert Inskeep, Faculty Sponsor: Allison Harthcock, Butler University
It was once thought that live television coverage of news events would be extremely rare.
However, recent technological advances have made “going live” easier than ever before. With
stations now incorporating more live shots in their nightly newscasts, many news practitioners
are wondering whether or not live technology capabilities are driving story selection in
newsrooms today? This paper presents the finding of a research study that analyzes the use of
live shots, over a two-week period, by two television stations (WTHR-TV and WISH-TV) in
their 6 p.m. weekday newscasts. The results from this study indicate: 1) that the stations
surveyed incorporate multiple live shots in each of the 6 p.m. newscasts 2) both stations included
a disturbingly high number of “black hole” live shots in their newscasts during the study 3) there
is a definite connection between stories that include live shots and priority story placement in a
newscast.
Does Playing Video Games Affect the Social Behavior and Time Management of the
Students Playing Them?
Andrew Johnson, Faculty Sponsor: Mike Rowley, Huntington University
Video games are played by many of today’s youth. While some believe that coordination and
proficiency are heightened through game play, others disagree. The focus of this study is to
examine the effects of playing video games among college students. What games are most
commonly played? How long are they being played on a daily basis? Does playing video games
affect the social behavior and time management of the students playing them?
An Examination of the Impact of Technology on Maintaining Significant Long Distance
Relationships
Nick Kight, Faculty Sponsor: Mike Rowley, Huntington University

Technology allows the current generation to continue pursuing meaningful relationships when
distance begins to separate the two people involved. Facebook, Skype and texting have all
allowed people to hold conversations and sustain meaningful relationships with family,
friends, significant others and colleagues. Or have they? The purpose of this study is to examine
how people use these mediums to maintain the previously mentioned relationships, the effects
these technologies have on people’s ability to communicate, and whether or not the previously
mentioned technologies do indeed provide adequate services to maintain a meaningful long
distance relationship.
An Examination of the Use of Expletives on College Campuses
Sarah Messick, Faculty Sponsor: Mike Rowley, Huntington University
Traditionally, expletive usage was associated with sailors, those lacked social etiquette or those
who temporarily lost control of their speech. Today, however, expletive usage is far more
common and an integral part of many people’s rhetorical styles. The purpose of this research is
to examine differences in expletive usage on a Christian campus compared to a state
school. Additionally, does one gender use expletives more than the other? Are there differences,
between campuses, regarding what constitutes an expletive? Fifty students from each of the two
campuses will serve as participants.
Through the Whispered Promises and the Changing Light: Loneliness in Taxi Driver
Samantha Pursel, Faculty Sponsor: Dennis Bingham, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
Taxi Driver, Martin Scorsese's 1976 film, depicts the story of one lonely man and his struggle to
comprehend himself and his city. It is a snapshot of the 1970s, told subjectively through the eyes
of the neurotic Travis Bickle. The film’s discussion of the depraved New York streets creates an
allegory of an unconventional, yet realistic hero. This paper explores the origin and effect of
characters like Travis. He symbolizes a synthesis of insanity in history and film, vigilantism, and
the alienation caused by war and life in an urban milieu. Scorsese uses his incomparable power
of observation to affirm that however unbalanced, characters in film are often a reflection of the
loneliness that lies within us all.
The Reinvention of General Motors: A Fantasy-Theme Analysis
Nate Reiskytl, Faculty Sponsor: Jessica Rousselow-Winquist, Taylor University
General Motors (GM) has been one of the world’s largest vehicle manufacturers for more than
one-hundred years. By 1931, GM brought in more global revenue than any other automaker.
They held the number one spot for an unprecedented seventy-seven years. However, in 2007,
GM was surpassed by Toyota has the largest global automaker. GM would soon realize that this
would only be the beginning of their problems, which had been hidden during their years of
dominance. The problems climaxed with GM filing for bankruptcy in 2009. After hitting rock
bottom, GM realized that changes must come in order to survive. Therefore, they reinvented the
way they did business and are once again climbing towards automotive global dominance.
An Examination of Adult Bullying Among College Students

Emily Russell, Faculty Sponsor: Mike Rowley, Huntington University
Bullying is everywhere. The idea of the bigger, stronger individual dominating over the weaker
individual has been engrained in society for centuries. Bullies don’t just disappear after one
reaches adulthood or leaves high school. The purpose of this study is to discover whether bullies
are prominent on college campuses more specifically on Christian campuses. Do adult bullies
target men more so then women? If so is it verbal bullying or does bullying tend to be more
physical? What constitutes bullying at Christian campuses? What are the most common types
of bullying on Christian campuses? And is one sex more likely to be victimized by bullying?
The Influence of Class Format on Message Effectiveness and Learning
Ryan Schnurr, Faculty Sponsor: Mike Rowley, Huntington University
With the increased information-sharing capabilities facilitated by the internet, many colleges and
universities have begun experimenting with alternative forms of learning in an effort to better
serve their students. Professors and instructors currently utilize varied styles of presenting
information, covering the entire spectrum from in-class lectures to online classrooms to some
hybrid of both. But is one better than the other? The purpose of this study is to determine
whether class format affects students’ academic performance, interest, and motivation, and what
these effects are through an analysis of undergraduate courses in Creative Writing at Huntington
University.
Self-Confidence among Women
Brittany Siemens, Faculty Sponsor: Mike Rowley, Huntington University
Many women struggle with self-confidence. The purpose of this study is to examine female, selfconfidence
as a function of age. Is there a correlation between age and self-confidence?
Additionally, how do factors such as perceptions of success and accomplishment affect a
female’s self-confidence? Survey research using three age groups of females will serve as
participants: high school age, college age and middle adult (30+).
How do Young People View Marriage?
Alicia Stauffer, Faculty Sponsor: Mike Rowley, Huntington University
It’s common knowledge that parents influence their child’s development. The church can also
play a part in child development. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of family
and church on college students’ views of marriage. How do college students view marriage in
terms of commitment, sacrifice, roles within the marriage, and responsibilities of each partner?
Do college students who attended church regularly as children see marriage differently than
those who did not attend church regularly?
Relational Dialectics and Gender
William Stauffer, Faculty Sponsor: Mike Rowley, Huntington University
Relational Dialectics is a theory by Baxter and Montgomery that examines the tensions present
in every close human relationship. The three main dialectics are Integration vs. Separation,

Stability vs. Change and Expression vs. Nonexpression. The purpose of this study is to examine
these three dialectics and their relationship to gender by examining couples in committed
romantic relationships. 1. Which of the three dialectics do males see as most important? Which
do females see as most important? 2. Within each dialectics, is there a gender difference between
male and female preferences between the opposite dialectic ends?
This is what Americans Actually Believe: South Park and the American Religious Minority
Brenna Williams, Faculty Sponsor: Christine Becker, University of Notre Dame
This paper explores the satire of Matt Stone and Trey Parker’s Emmy winning television show
South Park, focusing on the way the show treats four of America’s minority religions: Judaism,
Islam, Scientology, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS Church). 75% of
Americans self-identify as Protestants or Catholics, and this research examines how Parker and
Stone’s works present minority religions to audiences that might get their information about
other belief systems from the media. Understanding the ways in which different forms of satire
treat and handle minority religions can help make sense of the American religious majority’s
conceptions of and prejudices against minority religions, since the media reflects and shapes
cultural values. The research consists of case studies of the South Park episodes as well as Parker
and Stone’s musical, The Book of Mormon. After close analysis of the beliefs presented, the
depictions and characterizations of the faithful, and the reactions by religious viewers to the
show, the research has concluded that the works of Parker and Stone are overwhelmingly
sympathetic to the religious individual but warn against religious institutions as a whole. The
works serve to educate the American populace on the platform of popular culture. Parker and
Stone’s works, and therefore their opinions, are popular and potentially influential in ways that
religious satire typically isn’t. Indeed, South Park is one of the longest running, most popular,
and most influential satirical television shows on television, while The Book of Mormon has
received Broadway’s most prestigious awards and is sold out for over a year. Religious satire is
not new, but at this particular moment in time, it has become popular to be the dissenting and
critical voice when discussing religion, as specifically evidenced by the American public’s recent
fascination with Mormonism leading up to the 2012 Presidential election. The works of Parker
and Stone fill a gap left by most of the rest of popular culture, educating when news outlets
won’t and being honest when dramas can’t, and operating as an influential comedic, educational,
and satirical force of popular culture.
Curtain Call
Braden Worrell, Faculty Sponsor: Elizabeth Winters, Hanover College
This Senior Thesis video production project, Curtain Call, is a short comedy film about two
average college guys who experience a not-too farfetched situation that involves partying, an
incriminating picture, and a desperate mission to erase the evidence. It captures a unique, fun,
and humorous part of any college campus. I created this project entirely with a hilarious script,
high quality production techniques, and entertainment values that the college audience will want
to watch again and again. This project offers a creative and non-traditional take on a senior
thesis through the video medium.

The goal is to effectively tell a funny and somewhat relatable story in a short amount of time in a
professionally developed video form. The audience can take away a lesson in how they manage
their party-going, even beyond the party night. It also serves as an example of how people need
to manage their reputation, in life and online. I have seen and heard of other video Senior
Thesis, but I most I have seen have been in the form of mini-documentaries, instructional videos,
and romance shorts. This project is the culmination of all the video production techniques and
writing skills that I have developed in my four years at Hanover as a Communication major.
EDUCATION
Using Picture Books to Build Common Schema in the Middle School English Classroom
Kristina Albarello, Faculty Sponsor: Shelly Furuness, Butler University
As a teacher, how do you manage to connect students with a new topic of study when each
student has different experiences and prior understandings of that topic? This study investigates
one possible approach to answering this question. In an urban fringe middle school located in a
metropolitan school district in Indianapolis, five students from each of the first two periods of a
7th grade Language Arts class were invited to participate. These two small groups received
instruction using the same lesson plans that were being taught to the rest of the class; however,
the method used to introduce the lessons was different. Each lesson began with reading a
children's picture book that was relevant to the ensuing lesson, providing a shared experience to
which all participants could relate. Data was collected during these small group lessons to
investigate the value of the method used and how a common experience, such as the reading of a
children's picture book, impacts teaching middle school students.
The Method behind Games, Fun, & Learning
Rebecca Austin, Diane Berg, Lauren Buroker, Travis Cawthorn, Lyle Franklin, Joshua Hurst,
Caitlyn Rickey, Jacque Schrag, Ashley Swartz, Ryan Thompson & Nick Walters, Faculty
Sponsor: Paul Gestwicki, Ball State University
"Games, Fun, & Learning" is the latest in the Immersive Learning Projects hosted at the Ball
State University Virginia Ball Center for Creative Inquiry. The student-driven project is based on
a combination of varying methodologies that combine software and game development with
learning. This presentation will focus on these methodologies and how they have been used
effectively in this unique learning environment, with the ultimate goal of producing a web-based
game for the Indianapolis Children's Museum.
Cultural Competency in High School Educators
Jodie Buchanan, Sidney Findley & Rachel Pollock, Faculty Sponsor: Matt Ringenberg,
Valparaiso University

Education for school aged children in cultural competency is an important aspect of their overall
learning. Students cannot always learn this at home, and for most children, this is the first time
they learn outside of their homes. A diverse environment, like that of a school, is the best place
for it to be acquired. Because the world is shifting to a more global, international society, the
need for cultural competency and its importance will only increase in the coming years. The lack
of this knowledge leads to intolerance, prejudice and even violence. The purpose of this study
was to explore the relationship between an educator’s cultural competency skill level and how it
relates to the racial diversity of the school. This study used survey questionnaires of the staff at
high schools in the northwest region of Indiana. This area is very diverse overall, but also has
some areas that are not diverse populations. Some schools mandate cultural competency training
for all new staff. Training of staff to be culturally competent is the key to having them teach
cultural competency to the students. The study will focus on the cultural competence of the staff
at diverse schools versus staff at those that are not as diverse. The findings of this research may
lead to more effective training, or the implementation of a training program where there is none,
for the staff.
Using Brain Research to Aid Reading Comprehension
Mia Claretto, Faculty Sponsor: Theresa Knipstein, Butler University
Research has proven that paying attention matters to learning. Additionally, engaged attention
dramatically increases learning. As teachers, how do we actively engage students in the act of
reading? Brain research is a new area that is fueling teachers with knowledge of how the brain
learns. How can teachers use this knowledge to best harness the brain’s power to learn while also
creating active, engaged readers? This study focuses on reading comprehension strategies that
capitalize on how the brain actually learns. It also explores the why behind the impact of these
strategies.
Using Novels and Writing to Teach Students Mathematical Concepts
Rachel Colby & Amanda Huffman, Faculty Sponsor: Shelly Furuness, Butler University
How much variety did you see in your mathematics instruction? For many of us, the answer is
probably little to no variety. The purpose of this study was to take a different approach to
teaching mathematics through the integration of the novel "The Number Devil: A Mathematical
Adventure" by Hans Magnus Enzensberger and journals into the foundation of the mathematics
instruction.
This study was carried out in a sixth grade classroom at a local school. The participants read the
novel and wrote journal entries reacting to the novel and explaining mathematical concepts.
During each class, the participants were taught using, primarily, the scope of the novel, but the
different mathematical concepts from the novel were elaborated on and taught in more
detail. The participants were given a pre- and post-assessment over particular mathematical
concepts and at the end of the unit, they completed a project to assess their knowledge of the
concepts they learned. Over the course of the study, data was collected and continually analyzed
to evaluate the effectiveness, benefits, and consequences of using a novel as the foundation for
mathematics instruction.

A Simple Understanding of Attention Deficit Disorders and Resources for the Afflicted and
Their Support Group
Amber Hauser, Faculty Sponsor: Matt Ringenberg, Valparaiso University
My first, purpose in writing this paper is to enlighten myself about an affliction that, as of 2011,
5.3 million children (3-12 years of age) in the United States have been diagnosed with attention
deficit disorders, according to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention. I am writing to
enlighten others that this affliction is real, but cannot be cured. I am hoping to provide a simple,
but through explanation of what happens in an afflicted person, and what makes them different
from a non-afflicted person. I also want to educate others concerning the causes and treatments
of this affliction.
Helping Students Enjoy Reading
Noelle Haynie, Faculty Sponsor: Paulette Sauders, Grace College
My aim in this paper is to explore many different ways to help students enjoy reading, both
inside and outside of school. Particularly from a teacher's perspective, frustration can be large
when a student outwardly despises reading. Not reading can also prohibit educational growth. I
will argue that if certain strategies are used, such as looking at each student's interest or modeling
what reading should look like, many more students will actually begin to enjoy reading. I will
also show why many boys in particular dislike reading and how specifics steps can help them
start to enjoy reading. This essay will endeavor to provide strategies for both parents and
teachers to use and show how these strategies have been successful in the past.
New Technology Education
Octavia Lehman, Faculty Sponsor: Paulette Sauders, Grace College
In 1996, business and community leaders in Napa Valley, California developed a new model of
high school education. Frustrated by the lack of leadership and technology skills in young
employees, the New Tech model provided an instructional approach centered on project-based
learning and integrating technology in the classroom. Indiana leads the surge in adapting schools
to the New Tech model with 18 New Tech high schools, more than any other state in the U.S.
The second highest concentration of schools reside in Northeast Indiana, with six, behind New
York City. This paper will examine the effect of New Technology schools on students, teachers,
and the community in Northeast Indiana.
Why Did I Ever Choose This Major?
Derek Linn, Faculty Sponsor: Justin Gash, Franklin College
Choosing a major is a very difficult and important task as sets you down a career path for the rest
of your life. I want to know why people are comfortable in certain areas of study, so I chose to
delve into how students learn and their majors. This study prompts students at Franklin College
to take a test that assesses their learning styles. This data along with each respondent’s respective
demographic information is analyzed to see similarities or differences and to possibly prove a
relationship between learning styles and academic majors. These results can be used to help
professors better understand the educational needs of the students. They could also be used by

admissions offices to give undecided students an idea of what majors are best for their learning
styles.
The Allegory of the Cave and its Implications for Modern Education
Sarah Risley, Faculty Sponsor: Richard McGowan, Butler University
Many of the ideas that Plato sets forth throughout his dialogue between Socrates and Glaucon,
known as the Allegory of the Cave, follow similar patterns as cognitive theorists such as
Lawrence Kohlberg, Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, and William Perry. Kohlberg outlines the
stages of moral development, which can loosely be traced through the prisoner’s path to
enlightenment. Piaget tracks a child’s stages of cognitive development, all the way to concrete
and abstract thought. Noam Chomsky and the cognitive theory of language acquisition and
development put forth the idea that the general terms of our language are not names; they are
simply concepts and ideas of something larger. Perry argued that students progress through
different stages of intellectual and moral development, parallel to the development of the slave
throughout Plato's dialogue. According to the ideas of Plato, Kohlberg, Piaget, Chomsky, and
Perry it is imperative that philosophy be incorporated more and more into education in order to
produce the higher order thinking and moral development that educators expect of high school
and college students today.
ENGLISH (LITERATURE & CREATIVE WRITING)
Eat Your Heart Out: Consumption, Escape, and the Discourse of Desperation in Günter
Grass's The Tin Drum
Emelia Abbe, Faculty Sponsor: Ania Spyra, Butler University
The incredibly jarring and morbid nature of Agnes Matzerath’s suicide in Günter Grass’s Nobel
Prize winning novel The Tin Drum is one of the most perplexing and graphic scenes of the entire
work. Agnes literally gorges herself to death by mindlessly consuming mass amounts of fish and
fish products. What is the purpose of depicting such a violent and gruesome method of
suicide? What are the underlying causes of the act itself? By taking an in-depth look at the
death of Agnes Matzerath, overarching themes concerning the nature of war itself become
apparent within Grass’s colorful portrayal of human reactions to World War II inside the
contested city of Danzig.
Arthur through the Ages
Emily Armstrong, Faculty Sponsor: Paulette Sauders, Grace College
The Legend of King Arthur began in 5 th century Britain and has gone through several evolutions
since then. Early mentions of Arthur portray him as a warrior and list a few of the battles he was
involved in, but in A History of the Kings of Britain Arthur is portrayed as a king of great honor
and a warrior for God. In Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte Darthur, the spiritual aspect of

Arthur’s character diminishes and the actions of the knights he leads come to the forefront.
Moving into modern day, Arthur is portrayed as a dutiful hero who earns the respect and power
he obtains. From Geoffrey of Monmouth’s A History of the Kings of Britain to T.H. White’s
modern portrayal of King Arthur in The Once and Future King, this paper will seek to trace the
character of King Arthur and determine why he is viewed as such a great hero in the past and
why readers and moviegoers today still identify with the hero of old.
The Stage is the Court and All the Player Merely Copies: Shakespeare’s Antony and
Cleopatra as Propaganda
Ginnye Cubel, Faculty Sponsor: William Walsh, Butler University
In Elizabethan England theatre was the place to present political ideas and no one was better at
this than William Shakespeare himself. The presentation seeks to explore the idea that
Shakespeare’s historical drama Antony and Cleopatra is in part a propaganda piece meant to
bolster support for James while at the same time condemning Elizabeth I’s previous rule. The
presentation will examine the role of theatre in conveying political ideas and the specific political
causes Shakespeare was involved in. Focus will then shift to Shakespeare’s work Antony and
Cleopatra and the political ideologies conveyed in the work. Furthermore, the presentation will
specifically focus on the differences and similarities between Cleopatra the character and
Elizabeth the Queen. I argue that Cleopatra is constructed as an image of Elizabeth that at once
condemns her reign and revels in it.
Getting Lost in Her Translation: The Applied and Sociolinguistic Elements of Eva
Hoffman’s Lost in Translation
Margaret Cychosz, Faculty Sponsor: Ania Spyra, Butler University
In her linguistic memoir Lost in Translation: A Life in a New Language, author Eva Hoffman
describes her experience as a translingual Polish immigrant. During her time in both Canada and
later in the United States, Hoffman experiences a great deal of socio and applied linguistic data
attributed to second language learners. Many scholars have analyzed the diverse linguistic
phenomena available within linguistic memoirs, (Bohórquez 2009, Besemeres 2004, and
Pavlenko 2007); however, they have yet to compile a comprehensive work showcasing how the
phenomena can contribute to the final written work. As primarily monolingual Anglophones, we,
the readers, must examine Hoffman’s writing genius to increase our own social awareness and
better comprehend the complexities of second language acquisition. Although some critics argue
that Hoffman’s language usage within the work is too Americanized to adequately portray an
immigrant’s struggle between two languages, this paper will show that several linguistic
phenomena – such as bilingualism, linguistic displacement, and foreign language anxiety -
contribute to the creation of a distinctive bilingual writing technique in Hoffman's memoir.
The Form of Fragmentation: Transnational Identity in Theresa Hak Kyung Cha’s Dictée
and Eva Hoffman’s Lost in Translation
Allison Denton, Faculty Sponsor: Ania Spyra, Butler University
Broken, schizoid, shattered. These are the words often used to describe the fragmented identities
of transnational migrants in literature. In theory, fragmentation is considered a common side

effect of diaspora or immigration. While many scholars define fragmentation as indicative of
something lost or incomplete, writers like Theresa Hak Kyung Cha and Eva Hoffman have
expressed just the opposite. In their respective memoirs, Dictée and Lost in Translation, the two
writers illustrate their transnational journeys—how they pieced together multiple, distinct
cultural identities to create a whole sense of self. In this presentation, I compare and contrast
their works to show the way both writers manipulate form and structure differently to
communicate the same notion of identity. In examining both of these texts, we see the way
formal structure can embody and express the idea of fragmentation.
Gatsby under the Influence: The Times That Created The Great Gatsby
Mary Gensel, Faculty Sponsor: Paulette Sauders, Grace College
A book is not created without outside influences. It is shaped and molded by the time it was
created. F. Scott Fitzgerald mentions in The Great Gatsby some events that began or ended at the
start of the Jazz Age, which his book partially created. By examining such events as World War
I, Prohibition, the Black Sox Scandal, and a murder that has been unsolved to this day, we will
be able to discern the effects of the 1920s on Fitzgerald’s novel.
Love-Making at the Piano
Jane Hurdish, Faculty Sponsor: Sara Danger, Valparaiso University
During the Victorian period, the piano served many functions that had very little to do with the
simple act of making music, especially in the lives of many middle-class women. Besides being
a means of education, entertainment, and emotional expression, the piano was also used by some
middle-class women as an alternative way to express their sexuality in a society that often
repressed it. In George Eliot’s Middlemarch, Rosamond Vincy, a Victorian sex symbol, is also
incidentally the only character who is seen playing the piano throughout the novel. She uses the
piano as a means of seduction, successfully seducing Lydgate, whom she marries. Rosamond is
unable to seduce Ladislaw, though, when she becomes unhappy in her marriage and seeks
satisfaction from him. It is in this instance, when Rosamond, and the piano, ultimately prove to
be limited in their powers of seduction, that Eliot offers her commentary on the piano’s function
in society at that time. The piano was not capable of liberating women sexually, and disguised
as an object of deliverance, actually perpetuated aspects of society that aimed to confine women.
The Role of Dogs in Iris Murdoch
Marc Keith, Faculty Sponsor: Joanne Edmonds, Ball State University
This paper examines both the philosophical and fictional works of Iris Murdoch, with a focus on
what it means to be Good, and how to achieve this state of being. The essay first examines the
basic principles of Murdoch’s philosophy, such as the importance of looking outward rather than
inward, and the influences of art and nature on humans as we attempt to do this. The paper then
focuses specifically on the role of dogs in Murdoch’s novels. The paper uses the principles
established in the former part of the essay to analyze how Murdoch uses dogs to help her
characters achieve an enlightened moral state that leads them closer to the Good.

The Relationship between Gender, Control and Nimi’s Feminism in Kiran Desai’s The
Inheritance of Loss
Shannon Knall, Faculty Sponsor: Ania Spyra, Butler University
In Kiran Desai’s The Inheritance of Loss, the character Nimi plays an important role that has
been quite overlooked in terms of research and analyses of Desai’s characters. Most of the
research done on this novel is based primarily on the Judge (Jemubhai Patel), his self-hate and
anglophilia, or on Biju focusing on racism and transnationalism, or on the post-colonial state of
India and how colonialism is still felt. However, there is no research on Nimi who represents a
very powerful role in terms of the position of women and gender norms in India. As Jemubhai’s
wife, her character reveals two major things: the tolerance of domestic abuse and the
representation of her own feminism. This paper will have three components to it: first it will
explore the gender norms in India, secondly it will look at Jemubhai’s need for control that leads
to his aggression towards Nimi, and finally it will examine Nimi’s feminist characteristics. My
analysis will reveal that even though Nimi appears to be a tolerant and domestic character, given
her circumstances she is quite the feminist.
The Green Sun: Tolkien's Literary Philosophy of the Fantastic
Xander Marton, Faculty Sponsor: Paulette Sauders, Grace College
Tolkien began to provide authors, students, readers and critics with a framework for the analysis,
interpretation and critique of stories in his critical essay “On Fairy-Stories.” By extrapolating on
this central essay in his further notes and commentary, Tolkien provided a rough sketch of a
fairly comprehensive—if scattered—literary theory.
This paper intends to follow this vein and extend it into a more complete framework for the
analysis and interpretation of literature—with a particular focus on the literature of the fantastic.
Focusing predominantly on gathering his theories into a coherent and unified whole, this paper
seeks to understand and further develop Tolkien’s branch of critical philosophy. This paper will
provide partial analysis of specific literary works, compare Tolkien’s theories to those of
traditional narratology and critique of the literature of the fantastic, and reference external
commentary on his works—both fiction and nonfiction. All this is done so that his theory may be
clearly understood and properly applied to literature.
The Art of Human Breathing: An Examination of Poetry’s Potential in the 21st Century
Chelsea Noble, Faculty Sponsor: Paulette Sauders, Grace College
In 2000, Simon Armitage wrote an essay entitled, “Re-Writing the Good Book” in which he
explored possible future paths for poetry in the coming century. Though at the time poetry was a
slightly fringe part of our culture, Armitage believed that poetry could become, “a front-line art
form for the next century.” He wrote, “Poetry pre-dates the book, pre-dates the alphabet even,
and should not be content with its current format.” This essay reexamines his words over a
decade later and demonstrates their validity through real-world examples of renowned poets who
are experimenting with the methods they use to present their words to the world and examples of
how poetry has worked its way into commercial advertisement. Through all of this, it will
become clear that poetry is not the art of the written word, but the art of spoken word, and if

poets wish to keep their art alive and relevant to the rest of the world they must take that into
account when deciding how to present their work to their audience.
Literature and the Creation of Great Thinkers
Jason Ropp, Faculty Sponsor: Paulette Sauders, Grace College
Great writers of the past and present are often those we also consider to be great thinkers. While
Liberal Arts has been under the gun for some time now, I will argue, using academic research as
well as the thoughts of great writers, that the exploration of classic and contemporary literature,
as well as analytic, summary, and creative writing, produces an individual that is prepared to face
the demands of a rapidly shifting workforce and the challenges of an increasingly complex
society. The well-read individual, when grounded in reality, produces a great thinker, a type of
person necessary to produce a successful society.
To Kill a Mockingbird: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Mark Schaefer, Faculty Sponsor: Deborah Howard, University of Evansville
In 1960, Harper Lee published her first, and last, full length novel. Despite low expectations, To
Kill a Mockingbird immediately became a best seller. To fully understand its initial, and
continued, overwhelming success, it is necessary to examine the social atmosphere and cultural
history surrounding the publications release.
A Male Strength of Heart: Shakespeare’s Strong-Willed Women and the Effect of
Marriage upon their Wit
Katherine Sheridan, Faculty Sponsor: William Walsh, Butler University
“To such an end a lady’s male strength of heart in its high confidence ordains. . .” These are
some of the opening lines of Aeschylus’ Agamemnon: a tale of a woman considered too
outspoken, too proud and too strong of persona to be a ‘good wife.’ Though her tale is a
tragedy, I found myself drawing comparisons between mighty Clytemnestra and select women
of Shakespeare’s repertoire. “She speaks poniards, and every word stabs,” Benedick accuses of
Beatrice (II.i.216). Katherina snarls, “What, will you not suffer me? Nay, now I see. . .Talk not
to me, I will go. . .Till I can find occasion of revenge” (II.i.31-36). Both are strong women,
capable of defending themselves superbly in a verbal confrontation—but their positions in time
and society strain them to settle into a socially acceptable marriage.
Motivation “A Male Strength of Heart” explores the characters of Shakespeare’s strongestworded
women, examining the ways in which they are molded into social expectations. In
juxtaposition, my research will determine in what manner, if any, the characters manage to retain
aspects of their unmarried personas’ wit.
Results Shakespeare enigmatically achieves both social compatibility and an extraordinary level
of compassion toward his female characters’ wills and personas. By varying degrees and
through differing trials—both woman achieved a certain level of constancy within their
characterization, neither being required to utterly abandon what made them such “Shakespearian
ladies” to begin with: their exceptional wit and willingness to wield it.

Darth Hamlet: Elements of Shakespearean Tragedy in Star Wars
Andrea Skowronski, Faculty Sponsor: Paulette Sauders, Grace College
Anguished groans reverberate through high school classrooms across the country when any of
the works of Shakespeare appear on the reading list. The language shift caused by nearly four
hundred fifty years of dynamic usage leaves students in mental agony as they attempt to sift
through linguistic and cultural differences to find the essence of the plays. Shakespeare certainly
lived a long time ago, and for many modern readers he may as well have lived in a galaxy far, far
away. Nevertheless, his works have endured to this day. Whether in their original form or a
modernized version, Shakespearean characters, story lines, and plot devices continue to influence
the performing arts. Indeed, Shakespeare’s influence is so widespread that it can even be found
in stories whose writers did not intend it. For example, George Lucas had no Shakespearean
aspirations when he wrote and directed the Star Wars saga. His goal was to recreate science
fiction in a way that would resonate with his audience. Yet, when viewed as a whole, the six
films of Star Wars canon fit nearly perfectly with A. C. Bradley’s definitive work,
Shakespearean Tragedy. This paper will compare Star Wars with the characteristics of a
Shakespearean tragedy as described by Bradley with the intention of demonstrating that the saga
does in fact follow tragic pattern.
The Things of the Flesh: The Battle between Hebrew and Christian Traditions in William
Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice
Jarred Turner, Faculty Sponsor: William Walsh, Butler University
“And God said unto Abraham, Thou shalt keep my covenant therefore, thou, and thy seed after
thee in their generations (Genesis 17:9 KJV). This verse is indicative of the covenantal
relationship between God and the descendants of Abraham. Throughout the Old Testament the
notion of a covenant is used to frame the belief structure of the Jewish people. In the Biblical
narrative the Israelites were often punished for breaking their covenant with God. This is
contrasted in the Christian tradition where the emphasis for a relationship with God is placed on
His grace. Or as the apostle Paul states,“ye are not under the law, but under grace” (Romans 6:14
KJV). It is in this religious background that the interaction of Shylock and Antonio in
Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice is formed. While there are prejudicial undertones
that factor into the agreement entered into by the two men, it is a fundamental differing in
religious ideology that frames the events surrounding the bond. Shylocks actions can be better
understood when viewed in relationship to the Biblical story of Jephthah. When viewed in this
light, Shylock’s actions become less connected with any internal evil, but rather conjoined to his
religious beliefs in a way that forces him to choose between his own traditions and those of
Christianity.
The Epic Hero's Burden: Imperial Consciousness in Tennyson's “Ulysses"
Caitlin Willenbrink, Faculty Sponsor: Melissa Eden, Hanover College
In 1829, Scottish author Christopher North famously described the British Empire as the land
“on which the sun never set”; in 1842, Alfred, Lord Tennyson published his poem “Ulysses,” a
dramatic monologue written in the voice of the hero of Homer’s Odyssey. In my presentation, I
will examine the intersection of Victorian literature and British imperial history through

Tennyson’s poem. I first analyze the rhetorical parallels between this work and English rhetoric,
comparing Ulysses’s expansionist agitation with restlessness of the British imperialist spirit. I
explore the parallels that both Tennyson and the orators of the imperial age draw between the
British Empire and the colonizing powers of antiquity, thus demonstrating how the author
reflects on his own nation’s drive for expansion, and the motives, justifications, and doubts
involved in this quest. Finally, I analyze how the poem’s narration explores the fundamental
tensions between savagery and civilization, bondage and freedom, and weakness and power that
are inherent in the imperialist attitude, but approaches them ambivalently, in order to evaluate the
Victorian colonial adventure.
Between Public and Private: Personal Autonomy in The Merchant of Venice
Olivia Yoch, Faculty Sponsor: William Walsh, Butler University
The two plots winding through The Merchant of Venice present Shakespeare’s play between the
inner and outer, the romantic and financial, the personal and public. Portia and Shylock, the two
marginalized characters, emphasize the division between public and private spheres. Susan
Oldrieve identifies private and public senses of self in “Marginalized Voices in ‘The Merchant of
Venice’” by claiming Portia and Shylock conform publically in order to succeed privately.
Oldrieve’s differentiation between public conformity and private independence plays out, though
Portia and Shylock in fact use the public sphere as a means of action in order to influence
personal affairs. Both characters lack the power to change their private spheres: Shylock suffers
under Venetian prejudice and Portia must accept whichever suitor correctly chooses the lead
casket. The financial or legal sphere offers an avenue for marginalized characters to influence
personal position – to gain autonomous, personal identities. Though participation in the public
sphere necessitates some degree of conformity, the public enables the disadvantaged to alter
private situations.
Reimagining the Bard: National Influences in the Anglo-Celtic Literature of Dylan Thomas
and James Joyce
Olivia Yoch, Faculty Sponsor: Ania Spyra, Butler University
Dylan Thomas’ Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog (1940) and James Joyce’s A Portrait of the
Artist as a Young Man (1914) are semi-autobiographical works from Celtic authors who write in
English-language prose. Because the authors’ childhoods fall during different periods of Celtic
nationalism, Joyce and Thomas have predictably divergent relationships with Ireland and Wales
as culturally and linguistically distinct entities. They express these relationships through their
interactions with language, both in the response to Welsh and Irish Gaelic and in the narrators’
youthful attempts at English-language poetry. Examining the novels in light of Irish and Welsh
nationalistic influences (especially a nationalism as expressed by language) lets us read Young
Man as a novel of departure and Young Dog as one of return.
EXERCISE SCIENCE

The Effect of a Cognitive and Motor Task on Postural Stability
Kyle Bohnert, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
In daily life, individuals typically stand while performing other suprapostural tasks. A large
collection of literature has explored the effect of only a cognitive or motor task on postural
stability. However, there is a dearth of information on the impact of both types of tasks
performed simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to examine integration of a motor task
with balance control on an unstable surface while engaged in a memory task.
Methods Fourteen college students free from any postural, mental, or motor deficiencies
participated in this study. Three phases of trials were imposed. Two phases required participants
to fit a block into either a large or small opening. A third phase of trials did not require a fitting
task. Within each phase, half of the trials consisted on an additional cognitive memory
task. Through all trials, a force platform as well as Vicon 3D Motion Capture cameras took
measurements relative to postural sway.
Results and Discussion Data collection is ongoing and nearing completion. Initial findings and
pilot data have revealed that postural sway decreases with the addition of each task. This would
demonstrate the body taking a facilitator role when challenged with suprapostural tasks. In being
a facilitator, the body reduces sway because any extra bodily movements could impede the
successful completion of the tasks. Thus, this decrease in sway appears to be beneficial to
suprapostural tasks.
The Impact of Cross Education in Dominant and Non-Dominant Fine Motor Training
Audrey Black, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
Cross education is an adaptation in an untrained limb that occurs when the opposite limb is
trained. Previous research supports unidirectional impact, in the dominant to non-dominant
direction. However, this may be influenced by the degree of dominance in the muscle group. In
addition, there is little evidence regarding cross education as it relates to fine motor training. As
such, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cross education as it relates to the
degree of hand dominance when training fine motor skills.
Methods Five subjects participated: Three trained the dominant hand, two trained the nondominant
hand. Training was performed using a computerized mirror maze task, on nonconsecutive
days, until significant improvement occurred (60%) and a plateau was observed,
typically over 6-8 training sessions. Pre- and post-tests were performed using the same mirror
maze, and with the added challenge of tilting the image at a 45º angle.
Results and Discussion Data collection is ongoing and nearing completion. Initial findings and
pilot data have revealed that cross education occurs in the dominant to non-dominant direction.
Evidence also supports cross education effects in the non-dominant to dominant direction. It
appears that cross education was not successful when slightly altering the maze task by 45º,
suggesting a high level of task specificity. To this point in the research process, it can be
concluded that (1) cross education occurs when learning a fine motor task; (2) Cross education is
not unidirectional; And (3) cross education effects are highly task specific.

Effects of Varying Exercise Intensities and Timing of Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity: A
Case Study
Michael Case, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
Insulin resistance is a major health problem in the U.S. Exercise has been shown to increase
insulin sensitivity. However, it is unclear how intensity, and the timing of exercise (prior to or
after eating) influence the degree of impact. This study was designed to explore the timing of
exercise and the intensity with regard to short term insulin sensitivity evidenced by glucose
clearance from the blood.
Methods One 22 year old male engaged in six experimental sessions: (1 and 2) resting baseline
tests in which a standardized glucose load was ingested and blood glucose response was
measured. Remaining sessions were randomly assigned: (3 and 4) exercise was performed an
hour before ingestion of the glucose load, one trial was moderate intensity (HR=120 bpm; 45%
VO2max for 30 min), the other vigorous (HR=150 bpm: 60%VO2max for 30 min); (5 and 6)
exercise was performed immediately following ingestion of the glucose load, one trial was
moderate intensity, the other vigorous. Blood samples were obtained over 75 minutes post
ingestion at minutes 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 from finger pricks, and glucose measurements were
determined with an Accu-check Aviva glucose monitor.
Results and Discussion Results indicate good reliability of the resting glucose response
following oral glucose loading. Exercise enhanced blood glucose clearance, indicated by
calculations of the area under the curve. Moderate exercise intensity in both cases was more
effective than vigorous exercise. Overall, it was concluded that (1) exercise promotes insulin
sensitivity evidenced by enhanced glucose clearance from the blood; (2) exercise before
ingestion is superior to exercise after; and (3) moderate exercise is superior to vigorous exercise.
The Effect of Auditory and Visual Stimuli on RPE, Affect, and HR during Exercise
Sarah Clapp, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
The purpose was to determine the effects of auditory and visual stimuli, using music and film, on
heart rate, affect, and ratings of perceived exertion during moderate exercise.
Methods Subjects were six males, ages 20-21, from Hanover College who participated in three
separate trials, walking on a treadmill at 40, 50, 60, and 70% of their maximum heart rate
(MHR). The trials consisted of auditory stimulation with visual deprivation, visual stimulation
with auditory deprivation, and a control. Auditory and visual stimuli were the independent
variables and heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and affect were the dependent
variables. Affect was measured prior to and following each trial using the Subjective Exercise
Experience Scale (SEES), HR was measured with a Polar heart rate monitor, and the Borg 6-20
scale measured RPE, which reflects individual perceptions of intensity or effort. Music was used
as auditory stimuli and the selection was based on the Brunel Music Rating Inventory-3 (BMRI-
3) to determine the motivational impact. Subjects selected a film to watch from several options
and then completed a questionnaire of elicited emotions.

Results and Conclusion Data collection is ongoing and nearing completion. Initial findings and
pilot data suggest that RPE during the auditory and visual trials were lower than during the
control trials and the lowest RPE occurred during the auditory trials. Pre to post-test affect
ratings improved during the control, auditory, and visual trials. It appears that auditory and visual
stimuli will positively influence RPE and affect during moderate exercise.
Physiologic Adaptations to Simulated Normobaric Hypoxia: A Case Study
Jeremy Cook, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
Background and Purpose Hypoxic exposure lowers the percentage of hemoglobin saturation
with oxygen (SpO2), which in turn stimulates production of additional red blood cells (RBCs) as
compensation. Sleeping at simulated altitude has become popular among endurance athletes to
promote an increase in RBCs. Is this approach effective, and if so is eight hours of daily
exposure sufficient? In addition, if effective, does it lead to an increase in performance as
measured by VO2max and anaerobic threshold (AT)? The purpose of this study was to address
these questions.
Methods One highly fit anaerobically trained male subject (22 years) slept at simulated altitude
(normobaric hypoxia) that reduced SpO2 FROM 97% to

Results and Discussion Caffeine increased VO2 peak, heart rate, and time to exhaustion during
exercise. Performance was negatively impacted by heat inhibition. This was the case in both
caffeine and non-caffeine trials. Heat inhibition appeared to increase the metabolic overhead of
exercise which may explain the decreased time to exhaustion. It was concluded that although
caffeine can increase performance, the effect may be lost when the thermoregulatory system is
challenged.
Strength and Flexibility Imbalance of Female College Athletes
Michaela Gray, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
Recent studies have shown a correlation between muscle imbalance and injury occurrence in
athletes. Muscle imbalance occurs when there is a strength difference between two muscle
groups of the same limb, or between homologous muscles of opposing limbs. For example, an
H/Q ratio less than .60 suggests imbalance between the quadriceps and hamstrings of the same
leg. Leg dominance can also affect imbalance. Strength difference between the dominant and
non-dominant leg should be within 10%. For example the dominant leg should be no less than
90% the strength of the non-dominant. Flexibility imbalance between hamstrings of opposing
legs may also play a role in injury occurrence in athletes. The purpose of this study was to
determine the occurrence and degree of imbalance in female college athletes.
Methodology Strength was measured isometrically at the angles of 135 degree and 90 degree for
quadriceps and hamstrings. Hamstring flexibility was measured using a sit and reach test.
Discussion Data collection is ongoing. Initial findings have shown imbalances in H/Q ratios of
the same limb, H/Q imbalance between opposing limbs, as well as imbalance between opposing
quadriceps and opposing hamstrings. No significant imbalances have been noted in hamstring
flexibility. It is tentatively concluded that strength and flexibility imbalance is common among
college female athletes and that addressing imbalance could potentially reduce the incidence of
injury.
The Impact of Caffeine vs. a Placebo on Caloric Expenditure, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate,
and Ratings of Perceived Exertion
Leslie Manuel, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
Caffeine stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn may increase energy
expenditure (EE). Does this mean regular caffeine ingestion may help (all things being equal) to
reduce body fatness? Typically, caffeine studies have been conducted at rest, which raises the
following question: what is the impact of caffeine during moderate exercise with regard to EE,
heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE). The purpose of
this study was to address this question.
Methods This study was a double-blind experimental design. Six subjects completed 2 trials
each, one with caffeine and one with a placebo. Caffeine dosage was 6 mg per kilogram of body
weight. Exercise was performed on a treadmill at 2.5 mph with 0% grade, 3.5 mph with 0%
grade, and 3.5 with 8% grade, each for 6 minutes. Indirect calorimetry (oxygen consumption),
HR, BP, and RPE were determined during exercise.

Results and Discussion Data collection is ongoing and nearing completion. Initial findings and
pilot data have revealed that the dose of caffeine versus the placebo resulted in an increase in EE,
HR, BP, and a decrease in RPE during exercise. To this point in the research process, caffeine
would seem to be helpful in reducing body fatness. However, it must be noted that subjects were
able to determine after the fact which treatment entailed caffeine as they self-reported higher
levels of anxiety and jitteriness.
Cross Education: The Effect of Unilateral Strength Training
Chris Mosier, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
Atrophy and loss of strength are likely to occur when a limb is immobilized. A helpful
intervention is cross education (cross transference of effects) in which the homologous muscles
on the contralateral limb are exercised and there is a cross transference of effects to the
immobilized limb. The degree of cross education may depend on the degree of dominance of the
exercised limb and also the degree of strength gained from training. The purpose of this
investigation was to track the rate of strength gain from session to session in one limb and to
determine the overall degree of cross education to the unexercised limb.
Methods Four male college students performed unilateral strengthening exercises using a
handgrip dynamometer. Two subjects trained the dominant limb and two trained the nondominant
limb for 12 training sessions.
Results and Discussion Subjects who trained their dominant limb had greater strength gains in
the trained limb. The dominant trained group had an average of 15.4% increase in strength in the
trained limb and a 7.75% increase in the untrained limb as compared to the non-dominant trained
group with gains of 6.7% and 6.25%. Subjects who trained their dominant limb had a 2.2%
increase in strength on average from session to session as compared with an average gain of 0.95
% in the non-dominant trained limb. It is concluded that (1) strength can be gained during each
training session; (2) training effects are greater in the dominant limb; and (3) cross education is
similar regardless of which limb is trained.
Acute Effects of Moderate and Higher Intensity Exercise on Blood Lipids (A case study)
Heather Nichols, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
Postprandial (after eating) triglycerides have been shown to be a better indicator of heart disease
and metabolic disease than fasting levels, because they show the body’s ability to process and
use triglycerides. Studies have shown that exercise up to 24 hours before a high fat meal can
lower postprandial levels. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of timing of
exercise and intensity on postprandial triglycerides.
Methods One female subject, moderately active and 22 years of age, consumed a high fat meal
after which blood lipid levels were determined at 1, 2.5 and 4 hours.
Experiment 1. Acute moderate exercise. The subject performed one hour of walking on a
treadmill (3.5 mph, 0% grade; 1.1025 L/min, 4.85 kcal/ L, 320.8 kcal total) either immediately
before the high fat meal or immediately after. Results were compared to the control treatment.
Experiment 2. Acute higher intensity exercise. The subject performed 30 minutes of walking on

the treadmill (3.5 mph, 8% grade; 1.745 L/m, 4.9 kcal/L, 256.5 kcal total) immediately before
the high fat meal. Results were compared to experiment 1.
Results and Discussion Triglyceride area scores for each of the trials show that the timing of
exercise and the intensity of exercise matter in the postprandial triglyceride response. Exercising
immediately before a high fat meal appears to lower postprandial triglyceride levels more than
exercising immediately after. Higher intensity exercise before a high fat meal appears to be more
effective in lowering the postprandial triglyceride response than the moderate intensity exercise
both before and after a meal. This occurred despite the fact that the moderate intensity exercise
expended more energy than the higher intensity exercise.
The Effect of Cross Education on Reactive Hyperemia
Molly Pierson, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
During exercise, there is an increased demand for oxygen and blood flow to the working
muscles. Blood flow is reduced to other areas of the body via widespread vasoconstriction, a
sympathetic nervous system response. Local factors cause vasodilation in the working muscles,
resulting in excess blood flow (hyperemia). During resistance exercise, hyperemia is delayed
(reactive hyperemia). Does cross education of reactive hyperemia occur in the non-working
muscles homologous to the working muscles? If so, is the effect bidirectional or unidirectional
(only from the dominant to non-dominant direction)? The purpose of this investigation was to
examine the effect of cross education on reactive hyperemia in the upper arm muscles, and the
directionality.
Methods Five female subjects performed resistance exercise in two sessions; one involved the
dominant arm, the other the non-dominant arm. Exercise included seated bicep curls using an
exhaustive drop-set technique. Reactive hyperemia was determined with a water-displacement
technique in each arm before and after each trial.
Results and Discussion Reactive hyperemia was evident in the exercised arm in both
sessions. Cross education was seen in the dominant to non-dominant direction, with an increase
in reactive hyperemia to the non-exercised arm. When exercising the non-dominant arm, cross
education did not occur. It was concluded that cross education of reactive hyperemia does occur,
but only in the dominant to non-dominant direction.
Impact of Heat or Cold Application on Acute Flexibility
Megan Priest, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
Therapeutic modalities such as heat have been shown to facilitate acute stretching. Cold is
generally thought to decrease flexibility. Ironically, however, there is evidence that cooling the
muscle with ice can facilitate acute stretching. The mechanism is unknown but could possibly be
related to “numbing” the neurological stretch reflex. The purpose of this study was to examine
and compare the effects of heat and cold on hamstring flexibility.
Methods: Ten college-aged women were tested in three separate trials in which maximal stretch
of the dominant hamstring muscle was determined. Pre and post-intervention measurements

were taken using a sit-and-reach box. A 20 second stretch-6 second contract method of
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching was utilized for 1 minute and 12
seconds. The randomly assigned trials included (1) no intervention; (2) fifteen minutes of moist
heat; or (3) fifteen minutes of ice packing prior to stretching.
Results and Discussion: Data collection is ongoing and nearing completion. Initial findings
from preliminary data have shown that both therapeutic modalities, heat and cold, impact acute
stretching positively when compared to the control treatment. It has yet to be determined which
modality, heat or cold, is superior.
The Impact of Flexibility on Sprint Performance
Derek Prifogle, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
Increased flexibility typically is viewed as a positive attribute that enhances performance.
However, casual observation suggests that the fastest football players, those with the lowest time
in the forty yard dash, may be less flexible. Is there an inverse relationship between flexibility
and sprint time? The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between flexibility
and sprint time in male varsity collegiate football players.
Methodology 24 Varsity Collegiate (Hanover College) football players served as subjects for the
study. The subjects represented offensive (line, backs, and receivers) and defensive (line,
linebackers, and backs) positions which provided a considerable range of body sizes and sprint
times. From each of the six position groups the two fastest players and two slowest players were
selected. Each subject then performed five different flexibility tests. Additional data (strength
score on various exercises) were considered and utilized in a multiple regression statistical
procedure to predict sprint time.
Results and Discussion Data collection is ongoing and nearing completion. Initial findings
suggest increased flexibility may be inversely related to sprint time. However, flexibility scores
may not be a strong predictor of sprint time. Strength scores, particularly vertical jump and
power clean appear at this point in the study to be the most powerful predictors.
Cross Education Fatigue
Matt Sieg, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
Cross Education (CE) is a neural adaptation defined as the increase in strength of the untrained
homologous muscles on the contralateral limb following unilateral training of the opposite
limb. CE has obvious implications for reducing muscle atrophy and the loss of strength that can
occur when a limb is immobilized. It is well documented that CE can transfer strength, however
it is unknown if fatigue is transferred as well. This study was designed to explore the potential of
CE fatigue. If it occurs it would be evidence of a centralized fatigue mechanism that could work
alone, or in concert with localized fatigue.
Methodology Five college males participated in a total of five randomized sessions, each session
one week apart. Maximal exertion hand gripping was imposed in a series of work/rest (5
seconds/10 seconds) isometric contractions. Two sessions consisted of a baseline measurement

on either the dominant or non dominant hand. Two sessions consisted of exercising the
dominant or non dominant hand to maximal fatigue followed immediately by testing of the
opposite limb. In one session a placebo of caffeine was ingested and the dominant hand was
exercised.
Results and Discussion Data Collection is ongoing and nearing completion. At this point, CE
fatigue has been shown to occur in both directions, dom to non-dom and vice versa. This
supports the impact of a centralized fatigue mechanism.
Load Carriage Efficiency during Moderate Exercise
Rachel Strang, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
The ability to carry loads efficiently has been a topic of interest throughout history. Strategies
vary and include carrying the load on the head, in a backpack, with the hands, over the shoulder,
etc. Why is one method more efficient than another and what is the primary factor that
contributes most to efficiency of load carriage? Is it the closeness to the body, or closeness to the
center of gravity? The purpose of this study was to address these questions.
Methods Energy expenditure (EE) was determined with indirect calorimetry (oxygen
consumption). Six healthy recreationally active college female students were tested during
treadmill walking AT 3.5mph and 0% grade. Three load carriage regimens were imposed: (1)
carrying two 10-pound hand-held weights; (2) wearing a 20-pound weighted vest; and (3) loaded
with both the weighted vest and hand-held weights. Hand weights were close to the center of
gravity, while the vest was close to the body. Note: The EE of simply “holding” the weights was
taken into account and deducted.
Results and Discussion Data collection is continuing. However, a pilot study and preliminary
test data seemed to indicate that the most cost effective method of load carriage during moderate
exercise on a treadmill was the weighted vest. Closeness to the body is the key to efficiency, in
other words. EE for the combined loads was greater than the additive impact of each separately.
This suggests a threshold factor in load carriage, beyond which efficiency is comprised. Note:
The EE of simply “holding” the weights was close to a zero effect.
Efficacy of Active Recovery Interventions on Blood Lactate Clearance Rates
Keaton Worland, Faculty Sponsor: Bryant Stamford, Hanover College
Clearing lactate from the blood can aid subsequent exercise performance. As such, the purpose
of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of different active recovery interventions on
the rate of blood lactate clearance.
Methods A case study, including nine different recovery interventions was performed. Each
active recovery was performed for 20 minutes and followed immediately by 20 minutes of
passive recovery. Blood lactate concentration was determined at 5, 20, 30, and 40
minutes. Finger perforation blood was introduced to the Accutrend lactate analyzer.
Recovery Interventions

Passive (Control)
Active cycling just below
the anaerobic threshold (AT)
Active cycling recovery with
fresh leg muscles
Passive Recovery followed by
active cycling recovery
Rehab trainer arm cranking
at 35% of VO 2 max
Static core stabilization
exercises
Active cycling recovery at 35% Active cycling with preexhausted
leg muscles
exercises
Dynamic core stabilization
VO 2 max
Results and Discussion Data collection is ongoing and near completion. The raw data suggests
that active recovery is far superior to passive recovery. Other findings suggest that (1) recovering
with task specific muscles is superior to recovering with “fresh” muscles; (2) a large muscle
mass (leg cycling) is superior to a smaller muscle mass (arm cranking); (3) recovering at the
highest exercise intensity below AT is superior to the commonly used 35% of VO 2 max; and (4)
core stabilization exercises are an effective alternative.
GENDER AND WOMEN'S STUDIES
Sometimes Ordinary Is All We Need
Camille Germain, Faculty Sponsor: Gerald Waite, Ball State University
After two of her nephews and one niece were killed in Belfast on August 10, 1976, Mairead
Corrigan Maguire stood up as a leader alongside Betty Williams and Ciaran McKeown in
organizing peace marches and demonstrations on a daily account. The peace marches took place
in Ireland and England against the British war, leading into a campaign on making Northern
Ireland gun-free. Belfast was undergoing what was seen as “The Troubles” in its height and over
thirty-four hundred people were killed from 1969 to 1998. Maguire, like the thousands of others
who campaigned, was an ordinary person who was struck emotionally from both empathy and
personal affair.
The people in Northern Ireland who sought after an end of the killings were mostly ordinary
women. The “Peace People” was created as an organized movement in 1976 which caused the
largest nonviolent demonstrations known in Northern Ireland’s history. Maguire is a co-founder
of the Community of the Peace People (a way for the group to continue with their peacemaking
initiatives). Mairead Colligan Maguire and Betty Williams, in 1977, were both awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize of 1976.

Maguire, as a peace activist and primarily a woman, displays courage through her nonviolent
approaches to peace and determination to speak out against war. She displays how woman can
equally fight for peace and achieve change through their strength. Today, Maguire is the
Honorary President of the Peace People (it now advocates peace and nonviolence worldwide),
has created a peace education curriculum with Peace Jam (a nonprofit group), is a member of the
Honorary board of the International Coalition for the Decade of the culture of Peace and
Nonviolence. She proves that ordinary women can make a difference in this world.
Leymah Gbwoee: Nobel Peace Prize Recipient 2011
Sysilie Hill, Faculty Sponsor: Gerald Waite, Ball State University
Leymah Gbowee of Liberia was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011 along with two other
women. They were awarded "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for
women's rights to full participation in peace-building work." She began her work at Trauma
Healing and Reconciliation Program and then joined the Women in Peacebuilding
Network. With the help of her allies at the WIPNET, she started the Women of Liberia Mass
Action for Peace. They started by praying in the markets and calling for the violence against
women to be stopped. They then held demonstrations and sit-ins. They called for the end of the
Liberian war and their demonstrations helped bring about the signing of the Accra
Comprehensive Peace Agreement, which ended the war officially. In addition to bringing an end
to 14 years of warfare in Liberia, this women's movement led to the 2005 election of Ellen
Johnson Sirleaf as president of Liberia, the first elected woman leader of a country in Africa,
who was one of Gbowee’s fellow Nobel Peace Prize recipients. She has since this, gotten her
master’s degree in Peacekeeping and is struggling considerably in her personal life. It shows the
burden it is to carry the responsibility of this on your shoulders and why even more now women
need to rise up to support one another.
For my future career, I want to focus on women and children’s sexual health and safety so the
work that Leymah has done is very inspirational and it’s very heartbreaking because of all
personal sacrifices she’s had to make. It has been proven that if you empower and improve the
lives of women in an impoverished nation they will bring everyone up with them and literally
raise the GDP (Gross Domestic Profit.) I believe that if we work to empower one women at a
time and in turn they help one other women, my gender can make a big difference in our world.
Michael Corleone: Traditional Masculinity as Puppeteer
Wyatt Lewis, Faculty Sponsor: Warren Rosenberg, Wabash College
The Godfather trilogy is famous for its examination of the American Dream, but it also provides
a fascinating glimpse into the nature of masculinity by allowing the viewer to see how Michael’s
slow rise to power and eventual role as “Godfather” directly relate to his masculinity. In
particular, the trilogy offers two contrasting views of masculinity: the Romanticized male
essence characterized by the mythic figure of Vito and a progressive definition of masculinity
that defines masculine gender behavior as performance and cultural construct. These two
conflicting theories reside together in all three movies, and Michael’s struggle to define his
masculinity is a struggle to choose between them, until the final installment eventually
deconstructs the former definition of masculinity as a falsehood. This struggle partly explains

the vast popularity of the movies. Although the first two movies do offer a critique of a
Romanticized gender “essence,” the critique is much more subtle and the Romanticized
masculinities presented appeal to a wide range of audiences; however, the third movie offers a
more blatant deconstruction of Michael’s masculinity, unmasking it as performative, which helps
explain viewer distaste for Part III.
Yoko Ono: Sharing the Message of Peace through Art and Social Media
Nina Monstwillo, Faculty Sponsor: Gerald Waite, Ball State University
For my presentation I would like to focus my attention on the work of Yoko Ono. Since she is
often represented as just the former wife of John Lennon, I would like to demonstrate that she is
working hard and making a great impact towards spreading the message of peace and love
through her creative projects around the world and through the use of social media.
In the past, she has used her creativity and interest in the arts to primarily focus on the issues of
violence in the home and in women’s lives. Even though she continues to address these
important issues of female violence, she is also making projects which encourage every
individual to become their own personal advocate of peace within their own lives.
In recent years, in an effort to share the message of peace, Yoko Ono has used the power of the
internet to invite individuals to send in personal reflections or photo’s which she uses as a
medium to create her projects, and to share their messages with people around the world. She
truly believes that through love for ourselves and for humanity, we can overcome the violence
that hurts each of us around the world.
In my presentation, I will explore the different forms of art Yoko Ono has used throughout her
life, while continuing to work towards spreading the message of peace. I will also show visual
examples of her most recent work and share resources which can be explored by audience
members during their personal time.
I have no doubt that my presentation about Yoko Ono can be a great educational and entertaining
experience for my prospective audience and I truly believe that through her work, people can
become inspired to make personal changes in their own lives which will help encourage the
spread of peace in the lives of people around them.
The Sorry Truth of Beauty
John Traylor, Faculty Sponsor: Paul Hanson, Butler University
The United States Declaration of Independence claimed, “That all men are created equal, [and]
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights…” (Hunt
216). Philosophically and biologically this may be true. All may be born as human beings and
should therefore be treated equally. However, aesthetically all are certainly not created
equally. Some are born with clear skin, big eyes, high cheek bones, and proportional features,
while others are born with less perfect attributes. The purpose of this work is to examine the
principals of beauty of people, and to understand the beauty of people as an objective scale or

grade. In relation to human rights, this work will argue that those of greater beauty will be
treated to greater privileges than those of less beauty.
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
The American Dream vs. Revolution
Michael Burke, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University
The American Dream is for the individual as it promotes the idea that any one person can climb
social ranks with the right amount of hard work and perseverance. The American government
preaches democracy, freedom and the power of the people, giving the common man a sense of
individual freedom and a piece of sovereignty in society in his ability to vote and make
change. For the revolutionary, America is contrived of contradictions in which ultimately
suppress the revolutionary thought because it consists of a population of people who are
individualistic by nature and believe they have equal rights while being controlled by those of
whom possess the most power and are in the 1%. Individualism and a false sense of power
prevent the American from revolutionary thought. When an American exercises his “power” to
vote, it is a power which is just enough to make them feel content, for no American will sacrifice
their American Dream for the good of others, especially when the rest of society is striving for
the same dream.
The Woodstock Exchange
Leslie Cyranowski, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University
The aesthetic traditions of society reflect its social truths. The arts, including music, follow the
mainstream and counter cultures. This article examines Woodstock as a moment of cognitive
and aesthetic praxis wherein the youth of the United States asserted an ethico-political position
antagonistic to the prevailing status quo in a revolution based upon human dignity and founded
upon an interpretation of the same core principles (freedom, equality, and the pursuit of
happiness) of the mainstream political forces they were rebelling against. This article shows that
Woodstock was a critical moment that illuminates the aesthetics of music and fashion affecting a
social movment that promoted harmony and freedom expressed in sex, drugs, and peaceful
resistance against war.
Falling Whistles; Sean Carasso
Morgan Dragoo, Faculty Sponsor: Gerald Waite, Ball State University
In the last decade, more than 6 million people have died in the Democratic Republic of
Congo. Around 1,500 people continue to lose their lives daily. Since WWII, the war in the
Congo has been labeled as our world’s deadliest war. The natural resources we use to create our
consumers electronics are found in this country, causing death and destruction to everyone in the
Congo.

Young boys are forced to fight. They have been abducted from their families, tied up, beaten,
and forced to kill. There is more sexual violence in the Congo than any other country in the
world. Children who are too young to hold a gun are forced to carry only a whistle and stand on
the front lines in battle. Their only purpose is to make enough noise to scare the enemy. When
their bodies receive bullets they are then used as temporary barricades.
When the happenings of this war were shown to a single man, he made a plan, and a promise, to
end the war in the Congo. Sean Carasso created an organization called Falling Whistles using
the Congo’s weapon as our voice. The organization educates the public of the happenings of the
Congo in hopes of one day ending this deadly war. They encourage everyone to be a
whistleblower for peace.
Throughout my college experience, I have realized I am very passionate about two things, the
love of design and helping others in need. For undergraduate research conference, I would like to
apply the theories that I have studied in my Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution courses. In
doing so, I am going to raise awareness about the war in the Congo, inspire those that hear the
problem, and create a change in attitude. If people don’t know about the problem, how can we
even begin to fix it?
With this conference, I would be expressing the importance of Falling Whistles, and the need to
stop the war in the Congo and feel that it would be a great way to kick off the message on
Butler’s campus. Many times students are the a great way to spread information quickly. On
college campuses, students become energized by each other and become excited and moved by
different organizations. By talking about Falling Whistles and about Sean, hopefully a movement
will begin and change will occur in the Congo.
We need to do something about the war, and as the message grows, the casualties will decrease.
The Congo needs people to become whistleblowers to make a difference. I strongly believe there
are many who feel the same as I do, and are just as passionate; they just need to hear the story.
“The world is changed by those who speak out”
The 2011 Egyptian Revolution: The Lasting Effects of U.S. Foreign Policy in Egypt
Ryan Frazier, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University
This paper will strive to summarize United States foreign policy concerning the 2011 Egyptian
Revolution and what effects that this foreign policy will have on the United States in the
future. The paper will limit analysis of United States foreign policy to the Obama
administration. Through a brief literature review covering this particular facet of the Arab
Spring, the paper will develop a historical perspective in determining what interests the United
States has had in Egypt. Subsequently, the paper will examine official actions in Egypt: what
direct actions by the State Department, social media, and official actors tie together to influence
the Egyptian Revolution. Also, how did the media and unofficial actors (students or NGOs) play
a part in the revolution? The research will conclude with an attempt to understand how the
revolution got from where it started to where it will go, as well as what implications the 2011
Egyptian Revolution will have on the United States in the future.

United States and China: the Struggle for the African Oil
Fabio Frettoli, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University
My research would like to analyze which is the current situation of The United States and China
in the African oil sector. I would like to use as paradigmatic cases the investments and the
strategies that these countries and their oil companies are applying in two African countries,
Nigeria and Sudan. I’ve chosen them because they represent the main oil exporters for United
States and China in the African Continent.
In a world where oil is becoming a scarce resource every day more and where the Middle East
area seems less stable than in the past, the diversification of oil supplies is fundamental in order
to assure to every country a constant and certain oil supply, and in the future Africa will play an
important role in this field.
“Crise d’Identité”: The Push to Preserve National Identity in France
Katie Hammitt, Faculty Sponsor: Paul Hanson, Butler University
In 2010, in response to his proposed “national history” museum to open in Paris, French
President Nicolas Sarkozy spoke of a France in the midst of a “crisis of identity.” The backlash
from the academic community and the political posturing proposed as motive for such a museum
speaks to how true the President’s statement was. In a world where the place of the nation is
thrown into question in the wake of ever-increasing globalization, France’s struggle to establish
and maintain a cohesive national identity represents a particular case of a widely-experienced
problem. This presentation will trace various aspects of France’s struggle for identity as it seeks
to find its place as a nation in a world where national eminence is challenged by international
entities.
The Social Media Revolution
Needa Malik, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University
This presentation will analyze the revolutionary quality that is social media and how it is altering
relationships in a modern age. Individuals are staying connected all over the world and these new
methods of communication are changing how they relate to each other. Additionally, the
communal aspect of social media is allowing individuals and groups to not only socialize with
others globally, but also as a venue to express their social and political opinions, to spread
awareness about topics they find important, and just about anything they might want to do. Not
only is social media revolutionizing relationships, it also is altering the way we receive
information and the way we perceive the material. Instead of being alerted by a newspaper or
online article, individuals are being notified of headline news via his or her own personal
networking site. This presentation will also argue how social media is being used as a platform to
facilitate revolutionary movements, particularly by the youth. To investigate this concept in
detail, I will examine the Arab Spring and the Occupy Movement, both which have altered the
course of history on a global scale.
Narco Paradise: Mexico, United States, and Drug Culture
Cameron Panther, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University

In 2006, the newly elected President of Mexico, Felipe Calderón, declared a war on drugs. To
date, that “war” has claimed upwards of 45,000 lives and has been a crucial point of relations
between the governments of Mexico and the United States. Various solutions to this issue have
been conceptualized; some have been officially put to action with differing results. Many of the
solutions seem to be “quick-fix” measures while the deeper issues are skimmed over. This
research is intended to examine the various factors contributing to the thriving industry in the
areas of politics, social elements, economics, and international relations with the United States
and Mexico. The goal is to have a better understanding of all factors contributing to this thriving
industry and what can be done to quell the situation.
MENA Revolutions and the Future of U.S Foreign Policy
Brittanie Redd, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University
The purpose of this research is to provide an analysis of how the political and social climate in
the Middle East and North Africa will impact the future of U.S foreign policy. The progression
of dissent across the region has caused individual restructuring of multiple nations. The transition
will greatly impact national interests and make U.S foreign policy reform an imperative. Two
essential components of reform are; following a more representative construct for the Middle
East and North Africa than the Modern Nation-State and engaging religious communities abroad.
The MENA region is very unique, with complex ethno-geographic realities. The Modern Nation-
State does not adequately represent the region. The complexity that exists in the MENA region is
deeply rooted in religious ideology, which acts as a determinant in government.
American and Chinese Exceptionalism in the Modern Day
Brian Stanley, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University
This paper explores the exceptionalism in both the United States and the People’s Republic of
China. Structurally and philosophically the governments of these two countries is very
dissimilar. However, I will argue that their foreign policies are similar in the sense that they are
centered around the belief that their individual nation can and should operate outside of the status
quo of the international community. For the United States this is evident in their military
presence and extremely visible power projection around the world. The Chinese take a different
stance and have implemented policies such currency manipulation and the establishment an
industrial superiority that could provide for a new model of exceptionalism in the world.
DREAMing Through a Clouded Lens
Edward Stein, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University
The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act, or DREAM Act, from its
inception in 2008 has been a contentious point in U.S. politics for its rewarding of permanent
residency to minors who are the children of undocumented aliens. With this bill going as far as
granting in-state tuition and scholarships to the children of undocumented aliens, controversies
have erupted over how the U.S. government should handle cases of education for these youth.
You will examine what segments of U.S. society are averse to passage of this bill in any
form, the legal parameters from which the DREAM Act receive its justification, an examination
of the archetype brought originally to the U.S. Congress, its modifications, and DREAM Act

ills that have popped up in separate states around the U.S. Through a comprehensive study, the
author will present his findings and his opinion on the legality of the DREAM Act, its future,
what it means for U.S. society, and what it means to immigration policy for global core nations
experiencing growing immigration patterns
The Iconography and Symbolism of the Anonymous Movement
Robert Sweeney, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University
The Anonymous movement is one of the most ubiquitous examples of revolution present in
today’s world. With the Anonymous movement being such a new phenomenon there is a large
gap in the knowledge that is readily available on it and I will attempt to remedy this by
examining the myriad symbols used by the movement. The Anonymous movement, being the
international internet activist (or ‘hacktivist’) group, is rife with allusions, whether those be
religious, pop culture, or political icons. Those symbols and icons are a means through which
one can begin to understand the beliefs, motives, and actions of Anonymous. Through the
exploration of these icons, by means of examining their origins, I hope to engender a greater and
fuller understanding of the Anonymous movement as a whole.
Fertile Deserts: Factors for success in the 2011 Libyan Intervention
Nathaniel Vaught, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University
This paper examines the unique geopolitical context that made the UN-mandated multinational
intervention against the forces of the late Col. Muammar Gaddafi possible. It supports the view
that the Libyan Revolution occurred in an environment that was very convivial to an air
campaign which supported the NTC forces without transforming a domestic revolution into
another western-run example of neo-colonialism. By carefully tailoring their level of
involvement to a limited level of fire support and goal-specific advising to the fledgling
republican forces; it will be shown that the intervening forces skillfully avoided previous pitfalls
such as reckless arms-saturation, long-term entanglement, and euro-centrism. The paper will also
note the growing interest in some Arab states in supporting this kind of popular democratic
movement through a variety of means.
Post-9/11 Fashion Culture and Politics
Lindsey Weiss, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University
This paper will examine fashion as an aesthetic reflection of competing ideologies, particularly
in the post-9/11 era. I will explore the correlation between fashion culture and post-9/11
geopolitics. Fashion is representative of culture and furthermore ideologies and is a pertinent but
often misunderstood factor in cross-cultural understanding. This understanding can lead to a
more effective approach to foreign policy, decision-making, and relations. I will also explore
American constructions of domestic as well as Arab and Islamic fashion and perceived
symbolism. I will examine this topic through exhaustive exploration of secondary literature and
academic articles and by conducting primary qualitative research to examine culture perceptions
of fashion culture and freedom.
The United States, the Middle East and Youth Bulge Theory

Courtney Williams, Faculty Sponsor: Robert Oprisko, Butler University
My research will look at the “youth bulge theory” and the idea that countries who have a
particularly large population of young people (although the definition of a “youth” is itself
political in nature and not easily definable, I will focus on youth ages 30 and under), are more
likely to rebel against social, political and economic institutions, typically in a violent manner.
This research will critique traditional youth bulge theorists who, I will argue, use race, color,
gender, ethnicity and geography to pinpoint and target certain youths in certain areas. This
research will look at the growing fear of youth in certain areas of the globe (particularly the
Middle East), framed by youth bulge theorists in the United States. Through this research I will
argue that fear of youth in Middle Eastern countries has risen post 9/11 and it is due to unjust and
unfair observation by “youth bulge” theorists in the United States.
MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
Homogeneous and Non-Homogeneous Markov Process Models for Melodic Sequences
Eric Buenger, Faculty Sponsor: Chris Wilson, Butler University
We compare melodic musical samples generated from both homogeneous and non-homogeneous
Markov processes to the source melodies on which the models were based. Because the nonhomogeneous
Markov processes take into account only recent melodic history, one might predict
that these samples will be more similar to the original melody than their homogeneous
counterparts. We test this prediction using chi-squared goodness-of-fit tests. We also identify
other mathematical methods for evaluating and comparing the abilities of homogenous and nonhomogeneous
models to generate material resembling the original sources.
Parallelizing Alpha-Beta Pruning in the Context of Connect-4
Patrick Copeland, Deanna Fink & Jordan Hildebrandt, Faculty Sponsor: Steven Bogaerts,
Wittenberg University
Programming in a new, experimental language is challenging – and so is implementing a parallel
version of minimax with alpha-beta pruning (MAB), a serial algorithm for decisionmaking.
Though the ultimate product will be usable for any combinatorial game, this
investigation examines both of these challenges on the playing field of Connect-4, a tic-tac-toe
variation consisting of seven columns and six rows, in which opponents alternate placing a piece
in a column. The pieces slide straight down to the next available slot in the column. Given a
sufficiently robust evaluation function, the traditional MAB algorithm would provide the “right”
next move. The massive game tree of Connect-4, though, makes it laborious for an AI system to
perform this serial depth-first search on each of its turns. MAB works by skipping (pruning)
decisions it knows to be worse than previous possible choices. By parallelizing MAB on some
of the game-tree nodes, some pruning opportunities are missed because knowledge about all
other choices is not available to the individual processors. We will show how the master-slave

manner by which additional processors are assigned to the problem decreases the number of
these missed opportunities. Also, we will demonstrate whether the added speedup to the final
decision is worth the sacrifice on larger trees. Additionally, we will discuss different
experiments on variations of the parallel MAB search depth, with the goal of optimizing the
move selection to play as close to a perfect game as possible. We used Chapel, a new language
specifically designed for parallel processing work, for the project, and Chapel both streamlined
some aspects of development and obfuscated others. This undertaking revealed some
weaknesses that could be addressed for later improvement of the language.
Permutation Pattern Avoidance and the Catalan Triangle
Derek DeSantis, Wesley Hough, Rebecca Meissen & Jacob Ziefle, Faculty Sponsors: Rebecca
Field & Brant Jones, Hanover College
In the study of various objects indexed by permutations, a natural notion of minimal excluded
structure, now known as a permutation pattern, has emerged and found diverse applications. One
of the earliest results from the study of permutation pattern avoidance in enumerative
combinatorics is that the Catalan numbers count the permutations of size n that avoid any fixed
pattern of size three. We refine this result by enumerating the permutations that avoid a given
pattern of size three and have a given letter in the first position of their one-line notation. Since
there are two parameters, we obtain triangles of numbers rather than sequences. Our main result
is that there are two essentially different triangles for any of the patterns of size three, and each
of these triangles generalizes the Catalan sequence in a natural way. All of our proofs are
bijective and relate the permutations being counted to recursive formulas for the triangles.
Mancala, a Java Rendition
Andre Harvey & Nathaniel Rutter, Faculty Sponsor: Steven Bogaerts, Wittenberg University
Mancala is a series of mathematical games played widely throughout Africa, parts of Asia and
much of the Caribbean. Often sharing traits with such well-known games as Chess and Go, you
are to outwit your opponent by capturing as many beads as possible from numerous wells
throughout the board while filling your home well. We produced our own Mancala game suite in
Java using the NetBeans IDE and organized our code into the model-view-controller
scheme. We will discuss this scheme of coding in more detail and explain how it had allowed
for better organization and simplicity of the code. In addition, we will explain the different
gameplay options that we made as well as several menu options, including saving, loading, game
statistics, and general options. We will also discuss some of the research and development
strategies that we used to gain insight into what people wanted to see in the Mancala program in
addition to what they wanted to see in a game in general.
MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGE

The Making and Breaking of a Language: The French and Spanish Effect upon the
Catalan Regional Language
Margaret Cychosz, Faculty Sponsor: Eloise Sureau-Hale, Butler University
Almost four hundred years ago, the French and Spanish governments divided the Catalan border
regions located between their respective countries. The subsequent centuries have seen the
expansion and development of the Catalan language in Spain and the demise of the Catalan
language in France, where it has nearly deteriorated to disuse. Is this a reflection upon the French
and Spanish culture or was it simply governmental policy? If so, what did the central
governments of Madrid and Paris do in those years that resulted in this contrasting development
of Catalan? What effect did the usage of Catalan in governmental relations, schools, and daily
life have on its destruction, its prospering? How does one measure the vitality of a regional
language? This study, rooted in Grenoble and Whaley’s 1998 study that systemizes endangered
language prospects, “Toward a typology of language endangerment,” will focus upon several
categories such as governmental intervention, economic strength, religious involvement, but
particularly the consequences that the unique French and Spanish cultures have had upon the
minority language Catalan.
More than Meets the Eye: False Appearances in Pardo Bazán’s “Sud-Exprés”
Hannah Downey, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Willem, Butler University
Emilia Pardo Bazán was a pivotal writer of the 19 th -Century Realism and Naturalism movements
in Spain. Her nearly 6oo short stories often allusively challenge the inflexible, oppressive, and
sexist society in which she lived. Her story, “Sud-Exprés,” specifically concentrates on the
theme of deception beneath social appearances. Written in 1902, “Sud-Exprés” is told from the
perspective of the narrator who is traveling on the Sud-Express train and observing a young
Parisian couple aboard. The Sud-Express, which still operates today, transports passengers from
Madrid to Paris overnight. During Pardo Bazán’s era, the ability to afford such an overnight
train ride denoted substantial wealth, so passengers on the Sud-Express were limited to members
of the upper classes. Focusing on these notable aspects, I will place the story, “Sud-Exprés,”
within its cultural context and will subsequently review its theme of illusory pretenses.
The Unclassifiable Disease: The Medical History of Tuberculosis and its Portrayal in 19thcentury
Spanish Literature
Lauren Gatchel, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Willem, Butler University
From the medical perspective, tuberculosis was not thoroughly understood in Europe during the
19 th -century. The disease had various social implications, as it was a disease of the individual
rather than of the general population. This further warranted the infamous gender-specific
stereotypes for consumptive patients in European society. Males and females with tuberculosis
were considered to have the same disease, yet were viewed unequally. Two late 19 th -century
short stories, El dúo de la tos by Leopoldo Alas (Clarín) and Más allá by Emilia Pardo Bazán,
display the prevalent gender disparities concerning tuberculosis within European culture,
capitalizing on ideas of the endless consumptive imagination and of healing attempts utilizing
travel. My presentation will link the disease’s social significance portrayed in literature with the

common misunderstandings of the complex disease, relating the 19 th -century reasoning to
aspects of the disease now second nature to modern practitioners.
Picture Theory as Applied to Art during the Spanish Civil War
Jordan Kirkegaard, Faculty Sponsor: Irune del Rio Gabiola, Butler University
The purpose of this study is to explore the connection between theories on art, specifically visual
representations and their functions within real world contexts, such as war. How is the Spanish
Civil War portrayed through the art of Salvador Dalí, Pablo Picasso, and Joan Miró? Their
works are underlain in the concepts of Surrealism and can be considered abstract works; I will be
investigating and analyzing the function and reasoning behind this aesthetic. I will explore the
role that surrealism and abstract art plays within three specific paintings in the visual
representation of the tragedy of war and human suffering during the Spanish Civil War.
In contributing to mere descriptions of these paintings, theory on the visual arts such as the study
done by W.T. Mitchell entitled Picture Theory will help me to critically engage the multiple
aesthetic and social meanings that these paintings offer. Picture Theory is a book about the
essence or nature of visual representation, the function pictures and visuals serve, and their effect
on viewers, the world, and the future. Visual literacy is more complex than many realize and
may even have an entire language of its own (Burmark). Applying the concepts discussed in
Picture Theory and What Do Pictures Want?, also by W.T. Mitchell, as well as artistic
movements and Spanish criticism of Surrealism to these three specific works of art can provide
entirely unique insight into these innovative, varying, and often disturbing responses to the
tragedies of the Spanish Civil War.
“¿Doña Marina, traidora de la raza indígena o mediadora entre dos culturas?”
Abigail Merritt, Faculty Sponsor: Eduardo Santa Cruz
Está presentación va a enfocarse en la vida de Doña Marina y el legado que ella dejó en la
cultura de México. Doña Marina, la traductora principal y amante de Hernán Cortés, es
considerada la mujer más controvertida en la conquista de los aztecas. Ella era un personaje vital
en satisfacer las ambiciones de Cortés pero a la misma vez, se ve como una traidora a la gente
azteca. Por lo que yo leí en mi clase de español, la historia de Doña Marina me resultó
interesante. Está mujer que vivió una vida llena de privaciones merece que su historia sea
revalorada, eso es lo que me atrajo a este tema un poco controversial en los ojos de muchos
mexicanos. Doña Marina tuvo el valor para lograr una aventura que muchas personas no
intentarían hacer, por eso ella debería ser una inspiración para mujeres en México y el mundo
entero. Su historia ambigua ha sido traducida a muchas lenguas y presentada en varios medios,
literarios y dramáticos y yo quería presentarla desde mi punto de vista. Esta presentación será en
español.
Doña Perfecta: From Spanish Novel to Mexican Film
Maria Moreno, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Willem, Butler University
In Benito Pérez Galdós’s novel, Doña Perfecta, a love story between two cousins mirrors the
social, political, and religious conflicts of Spain during the final Carlist War. Alejandro
Galindo’s 1951 film adaptation of this Spanish 1876 novel transfers the setting to Mexico of the

same century. My paper will compare and contrast these two versions of Doña Perfecta using
critical paradigms of film adaptation identified by film scholar Karen Kline. This paper will be
given in Spanish.
Supporting Young Immigrants in the German School System
Avery Stearman, Faculty Sponsor: Michelle Stigter, Butler University
The German school system has faced recent criticism about its inability to educate first- and
second-generation immigrant students. As a part of a larger strategy to close the gap between
citizen and immigrant students, the German government has begun to fund programs such as
Youth Migration Services (Jugendmigrationsdienst or JMD) to support immigrant students in
completing their education and starting successful careers. Working in a branch of Caritas-JMD,
I helped to facilitate various programs for immigrant students, including a one-month English
course that I planned and taught independently. The course focused on improving conversational
skills and reading comprehension to help students pass a mandatory English exam before
graduation.
El Gallego: Idioma, Identidad y Cultura
Katherine Louise Stegman-Frey, Faculty Sponsor: Lisa Kuriscak, Ball State University
En contraste con lo que piensa mucha gente, España no es un país monolingüe. Oficialmente,
existen cuatro idiomas: el castellano, el catalán, el gallego y el euskera, pero es importante notar
que también hay innumerables variedades dialectales. Esta investigación se enfocará en la
situación sociolingüística del gallego en la comunidad autónoma de Galicia con énfasis en
particular a las actitudes lingüísticas en cuanto al prestigio del gallego y también a la situación de
diglosia que existe hoy entre el castellano y el gallego. Mi presentación será basada en una
encuesta dada a gallegoparlantes. Dicha encuesta se tomará en cuenta variables como el nivel de
formación, el campo de estudio/trabajo, el estatus social y económico y la situación geográfica
de los encuestados en el análisis de los resultados. El objetivo de este estudio es describir y
analizar la situación actual del gallego como idioma oficial y también como símbolo e identidad
cultural de Galicia. (English version: There are four official languages in the Kingdom of Spain:
Castilian, Catalan, Euskera and Galician as well as innumerable dialectal variations. This
research project focuses on the situation of Galician, particularly its diglossic situation and its
significance for Galician culture and identity. Data for my study will come from a survey of
speakers of Galician and will take into account variables including level of education, field of
study/ work, socioeconomic background, and place of birth and residency of those surveyed.)
Observaciones del idioma, la identidad hispanoamericana y la brecha inter-generacional en
las familias del Centro La Casita
Caitlin Willenbrink, Faculty Sponsor: Miryam Criado, Hanover College
It has been said that the United States is a linguistic graveyard: a country built by immigrants but
which, as many studies show, nowadays responds to migrants who settle in the country with such
assimilating force that they experience a total loss of their mother tongue within three
generations of their arrival. During the three months I spent working at La Casita Center – a nonprofit
organization in Louisville, Kentucky that works to enhance the quality of life for Hispanic

and Latino individuals, families and communities through education, healthy and cultural
enrichment initiatives – I had the chance to work with and observe various immigrant families
that, between generations, already exhibited this kind of linguistic and cultural disunion. I
analyze the causes of this discontinuity, first examining the shift in public and private spheres
that occurs in the first (migrant) generation and which differentiates this generation from the
subsequent one in its usage of English and its identification of nationality. I examine how
members of the first generation define their values, perceive their country of origin, and
demonstrate cultural pride differently than the second generation. I couple observations of and
interviews with members of La Casita with various sociological studies as well as the literary
memoirs of other immigrants’ journeys in order to gage the first and second generations’ distinct
responses to the linguistic consequences of immigration. I conclude with a discussion of the
possibility of linguistic and cultural preservation amidst the assimilation process.
MUSIC
Hitler's Propagandistic Wagner: Nazism, Bayreuth, and Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
Rachel Anderson, Faculty Sponsor: Hilene Flanzbaum, Butler University
The Nazis stopped at nothing to maintain their power over the German Volk (people).
Understanding the music that was used as propaganda, the festival that brought Nazis together to
celebrate the Third Reich, and why Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, in particular, was chosen to
represent the Nazi regime, is key to understanding how a Holocaust occurs. Hitler chose Die
Meistersinger von Nürnberg to speak for the Nazis and build pride in the German people because
Wagner's own beliefs and writings encouraged a hatred of the Jews. Music is a powerful tool,
and when used by the wrong people, it can have dramatic effects.
“And Now for Something Completely Different!": British Comedy from The Beggar's
Opera to Today
Brittany Archer, Faculty Sponsors: James Briscoe & Kurt Carlson, Butler University
The Beggar’s Opera was written by John Gay in 1728, precipitatinn the end of Italian Opera in
England, and transforming the world of comedy in Britain. Famous for its irreverent satire and
humor for the common man, The Beggar’s Opera has greatly influenced following forms of
British comedy. Briefly overviewing generations of British comedy, from The Beggar's Opera
to The Pirates of Penzance and to Monty Python, this paper will explore the common factors
between each of these.
The Significance of the Influence on J.S. Bach's Violin Sonata I in G Minor BWV 1001
Carla Black, Faculty Sponsors: James Briscoe, Kurt Carlson & Wayne Wentzel, Valparaiso
University

Among the violin repertoire, Johann Sebastian Bach’s Unaccompanied Sonatas and Partitas are
prized for their ability to convey profound and indeed contrapuntal melodies, revealing harmony,
despite their technical difficulty. In particular, the Violin Sonata I in G minor BWV 1001
expresses many Baroque Affects in its four movements, including contemplation, aggression,
and serenity. J.S. Bach effectively conveys these sentiments by creating a polyphonic texture
with the solo violin, a technique he borrowed from his colleague Johann Paul von Westhoff. The
close relationship between the compositional styles of the two composers includes shared
techniques that convey such powerful Affects and reveal much about the emotional naissance of
the composition.
The Women of Die Zauberflöte: Futile Attempts at Self-Assertion
Katherine Bolinger, Faculty Sponsors: James Briscoe, Kurt Carlson & Wayne Wentzel,
Valparaiso University
Die Zauberflöte, written in 1791, remains one of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's most popular and
enigmatic operas.Its complex portrayal of women, as interpreted through the composer's
affiliation with the Freemasons, late 18 th century social norms, as well as the influence of the
charming and pugnacious Constanze Mozart, reveals a brief insight into Mozart's true feelings
regarding women near the end of his life. This thesis uses the characters Pamina and the Queen
of the Night to illustrate the subtle misogyny evident in Die Zauberflöte, as well as the
contradicting philogynous concessions made by the composer in light of his relationship with his
wife.
Alban Berg's Lulu: Pitch Organization in Relation to the Serialization of Character
Weston Bonczek, Faculty Sponsor: Rusty Jones, Butler University
Opera has been treated many different ways in the 20 th century and beyond. Some composers
worked within the general limitations of tonality and some stretched far beyond into the realms
of atonality. On one hand we have the sweet sonorities of Britten’s operas, and on the other we
have the wildly new sounds of serialism. This paper seeks to explore the sets used in Alban
Berg’s lesser-known serialist opera, Lulu . What distinguishes Lulu from other serialist operas is
its use of a variety of sets in the makeup of his opera, as opposed to a single set along with its
transpositions and permutations making up the entirety of a work. This paper shows that the use
of different sets functioned to distinguish between the persons of drama, in other words each
character is distinguished by his or her own set with some connecting or overarching sets
spanning the whole work. This treatment combined the idea of a Wagnerian leitmotiv with the
new aural sensation of serialism, giving us new sounds but presented in a more familiar way.
Each character’s set had distinct harmonic and melodic elements that distinguished it and made it
unique, but still cohesive with the piece as a whole.
La Serva Padrona and Opera Buffa: A Manifestation of Shifting Class Structure
Kelly Cassady, Faculty Sponsor: James Briscoe, Butler University
Before Giovanni Battista Pergolesi wrote his intermezzo La Serva Padrona in 1733, the core of
the opera world was dominated by Opera Seria, which focused on lofty subjects and highminded
ideals. The introduction of Opera Buffa marks a shift not only in popular music styles,

ut also the people and culture that music reflects. The comic nature of La Serva Padrona
reflects the rising middle and lower classes. The subjects that the intermezzo addresses are those
that would be relevant to a common audience, such as marriage, faithfulness, and the
relationships between different social classes. The heroine of the show is not a member of the
elite, reflecting the value placed upon the lower classes. These musical trends can also be seen a
little later in other nationalities as in Mozart’s Die Entführung aus Dem Serail, Rousseau’s Le
Devin du Village, and most blatantly in John Gay’s crude production of The Beggar’s Opera.
The themes and attitudes presented in these comic operas manifest the shifting class structure
taking place across Europe.
Bach and Opera - Is it Possible?
Hilary Clark, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Ferguson, Valparaiso University
Devoted to the art and science of technique, Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) is a celebrated
master of the all musical genres of his time, except for opera. Based on his musical upbringing
and his independent attitude, there exists a possibility that Bach had the propensity to be an
operatic composer. An exploration into this perspective leads us to wonder: Why did Bach
never become an operatic composer? Are there operatic features present in non-operatic works,
including sacred pieces? What factors might have affected his inclination toward operatic
composition? An investigation into Bach’s professional development and influences from his
early days in Arnstadt, to his mature years in Leipzig, reveals a number of opportunities for Bach
to assimilate the period’s operatic expressive devices. Such occasions include examples from the
monumental St. Matthew Passion (BWV 244), the secular cantata BWV 211, “Schwegt stille,
plaudert nicht” (recognized as the Coffee Cantata), and the drama per musica BWV 201, “Der
Streit zwischen Phoebus und Pan,” three texts written by Christian Friedrich Henrici (1700–
1764), known as ‘Picander.’ Produced during the greatly prolific time in Leipzig, these pieces
exemplify Bach’s mastery of operatic writing, despite his having been contracted for work in
other genres. Valued today, Bach’s aptitude as an opera composer has been explored recently
through some attempts to stage such involved pieces as the St. Matthew Passion. Even without
explicit theatrical intentions, Bach’s dramatic skill has influenced modern opera composers as
well, including John Adams.
An Exploration of Modes in Polyphonic Compositions of the Sixteenth Century
Marcella Columbus, Faculty Sponsor: Rusty Jones, Butler University
In the Renaissance era composers used a musical system known as “modes” for creating their
literature. This system theoretically focuses on single melodic lines, as opposed to the
composition as a whole. Therefore, there has been much debate about this system and its
functionality in polyphonic compositions. My research will deduce whether or not modal theory
is relevant or applicable in polyphonic compositions. Although several theorists disagree, I
believe that by using a strictly historical mindset, a theorist can fully understand and apply the
modal system to polyphonic musical literature. My research will include reading treatises by
modern theorists and theorists from the Renaissance era. This will be done to understand how
modes were historically used, and how the concept of modal theory has been interpreted. This
research will be paired with my own observations acquired from analyzing a six-voice
polyphonic composition with a historical mindset.

Failed Attempts: Bassoon Development from 1831 to Present
Cassie DeFoe, Faculty Sponsor: Doug Spaniol, Butler University
During the 17th and 18th Centuries the bassoon saw gradual addition of toneholes and keywork
to improve its range, chromatic capabilities, and acoustics. In the early 19th Century, Carl
Almenraeder and Johann Adam Heckel made radical changes to the dimensions and keywork of
the bassoon, resulting in what is still the most widely used bassoon today, the German or Heckel
bassoon. Since Almenraeder and Heckel’s changes, many instrument makers such as Boehm,
Sax, Kruspe, Triebert, Brindley, Ward, Cuciureanu, and Weisberg have attempted to improve the
German bassoon. This paper will trace the attempted reforms on the bassoon and try to answer
questions about their acceptance and viability. By doing so, the groundwork for future successful
reforms will be laid.
Bach's Mass in B minor and the use of Baroque Trumpet
Eric Hjellming, Faculty Sponsors: James Briscoe & Kurt Carlson, Butler University
J. S. Bach’s Mass in B minor is a masterpiece by which other works are judged. He spent from
1733 off and on until 1749 writing the multi-movement, immense work, but ironically it is
unsure if he even got to hear the complete work performed. Robert Summer writes that, “It
represents a summation and culmination on Bach’s part of the forms and expressions of his
time." During this period the trumpet was used to represent or characterize people or ideas
powerfully, and I will show how the instrument does so in the B minor mass to exceptional
affect.
The History and Development of the Keyed Trumpet
Paul Hunt, Faculty Sponsor: James Briscoe, Valparaiso University
The modern, valved trumpet is a relatively new instrument in the world of Western art music,
appearing after about 1820. The trumped that served in early music before 1750 was the natural
trumpet, sometimes made flexible by tuning crooks. However, there are a handful of chromatic
works for trumpet written at the end of the Classical period, in the late 1700’s, that could not be
played on a natural trumpet. The subject of this paper is the instrument that could play in ways
chromatically, the keyed trumpet, which bridges the gap between the natural trumpet and the
modern trumpet.
The Correlation between the Independent Lines in Easter Motets
Shireen Korkzan, Faculty Sponsor: Joseph Bognar, Valparaiso University
In the latter half of the thirteenth Century, the motet – two to four Latin or French texts sung over
a wordless tenor drawn from a pre-existing chant or some other melody – becomes the main
polyphonic composition in France, replacing the organa, conductus, and clausulae. The word
motet comes from the French mot for word. Each text was a tenor, motetus, triplum, or
quadruplum. The texts were usually connected to the tenor chant through a similar theme. The
relationship is evident in the three motets from the Bamberg Codex based upon the Haec dies,
the Latin gradual for Easter Sunday. This paper will be a musical and poetic study of these

motets, specifically examining intertextual relationships and musical connections across the
works.
The Rhetoric of Faith in J.S. Bach's Cantata 92
Timothy Mastic, Faculty Sponsors: James Briscoe & Kurt Carlson, Butler University
Cantata 92, “Ich hab' in Gottes Herz und Sinn” has a very special place within Bach's second
cycle of 60 cantatas, dating to 1725. The cantata "I have surrendered myself to God" offers
substantial evidence that the intentions of the texts and their treatment, Bach's text painting or
musical rhetoric, portray his deeply-held religious beliefs. Differing from what previous
scholarship indicated, recent students of the composer see these texts as chosen specifically by
Bach as personally-honed expressions.
Early Jewish Music and the Hebrew Melodies in Benedetto Marcello's Estro Armonico-
Poetico
Brianna Nielsen, Faculty Sponsors: James Briscoe & Sarah Eyerly, Butler University
This paper examines the Jewish melodies found in Benedetto Marcello's Estro-poetico armonico
as a work of early ethnography and its context in the Venetian ghetto, focusing on five melodies
from the Ashkenazi tradition. The first section describes the history of the Venetian ghetto and
its policy towards Jews. The second section argues for the authenticity of the melodies by
examining the essays before the first and second volumes of the Estro. The third section
discusses the melodies' structure and purpose.
Brahms’s Third Symphony: A Prophecy Fulfilled
David Platt, Faculty Sponsor: James Briscoe, Butler University
E.T.A Hoffmann’s Kater Murr and Fantasiestücke in Callots Manier describe an eccentric
young composer “whose music is fragmentary, bizarre and painfully expressive.” This
archetypal figure, named Johannes Kreisler in the novels, detaches himself from the world into
secrecy such that he is on a level disparate from the unworthy. The manifestation of Hoffmann’s
Kreisler resides in the intensely Romantic character of Johannes Brahms. After a momentous
meeting with Brahms in 1853, Schumann was so impressed by the then 20-year-old that he
prophesied the overwhelming greatness that Brahms must and will achieve in Neue Zeitschrift.
This single document, along with the challenge of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, pushed
Brahms into a further obsession with symphonic perfection than even E.T.A Hoffmann could
illustrate in Johannes Kreisler. Brahms’s Third Symphony represents the culmination of this
obsession.
The Castrato and the British Opera Seria Craze
Rafael Porto, Faculty Sponsor: James Briscoe, Butler University
Italian opera seria predominated almost throughout European music from 1710 to 1770, and
outside Italy nowhere more than in Britain. In 1708, the renowned male castrato Bruno Nicolini
sang the lead role in Alessandro Scarlatti's Pyrrhus, and Handel achieved the apex of Italian
opera seria as empowered by the castrato about 1730. The genre continued until about 1770,

when Enlightenment sensibilities turned it away. This paper traces the rise of the castrato in
England and shows that the voice type sustained the genre despite the remoteness of the Italian
language and culture to British audiences.
What Happened to the Fife? The Legacy of an American Icon
Samantha Schwartz, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Ferguson, Valparaiso University
During the American Revolution, the fife played a significant role in shaping a distinctly
American identity. Its significance moved beyond its original military functions and came to
represent the American ideal of independence. Although the fife rarely appears in more recent
music, its message has been carried forward by its relatives and descendants, the flute and
piccolo. In the 19 th century, Patrick S. Gilmore and John Philip Sousa employed fife-like
instruments as they developed wind ensemble repertoire beyond military and national civic
functions. The proliferation of bands in schools and towns followed. Today, marching bands,
reenactment performances and pep bands continue to feature the fife’s descendents when giving
voice to patriotic themes. The distinctive sound and associations of the fife’s relatives are
displayed in songs from “Yankee Doodle” to “The Stars and Stripes Forever” which associate
the fife tradition with American identity and patriotism. In making this association, it is well to
note the characteristic American desire to soar, distinctively and independently, not subsumed in
sameness. Thus the legacy of the fife suits the American desire: to harmonize with a community
while carrying an independence prominently and proudly in the musical texture.
Bach the Theologian
Michael Slack, Faculty Sponsor: James Briscoe, Butler University
Despite mountains of accolades and wide acclaim celebrating the compositional and
performance virtuosity of Johann Sebastian Bach, a lacuna of historical knowledge regarding
much of his personal life remains to be filled. The dichotomy between Bach’s secular and sacred
works and his masterfully adroit hand for composing in each genre tarry still amidst the Bach
analyses without satisfying interpretation. Do the hagiographies accurately portray Bach’s
ultimate concern as glorifying God through music, or do they exaggerate the convictions of a
man who took pride in his work? To round out the lesser-explored corners of Bach’s music
concerning theology, we investigate the St. Matthew Passion (1727) for Bach's use of symbolism
and ability to communicate the gospel for his congregation.
Dido and Aeneas: Nationalism and Chromaticism in Purcell's Great Opera
Carl Wiersum, Faculty Sponsor: James Briscoe, Butler University
In his opera Dido and Aeneas, Henry Purcell achieved a historical level of emotional connection
with a unification of English and Italian musical styles and a careful but liberal use of
chromaticism. While best demonstrated in Dido's "When I am Laid in Earth" aria, the entire
opera is permeated with these innovative techniques. This thesis explores how Purcell utilized
these devices to create an opera which cultivates a dramatic effect progressive enough to lend the
opera relevance over three centuries later.

PHARMACY/HEALTH SCIENCES
Safety of Saccharomyces boulardii (Florastor®) in Kidney and Pancreas Transplant
Patients
Nicole Dores, Faculty Sponsors: Jeanne Chen & Jane Gervasio, Butler University
Probiotics have been promoted for use in gastrointestinal ailments and are considered to be
relatively safe. However, probiotics are live microorganisms and thus have the potential to cause
infection. Transplant recipients are considered at high risk for infectious complications of
probiotics due to the immunosuppressive medications used to prevent organ rejection.
Nonetheless, due to their benefit in gastrointestinal disorders, particularly recurrent Clostridium
difficile colitis, clinicians are currently utilizing probiotics in the transplant population. There are
case reports regarding infectious complications of probiotics in these high risk patients.
However, some studies have shown probiotics post- transplantation help restore normal gut flora
preventing translocation of bacteria thereby decreasing infections in these immunosuppressed
patients. There are no prospective trials regarding the use of a Saccharomyces spp. probiotic in
the solid organ transplant population. The goal of this project was to investigate the safety of
utilizing Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in kidney
and pancreas transplant recipients at Indiana University Health University Hospital. It included
hospitalized patients > 18 years of age who received simultaneous kidney/pancreas, pancreas
after kidney, or isolated pancreas transplant and received antibiotic therapy as well as
Saccharomyces boulardii to prevent antibiotic associated diarrhea. Patients who were pregnant,
had a known hypersensitivity to Saccharomyces spp., or received other probiotics prior to or
during admission were excluded. The primary outcome was the incidence of infections caused by
Saccharomyces boulardii. The safety data collected includes complications, infections, and other
serious adverse effects associated with the probiotic.
Probing Speciation of Selenium Dioxide and Sodium Selenite as a Function of pH:
Understanding Metal-Ion Binding by Selenium Compounds and its Role in Antioxidant
Activity
Robert French, Faculty Sponsor: Daniel Morris, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Oxidative damage to DNA is associated with cancer, aging, and a host of other diseases and
clinical conditions. Metal ions are known to bind to both phosphate groups and individual bases
in DNA, and comparing production of the accepted oxidative DNA damage marker 8-hydroxy-
2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) to the levels of unmodified nucleosides (specifically
deoxyguanosine (dG)) provides insight into the degree of site-specific damage. It is accepted
that formation of 8-OH-dG results from reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated close to the
guanine base while generalized base damage is most likely produced by ROS generated in bulk
solution. Selenium compounds are known to exhibit both anti- and pro-oxidant behavior, and
recent work suggests that metal ion coordination is a critical part of the mechanism by which
inorganic selenium compounds inhibit metal-ion mediated oxidative DNA damage in the
presence of hydrogen peroxide. Selenium dioxide (SeO 2 ) and sodium selenite (Na 2 SeO 3 ) show
different antioxidant activity at physiological pH despite predictions that they would exist as the
same species (HSeO 3 - ) at pH 7.0. We present results of a pH-dependent Raman study of SeO 2
and SeO 3 -2 , as well as a discussion of the experimental protocols that gave the initial results. Our

esults demonstrate that the two selenium compounds exhibit different antioxidant activity based
on metal identity despite the fact that Raman spectroscopy indicates that they are structurally
similar at pH 7.0.
Adult Patient Evaluations of Indiana Pharmacists Administering Influenza Vaccinations
Lisa LeCleir, Faculty Sponsor: Laurence Kennedy, Butler University
Indiana pharmacists have been licensed to administer influenza vaccinations on protocol since
July 1, 2007. In the first week of October 2012, Butler University in Indianapolis held a free
influenza clinic for Butler University students and faculty. Over 600 patients were given
influenza vaccinations from licensed pharmacists in individualized patient areas. Over the
course of this week, 538 patients completed surveys on their satisfaction of each step of the
vaccination process from check in to check out. Each survey also investigated each patient’s
perceptions of the ability and qualifications of pharmacists in comparison to other health care
professionals (nurse practitioner, physician, physician’s assistant, etc). Most (93%) participants
felt pharmacists were equally as qualified as health care professionals; however, there were still
(6%) participants who were unsure or did not feel pharmacists were adequately
qualified. Virtually all (99%) participants were satisfied with the process from check in to check
out. Despite that, only 23% of participants would return to the clinic, while 72% of participants
would prefer to go to a retail pharmacy or a physician’s office. In comparison to the study
“Perceptions of pharmacists as providers of immunizations for adult patients” completed in
1999, patients feel more comfortable with pharmacists as the administrator of their
vaccination. The majority of the pharmacy profession is focused now on counseling, patient
safety, and medication therapy management. After analyzing this data, one can determine that
patients are comfortable with pharmacists administering their immunizations, but there is still
some work to be done for patients to view pharmacists on the same level as health care
professionals.
Vancomycin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in a Pediatric Population
Kelsey Lyon & Megan Veverka, Faculty Sponsor: Chad Knoderer, Butler University
Background: In 2008, the recommended empiric vancomycin dose for pediatric patients was
changed from 40 mg/kg/day to 60 mg/kg/day as standard treatment. After this dosage change,
there was an observed increase in rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients receiving higher
doses. This observation was attributed to the higher vancomycin doses, however, AKI could
also be related to other contributing factors including alternate medications such as
aminoglycosides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, furosemide, amphotericin and
cyclosporine or radio contrast dye.
Objective To compare AKI incidence in children treated empirically with low-dose versus highdose
vancomycin.
Methods In this single center cohort design at a free-standing children’s hospital, data was
retrospectively collected through the hospital’s decision support system for patients treated from
January-December 2007 and January-December 2010. Incidence of AKI was determined by
International Classification of Diseases, 9 th Revision (ICD-9) coding for AKI or an increase in

serum creatinine by ≥50% from baseline. The follow-up period for this study was the inpatient
admission upon which the patient was included into the cohort.
Results A total of 405 and 454 patients in the 2007 and 2010 groups, respectively, were included
in analysis. Mean (range) age of patients in the 2007 vs. 2010 study groups were 2 years (1
month – 17 years) vs. 3 years (1 month – 17 years), respectively (p = 0.57). The mean empiric
vancomycin dose (mg/kg/day) was significantly higher in the 2010 vs. 2007 group (43.2 ± 16.6
vs. 40.1 ± 14.6, p = < 0.05). The mean empiric trough concentration was also higher in the 2010
vs. 2007 group (10.7 ± 7.9 vs. 8.6 ± 4.3, p = < 0.05). The groups did not differ with respect to
AKI defined by ICD-9 coding. However, there was a greater incidence in patients categorized
with AKI (8.4% vs. 5.2%, p = 0.065) or renal failure (11.7% vs. 7.7%, p = 0.048) in the 2010 vs.
2007 groups, respectively.
Conclusions Based on the change in empiric dosing and assessed trough serum concentrations,
there was a relationship shown between increased empiric dosing and a rise in serum creatinine
≥50% from baseline. Although other factors, such as concomitant nephrotoxins, were
comparable between the two study groups, a clinically significant increase in AKI occurred in
the 2010 vs. 2007 study group which reflects an association with higher empiric vancomycin
dosing.
Neighborhood Correlates of Body Size in Adults in Marion County, IN
Cam Thompson, Faculty Sponsors: Marjorie Hennessy & Priscilla Ryder, Butler University
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (CDC BRFSS, 1985-2009) shows a progressive
trend for rising prevalence in overweight and obesity rates nation-wide, which the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) points out has dramatically increased in the last 20 years.
Especially as overweight and obesity rates reach epidemic proportions for children, adolescents,
and adults, their prevalence become more pressing public health concerns (WHO, 2006) in the
United States and other economically developed and urbanized countries, where the trend has
become most noticeable in recent years (Wang & Lobstein, 2006). The World Health
Organization (2006) reports that overweight and obesity rates are reaching epidemic proportions
for children, adolescents, and adults in economically developed and urbanized nations, like the
United States. Alarmingly, the CDC’s reports, like the most recent U.S. Obesity Trends
assessment (2010), warn the public that there is a strong link between overweight and obesity
rates with increased risks for medical conditions like cardiovascular disease, strokes, certain
types of cancers, and type-2 diabetes. Past research, however, has focused on the biological and
behavioral correlates of obesity (Pearce & Witten, 2010), while attention toward how the
characteristics of the individual’s built environment really exacerbates biological and behavioral
factors, often referred to as an obesogenic environment, has gained recognition only recently
(Lake & Townshend, 2006). The CDC’s annual BRFSS (1985-2009), for instance, assesses the
phenomenon on a state-wide and national level. In addition to the CDC, the majority of other
literature focused on the social and environmental factors (Hill & Peters, 1998; Gortmaker, Must,
Sobol, Peterson, Colditz & Dietz, 1996; Esptein, Paluch, Gordy, & Dorn, 2000) address state
level or census tracts, but investigation seldom reaches the smaller neighborhood level.
Therefore, a secondary analysis of de-identified data from the 2005 Marion County Needs
Assessment Report will be performed, in addition to drawing upon literary reviews, surveys,

asic search engines, and geographic information system (GIS) software, in order to examine the
neighborhood correlates of obesity rates for three specific Marion County neighborhoods. The
three neighborhoods will be selected using census tract boundaries and will be comparable in
geographic size, population density and ethnic makeup. The dataset will be assessed using
multivariate statistical modeling through SPSS software to find the independent predictors of
obesity rates and compare the three different neighborhoods.
PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION
The Great Transcendentalist Revival: Retrieving Collective Consciousness and
Conscientiousness from “God Discourse”
Emelia Abbe, Faculty Sponsor: Brent Hege, Butler University
Is it possible to discuss collective and overarching worldviews beyond the structure of “God
Discourse”? Is it conceivable that we can productively examine, and subsequently better, the
human condition outside of the either/or structure of religion and atheism? What ideology, if
any, has the capacity to achieve these ends, and what are the potential benefits of such a
dialogue? The holistic and pluralistic nature of Transcendentalism has the unique ability to
function beyond traditional religious—or atheistic—ideologies while simultaneously providing a
universally applicable system of ethos that allows for a reassessment of established views
concerning the human condition. Taking these issues into consideration, Transcendentalism
offers a viable worldview that surpasses our time and place.
Notions of Truth & Power in Theological Discourse
Kirsten Boles, Faculty Sponsor: Brent Hege, Butler University
According to Michel Foucault in “Truth and Power,” “each society has its regime of truth:” its
own system of regulating, discussing, and acquiring truth. Within any institution, Foucault
suggests, there is a struggle for truth, which is ultimately a struggle for power, and within this
struggle, hierarchies are established and maintained. But does this interpretation apply to all of
our institutions? What then would this suggest about our oldest institution: religion? And, more
specifically, what does it suggest about our most quintessential quest for truth: theology? If we
are to understand the search for “truth” as a pursuit of power, how are we to understand the
search for the “Truth,” for ultimate “Truth?” Catherine Keller, in her book On the Mystery:
Discerning Divinity in Process, argues that when doing theology we should steer clear of
absolutizing Truth, that when Knowledge is considered to be given from the top down, it
“masters its objects, that confers power on those who possess it.” Theology, Keller proposes, is
also susceptible to the corruption of truth-claims; it often claims special metaphysical knowledge
that implies authority and inequality. In my research, I will explore what role the concept of
“truth” plays within theological discourse: specifically, (1) how “truth” is a constructed concept
and a tool often used in the acquisition of power, (2) what implications truth-claims can have
within a religious context, and (3) how absolutizing Truth actually perpetuates polarity and
“paralyzes faith rather than fostering its living process.”

The Foundations of Human Rights: Choosing a Natural Account
Dane Callstrom, Faculty Sponsor: David Western, Valparaiso University
In the literature on human rights, there is a debate over whether human rights are fundamentally
natural (aspects of a universal natural moral law) or essentially conventional (manmade).
Taking the pragmatic stance that we can never really know for sure, I argue that we
should think of human rights as natural, whether they ultimately are or are not, on the
consequential grounds that thinking about human rights as fundamentally natural makes for
better consequences than thinking of human rights as essentially conventional. If we consider
human rights natural, we consider them fixed, which can be seen when we look at human rights
as trumps and in relation to democracy. If we consider human rights conventional, we consider
them malleable. Consequentially, a consistent view of human rights is better than a malleable
view because a consistent view improves our chances of progressing as a society by providing us
with an overlapping consensus—a common goal—that ultimately allows for a more well-ordered
society. A malleable view of human rights does not provide us with any such goal. Instead, it
leaves us wandering with no intent to improve society. Thus, the consequences of thinking of
human rights as natural are better than the consequences of thinking of them as conventional
because a natural account means we are intending to seek progress whereas a conventional
account means we are not intentionally seeking progress.
What’s interesting about my argument is that it suggests, on the surface, that we should think
about human rights from a deontological vantage point—as essential natural rights that we have
inescapable moral duties to oblige—but that we do so ultimately on consequentialist grounds.
Hinduism and the Many Faces of Durga
Stephanie Cheuvront, Butler University; Faculty Sponsor: Aimee Hamilton, DePauw University
Hinduism is a multifaceted religion in which there are many approaches to worship and
belief. Among the many facets of Hinduism is bhakti, the devotional worship of a personal and
relatable deity. Even within the worship of a single, personable deity, there is a variety of ways
in which the image of that god is constructed and used. Devi Durga, one of the female gods
present in Hinduism takes on many unique forms. Literary sources such as the Devi Mahatmya
provides detailed descriptions of how Durga came into being and descriptive epithets for Durga
that enable scholars to understand how devotees of Durga originally conceived of the
goddess. Modern images of Durga demonstrate a certain continuity in the depiction of Durga as
a warrior goddess, but the context of the image often shapes the meaning of that image in new
ways, allowing even non-Hindus to establish a personal relationship with her. These images,
whether they are formed by words, paints, or actions, continuously define Durga as a protector, a
mother, a warrior, a woman, and many other things, while the individual’s relationship to Durga
as a charge, a dependent, a devotee, or a fellow fighter and female is also constantly in flux. As
a result, it is possible to understand the complexities within Durga worship and a segment of the
Hindu faith.
Reconciling Distributive Justice Theories
Jillian Edmonds, Faculty Sponsor: Michael Popich, Westminster College

This paper focuses on the fundamental differences between two types of distributive justice
theory: Judeo-Christian social justice theory and Rawlsian liberalism. Many philosophers have
argued for using Rawlsian liberalism over Judeo-Christian social justice in government settings
and the two theories have often been compared, with one coming out as better than the
other. However, this paper attempts to reconcile the two theories so that they function together
within one system. I argue that Rawlsian liberalism is a better theory for working within
governmental institutions (as Rawls intended), while Judeo-Christian social justice theory is
better as a format for political activism. Both philosophy and real-life examples of activism are
used in order to show these two theories can work together harmoniously.
Latvian Folk Dance: sustaining cultural identity through Christianity and Communism
Emilija Grinvalds, Faculty Sponsors: Susan McGuire & Paul Valliere, Butler University
"He who knows when he can fight and when he cannot will be victorious."
-Sun Tzu in The Art of War
In times of chaos, brutality and oppression, one would not think of the arts as a guiding light for
maintaining cultural identity and establishing peace and independence. However, bordering the
Baltic sea and nestled in the northern Europe, the small country of Latvia serves as a prime
example of how the arts, specifically folk dance, helped to maintain Latvian culture through
centuries of violence. As missionaries sought to spread Christianity upon the Baltic pagan tribes
in the 11th Century, dance helped to sustain the cultural and religious beliefs of the ancient
Latvians. Folk dance created a sense of unity within their communities, and the Christian
missionaries were not able to suppress the artform enough to discontinue its ritualistic use.
Jumping forward to the 20th century, folk dance played an important role in what is known as
“the Singing Revolution” that began in 1987 and eventually led to the independence of the Baltic
States in 1991. Whilst under the grasp of the Soviet Union, Latvian folk dance served as a form
of political protest, which created a sense of unity by reminding Latvians of their cultural
heritage, and ultimately bolstering their nationalistic movement.
This thesis will attempt to answer the question: How has Latvian folk dance helped to sustain
Latvian cultural identity through the introduction of Christianity and the oppression of
communism?
Strategies for an Effective Youth Ministry
Sarah Kraus, Faculty Sponsor: Paulette Sauders, Grace College
Various strategies and philosophies have always been involved in running a church youth
ministry, which depend greatly on the views and position of each specific church. Some of them
are more effective than others, depending on the overall purpose of the specific youth ministry.
Some exist simply as a “safe” environment for middle and high schoolers to be in, and others
operate not only as a good place for young people to be, but as a place where they can
participate, lead, and be discipled and equipped for Christian ministry. This paper gives a brief
overview of various strategies of “doing” youth ministry, and focuses on those strategies that
research has discovered to be effective, which are characteristically found in a youth ministry
that disciples and equips its students.

Islamophobia in Contemporary America
Matt Miller, Faculty Sponsors: Chad Bauman & Paul Valliere, Butler University
Immediately following the events of September 11, 2001, a Washington Post-ABC News Poll
indicated that 39% of Americans had an unfavorable view of Islam and 14% believed that the
religion encouraged violence against non-Muslims. When this same poll was conducted again in
2010, 49% now looked upon Islam unfavorably and 31% felt that the religion was violent. This
rise in fear of Islam is indicative of what I mean by Islamophobia in contemporary America. By
critically examining America's recent past, effectively between the years 2008 and 2011, I aim to
identify numerous examples of Islamophobia (e.g., "Burn a Qur'an Day" and the "Ground Zero
Mosque"). Subsequently, I offer reasons why Islamophobia appears to be flourishing in America
today.
Christian College Students’ View of Homosexuality
Tyler Morgan, Faculty Sponsor: Mike Rowley, Huntington University
Fred Phelps versus The Episcopal Church; which of these positions best represent Christian
college students’ views regarding homosexuality? Is homosexuality a sin in which the only
appropriate option is confession and repentance? Or is homosexuality simply one of many
orientations in which God created humans, not much different than skin color, height or shoe
size. The purpose of this study is to discover how college students, at a Christian university,
view homosexuality. A survey of 125 male and female students will serve as a sample for this
research.
The Existential Crisis and the Problem of the Other Writer
Jeff Schatz, Faculty Sponsor: Shodhin Geiman, Valparaiso University
Human life is torn between the extremes of the unique specificity of the individual and the
general limitations of humanity. Though the Western individual wants to see him or herself as
truly special, it is an unavoidable fact that much of life is repetitious and bounded by the
limitations of human life. The individual seems trapped between merely accepting their place as
just another person living an ordinary and potentially meaningless life, and a futile attempt to
reject the generality of their life. Such a crisis is experienced on a smaller scale by any writer
attempting to create a unique work. The writer must escape from completely mimicking the
literary tradition, and letting the creative impulse die, as well as from being consumed in an
attempt to write wholly against the tradition, which has the same effect. The writer can
successfully maintain an original creative impulse only by being able to immerse him or herself
in the tradition, having a lived-in and authentic experience of the literary works, and yet return to
the original creative impulse. Similarly, the individual must wholly accept the generality of
human life, and yet still keep living his or her life. Through a critical examination of language
and experience, this paper fully elucidates the two crises and presents a potential solution.
A Rehabilitation of the American Left: Class Struggle and the Ideology of the I.W.W.
Aaron Simmons, Faculty Sponsor: Ferit Guven, Earlham College

The purpose of this paper is to bring to light the radical philosophical nature of the Industrial
Workers of the World during the early part of the 20 th century. The material for this project is
gathered from a recent acquisition of I.W.W. publications and ephemera by the Newberry
Library in Chicago. Through a careful analysis of original prints and pamphlets published
between 1905 and 1930, I outline the I.W.W.'s unique theory of ideology, and how it contributed
to their critique of capitalist forms of production. These pamphlets and prints aided the I.W.W. in
educating workers in Marxism, Socialism, and Industrial Unionism, in order to further their goal
of overthrowing capitalism. Although the I.W.W. educated workers in leftist philosophy, it was
always done within the context of the workplace. Only in daily production and class struggle did
philosophy matter to the I.W.W. By reinterpreting Marxism, and Socialism, through the concept
of the Industrial Union, the I.W.W. envisioned a future society organized around the shared
experience of production. The I.W.W.'s emphasis on worker solidarity, philosophy of the
workplace, and their commitment to worker education, leads me to claim that the I.W.W.
proposed a radical form of embodied ideology.
PHYSICS
Thermal Transport Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Jeremy Christman & Andy Moore, Faculty Sponsor: Mahfuza Khatun, Ball State University
Recent advances in nanostructure technology have made it possible to create small devices at the
nanoscale. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are among the most exciting building blocks of
nanotechnology. Their versatility and extremely desirable properties for electronic and heat
transport have driven intense research and development efforts in recent years. Our research has
focused on measuring the thermal properties of various CNT structures using molecular
dynamics with the simulation software called LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular
Massively Parallel Simulator) on the Beowulf cluster at Ball State University. Using the Green
Kubo formulation thermal conductivity is calculated of various CNTs. We will show the theory
behind this calculation, our results for thermal properties of various tubes, along with the basic
simulation procedure we have been using for finding these properties.
Ambient Temperature P-V Equation of State for Garnet Sand of Pfeiffer Beach
Erica Cotter, Faculty Sponsor: Henry Scott, Indiana University-South Bend
Synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction analysis was performed on a natural beach-sand
almandine, (Fe 0.68 Mg 0.25 )3Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , from Pfeiffer Beach, Big Sur, California. The ambientpressure
lattice parameter, a, was found to be 11.529 Å. The lattice parameter and, accordingly,
unit-cell volume were determined through isothermal compression to 19 GPa in a symmetric
diamond anvil cell, in which helium served as a nearly-hydrostatic pressure-transmitting
medium. The isothermal bulk modulus, K 0T , was determined to be 168.8 ± 1.8 GPa using a
second-order (i.e. dK/dP fixed at 4) Birch–Murnaghan equation of state. We compare these
findings with previous elasticity measurements of garnets along the pyrope-almandine join, and

eport our measurements in relation to prior work on bulk modulus–volume–cation valence
systematics [e.g. Fan et al., 2009].
27 New Variable Stars in NGC 6584
Elliott Johnson, Butler University, Joe Toddy, University of Georgia & Andrew Darragh, Butler
University, Faculty Sponsor: Brian Murphy, Butler University
Using the SARA 0.6 meter telescope located at Cerro Tololo, we searched for variable stars in
the globular cluster NGC 6584. We obtained images for 10 nights between 28 May and 6 July of
2011. After processing the images, we used the image subtraction technique developed by Alard
(2000) to search for the variable stars. We detected a total of 69 variable stars in our 10x10 arcminute
field, including 42 previously known variables cataloged by Millis & Liller (1980) and
27 hereto undetected variables. In total, we classified 44 RRab, 16 RRc, 6 eclipsing binaries, and
3 long period (P > 2 days) variable stars. Many of the RR Lyrae stars exhibited the Blazhko
Effect. Furthermore, the RR Lyrae stars exhibit a period/amplitude relationship consistent with
NGC 6584 being an Oosterhoff Type I cluster. Here we present refined periods, complete multicolor
light curves, and classifications for each of the 69 variables, as well Oosterhoff and colormagnitude
diagrams for the cluster. This project was funded in part by the National Science
Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program through grant NSF AST-
1004 872 and by a grant from the Butler Institute for Research and Scholarship.
Alternating Current Faraday Rotation of Multiple Liquid Systems
Thomas Foulkes & John Moore, Faculty Sponsor: Maarij Syed, Rose-Hulman Institute of
Technology
While chemists have analyzed the kinetics of reactions for a long time, little emphasis has been
placed on the implications of reaction kinetics on the evolution of a solution’s magnetic
properties corresponding to changes in its molecular structure. Specifically, the classic kinetic
study referred to colloquially as the Iodine Clock Cycle involving the evolution of Iodide into
Triiodide was altered to yield three unique concentrations of Triiodide. On a chemical level,
these species can be differentiated based on three distinct relative concentrations of Iodine and
Triiodide thereby allowing distinct amounts of free ions which lead to different magnetic
properties for the three solutions.
To investigate the different magnetic (specifically diamagnetic) properties of these differing
concentrations we have carried out precise Faraday rotation (FR) measurements in an AC field
arrangement. FR refers to magnetically induced birefringence whereby a substance rotates the
polarization of the light beam passing through it, in the presence of a magnetic field. This AC
experimental setup yields reliable results for rotations as small as one arc minute. Thus, by
analyzing the FR of these three unique species of Triiodide, an analysis of the significance of the
amount of free ions and their impact on the overall magnetic properties of the solution can be
deduced. Supplemented by absorbance and index of refraction measurements for each solution,
we also compare our results to various theoretical models that deal with multi-component
solutions.
Modular Black Holes as Probes of Spacetime

William Hammer, Faculty Sponsor: Rolf Schimmrigk, Indiana University-South Bend
One of the open problems in gravity is a microscopic interpretation of the entropy of black holes.
Recently, progress has been made in this direction for black holes in the context of string theory.
The work done by Jatkar and Sen et al, establishes a statistical interpretation of N=4 super
symmetric black holes in terms of certain types of functions that count states. These counting
functions are distinguished by a high degree of symmetry, which is given by the corresponding
modular group, affords you the means to construct an entropy. The goal of this talk is to explore
the possibility of using the resulting modular entropy as a probe for geometric structure of the
extra dimensions predicted by string theory. Supported by NSF-RUI grant No. 0969875.
Construction and Use of a Pressure Vessel Simulator for the COUPP Matter Search
Experiment
Cale Harnish, Faculty Sponsor: Ilan Levine, Indiana University-South Bend
Observations of the cosmos have indicated that the majority of the mass in the Universe is in the
form of non-luminous matter (dark matter.) Since this matter does not interact via the
electromagnetic force, searching for evidence of it requires a new kind of detector. The COUPP
experiment uses a superheated fluid to search for dark matter. When a dark matter particle
collides with the superheated fluid, enough energy is transferred to the recoiling nucleus to cause
a dramatic phase change from liquid to gas. Pressurizing the chamber allows the detector to be
returned to a non-superheated fluid state to recover sensitivity for repeated use. Such a high
temperature and high pressure environment puts serious restrictions on what materials may be
used in the detector. This talk describes the design and use of a pressure vessel simulator as a
means for ensuring components created in the lab can withstand the hostile environment present
in the COUPP detector.
Worlds In Transit: Observations of Exoplanets using IRTF MORIS
Mackenzie Jones, Faculty Sponsor: Brian Murphy, Butler University
We present new transits of targets TrES-1b, TrES-3b, XO-2b, and GJ-1214b, observed with
IRTF-MORIS. The radius ratio we found for TrES-1b in Sloan r’ is 0.1315 +/- 0.0003, which
differs by 6 sigma from the Winn et al. (2007) value in z’. A possible cause for this inconsistency
is wavelength variation by depth. The other parameters found for TrES-1b were consistent with
the Winn et al. (2007) values. The timing for TrES-1b may indicate the need for a new
ephemeris. The orbital and planetary parameters found for TrES-3b were consistent with
previous values, which can be attributed to good observational conditions and a bright
comparison star. Likewise, the values found for XO-2b deviated very little from previous
literature. Both TrES-3b and XO-2b demonstrated consistent timing values. Due to poor
conditions and a lack of good comparison stars within the field of view, the parameter values for
the radius ratio, inclination, and orbital distance, found for GJ-1214b are not reliable. The timing
values, while still suspect, suggest consistency with the current ephemeris. This work is
supported in part by the NSF REU and DOD ASSURE programs under NSF grant no. 0754568
and by the Smithsonian Institution.

An Accurate Determination of Binding Energy and Momentum Spectra for Carbon
Dioxide gas using Computational Physics Methods and Quantum Analyses
Adam Kidd, Faculty Sponsor: Xianming Han, Butler University
Electron Momentum Spectroscopy (EMS, also known as binary (e, 2e) spectroscopy) is a very
valuable tool when attempting to experimentally determine the wave functions of electrons in
quantum systems such as atoms, molecules, and solids. It is also well utilized in determining the
electronic structure of atoms and molecules by measuring the electron density distributions in
momentum space for individual orbitals. During the last decades, EMS has been successfully
applied to an increasingly wide variety of atomic, molecular, and solid-state targets and has been
shown to provide stringent tests for Hartree-Fock level configuration interaction molecular wave
functions, as well as the evaluation for Kohn-Sham density functional theory. The unique ability
of directly “imaging” the electron momentum distributions for individual molecular orbitals,
especially the chemical important valence orbitals, provides straightforward information for
understanding chemical properties and reactivity. Utilizing a high-sensitivity angle and energy
dispersive multichannel electron momentum spectrometer at the University of Science and
Technology of China, we explored the capabilities of producing the binding energy and
momentum spectra for carbon dioxide gas through Hartree-Fock analysis, combined with
computational methods. This presentation is intended to explain how computational methods
allow for more thorough and complete analysis of quantum systems through the ability to
interpret large sets of data accurately and more efficiently, using the carbon dioxide experiment
as the prime example.
Measurement of Asteroid Rotational Periods through Direct Observation and Light
Calibration
Adam Kidd, Frederick Rastede, Bradley Magnetta & Orry Heffner, Faculty Sponsor: Xianming
Han, Butler University
The number of asteroids is extensive, and the number of observed rotational periods is
significantly less in comparison. By observing the amount of light reflected from an asteroid, we
are able to determine its rotational period. To observe an asteroid, we take digital images of the
asteroid at predetermined intervals throughout the course of a night using the SARA telescopes
at Kitt Peak National Observatory (Arizona, 0.9 m) and at Cerro Tololo Inter-American
Observatory (Chile, 0.6 m). So far, we have observed four asteroids and determined their
rotational periods. The four asteroids in question include: 1660 Wood, 966 Muschi, 47035 1998
WS, and 1301 Yvonne. Asteroids 1660 and 47035 have not been observed before 2012 and we
are one of the first few to measure their rotational periods. Asteroids 966 and 1301 have been
observed before, but our data will be used to determine the physical shape of these
asteroids. This presentation is intended to explain the methods by which we accomplished our
task, as well as present our findings.
Black Box Module for Low-Level Light Detection in Optogenetic Studies
Elizabeth Maret, Faculty Sponsor: Mohamed Diagne, Connecticut College
Optogenetics combines cell targeting through genetic modification with optical stimulation
methods to improve neural circuit stimulation precision and introduce minimally invasive

probing techniques. Viral vectors in genetic modification introduce photo-responsive channel
proteins into mammalian neurons marked with a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)
label. Optogenetics has brought with it the ‘optrode,’ a novel bi-functional device for
simultaneous optical stimulation and electrical recording by a gold coated waveguide fiber.
Recording by optrode allows for millisecond time-scale resolution unattainable by traditional
electrical stimulation methods. However, optrode probing is limited by the lack of spatial
understanding of genetically modified neurons in relation to the optrode’s location. As a result,
all optogenetic studies require terminal histological analysis of test subjects. The Black Box
Module is a light-tight environment that filters low-level YFP fluorescence for detection with the
optrode, confirming the optrode’s presence in an optogenetically modified area. This
presentation examines the Black Box Module’s optogenetic stimulation, recording, and optical
filtration system, as well as its success in improving spatial understanding of optogenetic studies
that could reduce the need for expensive terminal mammalian studies.
Examining the Mass Ratio Dependence of Post-Newtonian Smoothed Particle
Hydrodynamics (SPH) Simulations of Binary Neutron Star Coalescence
Jonathon Meyers & Richard Hallett, Purdue University, Margaret Michna & Yi Mei, Faculty
Sponsor: Aaron Warren, Purdue University North Central
We use a publicly available post-Newtonian SPH code, StarCrash, to calculate final remnants
and gravitational waveforms for coalescing binary neutron star systems with binary mass ratios
ranging from 0.90 to 1.00, in steps of 0.05. These simulations and their results are analyzed to
determine how several properties of the merger depend on the mass ratio. Changes in the
dynamical behavior of the binary system at different mass ratios, in particular the formation of
tidal tails and lags, are illustrated and described. We also model the mass ratio-dependences of
peak gravitational wave strain and gravitational luminosity. Finally, using Gaussian wavelet
transformations, we calculate the pseudo-frequencies of gravitational waves produced during the
inspiral, chirp, and ring-down periods.
Construction and Commissioning of a Cryogenic Radon Assay System
Timothy Moan, Faculty Sponsor: Ilan Levine, Indiana University-South Bend
Astronomical measurements have shown that 85% of the universe’s mass is in some exotic form
which is inherently invisible ("dark matter.”) Two experiments, COUPP and PICASSO, use
superheated liquid targets to search for dark matter. When a dark matter particle collides with a
nucleus in the superheated liquid, it creates an explosive phase change from liquid to gas. These
experiments are insensitive to various backgrounds that plague other detectors; however they are
sensitive to alpha particles from radioactive decays. Therefore, one must reduce the levels of
radioactive contaminants in the detectors, and be able to measure the amount of contaminants
that get by. This talk describes the construction of a cryogenic radon sampling system and
photomultiplier counting system used to measure radon emanation and diffusion of candidate
materials for low-background experiments
AC Faraday Rotation of Fe3O4 Nanoparticle Composites
John Moore, Faculty Sponsor: Maarij Syed, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

An AC Faraday rotation technique has been used to study the factors that affect the Verdet
constant of several classes of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle composites. Faraday rotation is the rotation of
light’s axis of polarization as it propagates through a medium in which a magnetic field is
applied along the direction of propagation. The angle of rotation is given as the product of the
magnetic field strength, the optical path length, and a material specific constant called the Verdet
constant. Materials with a large Verdet constant are useful in the design of optical isolators,
magneto-optic modulators and switches, and magnetic field sensors. These devices in their
conventional bulk forms usually rely on materials like garnet crystals for their large rotations and
fast response times, but as optical components continue to be miniaturized for applications to
integrated optical systems, more compact designs demand new materials. Nanoparticle
composites, because of their scalability and potential to deliver exceptionally large magnetooptic
rotations, are a viable solution. In our composites the effects of nanoparticle concentration
and magnetization, as well as polymer rigidity have been investigated.
Acoustic Transducer Design for Dark Matter Detection and Radiation Acoustics
Thomas Nania, Faculty Sponsor: Ilan Levine, Indiana University-South Bend
Astronomical measurements reveal that about 85% of the matter in the Universe is non-baryonic
(that is, not made from the constituents of atoms.) This exotic matter does not interact with
ordinary matter via the electromagnetic or strong forces and is thus intrinsically invisible and
hard to detect. The COUPP collaboration is working to observe individual “dark matter”
particles using superheated liquid CF3I as a target for these particles. When the dark matter
particles scatter one of the atoms in the liquid, the recoiling nucleus deposits enough heat to
cause the liquid to explosively transform to a gas.
The COUPP detector is monitored using acoustic sensors which detect the acoustic emanations
from the phase transition. The sensors we have designed and built thus far have been able to
distinguish phase transitions induced by neutron calibration sources from those caused by alphas
from radioactive decay. Our work is to try to improve the sensor backing composition to improve
the event-by-event particle identification capabilities of the detector. We are also exploring
whether acoustic sensors can be used in other particle physics measurements.
Measuring the Performance of Generalized Gradient Approximations in Solids
Zachary Nault, Faculty Sponsor: Antonio Cancio, Ball State University
There recently have been a number of generalized gradient approximations (GGA's) developed
to address a major limitation of the approach – the inability to model both energies and structural
constants at the same time. We examine the performance for bulk systems of four different GGA
exchange-correlation (XC) functionals: the PBE functional, best for energy calculations in
molecules, the PBEsol functional developed to improve calculations of solid structures, the
SOGGA functional developed to improve lattice constant calculations, and the VMT1 functional
developed to improve atomization energy calculations without a loss in lattice constant accuracy.
These XC functionals are tested on a set of 12 solids composed of metals, semiconductors, ionic
metals, and transition metals. The plane-wave DFT code ABINIT was used to calculate the
cohesive energy for each solid using each XC approximation. The bulk moduli and lattice
constants were determined by fitting to the Murnaghan equation of state. We look particularly

into how the use of a pseudopotentail will effect the predictions of each model in comparison to
experiment.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
The Influence of Nazism on the Development of Fascist Anti-Semitism in Italy
Brittany Brake, Faculty Sponsors: Dave Barry & Timothy Bennett, Wittenberg University
From the early 1920’s to the mid 1930’s, Benito Mussolini believed that Italian Jews did not
pose a threat to Italy; in fact, he believed they were helpful to the fascist cause. However, in the
midst of Adolf Hitler’s influence and under serious wartime pressures, Italian Fascism, which
was not inherently anti-Semitic, shifted towards the radical anti-Semitism of the Nazis. Nazi
anti-Semitic views diverged from common anti-Semitic attitudes prior to the early twentieth
century. The anti-Semitism of German National Socialism surpassed the traditional anti-Semitic
practices that existed prior to Hitler’s modifications. Hitler’s unconventional anti-Semitic
policies combined the ideas of early anti-Semitism with his own extreme thoughts, and cultivated
radical acts of violence. This monomaniacal anti-Semitism was distinctly different from the anti-
Semitism found in Italian Fascism. In the late 1930’s, as Italy started to fall behind Germany
economically and militaristically, Mussolini feared losing close ties with Hitler and began
implementing more extreme anti-Semitic policies that mirrored those of Nazism. Hitler’s
modifications are clearly seen in Italian Fascism after the year 1938. By distinguishing the bases
of anti-Semitism in both of these countries, one is able to determine the level of importance that
anti-Semitism played in Italy and Germany prior to the Second World War.
The Jurisprudence of Sonia Sotomayor: An Analysis of Her First Amendment Freedom of
Speech Decisions
Alexis Branham, Faculty Sponsor: Phil Loy, Taylor University
As one of the newest and first Hispanic Justice to ascend to the Supreme Court bench Sonia
Sotomayor might have a large impact on the decisions the court hands down in the future. Using
her background, history as a lawyer and District Attorney in New York in combination with her
opinions and dissents on the Free Speech Cases the United States Supreme Court handed down
in their 2010-2011 term; this is an evaluation and analysis of what we can expect from her in the
years to come.
Conservative Feminism and its Potential to Interact with, Influence, and Transform
Traditional Feminist Identity
Aja Cacan, Faculty Sponsor: Margaret Brabant, Butler University
The recent emergence of conservative female public figures has posed a challenge to the
traditional notion of feminist thought. Although they define their particular form of success in
conservative terms, many of these women either operate according to feminist paradigms or
depend upon feminist achievements to attain success. There seems to be a developing school of

conservative thought, which somewhat incorporates feminist logic into its philosophy; whether
or not it constitutes a legitimate movement that may counter or merge with feminism will have
implications for the feminist identity and the shaping of various public policies regarding
women’s interests.
Media Influence or Influential Media?
Rachel Cheeseman, Faculty Sponsor: Brett O'bannon, DePauw University
The question of news media’s influence on policy has recently shifted away from the question of
“does it or does it not exist?” to one of “when and under what conditions does it occur?” The
existence of media influence on policy, particularly foreign policy, became evident after a slew
of humanitarian crises in the 1990s prompted scholars to investigate the latter question rather
than the former. In 2000, Piers Robinson of the University of Manchester posited his policymedia
interaction model arguing that news media can influence policy only in the absence of
executive certainty. This theory is fundamentally flawed, essentially begging historical questions
by terming policy certain whenever it was unchanged and seeking out signs and sources of
“uncertainty” whenever it did change. Alternatively, Peter Viggo Jakobsen from the University
of Copenhagen conceives of a relationship in which media portrayals of humanitarian crises play
a key role in motivating relevant policy. Not only must the crisis be covered; it must be covered
in a certain way. In Jakobsen’s complex dynamic, media always have the potential to influence
policy, though they are unlikely to do so if coverage is inconsistent or framed in such a way that
fails to motivate the public (i.e. inaccurate or un-empathetic framing). This subtle but important
distinction between media influence as a contingent upon executive certainty and a more
persistent role of potentially influential media has major implications not only on how policy
formation must be conceived but also how scholars and professionals must conceive of media’s
role in democratic societies.
This paper draws on existing scholarship, both theoretical and analytical, regarding media’s
influence on policy formation in response to humanitarian crises throughout the 1990s to
examine the role impact of executive certainty as well as media’s influence. Flaws with the
ultimately circular notion that media influence only exists in the absence of executive certainty
become evident, and the alternative notion that the media coverage of a particular issue might
influence relevant policy formation is supported. An examination of the French and American
responses to the 1994 genocide of Tutsi Rwandans makes clear that media’s coverage played a
decisive role. A review of the processes by which the French and American administrations
reached their respective decisions of intervention and non-intervention serves as a case study in
the final portion of the paper.
Homeless and Low-Income Individuals Struggle to Find Access to Services in District of
Columbia
Zachary Davidson, Faculty Sponsor: Paulette Sauders, Grace College
Great attention is paid to delivery of services to the low-income populous in the United States,
often fueling partisan discourse. Rather than politicizing delivery of services, whether they are
effective or ineffective, and calling for widespread reforms in existing programs, this paper will
examine access to current existing services and programs specific to the experience of

individuals in the District of Columbia. This paper will conclude that the process of obtaining
services such as housing, Medicaid, and disability is confusing and untimely for any individual,
but even more so for indigents. The conclusion is supported with documented statistics from
credible institutions and government offices, as well as personal testimony.
The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: A Policy Analysis
Jillian Edmonds, Faculty Sponsor: Michael Zarkin, Westminster College
This paper examines the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, specifically examining
whether or not the United States Senate should ratify the treaty. The U.S. is one of the countries
that must ratify the treaty in order for it to go into effect (called Annex 2 states by the
treaty). Our position on the treaty is very important for the future success of the treaty, so careful
consideration of the pros and cons of the treaty are necessary. This policy analysis is based on
several factors, examining both arguments for and against ratification of the treaty. The factors
for analysis are comprehensive, considering environmental, security, economic, and political
factors. The conclusion of the paper is that the United States should ratify the treaty and there
are several advantageous reasons for doing so.
Critiquing the Supreme Court's 1962 Decision in Engel v. Vitale
Christopher Goff, Faculty Sponsor: Nancy Whitmore, Butler University
In 1962, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a school prayer that students in the state of New
York had the option of reciting each morning. The ruling overturned a 172-year tradition of legal
prayer in American public schools. A reargument and reexamination of Engel v. Vitale finds that
the outcome of the case, while perhaps desirable politically, was not actually consistent with the
First Amendment to the Constitution. There is a good deal of evidence the case was wrongly
decided, and those legal and historical rationales will be explored.
The Experience of Women Leaders in Northern Ghana
Kelly Hamman, Faculty Sponsor: Robin Turner, Butler University
Throughout my month long research period in the Northern Region of Ghana, I was able to
interview a handful of female district assembly members and gender desk officers who gave me
much insight to both the joys and difficulties as female members of the local level
governance. In addition to talking to the women first hand, I was able to work with a total of
five NGOs based in Tamale and Yendi that worked to increase women's representation in local
level governance; these organizations discussed some of the barriers they face, as well as many
of the programs they have worked to implement over the last decade. Most of my work was
based out of Tamale, Northern Region, although I did work with one NGO and about 3 district
assembly women in Yendi, a less developed area that has seen conflict as late as 2000, which
added a peacekeeping element into the mix.
This project takes into consideration the impact of colonialism on traditional power structures,
the influence of religion in the region, and the cultural importance of women's roles.
Civic Engagement of Italian-Americans in Indianapolis

Lauren Hodge, Faculty Sponsors: Elisa Lucchi-Riester & Robin Turner, Butler University
Civic engagement, the study of how individuals engage with their community, has been shown to
have a tremendous impact on politics. Previous research has indicated immigrant populations
engage with their communities differently than non-immigrant populations. Yet there have not
been many studies specifically studying Italian-American populations and their methods of
engagement. Utilizing Indianapolis’ rich Italian immigrant population, a study was conducted
through interviews and surveys. The results have revealed Italian-Americans maintain their
Italian but not regional identity from generation to generation. Additionally, Italians, while
highly educated, purposefully choose not to vote in national elections. Rather, they are highly
involved in neighborhood and local community activities and tend to engage in conversation
about politics and social issues at a high rate, but choose to engage in politics through “nontraditional”
methods.
Visiting the Promising Land: The Effects of Religious Pilgrimage on Peace Building in the
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Christopher Jozwiak, Faculty Sponsors: Siobhan McEvoy-Levy & Paul Valliere, Butler
University
This research will provide an analysis of religious pilgrimage and its connections with peace
building in context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Religious pilgrimage peace research points
to an area that emphasizes the current and future opportunity for faith-inspired peace building in
the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Little research in the past has analyzed this relationship of
religious pilgrimage and peace building, particularly within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The
uniqueness of this research is built upon that of British scholar, Dr. Stephen R. Sizer, who has
noted the rare nature of such research. The history of pilgrimage to the Holy Land offers a
complex background on the contemporary situation and explains a variety of current nuances in
the region. The Holy Land has a rich history. Furthermore, the history of pilgrimage to the Holy
Land has uniquely shaped the modern nature of pilgrimage today and distinctively contributed to
the social, economic and political status of the Holy Land. While Jewish and Islamic pilgrimage
within the context of the Holy Land was analyzed for this research, Christian pilgrimage is
focused on, particularly regarding the context of the Roman Catholic Church.
This analysis obtained information through a combination of a variety of scholarly methods for
research. The foundation for this analysis included participant observation as a pilgrim from
November 2011, interviews with pilgrims to the Holy Land and local residents of Israel and the
Palestinian Occupied Territories. Additional pilgrimage experiences in Europe and a
comprehensive scholarly review of interdisciplinary materials connected with pilgrimage in
theology, history, peace building, political science and the Holy Land further shaped this
research.
In some ways this research analyzes both intentional and unintentional actions and effects of
pilgrimage on local communities. This includes economic, theological, sociological and political
consequences. Pilgrimage is thus analyzed in a variety of ways to understand its impact on peace
building in the Holy Land.

The Kurdish Question: Kurdish Identity in the Modern Turkish State
Peter Kassig, Faculty Sponsor: Margaret Brabant, Butler University
This paper attempts to answer questions related to the relationship between ethnicity and national
identity of the Kurdish people in Turkey. Mustafa Kemal, leader of the Turkish War of
Independence (insert dates of the war), and first President of the Turkish Republic (dates),
initiated a series of reforms commonly referred to as Kemalism. These reforms were, amongst
other things, attempts at modernization in the development of the modern Turkish state that some
critics of Mustafa Kemal (better known as Atatürk) assert. This includes the suppression of
particular ethnic and cultural identities in Turkey and attempts to assimilate them into the
mainstream Turkish population.
The Kurdish population in Turkey has suffered greatly as a result of Kemalism and has, since the
inception of the republic, resisted state organized attempts at assimilation, by way of peaceful
protest, as well as violent revolt. The Kurds, with their own language, culture, and identity,
represent a quarter of Turkey’s population. Once allies of the Ottoman empire and initial
supporters of Mustafa Kemal, the Kurds have found themselves an isolated and disavowed
people, and the center of a powerful and often bloody dispute regarding the possibility of a
separate Kurdish state. Referred to as the “Kurdish Question”, this dispute within Turkey is one
that has evolved through periods of violence perpetuated by both separatist Kurds and the
Turkish government to a position of ambivalence and stagnant repression by the Turkish state.
Only through a deeper understanding of Kurdish identity and culture can Turkey hope to resolve
dispute(s) stemming from the separation and isolation of Kurds that the state itself initiated.
Though the Turkish state has launched numerous initiatives aimed at integrating Kurds into
mainstream society in Turkey; housing projects in the East, re-instatement of Kurdish
broadcasting, ect., these efforts are insufficient for closing the gap between the Kurdish people
and the Turkish state. In order for lasting peace and reconciliation to be established, both the
Government and the Kurdish people need to work together unilaterally to bring about both
political reform and a shift in cultural ideology.
Issues with Pakistani Women's Citizenship
Megan Moles, Faculty Sponsor: Larry Williamson, Butler University
This research presents the complicated and unequal case of women's citizenship in the country of
Pakistan. Women are not allowed to give their citizenship to their husbands should they marry
foreigners, and are therefore forced to continue to be under the control of a patriarchal
system. Questions explored include human rights, women's rights, as well as rights of
citizenship. Case studies include those of women within the country of Pakistan as well as India.
John F. Kennedy as an Innovator in the Peace Movement
Kacie Newhouse, Faculty Sponsor: Gerald Waite, Ball State University
John F. Kennedy was one of the leading innovators in bringing peace to the world. One of
Kennedy’s biggest accomplishments as president involved preventing nuclear war during the
Cuban Missile Crisis. During a time when we were on the brink of nuclear war and when the
USSR was setting up missiles in Cuba for a potential attack on the United States, JFK prevented

Soviets from reaching the island through strategic, peaceful measures, preventing a war where
one could have easily been started with one wrong move. In addition, Kennedy conceptualized
The Peace Corps in 1951 in seeking to bring peace to underprivileged and impoverished nations.
While several of his opponents doubted the effectiveness of such an organization, Kennedy
believed it would shatter the notion of Yankee Imperialism and spread peace to areas that were in
desperate need of rebuilding. These accomplishments show Kennedy was a dedicated innovator
to the creation and spread of peace throughout his political career.
Closer to Home: The Push towards Regionalization in Response to Globalization
Josh Slusher, Faculty Sponsor: Paul Hanson, Butler University
The rise of globalization in the last century has been deeply discussed and debated encompassing
nearly every field of study. The influence of globalism is undeniable, yet what has been less
analyzed is the world’s increasing movement towards regionalization within the context of larger
globalization. As the international community faces increasingly daunting social revolutions,
political destabilizations, and economic crises, many nations seek to combat these mounting
problems through regional economic blocs and political unions. This paper will endeavor to
better comprehend the factors behind this push towards regionalization by examining regional
blocs such as the European Union, the Organization for American States, the Arab League, the
Association of South East Asian Nations, and the African Union.
PSYCHOLOGY
The Effects of Gender and Sociosexual Orientation on Perceptions of Casual Sex
Ashley Adams & Whitley Holt, Faculty Sponsor: Ellen Altermatt, Hanover College
This study was designed to examine if there is still a double standard for judging individuals who
engage in casual sex, and if the gender and personal sexual behavior of the participant affect this
standard. Participants read hypothetical scenarios in which the actors engaged in casual sex. The
gender of the initiator of the sexual act was manipulated. Participants were asked to evaluate the
initiator of the sexual act, to indicate their own gender, and to complete Penke’s Revised
Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (2011) to assess their personal sexual behavior. We anticipate
that males who initiate casual sex will be judged less harshly than females who initiate casual
sex, but that this double-standard will be moderated by both the participants’ gender and
personal sexual behavior.
False Memory in the DRM Paradigm: A Comparison of Synesthetes and Non-Synesthetic
Controls
Caitlin Anderson, Faculty Sponsor: Mandy Gingerich, Butler University
This study investigated how the superior memory of synesthetic individuals “protects” them
from false memories. Synesthesia is a non-disordered cross-wiring of the senses (Hubbard &
Ramachandran, 2005). A color-grapheme synesthete might associate the letter “A” with the color

purple although it is printed in black ink. Past research has shown that color-grapheme
synesthetes show better memory for stimuli such as word lists and abstract figures compared to
non-synesthetes and that they believe that their memory is more accurate than average (Yaro &
Ward, 2007). In the current study, participants viewed 15 words semantically-related to one
critical, non-presented word for 250 milliseconds each followed by recall tasks. This was
repeated for 12 Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm lists (Roediger & McDermott, 1995).
After participants recalled all the words they remembered, they completed a recognition task.
Results suggest that synesthetes had higher correct recall rates (M=.53, SD=.07) than did nonsynesthetes
(M=.45, SD= .12), F(1,24)=4.43, p< .05.Every other measure, however, yielded no
significant difference between groups (all ps >.05). Results indicate that, compared to nonsynesthetes,
the “cross-wiring” of senses that synesthetes experience does not necessarily enable
them to reduce their false recall of critical lures or to correctly reject critical lures. Furthermore,
synesthesia does not seem to “protect” individuals from falsely recognizing critical lures.
Effects of Name Status on Attractiveness
Mandy Anderson, Rachel Bernhardt & JJ Burns, Faculty Sponsor: Amy Bracken, Franklin
College
Past research has shown that women tend to take social status and access to resources into
account whenever judging prospective partners (Li, Bailey, Kenrick, and Linsenmeier, 2002).
Studies have also been performed that show women are likely to rate pictures of men with formal
names as being more successful than those with informal names (English & Stephens, 2004).
Common names are associated with a person being more rated as more successful (Levine &
Willis, 1994). The current study combines the past research involving names and perceived
social status. Female participants will view a slideshow containing pictures of young men with
either a high status name (i.e. “Robert”), a low status name (i.e. “Bob”), or no name at all. While
viewing each picture, the participants will have 10 seconds to rate the attractiveness of each
picture on a 5-point scale, with 1 being “least attractive” and 5 being “most attractive.” There
will be a five second pause between each picture when a blank side is presented for the
participants to finish responding. The goal of the experiment is to see if high status names, low
status names, or no names at all will have an effect on the perceived attractiveness level of
potential partners. The researchers hypothesize that pictures of males paired with high status
names will be rated as more attractive than pictures of males paired with low status names.
Results from this study will increase knowledge of name psychology and whether this affects
women’s choices about potential partners.
All in My Head?: How Does Mood Affect How We Interpret Facial Expressions?
Lillian Ashmore, Faculty Sponsor: Gregory Francis, Purdue University
What visual cues do people use to judge facial expressions? Do those cues change with the
observer’s mood, or is emotion recognition in facial expressions based on either objective,
formulaic facial cues that Ekman’s notion of universal facial expressions suggests (Ekman,
1970)? We investigated these questions using a reverse correlation technique by embedding
random noise pixels on a face with an ambiguous facial expression (a copy of the Mona Lisa).
Because of the random noise pattern, the resulting image sometimes looks happy and sometimes
sad. Subjects classified the expression of the faces (happy or sad) for many different random

patterns. The commonly categorized patterns were then averaged to identify which noise pixels
influenced expression categorization. In addition, sad or happy music was played during the face
judgment task to manipulate the mood of observers. Based on previous research, we
hypothesized that different noise pixels would be important in expression categorization
depending on the manipulation mood. The results find that noise pixels around the corners of the
mouth are important in determining the categorized facial expression, but that there was no
difference in the cues used to make judgments between mood groups. The mood manipulation
was not statistically significant; however, the analysis of facial expression interacted with mood
context. These findings line up with that of Kontsevich and Tyler (2004) and provide evidence
for an objective analysis of facial expression.
Emotion Yields Isolated Tunnel Memory, But Collaborative IMAX
Dominick Atkinson, Faculty Sponsor: John Bohannon III, Butler University
Recollection is frequently social; people tend to remember with others and when they do, their
joint recollection is enhanced (McClure et al. 2009). Group recall tends to be superior to isolated
recall. However, subjects viewing emotional material tend to focus in on the central, emotional
aspects of the scene (Safer & Christianson, 1998). Thus, if groups experience an emotional
scene, their recollections should be similar. 114 Butler University students viewed one of two
slideshows including 15 photos taken in various places at a house. One group saw a slideshow
that contained a non-emotional version of the middle scene (cutting bread) and three extra nonemotional
scenes (food). The other group saw an emotional version of the middle scene (cut off
fingers) and three extra emotional scenes (ER photos). Three critical slides showed multiple
household items varying in placement, central or peripheral. After the three-minute presentation,
and a 10-minute interpolated task, subjects completed a memory questionnaire. Participants
completed the questionnaires either by themselves or with partners and were asked to work
together. In free recall, arousal allowed the isolates to improve their recall of central items with
no effect on the groups’ superior recall, whereas arousal improved the accuracy of the groups’
peripheral recall with no effect on isolates’ poor recall. For the probed recall, arousal improved
the group memory for peripheral items, but there was no difference for the central data. This
further backs up the memory model that under emotional conditions, peripheral group memory is
improved.
Implicit Association Test vs. Police Officer’s Dilemma, Which is Better for Increased
Prejudicial Awareness?
Alex Baer & Christian Entezari, Faculty Sponsor: Leslie Ashburn-Nardo, Indiana
University/Purdue University at Indianapolis
In the quest for reducing prejudicial thinking and biases the question has become how can that be
done best? A possible avenue lies within the applications of two tests designed to activate the
processes necessary to learn from their outputs. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) examines
participants’ unconscious race-related biases, through dual-categorization task that allows
participants to assign stimuli to racial and evaluative categories. The Police Officer’s Dilemma
(POD) task submerses participants in a quick reaction video-game like setting. Participants have
to respond shoot vs. don’t shoot to White vs. Black men holding guns vs. benign objects (Correll,
Judd, Park, &Wittenbrink, 2002). 200 introductory psychology students will be randomly

assigned to complete either the IAT or the POD .Recent findings have shown that those that had
been administered the IAT exhibited guilt (which is important for reducing one’s own prejudice)
when their inner racial biases were brought to their attention (Monteith, Voils, & Ashburn-
Nardo, 2001) and reported increased awareness of their own and others’ implicit bias (Morris &
Asburn-Nardo, 2010). Given the stress of the consequences associated with, theoretically
shooting in the POD “shoot” or “don’t shoot” scenarios however, we hypothesize that there is a
greater potential to raise prejudice awareness among participants not found in the IAT.
Ecological Momentary Assessment of Academic Self-Efficacy: Implications for Theory and
Research
Rebekah Bentle, Kate Denlinger & Tiffany LeFever, Faculty Sponsor: Tim Steenbergh, Indiana
Wesleyan University, Marion
Numerous studies support academic self-efficacy (ASE) as a predictor of students’ academic
performance (e.g., Chemers et al, 2001; Multon, Brown, & Lent, 1991). However, past research
has predominantly relied on single assessments of ASE, which cannot detect fluctuations in what
may be a dynamic construct (Bandura, 1977; Mone, Baker, & Jeffries, 1995). We employed a
novel approach to ecological momentary assessment (EMA; Shiffman, Stone & Hufford, 2008)
to gather multiple measures of student ASE across the semester in order to examine self-efficacy,
its fluctuations, and their relationship to academic performance. Freshman completed pre- and
posttest questionnaires including a measure of ASE and then used the iHabit EMA app for
three separate one-week periods (weeks 3,8, and 14). Mean ASE scores over the three weeklong
periods were consistent. However, the mean standard deviation of individuals’ daily self-efficacy
ratings varied across the assessment period.Mean daily ASE scores during week 8 were
significantly correlated with pretest and posttest ASE. Weeks 3 and 14 ASE scores were strongly
correlated with GPA. These findings suggest that ASE is a dynamic construct, and that daily
assessment using EMA may yield improved predictive utility, relative to single assessments.
Further studies may yield new insights about the dynamic nature of self-efficacy.
The Effect of Sensory Manipulation on Postural Sway
Kyle Bohnert & Rachael Moreland, Faculty Sponsor: John Krantz, Hanover College
In this study we examine the effect that the manipulation of primary senses has on posture. We
manipulated the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems in order to make each system as
irrelevant as possible to the participant. Participants will be blindfolded in order to disrupt the
visual system, their feet will be iced in order to disrupt the somatosensory system, and they will
be spun in a chair in order to disrupt the vestibular system. Postural sway measurements will be
recorded for each trial using a Wii Fit balance board. The results of each condition will be
analyzed using a Fourier analysis and we will also be examining the total sway of each
participant. We hypothesize that, as more senses are manipulated, postural sway of the
participant will increase.
The Dirt on Grit: Examining Relations with School Adjustment, School Performance, and
Theories of Intelligence
Whitney Borton & Jaclyn Grelle, Faculty Sponsor: Ellen Altermatt, Hanover College

Recent studies have examined the predictive power of grit. Grit, or perseverance and passion for
long-term goals, has been found to be predictive of success in adults and privileged
children. The researchers in this study wanted to determine if grit had the same predictive
power among children with minority and low SES status. This study was also designed to
examine if a child’s theory of intelligence predicted their grit score. The participants were 136
6 th , 7 th , and 8 th grade students from an urban middle school. Of the 133 participants who
indicated ethnicity, 92.5% identified themselves as an ethnicity other than Caucasian. These
students filled out a survey measuring school adjustment, grit, theory of intelligence, selfreported
school performance, and basic demographic information. We expect grit to be
predictive of both higher school adjustment and school performance. We also expect that
children with an incremental theory of intelligence will have higher grit scores.
Social Conformity in Physical vs. Virtual Environments
Rachel Brighton, Brooks Ayers, Eric Carmichael, Philip Hannum & Judie Keen, Faculty
Sponsors: Tim Steenbergh & Christopher Devers, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion
Social conformity has been defined as the movement from one’s own position to a contradictory
position based on the expressed positions of others in a group (Cialdini & Trost, 1998). In his
pioneering work in this area, Asch (1956) discovered that roughly one-third of participants went
against their better judgment to agree with the incorrect responses of confederates in their group.
Additional studies since then have elucidated the factors associated with conformity in the
physical world; however, little is known about social conformity in the virtual world. Therefore,
this experimental study examined social conformity in physical vs. virtual environments.
Undergraduate students were randomly assigned to either physical or virtual situations in which
they interacted with confederates who presented inaccurate responses. We will examine rates of
conformity between the two groups and explore the factors associated with conformity.
The Effect of Age on Attitudes toward People with Disabilities
Carrie Burkhardt & Lauron Haney, Faculty Sponsor: Ellen Altermatt, Hanover College
This study was designed to evaluate whether participants’ age influences their attitudes toward
physically disabled individuals. Participants will complete an online survey consisting of three
assessments of their attitudes toward disabled individuals: a self-report measure of explicit
attitudes, a projective measure of explicit attitudes (the Multidimensional Attitudes Scale Toward
Persons with Disabilities), and a measure of implicit attitudes. We expect to find a main effect
for age, with older adults possessing more negative attitudes toward people with physical
handicaps than younger adults. We expect the age difference to be greater for implicit than
explicit attitudes in light of new laws, including the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), that
have reinforced more positive attitudes toward people with physical disabilities. In addition, we
expect these effects to be moderated by personal relationships such that the age difference may
be less pronounced among individuals who have had quite a bit of experience with people with
disabilities.
The Effects of Technology Use in Job Position on Attributions and Self-Efficacy
Elizabeth Campbell, Faculty Sponsor: Faye Plascak-Craig, Marian University

The present study is designed to test the effects of technology use on employee attributions and
self-efficacy for different position and experience levels within an organization. Demographics,
work scenarios attributions, and self-efficacy scores will be collected from employees and
students at a Midwestern university. It is expected that those with more job experience and
higher job positions will use internal attributional inferences and report higher self-efficacy than
will those at lower positions and with less job experience.
A Brief Mindfulness Intervention Mitigates Adverse Reactions to Negative Feedback
Xi Chen & Chris Thompson, Faculty Sponsor: Alison O'Malley, Butler University
Negative feedback often fails to stimulate performance improvement, instead arousing negative
emotions, perceptions of unfairness, and rejection of the feedback message (e.g., Anseel &
Lievens, 2006; Cianci, Klein, & Seijts, 2010). We targeted mindfulness, a psychological state
induced by attention focusing (Kabat-Zinn, 2003), as a means of reducing negative emotions
after receiving negative feedback. We examined whether a short mindfulness intervention helped
participants cope more effectively with negative performance feedback. Although mindfulness is
typically developed by practicing over weeks or months, we implemented a short focused
breathing intervention intended to enhance mindfulness in a few minutes (Arch & Clarske,
2006). Participants who listened to a 5-minute mindfulness recording experienced less intense
negative emotional reactions after receiving negative feedback compared to the control group,
who experienced an unfocused attention exercise. Interest and persistence, however, were not
affected by the mindfulness manipulation. This study is among the first to examine positive
psychological principles in order to improve feedback recipients’ reactions to negative feedback.
The Relationship between Music and Mood: an Exploration of Music's Influence on
Undergraduate Students' Emotions
Katherine Clark & Sarah Kuborn, Faculty Sponsor: Marcie Coulter-Kern, Manchester College
Throughout the ages, music has been used as a medium through which individuals have
expressed their various thoughts, emotions, and opinions. Naturally, this has led scientists to
hypothesize that music can have an impact on the thoughts, emotions, and opinions of those who
hear it. The present study examined the effect that music has on mood. A Likert scale was
designed and used to calculate the mood of subjects before and after listening to a playlist of
music. Three separate groups of participants listened to three specific playlists – one containing
classical music, one containing music with positive lyrics, and one containing music with
negative lyrics. A paired-samples t-test was used to analyze the data compiled from each group,
and it was found that music with positive lyrics had a significant impact on mood. These
findings suggest that music does indeed have a profound impact on the emotions of its listeners.
Growth from Pain: The Effects of Counseling, Spirituality, and Gender on Posttraumatic
Growth
Sarah Conway, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Swindell, Anderson University
Posttraumatic growth, defined as “positive psychological change experienced as a result of the
struggle with highly challenging life circumstances” (Calhoun & Tedeschi, 1999, 2001), has
recently come under close examination (Finch & Enders, 2008, p. 421). This study further

investigates the effect of professional counseling, spirituality, and gender on posttraumatic
growth. Specifically, it is predicted that participants who attend counseling for a traumatic event
will have significantly increased posttraumatic growth compared to those who have not attended
counseling. It is also hypothesized that participants who perceive themselves as highly spiritual
will have an increased posttraumatic growth than those who do not perceive themselves as highly
spiritual, and females will have a higher posttraumatic growth than males. Participants were 132
undergraduate volunteers enrolled in General Psychology and Developmental courses attending a
small, Midwestern university. Participants completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory
(PTGI; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996) and a short, demographic survey that queried participants’
gender, perceived level of spirituality, and counseling experiences. Data will be analyzed using
multivariate analysis of variance.
The Effectiveness of a Two-Week Reflection-Intention Training Program on Lucid Dream
Recall Frequency: A Replication
Matthew Danskey, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Swindell, Anderson University
A lucid dream occurs when, while still dreaming, the dreamer becomes conscious of dreaming.
This study replicates the work of Paulsson and Parker (2005) that tested the effectiveness of a
two-week reflection intention technique on increasing lucid dream recall frequency (LDRF) and
dream recall frequency (DRF). Participants completed a brief questionnaire to establish a
baseline for DRF and LDRF, then over a two-week interval, practiced the reflection-technique
and kept a dream journal. Preliminary analysis of the data using a dependent t-test indicates that
the program was effective for increasing LDRF as compared with the baseline (p = 0.0035),
which confirms the results of the study replicated.
Student Perceptions of Motivation, Promise-fulfillment, Trust, and Engagement Broadens
the Psychological Contract
Christina Davis, Faculty Sponsor: Alison O'Malley, Butler University
Traditionally, the psychological contract has been conceptualized as an informal agreement
between employers and employees at the organizational level. The factors that underlie the
psychological contract are widely regarded as central to understanding the expectations that exist
between organization members (Rousseau, 1995). However, there is no data available to suggest
the same trend in educational settings. This presents a problem in attempting to overcome
student-learning barriers. Our correlational study applied validated scales from psychological
contract literature to an educational setting. We surveyed 115 undergraduates to understand the
implications of upholding the psychological contract in the classroom. We predicted: 1).
Perceptions of promise-fulfillment are positively correlated with student engagment, 2). Student
motivation is positively correlated with student ratings of professor obligations to create
standards and meet them consistently. 3). Negative perceptions of self-motivation and
engagement indicate potential contract violations. Two key findings were, good teaching
(measured by the Teacher-Behavior-Checklist) negatively predicted perceptions of promiseviolations,
B = -0.84, t = -9.94, p < .001, and perceptions of trust positively predicted promisefulfillment,
B = 0.47, t = 6.63, p < .05. Overall, using psychological contracts in education can
clarify expectations students have of instructors and provide pathways for improvement
(Anderson, 1987).

Evaluation of the C.A.R.E. Programs Effectiveness in Regards to Sexual Activity in
Hancock County, Ohio
Joanna Dunten, Cassandra Wimer & Rachel Kochensparger, Faculty Sponsor: Carrie Lloyd,
Huntington University
The rates of adolescent’s premature sexual activity have been decreasing since 1988, according
to the Center for Disease Control 2011 statistics. One possible reason for this decrease could be
the sexual education classes that have been placed in schools. One such class designed by The
Women’s Resource Center of Hancock County (W.R.C.), is the Character, Relationships and
Education program (C.A.R.E.). This program has been sent to every public middle school and
high school in Hancock County, Ohio for the past decade. This program gives sexual education
as well as abstinence education. The effectiveness of the program will be evaluated by
comparing pre-tests that were already given to the students before the intervention and the posttests
given after the intervention. The number of participants that will be analyzed in the current
study will be 2,000 to 4,000. These ANOVA’s will also be compared to the statistics that have
been run for the past 10 years for the C.A.R.E program. Lastly, these statistics will be compared
to national levels of sexual activity in order to evaluate the effectiveness this particular program.
Personality Differences between Nursing, Psychology, and Computer Science
Neil Eliason, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Swindell, Anderson University
The present study investigated personality differences of students and faculty members from
three academic disciplines: Nursing, Psychology, and Computer Science. I hypothesized that
participants from Nursing would demonstrate a high preference for feeling according to the
Myers Briggs Type Inventory, Computer Science a high preference for the thinking type.
Students and faculty from the three academic disciplines completed a three-item demographic
survey and a 20-item questionnaire that surveyed the thinking-feeling continuum of the Myers-
Briggs Type Inventory (Myers, 1962). Data will be analyzed using analysis of variance and
implications will be discussed.
Confront or Not to Confront: How Self-Efficacy and Power Impact the Challenging of
Prejudice
Christal English & Brandon Millspaugh, Faculty Sponsor: Leslie Ashburn-Nardo, Indiana
University/Purdue University at Indianapolis
Research shows that confrontation is an effective way to reduce prejudice (Czopp, Monteith, &
Mark, 2006), yet there are many obstacles to challenging prejudice as outlined by The
Confronting Prejudiced Responses Model (Ashburn-Nardo, Morris, & Goodwin, 2008). The
current study tested how confrontation self-efficacy (CSE), defined as individuals’ confidence in
their ability to challenge bias, and perpetrator power over the potential confronter influence the
decision to confront. 120 participants were led to believe they would be working with a fellow
participant (actually a confederate) and were then randomly assigned to one of two conditions:
equal or lower power (in relation to the confederate). After reviewing an article about a Black
Student Union, participants engaged in an electronic chat session with the confederate as part of
a supposed peer review study. During the chat, they witnessed a prejudiced remark, to which
they had the chance to respond. Contrary to predictions, results showed that participants higher

in CSE were significantly less likely to confront. Surprisingly, CSE was related to avoiding
embarrassment and conflict. These results suggest that people higher in CSE more closely
consider potential negative outcomes or consequences of confronting a prejudiced remark.
Episodic Salutary Experiences (ESE): An Active Ingredient in the Religiosity-Health
Relationship
Elizabeth Erb & Elizabeth Kaiser, Faculty Sponsor: R. Brian Giesler, Butler University
Although religiosity has been found to predict physical health in numerous studies, attempts to
unpack this relationship remain noticeably incomplete (McCullough & Willoughby,
2009). Drawing from recent research on the adaptive effects of different types of positive affect
(e.g., Frederickson, 2002; Frederickson, et al., 2008), our work highlights an understudied type
of positive affective state, episodic salutary experiences (ESE), which refers to spontaneous
episodic feelings of inner peace distinct from one’s usual state. In multiple survey studies, a
majority of participants reported experiencing ESE. Episodes are usually, relatively brief, occur
in a number of religious and non-religious contexts, and are perceived as low in intensity but
high in positive valence. Correlational data indicated ESE is distinct from overall positive affect
but is associated positively with both religiosity and physical health. To address whether ESE
mediates the religiosity-health relationship, a cross-sectional survey study was conducted using a
convenience sample of religious undergraduate students (n = 93). ESE, religiosity and physical
health were assessed using self-report measures. To characterize the strength of ESE, several
other variables drawn from the literature were also assessed and tested as potential mediators,
including health-related behaviors, social support from one’s religious group, meaning in life and
self-regulatory ability. Regression based analyses revealed that of the candidate mediators, only
ESE (marginally) met the statistical criteria for mediation, Sobel Z = 1.75, p=.07, thereby
supporting its hypothesized role.
Flashbulb Memories of Sexual vs Emotional Infidelity in Men and Women
Christine Fisher & Ryan Bable, Faculty Sponsor: John Bohannon III, Butler University
Subjects (N=74) recalled discovering sexual and emotional infidelity as personal flashbulb
memories (FBM). Results suggested that women have FBMs for either type of infidelity whereas
males recalling more from sexual infidelity. Lastly, upset participants were more confident in
their recollections.
The Effects of Alcohol on Relationship Satisfaction
Kayla Green & Amanda Kellar, Faculty Sponsor: Bill Altermatt, Hanover College
The current study examines the relationship between alcohol consumption and satisfactions
within interpersonal relationships. The three mediators examined were trust, jealousy, and
conflict. Students in college who were currently in a romantic relationship took a forty-nine
question survey. We asked them to reflect on their feelings towards their partners specifically
when they were consuming alcohol. We expected to find that those with high alcohol
consumption would have higher rates of jealousy, conflict, and trust issues within their
relationships, due to previous research on these three mediators. These would then reduce
relationship satisfaction. We also expect that those couples who consume alcohol less frequently

will have higher levels of relationship satisfaction. This is because the three mediators (trust,
jealousy, and conflict) will be less negatively prevalent within their relationship.
Effect of Implicit Weight Cues on Moral Judgments
Katie Gustafson, Jenna Cooper & Lauren Cox, Faculty Sponsor: Erin Devers, Indiana Wesleyan
University, Marion
In the past several years, researchers have made great discoveries about the topic of embodied
cognition. This theory states that physical things, like weight, texture, and visual cues, can have
an unconscious impact on people’s psychological perceptions and the way that they interact with
the external world (Grafton, 2009.) Specifically, weight has an impact on a person’s thoughts,
such as their first impressions of people (Ackerman, Nocera & Bargh, 2010), perceptions of a
product (Reinhard, 2010), or judgments of importance (Schneider, Rutjens, Jostmann & Lakens,
2011.) The metaphor of weight in everyday conversation also implies importance, as in the
metaphor “weighing between two options” or a “heavy issue.” Because of this, we believe that
the addition of implicit weight cues will result in a change in moral judgments. We hypothesize
that, when given a survey on the importance of Indiana Wesleyan University policies, students
that fill out the survey using a weighted clipboard will be more likely to believe that the rules are
more important, that harsher punishments should be strictly enforced, and that they have broken
the rules fewer times than those who fill out the survey using a light clipboard.
Tylenol Enhances Memory during Social Rejection
Karina Hamamouche & Elizabeth Jennings, Faculty Sponsor: John Bohannon III, Butler
University
There is a reason that romantic rejection and break-ups give people the "blues". Individuals tend
to describe physical pain and social pain with the same terminology (deWall & Baumeister,
2006; Eisenberger et al., 2003; Way, et al., 2009). There is a neurobiological overlap between
the systems that control physical pain and social pain. During both physical pain and social
rejection, the same brain areas (insulae in the central corticol fissure) are quite active. DeWall
(2011) found that individuals who received a dose of acetaminophen had less activity in the
bilateral anterior insula and bilateral posterior insula during a social rejection
stimulation. Because social rejection increases memory (Pajkos, et al. 2011), if subjects are
given acetaminophen during social rejection then the memory enhancement effect should
disappear. This study aims to determine whether or not reducing CNS pain activity can affect
the storage, retrieval, and encoding of autobiographical memories.
The Effects of Voice Tone on Perceived Masculinity
Levi Hamner & Richard McGee, Faculty Sponsor: Bill Altermatt, Hanover College
The purpose of the study is to identify participant’s ideas on how voice tone affect masculinity.
Male and female voice pitch will be varied and will be heard reading a short script. Afterward,
specific questions pertaining to levels of masculinity and femininity will be asked and rated on a
Likert Scale. The study will be completely online. The amount of time required by each
participant should not exceed 30 minutes. There are no risks other than that of everyday life.

Prevalence of Eating Disorder Symptoms in Endurance Athletes and Non-Endurance
Athletes
Allyson Higgenbottom, Faculty Sponsor: Jeff Kellogg, Marian University
The past research indicates that there is a relationship between disordered eating behaviors and
athletes as compared to those who are non-athletes (Cobb, 2006). This study examined the
prevalence of eating disorder symptoms in the more specific endurance athletes as compared to
non-endurance athletes, hypothesizing that endurance athletes should have a higher incidence of
eating disorders as well as subclinical disordered eating behaviors as compared to non-endurance
athletes, and females overall will have a have a higher incidence of eating disorders as compared
to males. The participants were collected from various endurance competition events as well as
internet forums. Participants were asked to fill out the Eating Disorder Examination
Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and a demographic survey. Females reported higher scores than males
on the subscales of eating concern, weight concern, and shape. Gender was also found to be
significant predictor of scores on the shape concern subscale and the weight concern subscale,
for both subscales females could be predictive of higher scores than males. No effect was found
for endurance and non-endurance athletes on the EDE-q scores.
The Effect of Speech Impediments on Perception
Lyndsey Holzinger & Sarah Helms, Faculty Sponsor: Alexis Green, Hanover College
Human beings navigate through daily life socially through a series of actions and reactions to
others, of which language is a big component. How we perceive another human being effects
how we interact with them, and language disruption can have a dramatic impact upon
perceptions. This study is designed to measure the reported perceptions of an individual with a
speech impediment (disfluency). Approximately 200 participants of both genders will be
randomly assigned to listen to an audio file with or without the disfluency. Participants will be
asked to complete an online survey designed to measure their perceptions of the speaker,
empathy, and past exposure to a speaker with an impediment. Our expected results are that
participants will rate the speaker with a disfluency more negatively than the normally speaking
control condition. Prior exposure is expected to have an effect on the negativity or positivity of
perception, as well as possibly altering empathy measures. Current literature discusses how
people think they might perceive someone with a disfluency. This study examines what those
perceptions actually are and whether these perceptions are impacted by prior exposure.
Religiosity and Spirituality: Closeness in Relationships
Rachel Jacobs, Kathryn Eipl & Allison Cooke, Faculty Sponsor: John Krantz, Hanover College
This study investigates the possible links between religiosity/spirituality and levels of overall
closeness in romantic relationships. Religiosity is defined as the aspects of one’s religious
activity, dedication, and belief (Shafranske & Gorsuch, 1984). Spirituality refers to a belief in a
transcendent dimension within the human experience, discovered in moments in which the
individual questions the meaning of personal existence and attempts to place the self within a
broader ontological context (Shafranske & Gorsuch, 1984). Closeness within romantic
relationships was measured using scales that assessed levels of intimacy, commitment, selfdisclosure,
and attachment. We are expecting to find a statistically significant positive correlation

etween religiosity/spirituality and all of the following: intimacy, commitment, self-disclosure,
and attachment.
Choosing the Wrong Snack: A Paradoxical Effect of Priming Healthy Eating Goals
Elizabeth Kaiser, Katherine Adams & Nate Moss, Faculty Sponsor: R. Brian Giesler, Butler
University
Health is declining in many populations due in part to unhealthy food choices, leading to
increased chronic illness and reduced quality of life. Greater insights are needed into processes
that may allow individuals to achieve healthier diets. In the current experiment, we examined
whether non-consciously priming individuals’ health-related goals could affect food choice.
Participants (n=65) were randomly assigned to complete one of two types of word search
puzzles, a manipulation commonly used in priming research. The puzzles contained either
healthy words (e.g. healthy) or control words (e.g., desk). After completing the puzzle,
participants were invited to select a snack from a box containing a mixture of relatively healthy
(e.g., 100 calorie snack packs) and unhealthy (e.g., Dingdongs) snacks. Afterwards, participants
completed some additional measures, including questions about goal commitment and underwent
a funneled debriefing. Overall, snack choice was unaffected by puzzle type. However, puzzle
type interacted with level of commitment to the goal of eating healthy to predict snack choice (p
=.04). Specifically, participants who were not definitely committed to eating healthy were more
likely to select a healthy snack after completing a healthy puzzle than a control
puzzle. Paradoxically, participants who were definitely committed to eating healthy exhibited
the reverse effect: they were more likely to select an unhealthy snack after completing a healthy
puzzle. The majority of participants did not believe the puzzle had affected their behavior,
suggesting the impact of non-conscious goal activation on health behavior may depend upon
level of commitment to the activated goal.
Investigating the Relationship between Personality Traits and Desire for Social Distance
from Individuals with Mental Illnesses
Emily Lazar, Faculty Sponsor: Joel Martin, Butler University
Studying the stigmatization of individuals with mental illnesses is a crucial step in combating the
social prejudice against them. One frequently measured expression of mental illness stigma is the
desire for social distance. Past research demonstrates that the personality traits encompassed in
the five-factor model (Costa & McCrae, 1992) significantly predict various types of stigma,
although studies correlating personality traits and mental illness stigma are limited. This study
examined the relationship between personality traits and desire for social distance from an
individual perceived as having a diagnosis of schizophrenia. It departed from previous methods
of assessing stigma via hypothetical constructs (e.g. character vignettes) in favor of a face-toface
interaction. Participants received information about a confederate’s past schizophrenia
diagnosis before engaging in social interaction with them (under the pretext of completing a
cooperative crossword task). Participants’ desire for social distance from the confederate was
measured both by observing specific behavioral reactions and by collecting attitudinal reactions
via a social distance questionnaire. In addition, participants’ personality characteristics were
assessed through a self-report inventory of the Big Five personality traits. The study employed a
correlational design with multiple independent (i.e. personality factors) and dependent (i.e. social

distance measures) variables. Consistent with previous research, it is hypothesized that higher
Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion will be associated with 1) less distance
placed between the participant and the confederate, 2) less time required for the participant to
begin conversing with the confederate, and 3) lower scores on the social distance questionnaire.
Data collection is ongoing.
Music and Academics: How Music can Help or Hinder Performance
Kristine Lewis, Leanna Thompson & Karley Reid, Faculty Sponsor: Amy Bracken, Franklin
College
Every student has a studying routine that he believes works for him. However, many students
are unaware of the possible impact distractions may have on their overall performance. Past
research has attempted to uncover how music may hinder performance by conducting
experiments where participants studied while listening to music or silence, and then were tested
over the material in silence. The main limitation was that there was no condition in which music
was played in both instances. Because of this, the results could be attributed to the differences in
experiences, not the distraction itself. The current study builds on previous research by having a
condition where music is played in both instances. Participants will be male and female Franklin
College students. In the course of the experiment, participants will study material in either
silence or music. Then, after a ten minute break, participants will be tested over the material in
one of the aforementioned conditions. The condition (silence or music) will be randomly chosen
for each participant so that some will have silence in both instances (S-S), some music in both
(M-M), and some will experience the two different conditions for studying and testing (S-M or
M-S). Afterwards, participants will complete a survey and be debriefed as to the nature of the
study. Until that time, the importance of music will be withheld to prevent any bias that may
occur. The researchers hypothesize that the S-S condition will yield the best performance on the
test, followed by the M-M condition. It is hypothesized that the participants experiencing
different conditions for studying and testing, S-M and M-S, will perform worse on the test than
the other two groups. The results of this study will add to the body of research concerning study
habits and performance by adding a variable not addressed before as a way to discern whether
poor performance is a result of music or just the difference between the two situations.
Sleep Deprivation and Delusion Proneness: Influence on Dream Bizarreness
Anna Lezon, Faculty Sponsor: Joel Martin, Butler University
While evidence for many types of psychotic experience exists in the general population, dreams
have been a particularly prominent model for hallucinations and delusions in otherwise healthy
individuals. This definition of “bizarreness” in dreams mirrors the description of psychosis in
schizophrenia patients when their psychosis remits (Colace, 2003). Babkoff et al. (1989) found a
linear association – less sleep caused more waking-state hallucinations. While the relationship
between psychotic symptoms and sleep deprivation is well established, most existing data regard
waking-state psychotic symptomology. The relationship between sleep deprivation and dreamstate
psychotic symptomology has not been investigated. Further, no sleep deprivation study
assessed variables (such as delusion proneness) that have been strongly associated with subclinical
psychotic symptoms in waking-state experiences (Garety et al., 2005). I hypothesized
sleep deprived individuals who show a high degree of delusion proneness will also experience a

greater frequency of bizarre dream elements, as compared to those who are lower in delusion
proneness and not sleep deprived. Thus, I hypothesized there will be an interaction effect
between the two variables of sleep deprivation and delusion proneness. To test this hypothesis,
undergraduate students completed measures of subclinical delusional ideation and typical
dreams. Additionally, participants were instructed to record their dreams in a journal for four
consecutive nights and indicate the number of hours they usually sleep per night and the number
of hours actually slept. Data collection is ongoing currently. Accordingly, results will be
discussed while considering relevant theory.
Adult Sibling Relationships and Communications
Kayla Lighty, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Swindell, Anderson University
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived sibling closeness
and frequency and means of communication. Seventy-two students from a general psychology
course from a small Midwestern university completed the Adult Sibling Relationship
Questionnaire (ASRQ; R. P. Lanthier & C. Stocker, 1992) and a 5-item demographic
questionnaire (surveying gender, age, and frequency and means of communication.). I
hypothesized that the perceived quality of the relationship is positively correlated with frequency
of communication. Data will be analyzed and implications will be discussed.
The Implications of Divided Attention for Theories of False Memory
Matt Lindgren, Faculty Sponsor: Mandy Gingerich, Butler University
Prior psychological research has posited two mechanisms by which false memories may be
reduced: the distinctiveness heuristic and impoverished relational encoding. The distinctiveness
heuristic is a method by which one can infer a presented item to be novel due to an absence of
memorial information about the item (Dodson & Hege, 2005). Alternatively, impoverished
relational encoding suggests that studying distinctive information interferes with encoding
relational information (Dodson & Hege, 2005). These processes are not mutually exclusive,
however there is evidence in support of both. This study aims to find support for one or both of
the mechanisms. Participants studied either a list of words as a control, or a list of anagrams to
provide distinctiveness. At test, participants had either undivided attention or divided attention
by being instructed to keep a mental tally of digits from an audio recording of letters and digits.
The results will be used to determine which method of reducing false recall was employed by
participants. If participants used the distinctiveness heuristic, rates of false recall should be equal
between the control group and anagram group when attention is divided, but higher for the word
group when attention is undivided. This is because the distinctiveness heuristic is used when
recalling information, and it is an effortful process that requires attention. If, however,
impoverished relational encoding is the method employed, participants should have higher rates
of false recall if they studied words, regardless of whether their attention was divided or not.
Because impoverished relational encoding happens automatically during the encoding phase,
dividing attention at test would not affect rates of false recall.
Chronic versus Primed Goal Orientation, Reactions to Negative Feedback, and Leadership
Emergence
Cara Lucas, Faculty Sponsor: Alison O'Malley, Butler University

We expanded Heslin et al.’s (2006) work on implicit person theories to see if individuals primed
with learning goal orientation would be more likely to emerge as leaders. We hypothesized that
individuals who are higher on learning goal orientation will a) have more positive reactions to
negative feedback and b) exhibit higher levels of leadership emergence. Participants completed a
two part online survey. Part one included a measure of chronic goal orientation, a random
assignment to the priming manipulation, and a leadership style questionnaire, on which
participants were told they would receive feedback. After completing part one, participants
received bogus negative feedback about their leadership style via email. Next, they completed
part two which contained questions about their current emotions, feedback reactions, and a
leadership emergence scenario. Our hypothesis that participants primed to adopt learning goal
orientation would be more likely to emerge as a leader was not supported. Our priming
hypothesis was not supported, our exploration of how situationally induced goal orientation
interacts with chronic goal orientation to influence leadership emergence paves the way for
research integrating leadership and goal orientation using a modified prime and alternative
measures of leadership emergence.
Expressed Emotion and Attitudes toward Body Image and Food
Toni Maraldo, Faculty Sponsor: Joel Martin, Butler University
In numerous studies over the years, body image and dysfunctional attitudes toward food have
shown to be related to the genesis of eating disorders. Recent research has particularly focused
on the influence that families have on both the development of eating disorders. In general,
higher levels of expressed emotion are often found in families with children who have either
anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. However, there is a lack of research on sub-clinical
populations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the influence that expressed
emotion has on body image and eating attitudes, which are often markers of sub-clinical eating
dysfunction. Ninety-nine female undergraduate students from Butler University completed
questionnaires assessing eating attitudes, restraint, body shape, fear of becoming fat, and
expressed emotion. My hypothesis is that a high level of expressed emotion in families is
positively correlated with dysfunctional attitudes toward food and distorted body image. Pearson
correlations showed that indeed there are significant relationships between high expressed
emotion and negative eating attitudes, increased restraint in eating patterns, poor body image,
and fear of becoming fat in college-aged women. Results will be discussed in light of relevant
theory.
The Effect of Birth Order on Preferred Study Environment
Abbie Mason, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Swindell, Anderson University
This study will examine the relationship between numerical birth order and preferred study
environment in college students. Participants from a General Psychology course at Anderson
University will complete an 87-item survey regarding their study environment habits including
playing music, watching television, and having people present. The survey will produce a
“preferred noise score,” with a higher score indicating a greater tolerance for noise in the
environment. It is predicted that oldest siblings and only children will have lower preferred noise
scores than youngest siblings. Data will be analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. Results and
implications of this study will be discussed.

Experience in Sport Performance, the Practice of Imagery and the Effect of Both On
Performance Anxiety
Sarah McGary, Faculty Sponsor: Jeff Kellogg, Marian University
The present study explores the effect that both experience and imagery practices have on precompetitive
anxiety. There were two groups of imagery used: self-focused and other-focused.
Twelve collegiate NAIA female tennis players volunteered to participate in this study and the six
individuals who played singles were used. It was expected that there would be a significant
difference in pre-competitive anxiety between those who had high experience and those who had
low. It was also expected that those who practiced the self-focused imagery task would have
lower levels of anxiety. There was a significant interaction between overall anxiety and the
experience of the player when percent of serves made was the dependent variable. This indicates
that experience does affect anxiety in relation to one’s performance. An interaction also occurred
between experience and self-confidence pre- and post-imagery, indicating that experience had an
effect on an individual’s self-confidence before and after the imagery task. Experience had a
significant negative correlation with both pre- and post-imagery somatic anxiety. Results were
not able to indicate that there was significant difference in performance between the imagery
tasks.
College Females and Body Image: How They Perceive It and Why.
Becca McIlwain, Faculty Sponser: Carrie A. Lloyd, Huntington University
College-age women are notorious for having negative feelings about their body weight. Nearly
50% of college-age women perceive themselves as overweight (Wardle, Haase, & Steptoe,
2006). The current study will explore the facts behind weight and insecure feelings toward being
overweight experienced by college females. It is hypothesized that the majority of college
females will knowingly give a weight lower than what they actually weight and when asked to
pick a picture that is similar to their own body size, they will select one that is larger due to
negative body image. This study also aims to find the most common negative influence on body
image. Body image is operationally defined as the mental image one has for one’s own body.
Perceived body image will be compared to the women’s body mass index (BMI). A survey will
be given to a randomized sample of college females from a small, private university in rural
Indiana. Each of the 50 participants will first be asked her weight, then officially weighed.
Second, each participant then will have her height measured so as to find her BMI. Third, she
will look at a series of pictures depicting various body sizes and then be asked to choose the one
she feels most closely resembles her own body. Fourth, a survey will be given to formulate each
participant’s body image and influencing factors. The results should support previous research
showing a vast amount of unsatisfied college females in terms of body image and give insight
into reasons why these feelings occur.
If You’re Happy and You Know It, You May Be Old: The Positivity Effect of Aging
Alix McLaughlin & Michael Hernandez, Faculty Sponsor: Tara Lineweaver, Butler University
Older adults tend to remember positively valenced information better than negatively valenced
information (the positivity effect) (Carstensen & Mikels, 2005; Mather & Carstensen, 2003). We
examined to what extent attentional or memory processes are responsible for this effect and

whether younger and older adults are equally adept at directing their attention towards or away
from emotional information based on its relevance. Nineteen young and three older adults
underwent two tasks: the Person Task and the Emotion Task, both of which included an N-back
measure (attention) and a recognition measure (memory). We expected that younger adults
would more successfully filter out irrelevant affective information than older adults, with older
adults demonstrating a positivity preference across both tasks. In contrast to expectations, both
age groups performed worse on the N-Back Person task when faces showed a neutral expression
than when faces were happy or sad. On the Emotion N-Back, younger adults showed better
working memory for facial expressions than older adults, independent of whether the expression
was positive or negative. On the recognition tests, older adults and younger adults recognized
facial expressions equivalently, but young adults better recognized the people portrayed in the
photos regardless of the person’s emotional expression during the N-Back. These results do not
reflect a positivity effect in attention or memory, but do suggest that older adults may have worse
working memory for emotional information than younger adults. In addition, older adults may
have been distracted by irrelevant emotional information leading to poorer memory for the actual
faces.
Conversations with Couples: Source Memory and Confidence with Romantic Couples
Michelle Miller & Luke Waggenspack, Faculty Sponsor: Mandy Gingerich, Butler University
We investigated whether the nature of the relationship between individuals influences internalexternal
source discrimination and recognition accuracy. Results indicate that romantic couples
have higher source accuracy and higher confidence in their accurate source judgments than do
pairs of individuals who are unacquainted.
:) :( and >:| Texts: An Examination of Linguistic Devices
Angela Mion & Amber Sapp, Faculty Sponsor: Tara Lineweaver, Butler University
This study addressed whether college students use shortcuts and pragmatic devices differently
depending on the emotional content of the message they are conveying and whether this depends
on gender. Undergraduate participants read three emotional messages (happy, sad, and angry)
and translated each into a text. We qualitatively analyzed the texts using a modified version of
Varnhagen’s (2010) categories. For shortcuts, the use of lowercase was most common, followed
by inclusion of abbreviations and contractions. For pragmatics, participants frequently used
punctuation for emphasis, with emoticons being next most common, but fairly rare. When we
considered the emotionality of the message, pragmatics and errors were equally common across
happy, sad, and angry messages. However, participants were more likely to include shortcuts
when the message conveyed happy content. We also examined the utilization of four specific
emotional techniques. Acronyms were much more common in angry messages than in either
happy or sad messages. Onomatopoeia emerged in both happy and angry, but not in sad
messages. Similarly, content additions appeared in angry and happy messages more frequently
than sad messages. Finally, emoticons were most prevalent in sad messages, occurred half as
often in happy messages, and were rare in angry communications. Although gender was
included as a variable in all analyses, we found no statistically significant gender effects or
interactions. Thus, unlike gender differences in other forms of emotional expression, men and

women did not differ in their utilization of linguistic devices, including those designed to convey
emotion, in their text messaging.
To Text or To Call, That Is the Question: How Texts and Voicemails Impact Emotion and
Memory
Angela Mion & Amber Sapp, Faculty Sponsor: Tara Lineweaver, Butler University
The purpose of this study was to examine the emotionality and memorability of two forms of
computer-mediated communication: text messaging and voicemail. We randomly assigned 61
undergraduates to one of six conditions: happy text, sad text, angry text, happy voicemail, sad
voicemail, angry voicemail. Participants completed a distracter task that was interrupted by a
previously formulated message that the researcher feigned receiving just before sharing it with
the participant. The content of the emotional messages were identical regardless of the medium
(text or voicemail), but in the text condition, participants read the message, whereas in the
voicemail condition, they listened to it. After a 20-minute delay, participants completed an
incidental memory test during which they recalled all of the details of the message that they
could remember. Then, they reviewed the message again through the same medium before
rating its emotional impact. On the memory test, participants recalled more details from the
voicemail than from the text. The emotional content of the message did not affect how well
participants recalled it. For emotional ratings, participants rated the sad message as less
emotional than either the happy or the angry messages. Emotionality ratings were not impacted
by medium. Taken together, these results indicate text messages and voicemails can have a
similar emotional impact on those who receive them, but differ in how well they are remembered
across time. Thus, sending a message via voicemail is preferable to conveying it via text when
the goal is to ensure the receiver remembers it.
Effects of Confrontation Self-Efficacy and Perceived Confrontation Outcomes on Prejudice
Confrontation
Sarah Mohlke & Samantha McManus, Faculty Sponsor: Leslie Ashburn-Nardo, Indiana
University/Purdue University at Indianapolis
Previous research has shown that prejudice confrontation, defined as expressing verbal or
nonverbal disapproval of another’s discriminatory actions, is effective at reducing bias (Czopp,
Monteith, & Mark, 2006). The goal of the present study was to determine whether confrontation
self-efficacy (CSE) and perceived confrontation outcomes promote or discourage prejudice
confrontation. Participants (P=110) were led to believe they would be working with a fellow
participant in an online chat session reviewing articles about IUPUI’s response (positive,
negative, or neutral) to protests of discrimination by the Black Student Union. During the chat
session, the computer-generated partner made a prejudiced comment about the BSU. As part of
a supposed separate study, participants were asked to rate themselves on how prepared they felt
to respond to a prejudiced comment (CSE). We hypothesized that participants who are low in
CSE will be less likely to confront, regardless of the perceived outcome and participants high in
CSE should vary as a function of perceived outcome with increased confrontation in the
positive. Preliminary data analysis indicates that individuals who were high in CSE were almost
twice as likely to actually confront the other participant than were those who rated themselves
lower in CSE. Thus far, results do not vary by perceived outcome. This may suggest that

perceived outcome has no effect on a person’s decision to confront prejudice, or, alternatively,
the perceived outcomes may have to suggest greater difference to have an effect.
The Effects of Stereotypes on Decision Making of Athletic Review Boards
Whitney Moore, Will Conoley & Georard Mitchell, Faculty Sponsor: Amy Bracken, Franklin
College
Individuals today hold many stereotypes against people who are different. In many cases these
stereotypes are unconscious, and people unknowingly make decisions using them. There has
been a vast amount of research looking at these unconscious stereotypes in a courtroom and
interview setting. However, there has been very little research looking at stereotypes in regards
to punishment of athletes for rule infractions. The current study was designed to build off of the
research of unconscious stereotypes and explore whether or not it can be applied to the
punishment of athletes for rule violations. Participants will be male and female Franklin College
students. Each participant will read one of two online articles. The article will be about an athlete
who committed a rule violation. The articles will be identical except the name of the athlete; one
will have a stereotypical White name and the other will have a stereotypical Black name. After
reading the article, participants will be asked to complete a questionnaire regarding the level of
punishment they find sufficient for the rule violation. Upon completion of the questionnaire
participants will be asked to identify the race of the athlete which could influence the severity of
their punishments. The researchers hypothesize that participants will choose a more severe
punishment for the athlete with a stereotypical Black name than they will with a stereotypical
White name. The results of this study will add to the body of knowledge about unconscious
behaviors towards cultural stereotypes and the effects they may have on decision making.
Come Out and Play: Participation in Team Sports Improves Working Memory and
Reduces Distractibility
Elyse Morgan, Shelby True & Suneeta Kercood, Faculty Sponsor: Tara Lineweaver, Butler
University
Exercise can affect working memory, but no studies have examined working memory in groups
of individuals who exercise on a consistent basis, like athletes. Beyond simple exercise,
participation in sports requires visual attention, concentration in the midst of distractions and the
juggling of multiple cognitive and physical tasks simultaneously. These demands may be higher
in the context of team sports (e.g., football, basketball) than individual sports (e.g., swimming,
track) due to the larger amount of relevant information present in the team environment. Our
study examined whether team- versus individual-sport participation is associated with
differences in working memory and susceptibility to distraction. Thirty college athletes
participated in two testing sessions two weeks apart. During each session, they completed five
working memory tasks first in the absence of and later in the presence of a visual
distraction. The two groups of athletes performed similarly across most working memory
tests. However, on a visual-spatial task, individual-sports athletes outperformed team-sports
athletes in the absence of distractions, but team-sports athletes outperformed individual-sports
athletes when visual distractions were present. In contrast, on an auditory task, team-sports
athletes outperformed individual-sports athletes in the absence of distractions, but the two groups
performed equivalently in the presence of distractions. These results suggest that team-sports

and individual-sports athletes do not generally differ in their auditory or visual-spatial working
memory. However, team athletes may be better able to filter out visual distractions while
performing a visual-spatial working memory task, perhaps due to the increased cognitive
demands associated with team-sport participation.
Non-target and Target Observers Reactions to Confrontations of Racism: Investigating
Who Does It, Who Sees It, and How It’s Done
Aaron Moss, Faculty Sponsor: Leslie Ashburn-Nardo, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
Both non-targets (e.g., Whites) and targets (e.g., minorities) are effective when confronting
perpetrators of prejudice. Yet, non-targets often defer to targets when deciding whether to
confront racism (e.g., Danh et al., 2010), and their perceived responsibility for confronting
depends on their beliefs about how targets might react (Goodwin et al., 2008). We investigated
minorities’ and Whites’ reactions to confrontations of racism. 190 participants (154 non-targets,
34 targets, 2 unspecified) read a scenario where the person confronting a racist remark was an
insulted Black man (victim), another Black man (target), or a White man (non-target).
Confrontations also varied by level of threat posed to the perpetrator: high vs. low. Both nontargets
and targets liked confronters more when they were White and when they confronted in a
less threatening way. However, non-targets and targets differed in their perceptions of confronter
bravery. Non-target observers’ perceptions of confronter bravery were not influenced by
confronter group membership or by level of confrontation threat; target observers, however,
perceived White confronters as significantly braver than Black confronters when confrontation
was highly threatening. Further, when non-target and target participants saw confronters as
brave, their own intentions to confront increased. Findings suggest that non-targets likely
overestimate the likelihood of backlash from targets when they confront discrimination on their
behalf.
The Effect of Familial versus Non-Familial Disruptions on Behavior of Patients in a Private
Mental Health Facility
Meghan Mulvaney & Kari Brown, Faculty Sponsor: Alexis Green, Hanover College
Research has shown that families play a large role in the life of a person with a mental disability
(Hammer, Makiesky-Barrow & Gutwirth, 1978). Two important roles are providing support and
structure in the individual’s life. Instability, such as a schedule disruption, causes the individual
to show signs of anxiety or display physically negative behaviors, for example hitting and
biting. Past experience with individuals with mental disabilities such as autism, mental
retardation, and/or Down syndrome leads us to hypothesize that participants will display more
severe behaviors when there is a disruption in their schedule. We also expect to find that the
behavior is intensified/more severe when there is a familial disruption (visitation of a family
member) as compared to disruptions not involving family. We believe this because the
participants do not live with their family so involvement is much more variable and
inconsistent. This is an archival study on the behavior reports comparing the intensity of the
behavior in relation to the type of disruption. We will also take into account baseline behavior or
a day without any disruption. This study assesses 16 individuals in a private mental
facility, which all have a diagnosis of mental retardation, autism and/or Down syndrome. The

data, including behavior reports and houseparent/homeroom teacher surveys, will be coded based
on severity/frequency. Analysis includes baseline behavior, family related disruption, and nonfamily
disruptions. With our results we hope to be able to provide more information to the
caregivers about behaviors and the importance of stable schedules.
Predictors of Positive and Negative Outcomes within a Correctional Facility
Michelle Painter, Faculty Sponsor: Bill Altermatt, Hanover College
This study examines predictors of outcomes for female inmates at a juvenile correctional facility.
The study was an archival analysis of the records of inmates who were housed at an all-girls
maximum security juvenile correctional facility and released during the six months between June
and December 2010. Records from 111 girls ranging from the age of twelve to nineteen were
used. Some of the outcomes examined were how often an inmate was assigned to segregation or
suicide watch, awards they received, and the duration of time spent within the facility. Some of
the predictors included frequency of exposure to treatment programs within the facility, history
of drug use, medications and psychological diagnoses, and family configuration. Some areas of
special interest include the variables that are associated with treatment conditions such as therapy
and being prescribed anti-psychotic medications, and the relationship between family
configuration (e.g., number of siblings, parental custody) and inmate outcomes.
A Threat to Evolutionary Fitness: How much more do you remember?
Sarah Pajkos, Faculty Sponsor: John Bohannon III, Butler University
Evolutionary psychologists use Darwin’s theory to study the mating patterns in humans. Sexual
selection is dependent upon the advantage, which certain individuals have over others, which is
exclusively related to reproduction (Darwin, 1871). Nairne (2007) also applied this to memory
by using word lists related and unrelated to survival. Participants remembered significantly more
words from a list related to survival than neutral words. He argued that the human memory has
adapted to solve problems of survival and fitness. By testing a more real-life situation results
can be better generalized to everyday life. Comparing an evolutionary-related event to a nonevolutionary
event provides a look into the effect of harshness on memory. Participants
completed either a dating or directions-giving simulation. The dating sequence consisted of
viewing a video and then writing a date request. Participants then saw either a harsh fitness or a
polite rejection video of their date request. Participants in the faulty-directions condition
completed the same sequence, but were told the person was a potential student and needed
directions. The faulty-direction subjects also received harsh or polite feedback. After their
feedback, all participants completed a memory test including narrative and probed questions. All
participants came back one week later and completed the same memory test. Primary results
show that participants in the romantic-rejection condition remembered significantly more details
than those in the directions-giving condition; furthermore, those who received harsh feedback
remembered more than those who received polite feedback. This supports the theory of a
separate adaptive memory mechanism.
Linking Perceived Attractiveness and Relationship Status: Categorization in Mate
Selection
Andrew Pennington & Nathaniel Hickman, Faculty Sponsor: John Krantz, Hanover College

This study was designed to focus on the effect which relationship status has on perceived
attractiveness. In order to study this effect, facial images were rated by participants on several
factors including attractiveness on a Likert scale from one to six. An effort was made to disguise
the independent variable of relationship status by asking participants to rate factors other than
attractiveness. In order to further disguise this independent variable, each image was presented
with a random name, date of birth, and birthplace in vignette format. Randomly assigned
relationship statuses were included in this vignette to gain ratings of attractiveness for each
image when coupled with the statuses of “Single”, “In a relationship of at least 3 months”, and
“In a relationship of 2 or more years”. Data analysis then focused on the effect of each level of
relationship status on attractiveness. We hypothesize that those individuals who are presented as
being in a longer-term relationship will have higher ratings of attractiveness than the same
individuals when presented as single due to certain relationship skills being attributed to those in
a long-term relationship.
The Effects of Timed Testing on Test Anxiety
Amanda Perkins, Keyonna Farris & Jenna Passereni, Faculty Sponsor: Amy Bracken, Franklin
College
Previous research has shown that tests that have time constraints tend to lead to anxiety in the
test-takers (Onwuegbuzie & Seaman; 1995.) Anxiety during timed testing can cause lack of
focus and mental block. Previous studies focused on debilitating anxiety. This current study
focuses on both debilitating and facilitating anxiety and whether or not anxiety has an impact on
test performance. Alport’s Achievement Anxiety Test (AAT) will be the instrument used to
measure the different levels of anxiety the participants’ experience. Participants will be male
and female Franklin College students. A 100 question math test will be administered; the control
group will have no time limit to complete the test, while the experimental group will have a time
limit of 3 minutes. Following the test, all the participants will take the AAT. It is hypothesized
that the individuals within the timed testing group will experience higher levels of debilitating
test anxiety and lower levels of facilitating test anxiety. Those within the control group will
experience lower levels of debilitating test anxiety and higher levels of facilitating test anxiety.
Civic Engagement among University Students
Jessica Perry & Alexandra Strawhun, Faculty Sponsor: Carrie Lloyd, Huntington University
University students have the greatest opportunity for civic engagement, but don’t always have
the willingness or the passion toward social injustice. Four variables pertaining to civic
engagement will be investigated: 1) the amount of university students’ civic engagement, 2) their
attitudes toward civic engagement, 3) their personal values and religious beliefs, and 4) and why
they do or do not spend time involved in civic engagement through either citizenship or
volunteering. One hundred Christian undergraduate university students will be surveyed to
address these issues. This study will attempt to show a decrease in civic engagement in the recent
history, as well as a disjoint between attitudes, values, and religious beliefs and the amount of
involvement.
Positive Reactivity to Using a New iPhone EMA/EMI “App”

Emily Ragsdale, Charles Bainbridge & Nick Howard, Faculty Sponsors: Tim Steenbergh, Doug
Daugherty, Jason Runyan, Lorne Oke & Brian Fry, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion
Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) allows researchers to study participants in their daily
lives. Our research team has developed an EMA Smartphone app platform, “iHabit TM ”, that not
only gathers data but may facilitate behavior change as well. The current study assesses potential
ways the iHabit app could be used for Ecological Momentary Intervention (EMI) as well as
EMA. We present data from a study of first-semester undergraduates concerning positive
reactivity to the app. This study employed a randomized, controlled trial to study students’ daily
habits over the course of one semester. Freshmen college students, who owned iPhone or iTouch
devices, completed pretest questionnaires measuring different variables. The experimental group
downloaded the app to their device, which randomly queried them about how much time they
had spent in the previous 20 minutes on various activities. At the end of the semester,
participants completed questionnaires that measured perceived influence of using the app. 43.3%
of participants reported changing behavior in response to the app. Additionally, several
participants noted that using it helped them reconsider their time management. We found
correlations between (1) and time spent socializing and between (2) and recreational time spent
on electronic devices. Our preliminary results indicate that the iHabit app may promote positive
behavioral change; however, individual factors seem to influence its effectiveness as an
EMI. We will conclude by (1) outlining several advantages of the iHabit platform identified in
this study and (2) discussing its possible uses and limitations.
Ecological Momentary (iPhone) Assessment: Sleep as a predictor of freshmen outcomes
Necole Reno & Emily Price, Faculty Sponsor: Doug Daugherty, Indiana Wesleyan University,
Marion
In recent years, sleep deprivation has been associated with poor academic performance, low
academic self-efficacy and poor health among undergraduate students (Cukrowics et al, 2006;
Kelly, 2004; Kelly, Kelly, & Clanton, 2001; Pressman et al, 2005). Though current studies focus
on the relationship between sleep and academics, the time between participants’ sleep and their
self-report are a possible limitation. This study examined sleep habits and academic outcomes of
first-semester college students using a new approach to ecological momentary assessment
(EMA) called iHabit. This involved using iPhones and iTouches to provide more ecologically
valid data. Participants completed pre- and posttest questionnaires measuring academic selfefficacy,
stress, and perceived social support. They then were randomly queried about daily
activities and sleep habits over three weeklong periods. Academic success was measured by
semester GPAs, provided by the institution. Results indicated that the bedtimes of students in the
final week of testing were positively correlated with life satisfaction and academic self efficacy.
In addition, a negative correlation between hours of sleep a night and end of semester GPA was
found. In conclusion, we will discuss how using our EMA approach to collect sleep data can add
to previous findings by (a) providing more ecologically valid data, and (b) allowing the
examination of fluctuations in sleep behavior. Additionally, we will discuss how the iHabit app
might be used in the future to influence positive changes in sleeping habits among
undergraduates.
Flashbulb Memories of Dr. Bobby Fong's Resignation

Jasmen Rice & Alex Lange, Faculty Sponsor: John Bohannon III, Butler University
Prior research has found that the resignation of an organization’s leader can serve as a FBM
event, such as the resignation of Margaret Thatcher (Conway, 1995). In Fall 2010, Butler
University’s president, Dr. Bobby Fong, announced his resignation. The purpose of this study
was to investigate if personal relevance influences autobiographical recollection in addition to
known influences such as emotional reaction and rehearsal (Julian, Bohannon & Aue, 2008). 100
participants (77 students; 23 faculty/staff) completed a questionnaire consisting of a narrative
and a set of probe questions regarding their discovery of Dr. Fong’s resignation and a fact
narrative and probed questions about his resignation. There was an interaction of affect by status,
such that employees of Butler University were more upset than students, F(1,98) = 7.55,p = .007.
In addition, there was an interaction of recount by status, such that employees retold there
discovery stories more than students, F(2,97) = 5.53,p = .005.
The Potential Role of Self-Disgust in Homophobia
Sarah Rodenkirch & Jennifer Kelleher, Faculty Sponsor: R. Brian Giesler, Butler University
The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between self-disgust and
homophobia. Prior research has demonstrated that homophobic individuals experience disgust
when exposed to homosexual stimuli (e.g., a picture of two men kissing). It is possible that the
disgust experienced by homophobics in this context might include a self-disgust
component. This may occur for a variety of reasons. For example, because disgust is a common
emotional reaction to the threat of contamination, homophobic individuals who experience
disgust when exposed to homosexual stimuli may fear that homosexuality could or
has 'contaminated' the self, resulting in (at some level) feelings of self-disgust. To investigate
this possibility, participants varying in degree of homophobia will be exposed to homosexual
stimuli or non-homosexual stimuli. Explicit disgust toward homosexuals will then be assessed,
as well as disgust toward the self, which will be assessed indirectly via measures intended to
capture whether participants are attempting to psychologically distance themselves from the
self. Data collection is currently underway.
Gaps in Memories: Evidence of a Hippocampal Refractory Period
Kendall Sauer & Mike Leider, Faculty Sponsor: John Bohannon III, Butler University
Stress and arousal impact memory. High arousal at the time of encoding also improves memory
(Bohannon et al. 2007). Diamond et al. (1994) investigated how stress affected rats’ ability to
learn and memorize a maze; they found that stress impairs memory by affecting the
hippocampus. Stressful situations cause the body to secrete glucocorticoids, these block
hippocampal long-term and short-burst potentiation, meaning that the neurons in the
hippocampus are stuck in a refractory period. The purpose of this study is to find this effect in
humans. 66 Butler University undergraduates participated in a memory study. Participants were
asked to recall their car accident experience. The free response section was organized in a
timeline structure. Affect was measured by level of stress at time of accident, and participants
were asked if they saw the accident coming. Each section of the free response was scored
separately on five different criteria: activity, location, others present, author’s affect and other’s
affect. Major findings were that across the timeline of the free recall. The mean difference for

free recall was significantly different between during and 30 minutes after the accident.
Memories for during were worse than 30 minutes after. The mean difference between 30
minutes after and 2 hours after was significant as well. Memory was significantly worse two
hours after and after its peak at 30 minutes. Overall, this shows that there is a definitive timeline
of memory quality in a stressful event. In previous studies regarding emotionally significant
memories (Gillot, 2009), high memory quality was at the time of encoding, not 30 minutes
after. These results suggest a possible hole in memory, but it is unclear if it is due to stress or
forgetting.
Marriage Proposals: Happy Personal Memories- Do They Last?
Kendall Sauer & Danielle Vaclavik, Faculty Sponsor: John Bohannon III, Butler University
Flashbulb memories (FBM) are the vivid recollection of details surrounding a highly arousing
event (Brown and Kulik, 1977; Bohannon and Symons, 1992).FBM have extensively been
studied in the traumatic, public sector, like September 11 (Bohannon, Gratz & Symons, 2007) or
earthquakes (Er, 2003). However, just recently there has been a shift to look at the FBM that
occur in the personal private world, like tragic breakups (Cardunuto et al, 2009) and car
accidents (Shaneyfelt et al, 2008). These private, yet highly arousing and consequential events,
have been shown to have contain the FBM canonical features that public, traumatic events have
(Brown and Kulik, 1977).
This study evaluated the positive, private FBM surrounding marriage proposals. It did not focus
on whether a marriage proposal qualified as a FBM, but rather if recollections of a pleasant
private memory are as salient as the traumatic. Participants who were engaged, married, or
divorced (n=103) answered a questionnaire about the memory of their marriage proposal. A
strong delay effect and recounts effect, but there were no significant interactions. These
significant effects are parallel to those effects found in the public sphere (Smolck, Buffalo and
Squire 2000; Brown and Kulik, 1977). In addition, the strong FBM features of the positive
memories of marriage proposals indicate that FBM encoding happens in joyous occasions like
traumatic occasions.
Representations of Gender in Disney Full-Length Animated Features Over Time
Ashley Sims, Faculty Sponsor: Stephen Dine Young, Hanover College
Disney has been making full-length animated feature films since 1937. These films have often
studied been studied because they are a major source of entertainment for many children and
potentially could have an impact on their social, emotional and mental development. Previous
studies have focused on gender role messages from the films, usually finding that they contain
stereotypical messages that negatively characterize females (e.g., female characters who are
overly passive). These previous studies have tended to generalize portrayals over the entire
seventy year history of Disney films and have not looked at how those influential messages have
changed over time (even though gender norms have changed over time). Twenty-one of the fifty
“Walt Disney Animated Classics” films will be coded for the “rising action” and the conclusion
of the films, focusing on male and female heroes and villains. The primary hypothesis is that
stereotypical gender behaviors of both male and female heroes will remain consistently high in
the rising action over time. However, in the conclusion the stereotypical behaviors of the heroes

and heroines will decrease over time (reflecting changes in social attitudes). The behavior of
villains will be consistently stereotypical, and even become more exaggerated in recent times
(reflecting an increasingly negative attitude toward these characteristics).
Temperature's Affects on View of Self and God
Rachel Sims & Jana Hunsley, Faculty Sponsor: Erin Devers, Indiana Wesleyan University,
Marion
Temperature affects everyone and no one would attempt to say they are unaffected by it. Many
studies have been conducted on temperature’s effects on people’s views of others and on feeling
included in groups (Ijzerman & Semin, 2009; Zhong & Leonardelli, 2008). The purpose of this
study was to further examine the effects of temperature on people’s view of themselves and God.
First, the participants held a cold or warm pack for about 20 seconds and then reported their
estimate of the pack’s temperature. Then participants completed a survey that measures their
perception of God and a survey which examines their view of themselves. We hypothesize that
the people that hold the warm packs will think of themselves and God more positively while the
people that hold the cold packs will see themselves and God more negatively.
Investigating the Effects of Environmental Stimuli on Affective Responses and Perceptions
Alisha Sink, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Swindell, Anderson University
The present study investigated the effect of music on perceived exertion and actual physical
performance. Specifically, I hypothesized that participants who listened to music (using MP3
players) while exercising would perform at a higher level and perceive less exertion than
participants who exercised without music. Participants consisted of 8 males and 16 females (n =
22) volunteers from physical education classes from a small, Midwestern university. Participants
took part in 20-minute exercise session on two separate days, one day exercising with music and
the other day without music. At the end of the 20-minute activity periods, participants
completed a questionnaire which measured perceived effectiveness of music on exertion,
perceived exertion, mood, and strategies. Data will be analyzed using t-tests; results and
implications will be discussed.
If You’re Happy and You Know It, Concentrate!
Kristi Summers & Addie Allen, Faculty Sponsor: Tara Lineweaver, Butler University
Mind-wandering involves a situation in which a person’s executive control switches from the
current task to unrelated thoughts. Previous research has indicated that individuals mind wander
more often when they are in negative moods than when they are happier. Our study investigated
the impact of mood on the content of mind-wandering. Fifty-three undergraduate students
completed a mood questionnaire before working on a challenging word search puzzle. During
the word search, participants reported whether they were thinking about the task, thinking about
their performance, or having non-task-related thoughts at six randomly-determined, but fixed
time points. In addition, they indicated whether their thoughts were pleasant, neutral, or
unpleasant. Based on their responses to the mood questionnaire, we divided participants into a
pleasant mood group (n = 34) and an unpleasant mood group (n = 19). Consistent with the past
literature, participants in an unpleasant mood demonstrated more mind-wandering than those in a

pleasant mood. In addition, participants in an unpleasant mood reported more unpleasant
thoughts while completing the word search puzzle than those in a pleasant mood. This pattern
was consistent across task-focused thoughts, thoughts about task performance, and non-taskrelated
thoughts. This study replicates findings from the past literature that mind-wandering is
more common when individuals are in an unpleasant than a pleasant mood. It expands on past
research by demonstrating that mood also affects the content of mind-wandering, with
individuals in an unpleasant mood being more likely to have unpleasant thoughts while
completing a complex task.
Mentoring and its Effect on Emotional Intelligence
Meredith Tarplee, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Swindell, Anderson University
This study investigates the role of mentoring on emotional intelligence in middle-school
youth. Specifically, I am hypothesizing a position correlation between mentoring experiences
and emotional intelligence. Participants will be sixth grade students from a middle school
classroom located in a medium-sized Midwestern city. All participants will be given a definition
of mentoring and their mentoring experiences will be surveyed. Then, they will complete a 20-
item questionnaire surveying emotional intelligence (R. Haskett and D. Neidart, 2006). Data
will be analyzed using correlation statistics and implications of the study will be discussed.
Multicultural Teaching Practices: Student Views about the Effect of Multicultural
Teaching Practices on their Education and Learning Environment
Alexis Taylor & Janalee Redden, Faculty Sponsor: Leslie Ashburn-Nardo, Indiana
University/Purdue University at Indianapolis
As the world makes strides toward globalization, the demand for improved methods of
multicultural teaching (MT) at the university level has dramatically increased. With growing
diversity on campus, the demand for more multicultural teaching is at an all time high. Although
the demands for MT practices are high, a recent survey at IUPUI revealed that many faculties
continue to refrain from multicultural teaching due to a fear of backlash from both the students
and other faculty members (Khaja, Springer, Bigatti, Gibau, Whiteland, & Grove, 2011). In an
effort to evaluate IUPUI’s goal to incorporate more diversity, a survey on the university’s MT
practices was distributed online to students that attend various schools on campus (N=4000,
primarily juniors and seniors). The 466 respondents that took the survey were asked to respond
to open-ended questions about their perception of multicultural teaching practices on campus.
They were also provided with an opportunity to offer ideas on how the university could advance
in the area of teaching diversity. The open-ended questions were quantified by creating coding
categories which were pulled from common themes from the responses. Preliminary analyses
suggest that the overall reactions to partaking in multicultural teaching practices are being
viewed as being beneficial to student’s future endeavors. The analyses could alleviate some of
the current concerns of the faculty and increase the percent of faculty that choose to participate in
Multicultural Teaching.
The Discrepancy between Expectations and Reality: Satisfaction in Romantic Relationships
Brandi Tedder & Jessica Miller, Faculty Sponsor: Stephen Dine Young, Hanover College

Romantic relationships are a prevalent component of human experience. There have been many
theories formulated concerning the distinct qualities that lead to satisfaction in relationship
satisfaction (commitment, the ability to resolve conflict, etc.). However, it may be that
satisfaction is determined not just by the absolute levels of these qualities, but also by the degree
to which partners expectations for relationship are met by their actual experiences—relationships
will be satisfying for those individuals whose expectations are met, while in contrast, people
whose relationships are incongruent with their expectations are going to feel dissatisfied. The
present study examines the discrepancy between expectations of a romantic relationship and the
reality experienced by participants in their current relationship. Participants will complete three
questionnaires; one to measure actual experiences in relationships, one to measure expectations
of relationships, and one to measure overall relationship satisfaction. To measure actual
experiences, participants will be asked to rate their satisfaction with eight factors previously
found to be integral to romantic relationships: maintenance behaviors, commitment, quality of
communication, conflict resolution, emotional self-disclosure, affection, relational
certainty/security, role within the relationship, and equity. Participants will also complete a
similar questionnaire that will assess their expectations on each of the above factors. To measure
overall relationship satisfaction, the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) will be employed. We
predict that analyses will reveal that the larger the discrepancy between expectations and reality,
the lower the levels of relationship satisfaction.
The Effects of Gender and Body Mass Index on Body Image
Emily Thalls, Faculty Sponsor: Linda Swindell, Anderson University
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gender and Body Mass Index (BMI) on
overall body image. Body image was measured using an adapted version of the Body Image
Subscale of the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI; Derogatis, 1975). Sixty-four
volunteer undergraduate students drawn from a psychology class at a private Midwestern
university participated. Participants first signed a consent form, then answered a one- item
survey which queried their history of eating disorders. Those who indicated an eating disorder
completed an eight-item filler task that surveyed school satisfaction. Those without a history of
an eating disorder completed a 7-item demographic survey and the Body Image Subscale, which
consisted of twelve questions. It was hypothesized that (1) women will have a lower body image
than men and (2) there will be a negative correlation between BMI and body satisfaction for both
males and females. Results will be analyzed using correlation statistics and t-test; future research
implications will be discussed.
Talking About My Chronic Illness: Implications for Self Care and Post Traumatic Growth
Jordan Thomas, Leah Walker & Carmen Stockberger, Faculty Sponsor: Heather Adams, Ball
State University
This study will explore the influence of communication with others regarding one’s chronic
illness on women’s self-care behaviors and post traumatic growth (PTG). Previous research with
diabetes and cancer patients suggests that positive communications are related to high self-care
(Braitman et al., 2008), but are not related to post traumatic growth (Cordova et al., 2007). We
explore whether these patterns hold true for women with the sometimes more subtle onset
symptoms of lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. For our research we used three

previously transcribed in-depth interviews. Using the computer program Qualrus, we engaged in
a basic thematic analysis. Results will present connections between quality of communication
with self-care and PTG, supported and expanded by participant’s dialog. Implications for family
members of women living with these illnesses will be discussed.
A Developmental Approach: The Relationship between Self-Esteem and Friendship
Quality throughout College
Cam Thompson, Kendra Burnett, Katelyn Skinner & Jacqueline Kells, Faculty Sponsor: Robert
Padgett, Butler University
The current study sought to examine the relationship between self-esteem and friendship quality
across the college years. We predicted that students who report high friendship quality would
also report high self-esteem ratings (and vice versa). We expect this effect to increase in strength
over the college years. Our other hypothesis was that the number of friends one had would be
inversely related to friendship quality. That is, we believed individuals with fewer, close friends
would report higher friendship quality than those with large numbers of friends. Preliminary
results showed that there was indeed an overall positive correlation between self-esteem and
friendship quality. We also found a significant self-esteem by age interaction where the
relationship between self-esteem and friendship quality was in the positive direction for the
typical junior-and senior-age students, but was slightly negative for typical freshman-age
students.
The Effectiveness of Self-Defense Training
Emily Thompson, Amanda Shoup & Stephanie Oetman, Faculty Sponsor: Carrie Lloyd,
Huntington University
Previous studies, such as Weitlauf, Smith, & Cervone (2000), have been focused on the type of
self-defense tools and actions that individuals learn in self-defense classes, rather than how
prepared they feel to prevent an attack after going through the training. An attack is being
operationally defined as any actual or perceived threat to safety; this can include a physical or
sexual attack, as well as muggings. The current study will look at the effectiveness of selfdefense
classes. Specifically, do females that take a self-defense class have lower anxiety and
higher perception of safety than females that do not take self-defense classes? Females who are
in self-defense classes in Steuben County, Indiana will be a part of a quasi-experimental pre-post
test analysis to determine whether self-defense classes are effective in reducing anxiety and
increasing feelings of safety. Two self-defense classes with 10 participants each will be given a
pre-test before the class and a post-test at the end of the class. A control group of twenty
participants will also be included in the study, and will complete the same pre- and- post- tests as
the experimental group. Participants will be 18 years and older and consist of females only. It is
hypothesized that individuals who participate in self-defense training will feel safer and more
confident in their ability to protect themselves in the event of an attack.
The Impact of Financial Issues on Care of Children with ASD: A Parental Perspective
Sharon Turnbow, Faculty Sponsor: Stephen Dine Young, Hanover College

In the US and many other countries, more children are being diagnosed with Autism Spectrum
Disorder (ASD) than ever before. The treatment, management and diagnosis of ASD all carry a
variety of associated costs for parents as well as society as a whole. This study seeks to better
understand the impact these cost have on parents and their ASD children. Tension has developed
between parents and heath care providers in terms of what the providers will cover and to what
extent. To obtain the parental perspective, an online survey that inquires about parents’ opinions
and experiences will be posted across a variety of websites, blogs and other forms of social
media that focus on ASD. This survey covers what type of care children are receiving, the cost of
this care (by insurance, public health and personal resources), and the impact that financial
considerations ultimately have on care. The goals of this study are to bridge the communication
gap between healthcare providers and parents and to increase support and information for parents
of children with ASD.
High Faith and No Faith Predict Physical Well-Being: More Evidence for a Curvilinear
Relationship between Religiosity and Health in Young Adults
Jenna Wheaton & Haley Cole, Faculty Sponsor: R. Brian Giesler, Butler University
Although numerous studies focusing on religiosity and physical health have revealed a positive
linear relationship between these two constructs, investigations occasionally fail to find this
association. Moreover, evidence for a linear relationship tends to be found most consistently in
older populations and in research focusing on mortality as the primary measure of health and /or
organized religious attendance as the primary measure of religiosity. The present study presents
data from four samples of young adults using several different measures of self-reported health
and religiosity to demonstrate that these two variables often exhibit a curvilinear
relationship. Samples ranged in size from 46 to 233 and were composed primarily of Christian,
undergraduate students from a Midwestern university. Across studies, religiosity was assessed
using different combinations of the following: 1) previously validated, multi-item measures of
intrinsic religiosity, 2) single item, global measures of level of religiosity, 3) frequency of prayer,
and 4) frequency of religious attendance. Physical health was assessed using some combination
of the following: 1) symptom counts, 2) single item global measures of general health, 3)
number of recent physician visits and 4) a single item indicating the extent to which health
interferes with desired activities. In most samples, no linear relationship was found between
religiosity and physical health. However, regression analyses revealed a significant quadratic
relationship in all four samples (p’s < .05). ANOVA based analyses categorizing participants by
level of religiosity were used to show significant differences in health across religious groups,
with the most religious and most secular consistently reporting the highest levels of health
compared to those who were low to moderate in their level of faith. These findings suggest that
the relationship between health and religiosity may be more complex than usually assumed,
particularly in younger populations.
Relationship between Aggressive Driving and Various Types of Music
Ora Whitehead & Karen Davidson, Faculty Sponsor: Matt Ringenberg, Valparaiso University
This research study focused on the relationship between aggressive driving and various types of
music; to see what factors i.e. age, consumption of alcohol, and genre of music affects the
individual while driving. Recent studies have indicated that different genres of music can affect

ones driving. Among other articles that have been read over studies agree that age, consumption
of alcohol, and genre of music does affect the individuals driving. Recent studies have indicated
that different genres of music can affect ones driving aggressiveness along with other, more
established factors such as alcohol consumption and age. Our hypothesis #1 (control): There is
no relationship between aggressiveness due to age, consumption of alcohol, and the genre of
music. Hypothesis #2: There is an increase of aggressiveness while driving due to the, the music
them listening to while driving. Consequently the researchers are hypothesizing that aggressive
driving is related to type of music listened to by the driver.
The survey will include over 100 students, faculty, and staff from Valparaiso University in
Valparaiso, Indiana. Each participant is asked to fill out a questionnaire asking their age, gender,
& alcohol consumption. Then there is going be five surveys they will be asked to fill out after
they listen to a particular genre of music. Students, faculty, and staff who participated in this
study were given a verbal explanation regarding the purpose of this study and to assure them that
confidentiality will be carry out throughout this process. What is going happen is that, the
participant participating are going to simulate while closing their eyes and listen to music, and
see which kind of music makes them feel more aggressive. The music that will be focus on in
this study is going be rap, rock, and heavy mental. Once the participants are finish they will fill
out the questionnaire and see if music, age and alcohol have a correlation to aggressive driving.
The Effects of Listening to High Beat per Minute Music during a Cardio Workout on Body
Satisfaction
Emily Williams & Shelby Henderzahs, Faculty Sponsor: Alexis Green, Hanover College
There have been many studies done that positively associate exercise with an increase in body
satisfaction. Other studies have positively correlated listening to high beat-per-minute music
while exercising with an overall increased level of performance. There has yet to be a study to
link all of these variables together. Therefore, the present study examines the effects of high and
low beat-per-minute music on an individual’s performance relating to his or her body
satisfaction. A total of 17 participants (9 females and 8 males) performed two 10-min cardio
workout sessions on a treadmill. The participants were counter balanced between two different
playlist conditions. The music listened to during each condition was either a high beat-perminute
playlist (147 beats or more per minute) or a low beat-per-minute playlist (120 beats or
less per minute). During each session measures of mile-per-hour and heart rate were recorded.
After each session was completed measures of perceived exertion were recorded using the Borg
Physical Exertion Scale as well as measures of body image satisfaction were recorded using a
gender specific Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire. We expect to find that participants in the
high beat-per-minute condition will have a higher heart rate, run at a higher mph, have a higher
physical exertion, and therefore have an overall higher body satisfaction compared to the low
beat per minute condition. Overall the present study hopes to bring knowledge to an
understudied field of psychology related to body satisfaction and it hopes to give insight to future
Behaviors among Mothers that May Serve as Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression
Audrey Winkle, Faculty Sponsor: Bruce Mac Murray, Anderson University

According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2010), every minute in the United States about eight
women enter into a new chapter of their lives by becoming new mothers or by adding another
child to their family. Women experience a spectrum of different emotions during their journey
into motherhood. While some mothers spend the beginning of their child’s life experiencing
feelings of intense joy, according to the Harvard Mental Health Letter (2011), as many as 10% to
15% of mothers will spend the precious first moments of their child’s life experiencing feelings
of deep depression, known as Postpartum Depression. Postpartum Depression is a serious illness
which causes a moderate to severe depression after the birth of a child. Despite the fact that over
twelve million of America’s mothers suffer from Postpartum Depression, little has been
determined as to what causes this potentially deadly illness. This study seeks to examine the
potential link between the behavior of mothers and the development of Postpartum Depression.
The behaviors in question as potential causes of Postpartum Depression in this study include:
alcohol use, drug use, sexual behaviors, eating disorders behaviors and self mutilation behaviors.
Participants in this study will be selected using a simple random sampling method. Women are
eligible to be chosen for the study after checking in to the Indiana University Hospital Riley
Perinatal Center in Indianapolis, Indiana to give birth. The study will take place over 31 weeks.
Participants will be randomly selected each day for inclusion in the study. Postpartum
Depression will be assessed in this study by using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
(EPDS). In this study, Postpartum Depression was defined as the onset of Major Depressive,
Manic, or Mixed Episodes of Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder
or Brief Psychotic Disorder within four weeks after childbirth. The behaviors of the mothers in
this study will be gathered and assessed using a survey approach. The mothers behaviors will be
measured using the Behaviors Assessment, which was created for this study, as well as by using:
the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ), the Michigan Assessment Screening Test - Drug
(MAST-AD), the Sexual Experience Scale, the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3), and the
Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM). The predicted findings of this study are
expected to suggest that participation in the behaviors in question will have a positive correlation
to the development of maternal Postpartum Depression. It is hypothesized that participation in
alcohol use, drug use, sexual behaviors, eating disorder behaviors and/ or self mutilation
behaviors will put a mother at risk for the development of Postpartum Depression in the
postnatal period. It is also hypothesized that simultaneous presence of the behaviors in question
will contribute to a greater likelihood of the development of maternal Postpartum Depression.
The Effects of Music as a Mnemonic Device on Memory Recall
Rachaellen Wooddell, Anna Tuley & Josiah Wareham, Faculty Sponsor: Amy Bracken, Franklin
College
Past research has shown that music can be an overall distraction to memory. Studies have shown
music to be detrimental to the learning process when there is no connection between the music
and subject material. However, when subject material has a connection to the music, learning
and recall can be improved. The study improves upon previous research by incorporating
elements from prior studies that were suggested to have a positive effect on recall. Past research
suggested that parameters such as slow tempo, steady rhythm, and familiarity produced higher
recall rate. This experiment will link familiarity, rhythm, and melody with memorization of text.
Participants will consist of male and female college students enrolled in psychology courses at
Franklin College. The experimental group of participants will hear a list of unfamiliar words and

their definitions sung on each note of a familiar melody, while the control group simply hears the
words and definitions read aloud. Music in this study will be played in a minor key with a slow
tempo, which past research has indicated results in improved memory. The text that participants
will be instructed to memorize was used in a recent study by Martens et al. (2011). The
researchers hypothesize that the group that hears the sung text will demonstrate enhanced
memory compared to the group that hears the text simply read. The results of this study will shed
light on a possible role for music in memory enhancement.
SOCIOLOGY
Strippers Rights and Safety in the United States
Emily Beatty, Amanda Rychtanek & Madeline Schuttey, Faculty Sponsor: Matt Ringenberg,
Valparaiso University
In the United States exotic dancers are denied their rights to work in a safe and secure work
environment. Strippers are faced with a variety of abuses on a daily basis and struggle to deal
with the negative perceptions and social stigma in their communities. Perceptions of this
legalized form of sexual entertainment are connected to the perceptions of prostitutes but differ
because of the inability for the strippers to have physical contact with the audience. Dancers are
stereotyped to perform the same services as a prostitute. Therefore there is a distinction between
the two. Women enter this area of the sexual industry because they are coerced into believing
they will make a sufficient living due to the perceived unlimited income potential and will be
protected by laws that regulate the strip clubs activity. Women in this sex industry are more at
risk for physical abuse, psychological abuse, verbal threats, and sexual assault that are
understood to be under-reported. Women in the sex industry do not feel safe going to the police
or counseling services which puts these women at risk for suicide, depression, and emotional
trauma, lack of control over their emotions, poverty and a continuous cycle of a lack of
education. The aim of this study was to find a correlation between unsafe work environment and
the negative connotations created by the social stigma in the communities. These findings raise
awareness of the injustices occurring in strip clubs and their effects on the women participating
in this profession.
Love and Family
Paisley Benberry, Faculty Sponsor: Krista Cline, Butler University
The purpose of this research is to investigate how one's relationship with their mother affects
their marriage stability. The research is quantitative using secondary data from the third wave of
the National Survey of Families & Households. The national sample consisted of 13,007 people
that over sampled Blacks, Puerto Ricans, Mexican Americans, single-parent families, families
with step children, cohabiting couples, and recently married persons. Previous literature explores

aspects of parent/adult relationships, views on the concept of marriage and family, and
cohabitation and the decision on whether to get married or not. The literature shows that one's
relationship with their parents has an effect on marriage stability and satisfaction. The current
research is important because it aims to add on to previous literature on a topic that is easily
overlooked when discussing divorce rates and the evolution of the concept of family in the
United States.
Language and "Fact-Based" Obstetrical Practices: Exploring Societal Pressures on
Childbirth in a Technocratic System
Emily Bohall, Faculty Sponsor: JoAnn Martin, Earlham College
Individual experiences of childbirth in Indiana are interpreted in regard to the standardized
processes of obstetrical practice in hospital settings. Open-ended interviews with women who
prefer vaginal births, as well as supplementary material from doulas, midwives and other health
care personnel, indicate patterns in the impact of technological practices on interventions used,
readjusting the organization of birth. Narratives of women’s intents and intuitions often conflict
with biomedical narratives of obstetrical practice. The language of persuasion and adaptation are
analyzed, acknowledging theoretical issues in relation to different forms and producers of
knowledge present within the setting.
Filling in the Cracks: Measuring the Effectiveness of First Light Child Advocacy Center
Justin Bradford, Natalie Schmidt, Renee Weisenbeck & Rebecca Fleischer. Faculty Sponsor:
Katti Sneed, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion
Children must re-experience abuse and neglect as they tell their story repeatedly to social service
workers and law enforcement officers. Child Protective Services and social service workers are
constantly striving to develop methods of investigation which assure accurate evidence
collection and avoid re-victimization. First Light Child Advocacy Center of Grant County is a
key member of a multidisciplinary team including the police department and Department of
Child Services. Their method of investigation gathers information through one interview with the
child rather than multiple interviews. This retrospective, quantitative study will discover if a
difference exists between the prosecution rates of Grant County molestation cases prior to the
implementation of First Light Child Advocacy Center (1999-2003) and after (2004-2008). The
study findings will assist First Light Child Advocacy Center with potential funding, further
research, and community education.
What Did You Do?!: Family and Friends Reactions to College Students' Tattoos
Benjamin Brodie & Kara Taylor, Faculty Sponsor: Elizabeth Whitaker, Central Michigan
University
Tattoos have become more visible in youth over the past few years. While many college students
are anticipating entering the work force and still may be financially dependent on their parents in
some way, many still adorn colorful body art despite disapproval from conventional others. The
normalization of body art has been taking place despite stigmas placed upon visible tattoos,
through this study; we hope to understand the reactions of others to Central Michigan University
college students with tattoos by their peers, family members and co-workers or bosses.

The Relationship between Physical Exercise and Academic Success in College Students
Rachel Brummer, Faculty Sponsor: Krista Cline, Butler University
This study will examine the effect of a college student's amount of physical exercise on his or her
academic performance. It is hypothesized that the more days a college student exercises during a
typical week, the higher his or her GPA is. Data will be collected via a survey and will ask each
participant to indicate the type of exercise he or she engages in most often, the number of days
per week he or she exercises, and his or her GPA. A probability sample will be taken from the
study population, which consists of undergraduate college students who attend Butler University
in Indianapolis, Ind., by using a cluster sample. Data will be analyzed using SPSS.
College Prerequisites: Racial Sentiment?
J R Bullard, Faculty Sponsor: Krista Cline, Butler University
Feelings of racial inequality still exist and have evolved into more subtle forms of
prejudices. One category of subtle racism is aversive racism, which includes pro-in-group
feelings such as Whites’ fear and mistrust of Blacks, due to out-group biases (Dovido et al.
2002). The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in students’ racial sentiments in
accordance with their selected college major. This study is an attempt to fill a hole in the
existing literature by seeking to determine if subtle forms of aversive racism are filtering students
into specific college majors. The participants for this study are from a small, private university
and are either first year students or fourth year students, from an array of majors and diverse
backgrounds. The participants completed a survey that obtained their demographic information
for comparison purposes and assessed their feelings of racism using the most recent widely used
racism scale derived by Brigham (1993). Along with the previous literature on successes of
diversity centered educational workshops (Rudman, Ashmore, & Gary 2001), this study will
examine the differences in students’ feelings of racism in the university’s colleges that have
majors with a greater emphasis on diversity versus colleges that have less diversity focused
majors. The main hypotheses of this study are: 1. There is a relationship between chosen college
major and a student’s feelings of racism, 2. Students in more liberal arts related majors have less
feelings of racism, and 3. First year students’ feelings of racism will be significantly less related
to chosen major than those of fourth year students within their respective majors.
Media Representations of the Female Body and its Effects on Female Teenagers
Yunet Calderon, Faculty Sponsor: Curtis Bergstrand, Bellarmine University
The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of media representation of the female image
in teenage girls and younger generations. Research has proven that the media portrayal of
females depicts an image that speaks of violence, discrimination, sexualization, and inequality;
research also proves that the media influences peoples’ perception of how the world should be
and what is expected from a specific group or gender. Another important point that the research
makes is that these particular ideas are becoming more widely explored within the male image,
but still women are used more often. With this in hand, this research plans to analyze if four
teenage drama television shows portray this same type of images, which in return will influence
its audience. Through a content analysis of these four shows, aspects such as body size, number
of male and female characters, their age, race, body type they fall into, and what is the story line

of each particular episode, I plan on discovering whether or not the four popular shows go along
with the image of women.
Youth Sports and Their Effects on Status Offenses and Crime
Craig Carson, Faculty Sponsor: Curtis Bergstrand, Bellarmine University
The purpose of this study was to determine if youth sports actually decreases the likelihood of
children committing deviant acts. The term youth involves children not yet in high school.
Through a retrospective survey we will find out what kind of deviance is being committed such
as status offenses, criminal offenses, and disciplinary action through school and/or the law. The
participants in the survey involved multiple sports teams from Bellarmine University.
What Motivates College Women to Run?
Virginia Christ, Faculty Sponsor: Krista Cline, Butler University
The purpose of this study is to examine whether or not a relationship exists between the factors
that motivate college women to engage in running as a routine form of regular exercise and their
perceived body image. A routine runner will be defined as a woman who has been running 3
times a week for at least 30 minutes for the past 3 months or longer. These females will be asked
to complete an electronically distributed survey. The first portion of the survey will measure the
varying motivational factors through assessing an individual’s level of amotivation, external
regulation, introjeted regulation, and intrinsic motivation. The second portion of the survey will
measure an individual’s body image. This study will add to the growing body of literature related
to physical activity and motivation due to the focus specifically on the sport of
running. Previous research has found that differing reasons for engaging in physical activity not
only impact regular and long-term participation in an activity, but also have an impact on the
mental health of an individual. In understanding the motives that drive women to run, one may
be able to better promote adherence to the activity as well as help prevent women from adapting
adverse cognitions towards running.
Does Membership in a Social Greek Organization Increase Feelings of Division and
Stratification Between Members?
Katelin Clark, Faculty Sponsor: Krista Cline, Butler University
Social Greek organizations are an important part of campus life for many colleges and
universities across the United States. For many campuses, including Butler University, Greek
organizations are portrayed as a close-knit community, where all members get along and
participate as one entity. The purpose of the study is to determine and analyze the relationships
between Greek students at Butler University. This study explores the concepts of community,
competition, and division amongst Greek organizations at Butler. The study will analyze
individual members’ feelings and perceptions of their own organizations, as well as of other
Greek organizations. This study will provide an in-depth look at the complex and varied
relationships between Greek organizations on Butler University’s campus.
High School GPA in Students Living in One Parent or Two Parent Homes

Elizabeth Curry, Ashley Welch & Jessica Stump, Faculty Sponsor: Katti Sneed, Indiana
Wesleyan University, Marion
The educational system is continuously being challenged to meet state standards by making
changes to meet the unique needs of its students. Therefore, this quantitative study will provide
school systems with increased knowledge to better serve their constituents. The purpose of this
study is to determine whether there is a difference in the GPA’s of high school student living in
one parent homes versus two parent homes. Demographic surveys will be distributed to students
in study hall periods at various high schools in a county in central Indiana. Due to home life
stability it is expected that on average student residing in two parent homes will have higher
GPAs then students residing in single parent homes.
The Effect of Anonymity on Anti-Social Responses
Kendall Dillard, Faculty Sponsor: Curtis Bergstrand, Bellarmine University
This study seeks to explore the affect anonymity has on respondent’s tendency to give anti-social
responses to stimuli. The study surveyed students at a private university, with permission from
the institution focusing specifically on students in social science courses.
College Athletes Feelings Towards Abusing NCAA Banned Substances (Alcohol,
Marijuana, Spit Tobacco, and Steroids)- Does Playing Time and Season Make a Difference
in Substance Abuse?
Nathan Driggers, Faculty Sponsor: Curtis Bergstrand, Bellarmine University
The purpose of this study is to determine the most prevalent reasons for drug abuse among
athletes, and their general feelings towards specific drugs. The four main NCAA banned drugs
to be studied are Alcohol, Marijuana, Spit Tobacco, and Steroids. In the past, alcohol,
marijuana, and spit tobacco have been the most widely abused, while steroids have been
considered to be the most advantageous to physical advancement in the sport. The study directs
us towards answering the questions of whether student athletes are more likely to be abused inseason
vs. out-of-season. It will also determine if the amount of playing time a player receives
directly affects their substance abuse behaviors. The study will be conducted using a
convenience sample at a small private mid-western university.
Racial Discrepancies in Sentencing in Relation to Crack and Powder Cocaine
Kendra Dye, Faculty Sponsor: Curtis Bergstrand, Bellarmine University
For several years dating all the way back to 1986 there have been discrepancies between powder
and crack cocaine. There are four different offenses that cocaine can be classified under 1) Drug
Offenses 2) Drug Related 3) Drug Possession 4) Drug Trafficking. In Kentucky these break
down into three subcategories of Possession, Sale, and Trafficking. These specifically carry
either Class B or Class C felonies. These are not as simple as they appear and one of the main
dependents is race, causing the discrepancies. Many state laws are made based off Federal Laws,
so I will look at previous Federal Laws and modify or create a new sentencing law for the State
of Kentucky.

Gender Roles in Popular Adolescent Television Shows
Margaret Hamilton, Faculty Sponsor: Curtis Bergstrand, Bellarmine University
The purpose of this study was to examine four popular television shows geared toward
adolescents and determine the prevalence of gender roles and stereotypes. By identifying the
roles that female and male characters display in these shows, the researcher hoped to discover if
characters continued to promote gender stereotypes. This study was conducted using content
analysis. It is important to examine the current popular television shows viewed by
adolescents. Through this research, the extent to which females and males are exposed to
stereotypical gender roles is discovered. The researcher chose four television shows popular
among adolescents: The Secret Life of the American Teenager, Degrassi, Gossip Girl, and
iCarly. These shows were chosen because they consistently appeared on lists of popular
television shows for adolescents between the ages of 12-18.
Impacting At-risk Youth through Mentoring Relationships
Lauren Hettinger, Faculty Sponsor: Krista Cline, Butler University
For years, research has been able to pinpoint contributing factors to why certain youth are at-risk
for low academic achievement. These children are victims of a cycle of generations trapped in
the factors of this position such as low SES, single-parent homes, and environmental dangers.
Recently, research has begun to take an interest in at-risk youth who have managed to beat the
odds and reach higher levels of education than socially predicted. One possible influence was the
quality of extracurricular activities that youth can be involved notably one-on-one mentorship
from an encouraging adult. An Indianapolis based organization, College Mentors for Kids
(CMFK), has made it their mission to better the lives of students by matching young students
with a college mentor through weekly activities. This type of mentoring is relatively young, but
society has seemed to place a great deal of trust in it despite the lack of extensive research on its
fruitfulness. CMFK evaluates their programming at the close of each academic year through
surveying the mentees, mentors, teachers, and parents. This study analyzes the responses of the
mentees in how CMFK has impacted their perceptions of education as well as how conclusive
that is in comparison to how the teachers, parents, and mentors identify the effectiveness of the
programming.
The Failure of the Current "War on Drugs"
Braydon Hobbs, Faculty Sponsor: Curtis Bergstrand, Bellarmine University
There are many difficult issues Americans have to deal with on a daily basis. These issues could
be proverty problems, criminal issues, drug abuse problems, or anything in between. These are
problems at the individual level, but United States, as a whole, has problems as well. They deal
with matters that go much deeper than individual issues. A prime example of one of those issues
is the "War on Drugs". Mexico and the United States have been addressing this serious problem
for many decades and things seem to be getting worse. The war, so far, has been accompanied by
bloodshed, chaos, corruption and a total outrage by drug cartels in various cities. The drug
market and drug cartels, in the U.S. and Mexico, have escalated to increasingly high numbers.
The purpose of this research is to show the negativity that the war on drugs has created. It is also

going to look at what college educated students know about the war on drugs, and how the media
is not showing the real causes of the war.
Butler Student-Athletes and Experiences with Alienation
Grant Hunter, Faculty Sponsor: Krista Cline, Butler University
The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible experiences of alienation of the Butler
student-athlete from the general student population at Butler University. Data was collected
using an online survey, which was distributed through the student-athlete e-mail directory. The
sample population, therefore, consisted of only varsity student-athletes at Butler University, as
recreational teams and leagues were not approached to be part of the study. Variables such as
class year, sport, and time spent a week on sport were compared against responses to questions in
regards to how the athletes label themselves, feel connected to the student body, and how they
spend their free time. My hypothesis is that those student-athletes who have higher time
commitments to their sport will report feeling less connected to the general student population
than those who have lower time commitments. Also, those who label themselves as more of an
"athlete" than a "student" at Butler University will also report feeling less connected as well.
The Effects of Race and Gender on the Viewing of Stereotypes in Film
Adithya Jayakar, Faculty Sponsor: Krista Cline, Butler University
Racial and gender stereotypes are both large issues within society and these stereotypes are often
portrayed by the media. The film and television industries are two of the largest industries in the
world and are able to help shape people’s opinions about many subjects. There have been many
studies about stereotypes in films and television shows, and many studies on how one’s own race
and gender help form opinions about someone of a different race and/or gender. This study,
however, is to find a link between someone’s race and gender and their views towards
stereotypes in film and TV. Participants in this study were asked to watch ten clips from seven
different films and TV shows and answer the question “Does this clip show a stereotype, yes or
no and why?” Using these answers it should be possible to see if someone’s own race and
gender affects how they view stereotypes in film.
Television Violence and Its Connection to Violent Behaviors in Elementary and Middle
School Aged Children
Dennis Kight, Faculty Sponsor: Krista Cline, Butler University
Television is one of the most influential media outlets, especially to children who are at crucial
developmental stages. The purpose of this research is to identify, if possible, a link between
violent behaviors in elementary and middle school aged children and violence viewed through
television. This research uses secondary data from many scholarly sources to collect data on
adolescent aggression, television programing, and previous research on the connection between
the two. The second stage of this research involves measuring the collected data and determining
the validity of the connection between violence in the aforementioned subject population, and
violence in television programs. The hopes of this research are to find, if possible, the link
between the two variables, with the intentions of aiding in future research and policies involving
childhood development and violence.

The Effects of the Authoritative Parenting Style: Measuring Academic Success and Self-
Efficacy
Ashley McGrath, Faculty Sponsor: Curtis Bergstrand, Bellarmine
University
The purpose of this research is to measure academic success and the level of self-efficacy of
college aged individuals that is a result of being subject to the Authoritative parenting style. The
study requires these individuals to identify which parenting style their parent(s) used, categorized
by three of the four parenting styles developed by Diana Baumrind (1967): Authoritative,
Authoritarian, and Permissive. These parenting styles were developed as means to categorize
similar behavioral characteristics among parents and can be identified using the “Parenting
Authority Questionnaire” (PAQ). Previous research suggests that the 'ideal' parenting style,
Authoritative parenting, has been associated with academic success and higher levels of selfefficacy.
Use of Food Pantries for Low-income Families
Whitney Merrin, Rebecca Kineman & Stephenie Dorsey, Faculty Sponsor: Katti Sneed, Indiana
Wesleyan University, Marion
The Food Stamp Program was designed to ensure that Americans who fell beneath the poverty
line, had enough food to support their families. In reality, however, families on food stamps
regularly rely on additional sources for food. The purpose of this study is to discover the number
of individuals who receive food stamps while simultaneously obtain supplemental groceries from
three local food pantries in Grant County. This quantitative descriptive study focuses on the
details of demographics, as well as, other vital information in order to gain a real picture of those
affected by food shortages. The findings gleaned from this study will enable advocates to
petition for legislative reform. In addition, the food pantries will be more equipped to serve the
needs of the community.
Satisfaction Levels within Nursing Homes: Females and Males
Jessica Miller, Lauren Harris, Sheryl ODonnell & Michael Baldridge, Faculty Sponsor: Katti
Sneed, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion
With the rising health care costs in geriatrics, administers of nursing homes need to give families
reassurance that their relatives living in these health care facilities are satisfied. The intent of this
study is to compare the differences of satisfaction levels in males and females over the age of
sixty-five residing in nursing homes. The study will explore and compare the difference in
satisfaction levels with the use of a scale completed by residents of selected nursing homes. The
study is expected to provide useful information to health care facilities and the social workers
providing services to elderly individuals. The findings will allow health care facilities and their
employees to determine the best possible care plan for their clients. This will be a quantitative
comparison study that hopes to improve the quality of life for nursing home residents.
Correlations between Juvenile Recidivism and their Living Status in Grant County

Kayla Moore, Jade Tarr, Brittany Webber & Paul Taylor, Faculty Sponsor: Katti Sneed, Indiana
Wesleyan University, Marion
This research study explores different family structures in Marion Indiana, especially that of the
skipped-generation family. These family structures are compared in terms of recidivism rates via
statistics provided by the Grant County Probation Department. While surrounding literature may
lead to the belief that recidivism rates are higher among family structures that have grandparents
as their primary caregiver, the research is inconclusive. Recent studies are showing that any
family structure without two parents is going to suffer (Benda, Corwyn & Nancy, 2001) and in
Marion, this has held true as only 8% of our juvenile delinquents had both parents at home. This
study is dedicated to discovering if the family structure not only suffers from missing parents,
but from having grandparents who have problems of age, money, physical weakness, and in
some cases abuse from the juveniles in their care. This study will assist courts and judges in
determining the least detrimental action when placing children outside of their biological parents
by studying the effectiveness of skipped-generation families, in comparison with other family
structures as they affect recidivism.
Recidivism Rate of Probation
Larisha Reed, Faculty Sponsor: Krista Cline, Butler University
Criminals who are not considered a threat to society and who have been sentenced to probation
have lower recidivism rates due to community treatment and the ability to reestablish themselves
in society during treatment. The current study analyzes data from the United States Department
of Justice and Bureau of Justice Statics to answer the question: does probation work to reduce
recidivism rates? A survey was given to male and female inmates in local jails before the spring
of 2002 with a sample size of 6,982. Participants had to be currently under-arrest or already in
jail to complete the survey and the research did not have previous knowledge of the participants’
criminal history so the population was not bias. Participants were inmates held in institutions
during the 1999 census of jails plus the jail census after the ‘99 census but not before spring
2002. Two-part process was taken to select the population; the first stage selection focused on
chosen jails and the second selection focused on inmates to participate in the survey.
Commonality in the Perquisition of Casual Sex Partners
Cody Sanders, Faculty Sponsor: Curtis Bergstrand, Bellarmine University
The phrases, "hooking up" and "one night stand" are becoming a part of ordinary language as the
act they describe- casual sex- becomes more popular and seemingly more accepted. Casual
sexual encounters are becoming a more common event, especially with college aged adults
where 7 out of 10 claim to have had such an encounter in the past year. There are factors that
have inevitably lead to the acceptance of engaging in sexual intercourse with an acquaintance or
even a complete stranger, which can be uncovered through content analysis. In addition, trends
are noticable in the way partner selection is carried out when seeking a casual sex partner.
Research and analysis will demonstrate as "casual" and seemingly random as hooking up is
depicted and in many cases understood, there's actually a commonality in the people who
actively seek casual sexual encounters.

ROTC Cadet Social Lives: Who do Cadets Associate With?
Cory Seaton, Faculty Sponsor: Curtis Bergstrand, Bellarmine University
The purpose of this research was to see who ROTC cadets chose to spend their free time with.
By asking specific questions the researcher hoped to discover why ROTC cadets chose to spend
their free time with individuals they chose. The study was conducted using a convenience survey
of bith Army and Air Force ROTC cadets at a public mid-western university.
To What Extent is there a Correlation between Career Choice and the Degree of Life
Satisfaction?
Erin Shannon, Andrea Miller, Leslie Whonsetler & Patricia Hoffman, Faculty Sponsor: Katti
Sneed, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion
This quantitative study will determine if career choice is correlated to the degree of life
satisfaction experienced at any one point during life. Through the random sampling of one
hundred adults from local department stores, gender differences regarding life satisfaction will
be established. Analysis of the Life Satisfaction surveys will yield participants’ own
explanations that complicate and sometimes even challenge the assumptions about how career
choice correlates with life satisfaction. The importance of this study was to break stereotypes of
career choice that determine one’s outlook on life, where life satisfaction comes from and to
determine which gender experiences more life satisfaction. If this study is successful, it could
eliminate career stereotypes, show how career choice influences satisfaction and identify how
career choice may not affect life satisfaction.
The Profile of an Anti-Muslim Hate Crime Offender
Amanda Skeate, Faculty Sponsor: Curtis Bergstrand, Bellarmine University
The profile of the general individual who commits a hate crime (bias crime or ethnoviolence) has
been researched extensively. In the wake of 9/11 and the related surge in terrorist attacks and
plots, a need has arisen for the profile of an anti-Islam bias crime offender. With the help of the
General Social Survey, a regression analysis was run, using a multitude of different variables
aimed at generating a comprehensive typology of those who would commit hate crimes
specifically against Muslims.
Living Homeless: The Interactions between Homeless Individuals and the Community in
Which They Reside
Lena Walsh & Rachel Okerstrom, Faculty Sponsor: Matt Ringenberg, Valparaiso University
The purpose of this study was to, through personal testimonies of homeless individuals and
surveys of community members (e.g. college students and community adults), asses the public’s
knowledge and views of the homeless population in Valparaiso, Indiana in order to see if there
was a correlation between how the homeless individuals feel they are treated in the community
and how the community views and treats them. It was hypothesized that there will be a
negatively correlated relationship between how the individuals feel they are treated by the larger
system of the community and how the community views them.
Previous studies have uncovered a negative relationship between community members and the
subsystem of homeless individuals. One study analyzes the individual use of an all-night bus

system as a form of shelter and the surrounding community's belief that these individuals are
taking advantage of the bus system; that the system is improperly being used for a night’s sleep,
not to get from one location to another as intended (Cazares and Nichols, 2011). In another
study, Yi Ling Wong stresses the struggle that community members feel on how to treat
homeless individuals, often turning to discrimination (Wong, 2009).
The sample for this study included Valparaiso University students, community church goers, and
general Valparaiso community members. All were given a survey to outline personal views on
homelessness. Another sampling, through surveys and interviewing, was taken from homeless
individuals living in Valparaiso to expose their views on treatment. This was the first study of its
kind in the Valparaiso area. The data will be useful in guiding the community in how to have
successful interactions between the subsystem of homeless individuals and the system of the
community at large. This study will also be useful in improving current services in order to better
meet the needs of people living homeless in Valparaiso.
Valparaiso University Campus Climate Survey: “How Chilly Is it in Valpo?”
Erica Wickstrom & Nicole Hudson, Faculty Sponsor: Matt Ringenberg, Valparaiso University
Institutions of higher education in the United States have a history of racial and sexual
discrimination and oppression. The consequences for unfriendly campus climates are serious;
Gurin found that students of color who experience “cool” climates are more likely to
demonstrate depressed graduation rates and decreased satisfaction of university experiences
(Gurin et. al. 2004). The aim of this study was to holistically assess Valparaiso University’s
campus climate based on an enhanced version of the Univeristy of Toledo’s campus climate
survey. These researchers focused on comparing the results of students who self-identified as
minorities, specifically Black, Latino, Asian, international, and LGBTQ students, with the results
of students who did not identify as minorities. Surveys were administered via e-mail to the entire
Valparaiso University community with an anticipated response rate of 200. Leaders of
multicultural student organizations and VU professors were contacted individually to encourage
students to participate. This is the first time that a campus climate survey has been completed at
Valparaiso University, and also is one of the first surveys of its kind to address multiple levels of
diversity. The results offered unique insights into the experiences of all students, which were
useful in addressing the current campus climate on both micro and macro levels.
Arab-American Opinions of the Arab Spring
Hannah Wysong, Faculty Sponsor: Krista Cline, Butler University
The Arab Spring of 2011 changed that region and the world. This study will explore Arab-
American perceptions and opinions of the Arab Spring through a mixed methods survey. Data
from the surveys will be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. It will look into how
Arab-Americans view the events and what they think should be done going forward, by both
Arab countries and the United States. These opinions are significant because Arab-Americans
have knowledge of and at least some affinity with the Arab world, but also live in the United
States - a first world, democratic country. Because Arab-Americans have an understanding of
and connection to both the East and the West, how they feel about the changes, and what should

e done about them, could be important information to know as the United States and other
countries attempt to navigate this new world.
VISUAL ART
Art as Propaganda: WPA Posters in Ten Styles
Rachel Anderson, Faculty Sponsor: Elizabeth Mix, Butler University
Art has always been a form of propaganda, but when one looks back at the style of poster used
during World War II in America, it is almost comical what the administration was trying to
accomplish. In their effort to employ Americans, the Works Progress Administration (a part of
FDR's New Deal), employed artists to create posters that told Americans to breast feed their
children or brush their teeth. Although these posters were all created in different styles, their
messages were nearly all absurdly obvious and fairly unnecessary. I've created my own version
of ten posters that were actually printed, using nearly the same language, in ten different styles
ranging from ancient Greece, to Rococo, to Japanese ink drawings, to postmodernism.
Trees
Kaylin Beckwith, Faculty Sponsor: Elizabeth Mix, Butler University
To a person living in an estate, to a person living in a shack, and to the person living in the
streets, a tree is the same object. It is a plant that grows tall, consists of a trunk and branches,
and produces leaves. However, to any one of these individuals a tree can evoke different
thoughts. A businessman may see it as ‘in the way of a new building’. A workingman may see
it for the products created from it, such as lumber, paper, or firewood. Other people might see a
tree as shade from the sun, a producer of a leaf pile to jump in, or a home for various
creatures. When I see a tree, I feel a strange sense of attraction. A tree, to me, is an object that is
sturdy, resilient, and diverse in a world that does not promote such things. For this reason, I
chose to create depictions of trees across cultures, time periods, and styles in visual culture
history.
Heart, Volume 1: An Exercise in Color
Julie Bickel, Faculty Sponsor: Elizabeth Mix, Butler University
The Project Heart is a graphic story; the first volume, which I am presenting for the URC, is 22
pages in length. There are two versions, one in black and white and one in color (the line art and
text remain the same).
The Art The color version was done with Copic markers and a few touches of computer
editing. After studying and experimenting a bit, I learned a few tricks for shading, blending
colors, fixing mistakes, and the differences between coloring large expanses and small details. A
few tips I learned were to work quickly and to keep the page wet—the Colorless Blender marker

helped with that! Dried color means ugly hard lines, whereas wet paper means smooth hues. It’s
a lot like watercolor paint in that regard, and it can also be “reactivated” and “reworked” in
similar ways. Copying one’s work onto regular printer paper with laser toner is also a great way
to ensure one’s original work isn’t ruined. Surprisingly, Copic markers work well on both thick
art board and standard copier paper.
The black and white version shares the same outline as the colored version, but was edited and
completed digitally with a program called Manga Studio Debut 4.0. To give it value and depth, I
added screentones (the shades of gray that, upon closer inspection, resemble newsprint “dots”).
The point of the exercise—coloring it twice—was to determine which, if either, was more
effective at telling the story. I’m inclined to believe it’s the black and white version, as the
colored version can be a little overwhelming at times.
The Story Rebellious high school teenager Gwen is just trying to live her life the way she wants,
without the stupid rules and expectations foisted upon her by others. That includes lying to get
her way. Meanwhile, her guardian angel, Rick, is forced to try to get her to shape up her act, lest
her lies cost her something much more than she’s willing to pay: her soul. But she’s been
ignoring him long enough: is she really worth the trouble? She may not be now that she’s got
the attention of Dorian, the son of Satan himself!
Pembertons
Haley Deiser, Faculty Sponsor: Elizabeth Mix, Butler University
Pembertons Shoes is a custom shoe design business created in 2010 by Haley Deiser. I have been
designing shoes since 2009, but officially opened for business in 2010. Within three years, I have
sold more than 200 pairs of hand-crafted customizable shoes, with Sharpie permanent markers,
through word of mouth and Facebook and Twitter. I am currently working on a website with a
blog.
In 2009, I had my friends sign a pair of canvas shoes. That night, I doodled around their
signatures and created my first pair of Pembertons. I later etched the # 5 on the bottom of the
shoes. The # 5 represents my lucky number, that way I would always walk with luck. College
was going to be the first time my friends and I would be separated from one another. I wasn’t
afraid of losing my friends in college, but more afraid of losing myself. I wanted to take my
friends with me to college, so I did. On my feet. It was my little secret.
In fall of 2011, I designed for indie pop-rock sensation, Walk the Moon. I collaborated with
WTM and designed shoes for them to wear at their Anna Sun Official Music Video Release
Party in Cincinnati, OH. I had my own merch table where I passed out business cards, took
orders had sample shoes. This was my first experience in creating a guys line.
My latest endeavors include designing for a wedding reception. I created 70‘s themed
Pembertons for all the bridesmaids. Now, I am currently working on commercials for my shoes
and I am so excited!

How You See ME
Lindsey Drake, Faculty Sponsor: Elizabeth Mix, Butler University
To the unassuming mind, glasses have but one purpose: enhancing vision. But glasses do not
only make clear the vision of the wearer; those lenses are a two way street. By wearing glasses,
you chose how people see you. Are you intelligent? Stylish? Sexy? Quirky? Colorful? Somber?
Armed with this new perspective, I explored through the past. Assigning adjectives with cultures
and movements, I imagined how our ancestors wanted to be seen. Using mixed media and
graphic design, my exhibit displays glasses that speak for past civilizations and interact with the
audience to help them discover how they want to be seen.
Movie Posters as Art
Eric Ellis, Faculty Sponsor: Elizabeth Mix, Butler University
I believe I’ve always had an eye for design. I appreciate when things are aesthetically and
logically laid out; I detest the use of Comic Sans—those kinds of things. In this presentation, I
hope to present three separate movie posters representative of their respective eras of art history:
postmodernism, abstract expressionism, and surrealism. For each, I employ traits and
characteristics of the era to effectively “advertise” each. I believe it is helpful to imagine
styles/eras of art with a contemporary eye—something to make the intangible/inaccessible
aspects of postmodernism, abstract expressionism, and surrealism more approachable and
understandable.
Doodles on Canvas
Nicholas Smith, Faculty Sponsors: Margaret Brabant & Elizabeth Mix, Butler University
I have always been a "doodler", and never really viewed my "doodling" as real art. I was in a
great art program in high school, and drew/painted many pieces, but these were usually
traditional still lifes and portraits. I was good at painting, but it didn't really satisfy me. After
graduating from high school, I didn't do any visual art for about 3 years, simply because I viewed
it as work and not something that I enjoyed doing. I did, however, continue to "doodle" during
class, something I usually can't help but do.
I enjoy doodling during class because the drawings don't represent anything and they don't mean
anything. It is simply mindless doodling that I do while listening to my professor, with no plan
and no goal. There is never a vision of how the piece will turn out, therefore I struggle with not
knowing when to stop on a particular piece, but I like to stop when I feel it has a nice balance to
it.
These pieces were made after I realized that my "doodles" were actually real art, and that I
should put them on some nicer surfaces other than notebook paper. I encourage the viewer to tilt
your head and look at the art from different angles, as no one way is up. Each piece was created
over an extended period of time, and each was made using several layers of different mediums
including acrylic paint, pencil, ink pens, markers, wood floor polish, heavy gloss, and others.
Art History in a Nutshell

Carly Sobolewski, Faculty Sponsor: Elizabeth Mix, Butler University
I enjoy creating tiny, heavily detailed works of art that play with words and scale. Material that
was covered in my visual culture class inspired this piece, which can be interpreted as paying
homage to (but also as a critique of) the discipline of art history. It was difficult to choose which
art movements to represent, and from those movements which specific works to illustrate.
Ultimately, I chose to create pieces that would be more recognizable and those whose
characteristics I could capture effectively. Starting from the left, the pieces are in chronological
order based on various art movements and styles, ranging from prehistoric rock paintings to
Warhol-inspired pop art. I like a good challenge, and working with a non-traditional materials to
create miniature masterpieces was definitely challenging. It’s art history in a nutshell...literally!
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
Oscar Romero
ANTHROPOLOGY
Kevin Williams II, Faculty Sponsor: Gerald Waite
Oscar Romero fought for peace in El Salvador despite the opposition he received from the
Vatican and the local government.
BIOLOGY
Comparative Analysis of the Late Regulatory Genes (FoxB and Hex) Required for Skeleton
Formation in Sea Urchins
Kayla Ako-Asare, Emily Miller & Saira Tekelenburg, Faculty Sponsor: Laura Romano, Denison
University
Sea urchins are marine invertebrates belonging to the Phylum Echinodermata. Their larval
skeleton is produced during embryonic development by primary mesenchyme cells in a process
known as skeletogenesis. Our lab seeks to understand differences in skeletogenesis between the
ancestral pencil urchin, Eucidaris tribuloides, and the modern purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus. For example, there is a difference in the timing of ingression of the mesenchyme
cells that may be due to differences in the expression of the genes that regulate

skeletogenesis. Our lab has been working to clone and characterize the eight "late regulatory
genes" in the pencil urchin. These genes (Dri, Erg, FoxB, FoxN2/3, FoxO, Hex, Tel, and Tgif)
have already been characterized in the purple urchin. I have contributed to work on FoxB and
Hex. We have cloned these genes and compared their sequences to that of the purple urchin. In
addition, we have designed and tested primers that were used by a collaborator for quantitative
polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), a quantitative approach for characterizing gene
expression. Finally, we have prepared RNA probes and performed whole mount in situ
hybridization (WMISH), a qualitative approach for characterizing gene expression. Preliminary
results indicate subtle differences in gene expression that may underlie differences in
skeletogenesis. Future work will provide more information on the molecular basis of phenotypic
variation between these two species of sea urchin.
Physiological effects of Red Bull and Sugar-free Red Bull on Female Sprague-Dawley Rats
Catherine Batz, Faculty Sponsor: Ryan Dombkowski, St. Mary’s University
Energy beverage (EB) consumption has increased dramatically since the US debut of Red Bull ®
(RB) in 1997. In the US, the market for these beverages targets a college-aged demographic,
which prompted the interest for this study. EBs contain combinations of caffeine, guarana,
ginseng, sugars, amino acids, and a number of vitamins. While anecdotal evidence links EB
consumption to various cardiovascular and neurological pathology, the exact physiological
effects of EBs has yet to be established. This study examined and compared the effects of 12
weeks of consumption of two dilutions, 10% and 20%, of RB and sugar-free RB on food and
fluid consumption, weight gain, blood glucose, hematocrit, blood pressure, and cardiac and renal
mass in female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 32). Rats consumed 10% and 20% RB at three times
the rate of water or sugar-free RB throughout the experimental period. Sugar-free RB
consistently promoted increased food consumption and resulted in a corresponding increase in
body weight. Both dilutions of RB and the 20% dilution of sugar-free RB resulted in increased
systolic blood pressures at the end of the treatment period. The 20% dilutions of RB and sugarfree
RB both increased renal mass by 19% over controls. Hematocrit, blood glucose, and cardiac
mass did not significantly differ in any treatment groups. Moderate consumption of RB and
sugar-free RB results in physiological changes in appetite, blood pressure, and renal mass which
should be further investigated to understand their role in EB pathophysiology.
Analysis of Transcriptional Job-Sharing between Two RNA Polymerases of Pelargonium X
hortorum
Thomas Bilbo, Faculty Sponsor: Peter Kuhlman, Denison University
Chloroplasts evolved from cyanobacterial endosymbionts around a billion years ago and over
time the majority of their cyanobacterial genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host
cell. In plastids of higher plants, gene expression is dependent on two different transcription
machineries: a nuclear-encoded RNA polymerase (NEP) and a plastid-encoded RNA polymerase
(PEP). Each RNAP serves a unique and crucial transcriptional role, transcribing a specific set of
genes. In the plant Pelargonium, the normally conservative rpo genes encoding the subunits of
the PEP are extremely divergent compared to related species yet the polymerase is still
functional. One explanation is that the job-sharing between the RNAPs has changed dramatically
as a response to this divergence. Here, I present an investigation into the transcriptional activity

of NEP and PEP in Pelargonium. In order to study RNAPs independently, PEP-deficient plants
were generated by means of antibiotics treatment. The most effective treatment appears to be
topical treatment of antibiotics to growing leaf shoots. Initial gene expression profiles for the two
RNAPs are presented.
A Baseline Study of Population Levels of Red Lionfish (Pterois volitans) at Selected Patch
Reefs of the Androsian (Bahamas) Barrier Reef Complex
Aaron Brattain & Lauren Oberley, Faculty Sponsor: Larry Wiedman, University of St. Francis
The population of the Red Lionfish (Pterois volitans) has grown along the western Atlantic sea
board in the US and nearby Caribbean countries over the past 13 years, since they were first
found off the coast of Florida in 1999. The first documentation of them in the Bahamas came in
January, 2005. Within these years this invasive, predatory fish has become increasingly
problematic. Lionfish expansion has more or less followed the Atlantic Current, which spans
from the eastern coast of the United States down to the Caribbean and they have also recently
started showing up in the Gulf of Mexico. This colorful species has been an aquarist favorite and
is known for the poisonous dorsal spines and unusual reproductive cycle. Lionfish release their
young into the open water of the Atlantic Current, doing so allows for the young to relocate to
other areas that thrive with food resources. The rapid expansions of their geographic boundaries
are placing new pressures on local and community fish that are indigenous to the coral heads and
reefs throughout the Caribbean. Preys do not know to fear these ambush predators and larger
predator have not developed methods or a taste for these invaders. This research is phase one of
a baseline study of population counts of multiple locations off the eastern coast of the Andros
Island, Bahamas. Anecdotal data has been gleaned from class journals of students to these
locations during field studies classes at the University of Saint Francis since lionfish were first
noted. These population counts will be continued in future years at the same locations. This will
allow for the determination of whether the population of lionfish are increasing, decreasing, and
at what rates, or are remaining constant. Other concurrent studies at some of the locations will
assist in determining relationships between the lionfish densities and that of other indigenous
fishes at these sites.
Does Leaf and Flower Damage Induce Anti-Herbivore Defenses in Raphanus sativus Petals
and Have an Effect on Female Fitness?
Samantha Case, Faculty Sponsor: Andrew McCall, Denison University
As plants continually interact with herbivores, adaptations of constitutive or inducible defenses
are necessary to maintain fitness. Although chemical defenses have been found in the petals of
Raphanus sativus it is still unknown if they are induced or if they have any effect on female
fitness. In this study, we investigated whether previous damage to leaves by Spodoptera exigua
larvae induced defenses in later flowers. We also looked to see if there was an overall effect of
damage on female fitness. Our results showed that S. exigua larvae that fed on the petals of
previously damaged plants weighed significantly less then those that fed on petals from the
untouched control plants, demonstrating that induction of defense occurs in these flowers. Our
results also showed that experimentally damaged plants did not produce significantly fewer
flower stems than the untouched control plants, suggesting little cost of induced defenses.

Investigation of the Role of the Anaphase Promoting Complex in Regulating Inhibitory
Synaptic Transmission at the C. elegans Neuromuscular Junction
Hitesh Dube, Faculty Sponsor: Jennifer Kowalski, Butler University
The human body functions properly due to the nervous system and its specialized cells, neurons,
which communicate via chemical neurotransmitters at synapses. Although much is known how
synaptic transmission occurs, many of its regulatory mechanisms remain unidentified. Previous
experiments identified the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) as a regulator of synaptic
transmission. The APC is a well characterized ubiquitin ligase that signals for cellar protein
degradation; however, its function and target proteins in neurons and at synapses remain
unknown. Using C. elegans roundworms as model organisms, I study APC function in synaptic
transmission by investigating its role at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a specialized synapse
between neurons and muscle cells where a balance of excitatory and inhibitory signaling controls
muscle contraction. Work from our lab has shown that APC activity prevents excessive
contraction at the NMJ, likely by acting in one or both presynaptic motorneuron classes.
Previously, I found that the APC appears to regulate inhibitory signaling, as mutants lacking
APC function behaved similar to inhibitory transmission-defective animals. Preliminary
experiments restoring APC functionality only to inhibitory neurons indicated that APC activity
in inhibitory neurons is sufficient for normal synaptic transmission. Current research is focused
on confirming these rescue studies and using fluorescence microscopy to observe if the APC
localizes to the same parts of inhibitory motorneurons as other essential synaptic proteins.
Information gained from these experiments can be used to understand the APC function at the C.
elegans NMJ and may provide insight into its role in regulating human synaptic transmission.
Water Balance Characteristics Reflect Microhabitat Differences between Two Closely
Related Sand Fiddler Crabs
Sarah Funderburg & Kimberly Lykens, Faculty Sponsors: Matthew Collier & Jay Yoder,
Wittenberg University
Uca panacea and U. pugilator are morphologically similar fiddler crabs that are difficult to
distinguish from each other. Both are active on wet intertidal sand flats and feed on surface
sediments. They are sympatric along the Gulf coast of the United States, but at the southernmost
tip of Florida, the range of U. panacea ends abruptly and U. pugilator continues northward to
Maine. To explore why distribution range may overlap between these two species, we
determined water balance characteristics as an explanation for moisture (habitat)
preference. Briefly, crabs were weighed using an electrobalance for calculation of water loss
rates as a function of temperature based on Arrhenius analysis. There was no difference in body
size (fresh/dry mass) and percentage body water between the sexes or between the two species,
which indicates that water content has not been reduced to adapt to more northern
climates. There was no critical transition temperature where water loss increased rapidly,
implying that these crabs are protected against excessive lethal water loss as the temperature
rises. Whole-body water loss rate was greater, with correspondingly higher activation energy,
for U. panacea (both sexes) than U. pugilator, indicating greater cuticular permeability and
unique requirement by U. panacea for an extreme moisture-rich habitat apparently absent along
the Atlantic coast. We conclude that ranges of fiddler crabs with different water loss rates

overlap because they operate at the microhabitat, not habitat, level, and this is an important
consideration when using these crabs as bioindicators for assessing environmental health.
Influence of Season and Temperature on Capture Rate of Field Mice (Peromyscus spp.) in
Retired Ohio Farmland
Benjamin Hagen & Alec Van Dyke, Faculty Sponsor: Richard Phillips, Wittenberg University
Previous studies in northern latitudes suggest Peromyscus may increase activity during nights
that are warmer, yet several population studies suggest a potential population peak in early
winter. To estimate both population abundance as well as the impact of temperature on capture
probability, we examined capture rates of P maniculatus and P. leucopus in late October and
November to those captured during May, June, and July. Five lines of 11 traps and one line of
10 traps were set 10 meters from one another in study area consisting of forest, forest edge, and
field located in central Ohio. Each trap was opened and baited, (peanut butter and oats) in the
late afternoon and checked at sunrise to determine capture. The results suggest neither
population levels nor temperature impacted seasonal captures rates as no month differed from
any other. Based on over 1,200 trap nights, nightly capture rates ranged from 1.82 to 21.8 %,
with monthly rates ranging from 4.72 ± 1.5% to 7.6 ± 4.2 %. Temperature for capture events
ranged from 2.2 to 30.0 °C, but temperature was not a good predictor of capture rate. Future
studies will examine potential differences among species in activity patterns across seasons and
environmental variables.
An Analysis of White-Crowned Manakin Home Ranges in the Ecuadorian Amazon
Meghan Hennessey & Martin Ventura, Faculty Sponsor: Wendy Tori, Earlham College
Spatial movement patterns can change significantly between individuals of different ages and
sexes. These patterns can be influenced by resource distribution and the interaction with
competitors and potential mates. In lek mating systems, it has been suggested that movement
patterns (i.e., female spatial distribution) can have a strong influence on the clustering and
dispersion of male territories, as well as the evolution of leks. Here we report some preliminary
results of a long-term study in the evolution of lekking behavior in White-crowned
Manakins. Little is known about the movement patterns of this species (particularly during the
non breeding season). We used radiotelemetry and geographic information systems to examine
the movement patterns of 2 females and 2 males (one adult and one juvenile) during the nonbreeding
season in a rainforest of eastern Ecuador. We found that female home ranges can be up
to 4 times larger than male home ranges. Moreover, our results suggest that age may play a role
in individual movement patterns and that juvenile males can have home ranges up to 2 times
larger than adult territorial males. The implications of our results are discussed in light of
previous findings.
Multiple Inseminations of Female Bed Bugs Adversely Affect Water Balance Maintenance
Capability
Derrick Heydinger, Andrew Jajack & Brian Hedges, Faculty Sponsor: Jay Yoder, Wittenberg
University

Reproduction of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, involves piercing of the female
abdomen during insemination by the male paramere, a sharp penile-like organ. Because of the
traumatic nature of this event, significant cuticular damage can result, especially after multiple
matings. To assess the extent of cuticular damage that may occur, water content and water loss
rates were measured in relation to mating frequency through measurement of changes in body
water content in the females after exposure to males in groups of different sizes. A positive
correlation was found between the frequency of mating and water loss rates in females, likely
due to the damage resulting from the insemination event. Water loss rate changes as large as
28% were observed, and the average survivorship was reduced by 22 days in females subjected
to multiple insemination events. Trauma resulting from insemination was determined to be the
sole cause of the changes in water balance maintenance after females that were exposed to males
with no parameres (surgically-removed), females exposed only to females, and isolated females
(unmated) showed no significant changes in body water content. After using a pin to puncture
different body sites, results indicate that survivorship in females is increased by a behavioral
adaptation where the females orient their bodies so that the male paramere punctures the
ectospermalege, a thickened cuticular region that minimizes water loss after
penetration. Further, the alarm pheromones 2-hexenal and 2-octenal prevented any water loss
(i.e., multiple matings), suggesting a possible control method to reduce mating frequency.
Investigation into the Difference in Gender Habitat Selection by Setophaga caerulescens on
Andros Island, Bahamas
Owain Jones, Faculty Sponsor: Larry Wiedman, University of St. Francis
Setophaga caerulescens, or commonly the Black-throated Blue warbler, is a North American
migratory bird species that uses Andros Island, Bahamian as a winter home. The male and
female are visually very different, being defined as two different species when first described for
the bland olive colour of the female. This not the only difference, as it has been evident for many
years that males are far more abundant than the females on Andros Island. To examine this, an
investigation into where the male and female are located in relation to each other throughout
their habitats was performed. Eight males in seven locations and four females in four locations
were identified on Andros Island. Upon recording their time spent in the areas they were
identified, it was shown that males spent the majority of time in the midlevel area of the forest at
approximately ten to twenty-five feet in height. Females split the most of their time between
midlevel and the more dense shrubbery, four to ten feet high, in the same type of habitat. No
males and females were seen at the same time. This investigation then suggests that the females
and males winter independent of each other and two rationales for the difference in numbers can
be stated. The female’s bland olive and abundance in shrubbery can cause for a camouflage
effect, limiting identification numbers. Oppositely, in identifying all males and females possible,
there is a difference in population numbers. This work is aimed to better understand the Blackthroated
Blue warbler and its winter habits. Continuation of this investigation will target
distinguishing between the two rationales obtained.
Screening the Second Chromosome for Dominant Enhancers of the Trio and Abl Mutant
Phenotypes in Drosophila
Eric King, Faculty Sponsor: Eric Liebl, Denison University

Dosage-sensitive genetics is a powerful tool for understanding relationships between genes. By
creating flies with null and hypomorphic alleles, the expression levels of particular genes can be
reduced. We took Drosophila with chromosomal deletions spanning the entire second
chromosome and bred them into the hypomorphic Trio and Abl gene backgrounds. Trio, a
guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, and Abl, a tyrosine kinase, are each involved in a common
signal transduction pathway during the process of axon outgrowth during neuron development
(Liebl et al., 2000). In flies that had a gene deletion in a region having genes involved in the
Trio or Abl regulatory pathway we expected to see a lower survival rate. Performing pupae and
adult counts on these deficient flies in hypomorphic backgrounds, we found several gene regions
and potential genes of interest. Once broad regions of interaction were established, we worked
with narrow subdivisions in order to further close in on which specific gene regions might be
interacting with Trio and Abl. These results will provide insight into a more complete
understanding of axonal growth and has potential to further develop our general model for
protein signaling cascades and cell response.
Investigating the Factors Influencing Migration Orientations of the Wood Frog (Lithobates
sylvaticus)
Mark Magnus, Faculty Sponsor: Rebecca Homan, Denison University
In a study conducted by Homan et al. (2010), it was found that juvenile wood frogs (Lithobates
sylvaticus) dispersed away from their natal pond in a non-random direction each year, but the
direction changed across years. Due to the fact that the study site was a stable environment, the
orientation cues utilized by dispersing juveniles must have had the potential to change across
years. In this study we wanted to test our hypothesis that juvenile wood frogs would detect and
orient toward chemical cues deposited by conspecifics while leaving the pond. We performed Y-
Maze trials in which juveniles could choose to move toward an arm marked by conspecifics or
toward an arm without chemical cues. The results of our study showed that more juveniles made
a choice than did not, meaning our experimental design was effective. However, we were unable
to find any influence of body size, date of capture, or the direction the juveniles were oriented on
the frequency of arm choice. We did find that North-bound frogs significantly chose the positive
over the negative arm and that South-bound frogs tended to do the opposite. The total number of
juveniles captured throughout the season was lowest in the North and greatest in the South,
possibly suggesting a density dependent orientation strategy. By increasing sample sizes in
future years of this study we hope to determine whether these preliminary patterns continue in
years in which the North and South are not the least and most frequent orientation directions,
respectively.
A Preliminary Study of the Secretory Mechanism of the Venus Flytrap (Dionaea
muscipula): Do Carnivorous Plants Have Apocrine or Merocrine Glands?
Caroline Matchett, Faculty Sponsors: Matthew Collier & Kevin Gribbins, Wittenberg University
The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is highly specialized and unique in its method of nutrient
procurement. Flytrap leaves close rapidly in response to prey items coming in contact with
trigger hairs located on the leaf epidermis. Upon closure, glands on the leaf surface secrete
proteolytic enzymes that digest prey over the course of 5-12 days. Although the mechanism of
flytrap leaf closure is well described, the secretory nature of the digestive glands remains poorly

understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the ultrastructure of flytrap leaves and to
determine if they share common features with animal apocrine/eccrine glands. To examine
gland ultrastructure, leaves (N=30), were removed from flytraps immediately after feeding and at
days 3, 6, 9 post-feeding. Samples were cut into 3 equal CS pieces, fixed (Trumps), and
embedded (Embed812). Tissue blocks were sectioned (90nm) using an ultramicrotome and
prepared for normal TEM. Flytrap secretory cells accumulate osmophilic dense materials
apically, suggesting apocrine secretion. Though the cell wall is thin around gland cells it is
improbable that most materials are released in this fashion. Ample evidence was also seen for
merocrine release of materials via exocytotic vesicles. Thus, we hypothesize that flytrap
secretory cells show properties of both apocrine and merocrine secretion. This study provides a
histological mechanism for the exocytosis of both large vesicles and inclusions. Previous studies
concentrated only on enzyme release via the endomembrane system; thus, the present data for
large material release adds new insight to digestion in carnivorous plants.
Energy Efficient Hydroponic Production
Corbett Miller, Faculty Sponsor: Sandra Davis, University of Indianapolis
Hydroponic crop production has been used for many years and it is known to be capable of
producing more crop per square acre over a year than traditional soil based production. One
reason why commercial scale production is not often seen is that the nutrient pumps are usually
run 24 hours a day. With the ever increasing energy costs, this can add up quickly. This
experiment was designed to determine the most energy efficient way of commercial hydroponic
production. Ocimum basilicum (Sweet basil) was grown using the nutrient film technique (NFT)
with varying pump cycles. Four experimental groups were grown, each with a different pump
cycle: 1) Group A had the pump running 24 hrs per day; 2) Group B had 1hr on – 1 hr off; 3)
Group C had 1hr on – 1 ½ hrs off; and 4) Group D had 1hr on – 2 hrs off. Each group consisted
of 2; 4’ NFT channels each with 6 holes for individual plants, for a total of 12 plants per group
and 48 plants all together. To eliminate environmental variables this experiment was conducted
in a 76°F interior room with fluorescent lights over each group. All groups drained back to one
reservoir so that pH was maintained between 5.5-6.5 and nutrient strength between 1300-1800
mS/cm. This experiment was repeated three times between November of 2011 and April 7 th of
2012. Growth of plants, harvest weight, and final dry weight was measured in order to accurately
determine the length of time the pumps could be off before it affected the plant’s development.
Energy usage was extrapolated to determine the amount of solar/wind power that would be
needed in order to make a 100% self-sustaining hydroponic greenhouse a reality.
Comparative Analysis of Late Regulatory Genes (FoxN2/3, FoxO and Tgif) Required for
Skeleton Formation in Sea Urchins
Emily Miller, Kayla Ako-Asare & Saira Tekelenburg, Faculty Sponsor: Laura Romano, Denison
University
Sea urchins are marine invertebrates belonging to the Phylum Echinodermata. Their larval
skeleton is produced during embryonic development by primary mesenchyme cells in a process
known as skeletogenesis. Our lab seeks to understand differences in skeletogenesis between the
ancestral pencil urchin, Eucidaris tribuloides, and the modern purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus. For example, there is a difference in the timing of ingression of the mesenchyme

cells that may be due to differences in the expression of the genes that regulate
skeletogenesis. Our lab has been working to clone and characterize the eight "late regulatory
genes" in the pencil urchin. These genes (Dri, Erg, FoxB, FoxN2/3, FoxO, Hex, Tel, and Tgif)
have already been characterized in the purple urchin. I have contributed to work on FoxN2/3,
FoxO and Tgif. We have cloned these genes and compared their sequences to that of the purple
urchin. In addition, we have designed and tested primers that were used by a collaborator for
quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), a quantitative approach for characterizing gene
expression. Finally, we have prepared RNA probes and performed whole mount in situ
hybridization (WMISH), a qualitative approach for characterizing gene expression. Preliminary
results indicate subtle differences in gene expression that may underlie differences in
skeletogenesis. Future work will provide more information on the molecular basis of phenotypic
variation between these two species of sea urchin.
The Use of Filamentous Fungi to Convert Human Waste into Consumable Products
Elizabeth Phillippi, Alex Zapata & Blair Mitchell, Faculty Sponsor: Michael Watters, Valparaiso
University
Here we report on the use of filamentous fungi, Neurospora, to reduce human solid waste (feces)
while converting it into fungal biomass which has the potential to be used as a high-protein,
dietary supplement. Although this project was proposed to address two problems inherent to
long-term (greater than one year) space flight: the storage of sufficient food & the management
of accumulated solid waste, it holds the potential to benefit waste management in diverse
situations including livestock confinement operations and sewage treatment facilities. Typically
portrayed as an environmental hazard and source of undesirable odor, feces represent an
untapped resource. Filamentous fungi are natural decomposers with the ability to use this
resource and reduce its environmental impact. Many filamentous fungi are also safe to eat.
We examined fungal growth and composition to determine the conditions which maximize the
rate of conversion of fecal waste into fungal biomass. We compared the effect of the length of
incubation, method of aeration, available surface area, and presence of supplemental salts on
fungal growth and nutritional composition. Rates of conversion and nutritional content were
highly variable, however rates as high as 75% (3.75g of fungus produced from 5g of solid
waste), with fungal protein content up to 50 % were obtained. Additionally fungal growth
reduced the characteristic odor of the media. Some of the primary chemicals responsible for the
odor of solid waste are indole & a range of short chain fatty acids. We present data that the
fungal mass is consuming these chemicals from the media to fuel its own metabolism and thus
acting to eliminate the normally associated odor.
Behavioral Consequences of Eavesdropping in Crayfish
Brandon Quinby, Melody Palmer, Olivia Rivera, Jose Haro & Cody Anspach, Faculty Sponsor:
Vanessa Quinn Purdue North Central
In communication systems signalers send information to receivers and receivers respond in
some manner. Recently, behavioral research has focused on the presence of other observers
eavesdropping on the signalers and receivers in a dyad. In this context, an individual observes
the signaler and receiver and uses this information in future interactions against the original

signaler or another individual. In many species, social interactions play a key role in deciding the
allocation of different resources. Crayfish use aggression as a mechanism to become
dominant. In crayfish, dominance structures and hierarchies are formed by dyadic interactions.
Concerning invertebrates, crustaceans are considered to be ideal models of aggression and
extensive work has provided an insight to the physiological and social effects on
aggression. Previous research has shown that in crayfish eavesdroppers are more likely to lose a
contest after watching an aggressive interaction. This suggests that crayfish are making
behavioral decisions based on the observations made during an eavesdropping event. In this
experiment we set up an interaction arena where two crayfish fought to establish a social
hierarchy, while three crayfish observed the interaction, receiving only visual cues. The three
eavesdropping crayfish were isolated in individual compartments that were built into the
arena. After the first encounter, a second fight was carried out to re-establish social status, in
which one eavesdropper fought the winner, the second eavesdropper fought the loser, and the
third eavesdropper fought a naïve crayfish. This was done to determine if the crayfish were
involved in making behavioral decisions based on observations during eavesdropping
interactions. Our research shows that crayfish with information gained when they observed an
aggressive interaction are more likely to win future aggressive encounters.
Hormonal Consequences of Eavesdropping in the Crayfish Procambarus clarkii
Brandon Quinby, Melody Palmer, Olivia Rivera & Jose Haro, Faculty Sponsor: Vanessa Quinn,
Purdue North Central
Aggressive behavior is speculated to an action of the amine hormone serotonin many species of
crustaceans. In the crayfish Procambarus clarkii exogenous serotonin increases rates of an
aggressive display, the meral spread. Serotonin injection has also been demonstrated to affect
rates, intensity, and duration of aggressive encounters. In our research we examined the affect of
eavesdropping on natural serotonin levels in P. clarkii. Eavesdropping occurs when an individual
observes but does not take part in an aggressive encounter. If eavesdropping provides behavioral
information to an individual we predicted that serotonin would also be altered. We measured
serotonin levels in crayfish that were engaged in an aggressive encounter as well as individual
observing the encounter. Our results show that serotonin is elevated both in the eavesdropping
and interacting crayfish. Thus, eavesdropping can lead to differences in both behavioral and
physiological contexts.
Copperhead Snakes as a Host and the Identification of Host Cues (Kairomones) for Larvae
of Ticks that Transmit Lyme Disease
Benjamin Rausch, Patrick Tomko & Andrew Jajack, Faculty Sponsors: Kevin Gribbins & Jay
Yoder, Wittenberg University
During numerous field encounters with Southern and Northern Copperheads, Agkistrodon
contortrix and mokasen, in locations across eastern United States, we observed larval ticks,
Ixodes scapularis, crawling and feeding on these pit vipers. Larval ticks were attached mainly
between the scales of the head and cloaca, and nymph and adult ticks were rarely associated with
wild Copperheads. To explore chemical cues that immature ticks may use to find snakes, we
determined attraction potentials of larvae to samples of Copperhead and four other snake species'
excreta (feces, uric acid), shed skins, and squalene (common snake skin lipid) in short-range

Petri plate bioassays. Captive snakes had similar temperature, relative humidity, photoperiod,
and dietary histories. Upon contact with snake fecal-treated papers, ticks terminated rapid
crawling, curled their legs, and remained still, with roughly 45% of ticks exhibiting this
arrestment display, as compared to only 8% of resting ticks on untreated papers. Furthermore,
ticks showed little change or movement over one, two, and 12 hours. Similar arrestment by ticks
occurred on uric acid-treated papers without a dose-response. Sheds prompted arrestment,
although not as intensively or for as long a time as exposure to snake excreta. There was,
however, an increase in tick arrestment over time with increasing concentration of
squalene. Thus, excreta and squalene may be strong components of snake host cues in larval
ticks. Because snakes defecate near den sites and are only occasional hosts, cueing in on snake
excreta is likely more important for retaining ticks in habitats where rodent prey are abundant.
Digestive Flexibility in Variable Kingsnake Hatchlings and its Ecological Implication
Benjamin Rausch & Lindsey Korfel, Faculty Sponsors: Kevin Gribbins & Richard Phillips,
Wittenberg University
Studies have shown that the digestive systems of adult snakes have the capacity for up-regulation
and down-regulation, based on feeding habits. This regulation of digestive structures provides
snakes with an ability to conserve energy between prey captures, leading to increased fitness. For
hatchling snakes this process could increase energy preservation that may lead to an increased
survival rate at times of minimal prey captures. To examine the regulation of the digestive
system in 3-month old hatchlings (n=3), we used light microscopy to characterize differences in
luminal histology of the non-glandular and glandular stomach as well as the small and large
intestine between snakes of three types: 90-day fast, 41-day fast and 2-days postprandial. The
non-glandular region of the postprandial snake possessed greater extracellular secretions
compared to the 90-day and 41-day fast, for which no differences were found. The postprandial
glandular stomach contained larger gastric glands as well as greater epithelial hypertrophy. In the
small intestine of the postprandial snake there was consistently superior morphological
development of villi, increased capillary blood flow, larger lacteals, increased intracellular lipid
droplets, and a more conspicuous brush boarder. There were no visual differences in the
histology of the large intestine between treatments. The 90-day and 41-day fasted snakes had
similar histological features of all examined structures. Based on the results of this study, the
digestive system of hatchlings experience the same up-regulation and down-regulation as adults.
Fluctuating Asymmetry's Effect on Fitness Indicators at Varying Incubation Temperatures
in the Variable Kingsnake (Lampropeltis mexicana)
Benjamin Rausch, Chloe Hart, Benjamin Hagen, Derek Metz Stephanie Hurst & Faculty
Sponsor: Richard Phillips, Wittenberg University
The variable kingsnake, Lampropeltis mexicana, occupies a niche with an average mid-year
temperature ranging from 23-32°C. Studies suggest environmental and developmental stress
may increase the asymmetry of bilateral traits therefore indicating low fitness. The goal of this
investigation was to test for possible relationships between fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and
possible fitness indicators (growth rate and frequency of food rejections) between two
temperature treatments (23°C, n=13 and 30°C, n=19), which may invoke gravid females to select
for a specific microclimate to increase hatchling fitness. FA values were analyzed using digital

photographs in Adobe ® Photoshop ® by measuring area (cm 2 ) of 11 head scales and dorsal color
morphology. The absolute value of the FA measurements for both the scales and color were
calculated, removing directionality bias, and summed to quantify each snake with a single FA
measurement. The growth rate (weight gain) and feeding rejections were collected for each
snake for two months post-hatch. The FA between the 23°C and the 30°C treatments was not
significant (p = 0.054). There was no relationship between the amount of FA of each snake and
corresponding growth rates (R 2 = 0.037), as well as for the 23°C treatment (R 2 = 0.16) and the
30°C treatment (R 2 = 0.55). There was also no relationship between FA and frequency of food
rejection (R 2 = 0.017), nor within the treatments of 23°C (R 2 = 0.041) and 30°C (R 2 =
0.11). Based on our results, there was no impact of FA on fitness indicators therefore the amount
of stress induced by the varying incubation temperatures was minimal.
Temperature's Effect on Growth Rate in Hatchling Variable Kingsnakes (Lampropeltis
Mexicana)
Benjamin Rausch, Gracie Winzeler, & Stephanie Hurst, Faculty Sponsor: Richard Phillips,
Wittenberg University
As a poikilotherm, the variable kingsnake, Lampropeltis mexicana, would theoretically select a
niche that comprises of the organism’s optimal temperature. A variation from this optimal
temperature could influence physiological functions leading to a decreased fitness. To
investigate how temperature affects physiological functions and therefore fitness we incubated
eggs from 5 females at two temperatures (30°C, n=19 and 23°C, n=13) until hatch. Then upon
hatching, half of each clutch was placed into the opposite temperature treatment (i.e. 30°C
incubated now into 23°C) to create four temperature treatments (incubation temperature/growth
temperature respectively): 30°C/30°C (n=10), 30°C/23°C (n=9), 23°C/30°C (n=6) and
23°C/23°C (n=7). Each group was fed a frozen-thawed pinkie mouse (pre-weighed, 2±1 grams)
twice a week. The snakes were checked 24 hours post-feed to see if the offer was
consumed. Once a week, prior to feeding, the snakes were weighed (grams) by a digital
balance. There were no differences found between the initial growth rates of the four treatments,
as well as in just the incubation or growth temperature treatments (ANOVA, p>0.05). A
difference was found between the four treatment groups in respects to food rejection (Χ 2 =3,
12.27, p≤0.05) with the 30°C/23°C treatment rejecting 48% of offered mice. Although initial
growth rates do not deviate between the treatments, there may still be an impact on future weight
gain. We recommend long-term studies of growth rate to determine plasticity of optimal
temperatures.
Resetting the Aging Clock of Neural Stem Cells
Jennifer Romine, Faculty Sponsor: Jinhui Chen, Indiana University/Purdue University at
Indianapolis
The U.S. population is aging. Age-related cognitive decline is a major public health
problem. Developing an approach to treat or delay cognitive decline is critical. Neurogenesis by
neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) in the hippocampus is related to cognitive function, and is
greatly affected by the aging process. The molecular signaling that regulates age-related decline
in neurogenesis is still poorly understood. Here we took the advantage of a transgenic mouse,
Nestin-GFP, to assess neurogenesis and molecular signaling related to age-related decline in

neurogenesis. We found that the total number of NSCs, including quiescent neural progenitors
(QNPs) and amplifying neural progenitors (ANPs) decreased as the mice aged, but more
importantly, ANPs are more significantly affected than QNPs, leading to further reduction in
number and proliferation of ANPs. We further found that the mTOR signaling pathway is
impaired in NSCs as mice age. Activating the mTOR signaling pathway through Ketamine
injections increased NSC proliferation in aged mice. In contrast, inhibiting the activity of the
mTOR signaling pathway by rapamycin is sufficient to reduce ANP proliferation in young mice.
These results indicate that NSCs becomes more quiescent when the activity of mTOR signaling
is compromised in aged mice, and stimulating the activity of mTOR signaling can overcome the
age-associated decline in NSC proliferation. This data suggests that promoting stem cell
proliferation to enhance neurogenesis may be a potential approach for attenuating cognitive
decline in the aging brain.
A Comparison of the Microhabitat Associations of the Meadow Vole (Microtus
pennsylvanicus) and Peromyscus spp. in Prairie and Forest Environments in Muncie, IN
Kathryn Ruhrold, Faculty Sponsor: Timothy Carter, Ball State University
In the Midwestern United States, two genera of rodents, Microtus and Peromyscus, are
geographically sympatric. However, at the local level, they are often found to be allopatric. This
begs the question whether this allopatry can be attributed to these organisms’ selection for
certain microhabitat characteristics. This study was conducted on the Ball State University
Cooper Farm property in Muncie, Indiana. Sherman live trapping for Meadow Voles (Microtus
pennsylvanicus) and Peromyscus spp. was conducted in both prairie and forest environments
from September of 2011 to March of 2012. Data were collected on soil volumetric water content,
ground cover, vegetation density, vegetation height, and litter depth at trap locations where target
species were caught. These same data were collected at an equivalent number of trap locations
where target species were absent. Preliminary analyses suggest that M. pennsylvanius (n = 7)
and Peromyscus spp. (n = 54) do not segregate themselves based upon soil volumetric water
levels, vegetation cover, vegetation height, or litter depth. However, results do suggest that these
species may potentially select their microhabitat based upon the presence of varying types of
flora. M. pennsylvanicus appears to be more abundant in areas with a higher abundance of
tallgrass and a relatively low abundance of forb and woody vegetation (Tallgrass: 72.1% ± 12.4,
Forb: 7.14% ± 3.76, Woody: 6.43% ± 3.57). Peromyscus spp. also appear to be more abundant in
tallgrass habitat, but not to as great an extent as meadow voles. These species also do not appear
to be as abundant in forb and woody environments. (Tallgrass: 48.33% ± 5.94, Forb: 18.15% ±
4.39, Woody: 23.11% ± 5.26).
Investigation of SUMO Enzymes at the Neuromuscular Junction in C. elegans
Kristen Rush, Faculty Sponsor: Jennifer Kowalski, Butler University
The nervous system contains hundreds of neurons. Communication between these neurons
occurs through electrical and chemical signaling known as synaptic transmission, which occurs
at intercellular contacts called synapses. During synaptic transmission, chemical messengers
(neurotransmitters) are released from pre-synaptic neurons and bind receptors on the postsynaptic
cell. This signaling is critical for normal nervous system function and is tightly
regulated. One enzymatic pathway that modulates protein abundance and activity in all cells and

that is critical for proper synaptic transmission is the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier)
pathway, which acts by adding small SUMO polypeptide tags to target proteins. Several synaptic
proteins are modified by SUMOylation; however, little is known about which SUMO enzymes
are involved, we are investigating whether SUMO enzymes control synaptic transmission in
Caenorhabditis elegans roundworms at one specialized synapse type, the neuromuscular
junction (NMJ). This synapse involves a balance of excitatory and inhibitory signaling for
muscle control. To date, no SUMO enzymes that function at the NMJ have been identified
despite known SUMOylated synaptic proteins. Using pharmacologic assays and genetics, we are
testing whether any of the SUMO enzymes in C. elegans regulate NMJ synaptic transmission
and the cell type(s) where they act. We have tested requirements for several SUMO protease
genes in NMJ signaling by genetic mutants and RNA interference. Screening of the remaining
SUMO ligase genes and follow-up characterization is ongoing. Since there are many similarities
between C. elegans and mammalian nervous systems, our results may provide important
information related to human neuronal function.
When Does a Queen Become a Queen During Development? Insights from Gene
Expression in a Harvester Ant
Ben Smith & Natsumi Fearnside, Faculty Sponsor: Chris Smith, Earlham College
Queens and workers in the social insects are a textbook example of phenotypic plasticity, where
the adults of these castes differ dramatically in size, morphology, behavior, lifespan, as well as
reproductive and dispersal capacity. We studied the red harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex
barbatus), a species with genetic caste determination, to map when during development the
queen and worker castes begin to differentiate. We collected larvae from colonies of P.
barbatus in Arizona in late June, and transported them to the lab at Earlham College for analysis.
Each larva was weighed and measured, then longitudinally bisected in liquid nitrogen; one half
was used for microsatellite genotyping (to discern whether it was developing as a queen or
worker) and the other half used for assaying gene expression. Genes involved in translating
nutrition into growth (e.g., insulin and TOR signaling pathways) were assayed across larval
development. Several genes show a clear difference in expression between queens and workers,
suggesting a time point during development when the castes clearly are differentiating. Knowing
when the castes begin to differentiate will now allow for more detailed analyses of the genes
involved in making workers and queens different, including an examination of genes potentially
causal in caste determination, i.e., those genes principally responsible for advanced sociality.
Blood Contamination of Used Dental Anesthetic Cartridges
Emily Svetanoff, Faculty Sponsor: Carmen Salsbury, Butler University
Currently, OSHA does not consider used dental anesthetic cartridges as being a type of regulated
medical waste. This position is based on a small study in which a low percentage of cartridges
examined had evidence of visible blood. The objectives of this study were to determine the
levels of blood contamination in/on used dental anesthetic cartridges and to measure antibacterial
effects after exposure to a local anesthetic solution. Involved were1000 used cartridges of three
anesthetic types coming from an oral surgery clinic. Blood testing involved both visual
observations using a dissecting microscope and chemical analyses. Removed from each cartridge
was either 0.5 mL of residual anesthetic solution or a combination of anesthetic solution plus

added saline. All solutions underwent analyses for minute amounts of blood using Hemastix test
dipsticks. Scoring of visual examinations was on a “positive” or “negative” basis. Scoring
included development of a blue color with values varying from “zero” through “six.” Lidocaine
or physiological buffered saline (PBS) was mixed with four types of bacteria for exposure
periods up to 30 days. Decreases in viable cell counts between the two solutions were measured.
Results. Most cartridges (78.67%) evaluated contained lidocaine. Only 7 of the 1000 cartridges
examined contained visible blood. Over 76% of all cartridges contained blood as detected by
Hemastix testing. Exposure to lidocaine over time produced bacterial death rates similar to those
produced by PBS. Levels of blood contamination in the absence of pronounced antibacterial
activity support the position that dental anesthetic cartridges could be considered as a potential
type of regulated medical waste.
Comparative Analysis of Late Regulatory Genes (Dri, Erg, and Tel) Required for Skeleton
Formation in Sea Urchins
Saira Tekelenburg, Kayla Ako-Asare & Emily Miller, Faculty Sponsor: Laura Romano, Denison
University
Sea urchins are marine invertebrates belonging to the Phylum Echinodermata. Their larval
skeleton is produced during embryonic development by primary mesenchyme cells in a process
known as skeletogenesis. Our lab seeks to understand differences in skeletogenesis between the
ancestral pencil urchin, Eucidaris tribuloides, and the modern purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus. For example, there is a difference in the timing of ingression of the mesenchyme
cells that may be due to differences in the expression of the genes that regulate
skeletogenesis. Our lab has been working to clone and characterize the eight "late regulatory
genes" in the pencil urchin. These genes (dri, erg, foxB, foxN2/3, foxO, hex, tel, and tgif) have
already been characterized in the purple urchin. I have contributed to work on dri, erg, and
tel. We have cloned these genes and compared their sequences to that of the purple urchin. In
addition, we have designed and tested primers that were used by a collaborator for quantitative
polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), a quantitative approach for characterizing gene
expression. Finally, we have prepared RNA probes and performed whole mount in situ
hybridization (WMISH), a qualitative approach for characterizing gene expression. Preliminary
results indicate subtle differences in gene expression that may underlie differences in
skeletogenesis. Future work will provide more information on the molecular basis of phenotypic
variation between these two species of sea urchin.
Madagascar Hissing Cockroach Mites Prevents Growth of Entomopathogenic, Allergenic,
and Asthma-inducing Fungi: Evidence for a Cleaning Symbiosis
Patrick Tomko, Faculty Sponsor: Jay Yoder, Wittenberg University
The hissing cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) is commonly kept in science classrooms as
an educational tool or domestically as a pet. However, this cockroach carries high levels of
medically-significant molds, and thus is a public health concern, particularly for children. Nonparasitic
mites (Gromphadorholaelaps schaeferi) that reside on some cockroaches, clean the
cockroach's surface, removing debris that serves as a substrate for fungal growth. To test this
mite's capacity for reducing fungi that may benefit the cockroach, we measured the lifespan of
cockroaches, with and without mites, that had been challenged with entomopathogenic soil

fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, and followed this by external fungus culturing. Results show
that having mites decreased the amount of M. anisopliae on the cockroach's surface and
increased the lifespan of the cockroach by 65%. The major findings are that reducing the
amount of food (dry pet chow) available to the cockroach also decreases body surface mold and
synergizes with having mites to reduce amount of cockroach-associated molds even further and
also shifts the production of molds to ones that are less medically-significant. Increase in
cockroach survival in the presence of mites implies that this is a mutualistic relationship, one that
is conducive for eliminating fungal pathogens for this cockroach that resides in soil in its native
rainforest habitat. A note for keeping these cockroaches in captivity, not removing mites off
cockroaches, feeding the cockroach less frequently, cleaning cages regularly, and hand washing
will reduce the risk of cockroach mold allergy and associated asthma for those who handle them.
Suitability for Release and Establishment of the Red Velvet Mite to Control Aphids and
Scale Insects in a New Geographic Application Based on Short-term Heat Shock Response
Patrick Tomko, Brian Hedges & Andrew Rosselot, Faculty Sponsor: Jay Yoder, Wittenberg
University
Landscaping projects and associated areas become infested with large numbers of red velvet
mites, Balaustium sp. nr. putmani, between early-spring and mid-summer throughout the
Midwestern United States. These predatory mites feed on plant pests, making them ideal for use
as biological control agents. The distinctive observation about these mites is that they
preferentially assemble in areas of direct sunlight and are extremely dry-adapted. To determine a
range of temperatures that may be most effective for this mite to function properly, larvae,
deutonymphs, and adults (active instars) were exposed to one-hour heat shocks of 2°C
increments from 40-54°C at constant relative humidity, followed by behavioral observations to
determine injury after one and 24 hours. Maximum heat shock survival for all stages was quite
high, implying a heightened resistance to heat stress. Major decrease in survival occurred at
42 o C for larvae, 50 o C for deutonymphs, and 52 o C for adults. High temperature exposure caused
trauma and injury to the mites, but deutonymphs and adults were able to recover from this injury
and survive. In contrast, larvae at these temperatures lacked the ability to recover from heatinduced
injury and subsequently died, and larval death rates increased with increasing heat. The
success of red mites in the Midwest is attributed to a cooler spring that permits establishment of
larvae, followed by a period of heat and drought during summer, which is conducive to
adults. We conclude that red velvet mites could potentially be imported into hot, dry climates for
classical biological control programs for plant pests.
Beneficial Fungal Associates of Bee (Apis mellifera) Hives Exhibit Varied Response to
Fungicide Treatment: Implications for Increased Occurrence of Chalkbrood and
Stonebrood Infestation
Patrick Tomko, Andrew Jajack & Brian Hedges, Faculty Sponsor: Jay Yoder, Wittenberg
University
Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies rely on fungal associates that reside inside the comb to
process stored pollen into the usable protein source for developing larvae, bee bread. Several of
these fungal associates exhibit antimycotic properties, and thus may also serve a defensive role
against fungal pathogen, chalkbrood (Ascophaera apis) and stonebrood (Aspergillus flavus). To

analyze the effectiveness of fungi as natural regulators of honey bee fungal pathogens, 13 fungi
recovered from bee bread were examined by paired competition fungus culture. Culturing was
done on bee bread supplemented nonnutritive agar at 30 o C, 100% RH, and in darkness to mimic
bee colony conditions. Results are consistent with the view that the fungus that colonizes a
substrate first is the one that predominates, featuring lower radial growth rates and reduced
conidial output by hoarding resources that limit competition. This growth competition, coupled
with the antimycotic properties of beneficial fungal associates, suggest that these fungi may, in
fact, serve a defensive role in the hive. Following these findings, the fungal isolates were then
cultured onto potato dextrose agar that had been treated with serial dilutions of Pristine ®
fungicide (pyraclostrobin and boscalid) in order to determine the possible effects of fungicide
treatment on the mycofloral balance within the honey bee hive. Results show a widely-varying
response to treatment by the hive associates, suggesting that fungicide treatment could have a
negative effect on colony health by altering the composition of mycoflora that bees use for food
processing, as well as defense against fungal pathogens.
Vine Distribution in a Temperate Forest: Patterns of Virginia Creeper and Wild Grape
Danny Wetli & Scott Meyer, Faculty Sponsors: Vanessa Fox & Bruce Serlin, DePauw
University
Most temperate studies focusing on vine presence and distribution have been in southern
forests. We conducted a study of vine distribution within the DePauw University Nature Park, a
northern wooded area. Within the Nature Park an approximately 3 hectare study site was
selected that was found to contain 5683 trees. Twenty six species of trees were identified and
their locations plotted using ArcGIS. Trees under 8 cm. in diameter were not included in our
analyses. Species distribution showed no distinct pattern. Given the apparent random tree
species distribution, we set out to determine whether the two predominant vine species, Virginia
creeper and wild grape, distributions were also random. Trees within the study site were scored
for presence or absence of vine, along with the tree diameter. Results suggest that Virginia
creeper does not inhabit sugar maple frequently, despite it being the dominant tree species in the
study site. It was also found that grape tends to avoid sassafras. In contrast, both these vines are
found more often within the canopies of walnut and cherry. Our question, why do vines prefer to
grow on some tree species more than others, remains unanswered. Contributing factors may
include bark texture and chemistry, branching pattern and height of trees, as well as canopy
structure. Future experiments will address these factors.
Evidence for the Impact of Reactive Oxygen Species on Branch Density Homeostasis in
Neurospora crassa
Alex Zapata, Tayler Grashel & Jacob Yablonowski, Faculty Sponsor: Michael Watters,
Valparaiso University
In preliminary screens, several functions, most notably, genes involved in the control of reactive
oxygen species (ROS), were identified as playing a role in the process of growth rate
compensation of branch density. The maintenance of branch density under growth at various
temperatures was examined in a selection of mutants in genes known to be important in the
control of ROS. In all ROS control mutants tested, growth was shown to branch tighter when
grown at higher temperatures (which result in faster growth rates) and looser when grown at

lower temperatures (which results in slower growth rates). This can be contrasted with wild-type
Neurospora which branches at the same density under both conditions. We also tested the
impact of environmental agents which lower the concentration of ROS on branching. In tests on
wild type Neurospora, water soluble anti-oxidants (reducing agents), Ascorbic Acid and
Glutathione produced unusual branching patterns. While normal branching shows a gamma
distribution with a single peak, hypha exposed to Ascorbic Acid or Glutathione display a
distribution of branching with two clear maxima. They show an increase in both very closely
spaced branching as well as an increase in more distantly spaced branching.
Identifying the Role of Drosophila Gene Sequoia on Larval Behavior Changes
Yan Zhang, Faculty Sponsor: Eric Liebl, Denison University
Appropriate axon and dendrite morphogenesis is essential for neuronal development in
Drosophila. Development of the intricate network of neuron pathways and synaptic connections
requires complex interactions between molecular signals. Abnormality in neurogenesis may
result in phenotypic changes in animal behaviors. Sequoia is a neural nuclear protein containing
two putative zinc fingers as DNA binding domains. Previous studies reported that sequoia has a
role in dendrite development, axonal targeting of photoreceptor cells and ganglionic branches of
trachea. Our study found a neomorphic mutation of sequoia (mutation 9.17) acted as a dominant
enhancer of the trio hypomorphic mutant phenotype in Drosophila. Interestingly, the survivor
rate of sequoia / trio mutant alleles was not statistically different from that of wild-type alleles
during larvae stage. However, the survival rate of sequoia / trio mutant alleles dropped
dramatically during pupae stage and adult stage. This result indicates sequoia and trio genes are
important for neural development during the larvae stage of Drosophila. We predict there might
be a connection between larvae behavior switch regulated by nervous system and the mutation of
sequoia gene. An animal behavior study is being conducted on the sequoia / trio mutant
Drosophila larvae.
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS
Anderson University Alumni Association Member Study
Andrew Harper & Brett Hollenbeck, Faculty Sponsor: Larry Seibert, Anderson University
University alumni associations are constantly looking for ways to stay in touch with their alumni
and receive larger donations. This study examines the relationship between Anderson University
and its alumni.There is a positive correlation between the strength of the connection that
respondents feel they have with AU, and a number of outcomes - the amount of donations, the
recency of donations, their likelihood to recommend the University to prospective students, their
homecoming attendance, and their overall rating of the Alumni Association. Respondents who
participate in networking with students and other Alums are more likely to feel a strong
connection to the University than those who do not participate in these activities. However, a
large percentage of those who feel a strong connection to the University do not feel that
networking is a prerequisite to having a strong connection with the University. The perception of
the experience that the Anderson University Alumni Association delivers is driven by three key

factors: (1) networking events, (2) the Alumni Association website, and (3) Signatures.
Facebook is the most widely used social medium for respondents to keep up with Alumni news.
This study provides valuable insights about alumni engagement that will enable universities to
determine the best ways to increase financial giving through alumni.
CHEMISTRY
New Neutral Ligands for Transition Metal Catalysis in Aqueous Media
Haley Armstrong & Lindsay Wiener, Faculty Sponsor: Bradley Wile, Ohio Northern University
This poster will describe recent results in the synthesis of new water-soluble ligands featuring
carbohydrate or polyethylene glycol moieties. These ligands are needed to address the growing
interest in Green Chemistry by increasing the range of water-soluble complexes capable of
mediating organic transformations in aqueous solution.
Rediscovering the Past through Modern Chemistry: The Relationship between Analytical
Chemistry and Archaeology
Jacqueline Arroyo, Faculty Sponsor: Christine Shea, Ball State University
Analytical chemistry has become a helpful partner to the field of archaeology. Chemical analysis
and techniques have been used to provide supporting data for archaeological theories. Carbon
dating can provide the accurate age of an object, which can be integral in identifying an objects
culture and removing the flaws of relative dating. Developments with X-ray Fluorescence have
allowed long worn away inscriptions to be brought to light. As chemistry/analytical techniques
have developed over the years, the applicability to archaeology has grown. When the idea was
suggested that a mummy at the Niagara Museum was Ramses I, carbon dating, CT scans, and X-
Rays helped contribute to the now current theory that the mummy is in fact Ramses I. As
Analytical techniques develop, definitive and more in-depth observations can be made about the
mummy and any newly found artifact.
Purification and Characterization of FTT941c, a Putative Essential Esterase from
Francisella tularensis
Alexander Farberg, Faculty Sponsor: Jeremy Johnson, Butler University
Francisella tularensis is a highly communicable type of bacteria that can affect human lymph
nodes, lungs, liver, and kidneys. Amongst the proteins essential to the pathogenicity of F.
tularensis is the putative esterase FTT941c. F. tularensis 941c may cleave ester bonds into acids
and alcohols by hydrolysis reactions. I will present the expression of FTT941c in Escherichia
coli, purification using affinity chromatography, and enzymatic characterization with varying
substrates. For the enzymatic characterization, UV or fluorogenically active substrates with
carbon chains varying from C2-C12 were used. Additionally, FTT941c was active against latent
fluorophores with sterically constrained ester bonds with alkyl, cycloalkyl, aromatic, multiplebond,
ether, and fluorine R-groups. FTT941c was confirmed to be an esterase with high
enzymatic activity (k cat /K m >10 5 M -1 s -1 ) with broad substrate specificity.

Waste Cooking Oil for Biodiesel
Joseph Hall & Amber Mahan, Faculty Sponsor: Shannon Teeters-Kennedy, Franklin College
As our society becomes more environmentally conscious, scientific developments to reduce our
ecological footprints are becoming increasingly important. Harmful emissions from the burning
of fossil fuels continue to be released into the atmosphere at an alarming rate, while also
depleting natural resources. As a result, alternative fuels are becoming more economically
important and more widely available. A procedure and method to produce biodiesel from waste
cooking oil through transesterification reactions has been developed at Franklin College.
Research to characterize and analyze this fuel has been completed using infrared spectrometry,
Bomb Calorimetry, and GC-MS and the results were compared to those for commercially
available diesel and biodiesel fuels. Additional fuel value comparisons are being evaluated for
sawdust and corn husks.
Characterizing the Effects of SeO2 and Na2¬SeO¬¬¬3 on the Interactions between Metal
Ions and DNA using Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy
Steve Marczak, Faculty Sponsor: Daniel Morris, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
The transition metal ions Fe(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III) undergo reactions with H 2 O 2 to produce
reactive oxygen species that give rise to damage associated with many diseases, clinical
conditions, and aging. These metal ions produce oxidative DNA damage in a site-specific
manner that is related to their abilities to bind to DNA through bases and/or the phosphate
backbone. Selenium is considered an essential dietary trace element. The inorganic selenium
compounds, selenium dioxide (SeO 2 ) and selenite (SeO 3 2- ), exhibit antioxidant properties by
interfering with the binding between metal ions and DNA. We examined the effects of SeO 2 and
SeO 3 2- on the binding between Cr(III) and Cu(II) and DNA using visible absorption
spectroscopy. The results indicate that both Cr(III) and Cu(II) form complexes with SeO 2 and
with SeO 3 2- in aqueous solution. We observe similar results when SeO 2 and SeO 3 2- are
introduced into solution after Cr(III) and Cu(II) are already bound to DNA. We suggest the
possibility of formation of a metal ion coordination complex with the selenium compounds.
Metal ion coordination may be responsible for the antioxidant properties of SeO 2 and SeO 3 2- .
Synthesis of Novel SCS and PCP Pincer Compounds as Potential Catalysts for Transfer
Hydrogenation Reactions of Biomass Substrates
Christopher Matlak, Faculty Sponsor: Todsapon Thananatthanachon, University of Evansville
With the decreasing stores of fossible fuels, there is a strong demand for the chemical
development of novel biofuels. Recent examples have been conversion of cellulose and sugars to
2,5-dimethylfuran and γ-valerolactone utilizing integrative catalytic transformations such as
hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis. We have designed and synthesized a new family of the
metal-pincer complexes as potential multi-functional, homogeneous catalysts for the conversion
of biomass. Synthesis and characterization of a combination of various redox-active SCS and
PCP pincer ligand and transition metals (Fe, Ni and Cu) will be presented. Catalytic properties of
the complexes for the transformation of biomass-derived substrates will be discussed.

Synthesis of Fluorogenic Substrates for the Enzymatic Characterization of RV0045c from
M. Tuberculosis
Kelly McKenna, Faculty Sponsor: Jeremy Johnson, Butler University
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the pathogenic bacterial agent commonly responsible for
tuberculosis, or TB. Although treatment exists for the active form of tuberculosis, no method has
been developed for eliminating M. tuberculosis in its dormant state. One hypothesized method
for the elimination of dormant TB is to develop an inhibitor specific for M. tuberculosis esterases
and lipases, as these esterases and lipases are essential to the survival of dormant TB infection. In
this research, the substrate specificity of the RV0045c esterase from M. tuberculosis was studied
due to the essential role of RV0045c in TB metabolism and its dissimilarity to other esterases.
Two fluorogenic substrates, fluorescein di(ethylbutyloxymethyl ether) and fluorescein
di(phenylbutyloxymethyl ether), were designed to match the binding pocket structure of
RV0045c and to test the substrate specificity of the RV0045c esterase. Both fluorogenic
substrates were synthesized via a three step synthetic process with reasonable yields (1.63% and
5.6%) and purified using column chromatography. Correct purification of final products was
confirmed using liquid chromatography (LC) and HNMR, giving the expected masses and NMR
spectrum. Each substrate was then tested for its stability to hydrolysis in water and the kinetics
for activation by RV0045c. The knowledge gained from this work could lead to treatments
against TB that specifically bind and attack dormant M. tuberculosis by using an appropriate
level of substrate flexibility.
Polymers from Renewable Resources
Stephanie Moore, Faculty Sponsor: Amelia Anderson-Wile, Ohio Northern University
Due to rising prices and depleting supplies of petroleum, the production of materials from
renewable resources is becoming increasingly important. A particularly attractive class of natural
polymers are those derived from cyclic monoterpenes (ie. b-pinene) as they are expected to
display desirable thermal properties due to the presence of the cyclohexane ring in the polymer
backbone. Many commercial terpene resins are produced using cationic polymerization that
often result in low molecular weight polymers and can be sensitive to impurities such as water.
To avoid these types of sensitive reaction conditions, the cationic polymerization behavior of b-
pinene in the presence of boron containing compounds such as [Ph 3 C][B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ] is currently
being investigated. The polymerizations are being carried out at low reaction temperatures (ie. -
20 to -40 °C) to obtain higher molecular weight polymers. Characterization of the resultant
polymers will be carried out using 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The ultimate goal of this research
described is to produce polymers from renewable resources under water tolerant conditions that
are attractive alternatives to materials obtained from petrochemical sources.
Laser Spectroscopy of Lignin Monomer Analogs
Polina Navotnaya, Alexander Parobek, Rachel Clayton, Faculty Sponsor: Timothy Zwier, Purdue
University
Lignin is a complex biopolymer found in plant cell walls that is used as a support structure for
the plant in order to withstand the environmental conditions in which it lives. This critical

polymer is comprised of three major monomers: coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and p-
coumaryl alchohol. In an attempt to understand the fundamental spectroscopic and photophysical
properties of lignin, we have studied the ultraviolet spectroscopy of three simpler aromatic
molecules with a close structural relationship to the lignin monomers. These four molecules are
known as guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, dimethoxyphenol (DMP) and 4-methyldimethoxyphenol
(MDMP) and are near UV absorbing substituents of the lignin biopolymer. These molecules
were brought into the gas phase by heating or laser desorption, cooled in a supersonic expansion
to very low temperatures ( ~2 K), and interrogated by various laser-based spectroscopic
techniques, including laser-induced fluorescence, resonant two-photon ionization, and dispersed
fluorescence. The LIF spectrum of guiacol and 4-methyl guiacol were much as expected, with
an intense S 0 -S 1 origin transition, and well-resolved vibronic structure above it. The addition of
one more methoxy group to the ring to form DMP and 4-methyl-DMP changes the spectroscopy
dramatically, suggesting a large geometry change and the possibility of the presence of other
excited state(s) in close proximity. Calculations on the excited states will be used to suggest the
reasons for this unusual behavior.
Wittig Reactions in Water and Removal of By-product Using Merrifield Resin
Riya Patel & Elizabeth Shores, Faculty Sponsor: Nazir Khatri, Franklin College
Wittig reaction has been used to generate carbon-carbon double bonds since 1953. Previously,
these reactions were done in organic solvents from hexane to dimethyl sulfoxide. Recently, water
has been used as a medium for this reaction. In this project, the stilbene derivatives have been
synthesized from various aldehydes and benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride in water medium
containing 10 % sodium hydroxide. The goal is to improve the yields of this reaction by
removing the by-product, triphenyl phosphine oxide, by using Merrifield resin.
Biosynthesis of the Amide and Acyl Moities of Alkamides in Echinacea purpurea
Harry Scott, Mike R. Shepard, Ngun Nawlthang, Robert E. Minto Faculty Sponsor: Robert E.
Minto, Indiana University/Purdue University at Indianapolis
Alkamides are believed to be medicinal compounds naturally produced in a variety of plant
species. Echinacea purpurea, commonly known as purple coneflower, produces a variety of
alkamides that consist of amine (isobutyl- and 2-methylbutylamine) moieties acylated with a
variety of unsaturated fatty acids. To investigate the biosynthetic processes, stable isotope
labeling experiments have been performed that were analyzed by GC-MS, LC-MS and NMR
methods. The stable isotopic compounds used to probe the biosynthetic pathway of alkamides
were various 13 C labeled glucose substrates as well as 2 H labeled valine. Labeling patterns within
the acyl chain and amide moiety have allowed us to test a hypothetical pathway of alkamide
biosynthesis. Probing the biosynthetic pathway will allow identification of genes and metabolic
processes associated with alkamide production within Echinacea purpurea.
FSH1 Enzyme Characterization
Michael Slack, Faculty Sponsor: Jeremy Johnson, Butler University
Esterases are found in many organisms and are involved in critical processes such as cell
membrane synthesis, metabolism, and neural signaling. Currently, predicting the substrate

specificity and biological function of esterases from their amino acid sequence or even threedimensional
structure remains challenging. Despite high sequence conservation amongst
different esterases, the substrate specificity between even highly homologous esterases is often
unique. The esterase FSH1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a serine-type hydrolase that
belongs to the broadly functional ß-hydrolase superfamily and a close homologue of OVCA2, a
mammalian esterase correlated with ovarian cancer progression. From the hydrophobic nature of
the FSH1 active site pocket, FSH1 was suggested to be an important enzyme for the hydrolysis
of lipidic ester compounds. To determine the substrate specificity of FSH1 and relate its
specificity to its structure, FSH1 was expressed in bacteria, purified to homogeneity, and the
substrate specificity characterized against a diverse group of 22 fluorogenic enzyme substrates.
The enzyme activity analysis indicated that FSH1 does not catalyze the hydrolysis of aliphatic
lipidic esters, but does efficiently hydrolyze short chain alkoxy esters. This broad screen for the
substrate specificity of FSH1 can now be narrowed to more precisely define the biological
activity and substrate specificity for FSH1 and OVCA2.
Energy Transfer in Iodine
Nicholas Takebayashi & Paige Shevlin, Faculty Sponsor: Bryan Lynch, University of Evansville
Vibrational energy transfer is believed to occur from collisions of excited gaseous molecules
with impurities in the sample. To study vibrational energy transfer, iodine was excited via a
tunable dye laser in order to analyze the B to X emission from various vibrational levels of the B
state. Experimental spectra were compared to computer simulations to determine if vibrational
energy transfer had occurred. Energy transfer was visible in low-lying levels (v B =16, 35) of the
B state but was not seen in a higher level closer to dissociation (v B =57).
To further understand vibrational energy transfer, the acquisition of emission from v B =16 was
stepped out in time using a gated integrator (boxcar). Spectra were acquired using short gate
widths starting from initial population of the excited state through later times along the lifetime
decay curve. Results indicate that a finite time exists before collision-induced energy transfer
becomes visible because as the integrator is stepped out in time the vibrational energy transfer
gradually increases in intensity.
EDUCATION
WIWD: Assessing Teachers' Understanding of Engineering
Miles Evans, Faculty Sponsor: Daphne Duncan, Purdue University
Due to an increased demand for engineering education in elementary schools, a need exists for
effective teacher development (Brophy, 2008). The Institute for P-12 Engineering Research and
Learning (INSPIRE), in 2009 and 2010, facilitated week-long engineering professional
development academies for elementary teachers.
Thirty-six teachers attended the academy in 2009, and of this group, twenty-two teachers
returned for the 2010 academy. As part of a battery of assessments, teachers completed the
“What is Engineering/What do Engineers Do” open-ended survey where they answered the two
title questions. Responses to the two questions were coded using a system used previously to
code teacher responses in a photo journal (Duncan, 2011) and based on the Revised Bloom’s

Taxonomy. The coding system was developed to indicate in which cognitive level the teacher
was operating when answering the questions about engineering. When using the coding system,
researchers assign one of the six Bloom’s levels (i.e., Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze,
Evaluate, and Create) to each of the two teacher responses per year. The highest of the two
scores is taken as the teacher’s score for that year. The current study is centered around
refinement of the coding system, establishing an adequate inter-rater reliability, and coding
teacher responses from both 2009 and 2010. After all responses are coded, data will be analyzed.
Results will be used for programmatic evaluation.
The Draw an Engineer Test: Establishing Reliability Evidence for a Coding System
Oksana Kharchenko, Benjamin Horstman, Lynch Bennett, Miles Evans, Daphne Duncan-Wiles,
Nicole Weber &Heidi Diefes-Dux, Faculty Sponsor: Johannes Strobel, Purdue University
Designed using principles of the widely used Draw a Scientist Test (Chambers, 1983), the Draw
an Engineer Test (DAET) is an instrument used for assessing student perceptions of engineering.
The DAET prompts students to draw an engineer doing engineering work, and then asks students
to provide a short description of what the engineer in their drawing is doing. Many current
coding systems rely on an accompanying student interview in order to reliably capture student
perceptions represented in their drawings. These interviews assist researchers in ensuring the
students' true meaning is being coded. To accurately assess student perceptions of engineering, a
team of researchers at a large Midwestern University has developed a coding system to code the
DAET. The current study is testing the coding system to determine if it can be used as a standalone
measure of student perceptions of engineering, thus negating the need for an
accompanying interview. This will be achieved by creating embedded interview questions that
directly correspond to the established coding system and then coding 90 drawings and the
corresponding 90 interviews to determine if the established coding system reliably captures
student perceptions of engineering. A high correlation between the interview codes and the
drawing codes will provide evidence that the DAET coding system can be used as a stand-alone
measure that can be utilized in program assessment to promote engineering literacy in the P-12
curriculum. This study is part of a large-scale research project and builds on previously reported
DAET research.
K-12 Student Attitudes towards Engineering: A Pre/Post Assessment
Aaron Lemcherfi, Brett Kult & Daphne Duncan-Wiles, Faculty Sponsor: Johannes Strobel,
Purdue University
According to the American College Test Company (ACT), less than 6% of the 1.1 million
students who took the ACT exam declared engineering as their career goal in 2002, as compared
to 9% in 1992. In response to this decline, the results of this pilot study will be used to determine
the magnitude of change in student attitudes towards engineering before and following a yearlong
engineering intervention. Participants in the study range from grades two to five. Data were
collected from 12 classrooms at an independent Midwest school. A study published by the
British Department of Psychology provided evidence that the size of objected depicted in
drawings are representative of student attitudes toward those objects; large images are associated
with positive attitudes and smaller images with negative attitudes (Burkitt, Barrett, & Davis,
2003). For this study, data were obtained by prompting students to draw four imagines: a teacher,

a doctor, an engineer, and a scientist. After participating in a year-long engineering intervention
in which teachers taught engineering principles, design, and modeling, students were prompted
to draw the same four images again. Future research includes analyzing and calculating the
pre/post size differences of the depicted images. This will provide evidence about changes in
student attitudes toward engineering when student engineering drawings are compared pre/post,
and when engineering drawings are compared with drawings of other professions pre/post.
Results from this study will used for programmatic evaluation.
Southern Indiana Teachers’ Perceptions on Middle and Elementary School Science
Education
Josh Long & Chelsy Calhoun, Faculty Sponsor: Jeff Thomas, University of Southern Indiana
Teachers from southern Indiana reported on several questions related to middle school and
elementary science education issues. They documented their top rewards and challenges teaching
at this level, the details and/or existence of a science safety plan, the prevalence of inquiry based
science kits (like FOSS) and the existence of a science fair at their school. The data was collected
spring semester 2011 and tabulated summer 2011. It revealed several trends among the rewards
and challenges teachers had from teaching. Additionally, it showed a general amount of
unpreparedness at most schools for science safety. A discrepancy was observed between local
teachers use of inquiry based science kits and Indiana's unfolding policy for implementing them
through the Indiana Science Initiative.
Elementary Classroom Practices that Improve Vision-Related Learning Problems
Erin McClellan, Faculty Sponsor: Sumer Seiki, Illinois Wesleyan University
Current studies show that vision-related learning problems are being under and misdiagnosed in
children (Gould & Gould, 2003; Zaba, 2001). Vision-related learning problems such as
difficulties with tracking, focusing, and eye teaming, can affect a child’s academic success in
school. This literature review discusses how schools and teachers can implement comprehensive
vision exams along with classroom practices to support the academic success of their students
with such vision-related problems to ensure students are visually ready before teaching them to
read. Educating educators about detection and treatment of vision-related learning problems can
help to remedy this current situation.
A Comparative Study on Retention Levels of Elementary Students of Different Ethnicities
Jonas Susaraba, Faculty Sponsor: Daphne Duncan, Purdue University
Understanding how students of different ethnic backgrounds retain information will help us to
improve upon current school curricula to better educate students of diverse demographics. This
study compares 2 nd , 3 rd , and 4 th grade students’ science and engineering content knowledge
retention levels as measured by the Student Knowledge Tests (SKTs) according to ethnic
background. The SKTs were administered to students in a diverse school district in the
Southwest U.S. at the beginning of the school year (pre) and at the end of the school year
following a year-long implementation of engineering curriculum into their classrooms (post).
Student participants consisted of 548 students; 192 Caucasians, 96 African Americans, 191
Hispanics, and 69 Asian/Pacific Islanders. Results indicate that there is a difference between

ethnicities in retention and also how much the students already know prior to testing. Compared
to the pretest scores, students showed approximately equal gains in content knowledge on the
post test. Implications include curriculum targeting performance gaps.
Study Habits of College Females: The Effect They Affect GPA
Alyssa Veers, Faculty Sponsor: Carrie Lloyd, Huntington University
According to a study conducted by Lowe and Cook (2003) College students maintain similar
study habits to those they maintained in secondary school through the end of their freshman year
in college. These students study habits are ineffective for college courses. This study is designed
to determine how college students study and how study habits affect their GPA. A survey will be
given to a random sample of college students. The study group will consist of 40 students that
attend a small rural college. To maintain reliability subjects will also be required to give the
researcher a record of their GPA It is hypothesized that studying with few or no distractions in
addition to a greater amount of studying is the best way for students to learn information thereby
resulting in a higher GPA.
Content-Based Instruction in the English as a Foreign Language Classroom
Kathy Woods, Faculty Sponsor: Sumer Seiki, Illinois Wesleyan University
Much research has been done on English language learners (ELLs) in the United States and the
benefits of content-based instruction for these students (Echevarria, 2004). Content-based
instruction integrates language objectives and content objectives in the same lessons, focusing on
acquiring rather than learning a language. This literature review seeks to uncover the impact of
CBI methods in the English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom abroad. In the foreign
context, it is important for EFL teachers to understand which of the CBI methods can reach
students most effectively. This study seeks to empower those EFL teaching candidates in their
knowledge of content-based instruction methods, which content-based methods are the most
effective, and for which types of EFL learners CBI may be the most beneficial.
Keeping Interactive Whiteboards Interactive to Motivate Students in Secondary Social
Studies Classrooms
Sylvia Zukowski, Faculty Sponsor: Sumer Seiki, Illinois Wesleyan University
Interactive whiteboards have been rapidly introduced into secondary social studies classrooms
(Deaney, Chapman, & Hennessy, 2009; Smith, Higgins, Wall, & Miller, 2005). Prior research
has indicated that using technology motivates students by engaging them in the learning process
and holding them accountable for their own learning (Heafner, 2004; Wall, Higgins, & Smith,
2005). However, many teachers have not yet had the proper training to utilize the interactive
whiteboards at their full capacity. Interactive whiteboards have, in many cases, simply replaced
the overhead projector. In this teacher-action research I will examine the ways whiteboards can
promote motivation in students, who often view social studies as boring (Schug, Todd, & Berry,
1984). This literature review and pre-service teacher action research proposes methods to fully
incorporate interactive whiteboards into classroom instruction, which promote collaborative
learning and motivate students to learn social studies.

ENGLISH (LITERATURE & CREATIVE WRITING)
The Effects of the Writing Center Tutor Program on Written Communications 2 and 3
Students
Joshua Wyman, Faculty Sponsor: Joel Boehner, Bethel College
The present study addressed the effectiveness of the Bethel College Writing Center on the
writing development of undergraduate students in writing composition courses. Seventy-four
randomly selected students from fourteen Written Communications 2 and three Written
Communications 3 classes participated in the study. Group 1 (n=42) contained participants who
did not visit the Writing Center; group 2 (n=17) incorporated students who rarely used the
service; group 3 had students who frequently visited the center. The participants provided preclass
and post-class writing samples that examined their writing capabilities. The samples were
evaluated by two English professors, and given a score that ranged from 0 to 40. One-hundred
and eighty-nine students in the Written Communications 2 and 3 courses completed a survey that
evaluated their class, gender, race, academic background, and course goals; these participants
were organized into the three groups. Sixty-five students who attended the Writing Center
submitted a survey that analyzed their perception of the service. The results indicated that
students in group 3 exhibited a stronger improvement in scores on the writing assessments (4.34)
compared to group 1 (1.19) and group 2 (2.62). Results were significant when the scores were
compared at each testing time within each group. The results were insignificant when participant
scores were compared between each group. Freshman students, females, Caucasians, and
students with a strong academic background and goals were more likely to use the service;
moreover, all participants had a positive response to the Writing Center service.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES/SCIENCES
Comparative Analysis of Soil pH and Soil Texture in Three Prairie Reconstruction Sites
Varanya Chaiyaperm, Veronica Ibarra & Sviatlana Krainikava, Faculty Sponsors: Joseph Oyugi
& Helen Rarick, City Colleges of Chicago-Wright College
Analysis of the pH and the soil texture properties of reconstructed prairie soils is important in
determining prairie viability, especially when the prairies are reconstructed in an urban
environment. In our study, we performed a comparative analysis of the pH and the clay-silt-sand
composition of three reconstructed urban prairies: a prairie planted in 2007 on the Wright
College campus in an area that had previously been a parking lot-currently not fully restored
(New Prairie), and two other prairies within the vicinity; one planted in 2009 that is about a halfmile
away-not fully restored (Dunning Prairie), and another planted in 2003 on the Wright
College campus-fully restored (Old Prairie). The pH was determined using an Oakton
Waterproof pH spear tester and a LaMotte pH Soil TesTabs Kit. The clay-silt-sand composition
was determined using a LaMotte Soil Texture Unit. The data indicate differences in the pH and
the soil texture of the three reconstructed prairies. These data provide information on proper pH
balance of the soil and the soil texture composition in order to maintain and optimize plant
growth of newly reconstructed prairies in an urban environment.

Variations in Soil Nutrient Properties of Three Prairie Reconstruction Sites
Varanya Chaiyaperm, Veronica Ibarra & Sviatlana Krainikava, Faculty Sponsors: Joseph Oyugi
& Helen Rarick, City Colleges of Chicago-Wright College
A new prairie was reconstructed in 2007 on the southwest side of the Wright College campus on
a disturbed site that had previously been a parking lot. Soil changes through comparative
quantitative soil nutrient analysis were monitored. Variations in the soil nutrients of this newly
reconstructed prairie (called New Prairie) were compared to two other prairies within the
vicinity: one prairie is a half mile away on the Dunning-Read conservation site and was
reconstructed in the summer of 2009 (called Dunning Prairie); the second prairie reconstructed in
2003 is located on the east side of Wright College (called Old Prairie). The levels of the soil
nutrients, nitrate and phosphorus, of all three prairie sites were measured using a colorimetric
chemical reaction technique (LaMotte Professional Soil Testing Outfit). Based on disturbance
status of the New Prairie reconstruction site, we discovered differential quantitative soil nutrient
levels as compared to the Old Prairie and the Dunning Prairie. These data on the variations in
nutrient levels are important in providing information on proper nutrient balance within the soil
to maintain and optimize plant growth in prairies that are reconstructed in urban environments.
Occurrence of Black Spot Disease in Delaware County Streams
Brandon Holsinger, Faculty Sponsor: Jarmila Popovicova, Ball State University
The Bureau of Water Quality in Muncie, IN, conducts fish monitoring every summer to assess
the biotic health of local streams. For this study, conducted in summer 2011, the fish were
analyzed for black spot disease. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation
between cool water streams and the occurrence of black spot disease. The fish were collected
using electro fishing techniques from a boat, tote barge, and a backpack unit in the White River
and its tributaries; fish were collected from cool streams and warm streams in Delaware County.
Upon the collection, the length and weight of fish was recorded and the presence and absence of
black spot disease was also noted. The results showed that cooler streams were positively
correlated with the occurrence of black spot disease.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions
Catherine Kramer, Faculty Sponsor: Craig Philipp, Hanover College
Over the course of the Winter 2012 semester, research was conducted on the effect of crosslinked
polymer films on the heavy metal content of aqueous systems. These films can be easily
produced in lab on premises and may be washed and reused indefinitely. Cross-linking allows
for bonding of heavy metals (such as lead and mercury) to the surface of the film and the release
of harmless elements (such as calcium) that are naturally-occurring in river systems. The effects
of these films on the concentration of heavy metals in a variety of areas along the Ohio River
was studied. Not only does this project have the potential for river cleanup projects, but it may
also be useful for many other water purification purposes, as current methods tend to be
unsuccessful with the filtration of heavy metals.
Safety Problems In environmental Drilling Activities: Witnessed in My Internship Summer
2011

David Molin, Faculty Sponsor: Jarmila Popovicova, Ball State University
This paper was written to address some of the most common safety issues that should be
examined when performing environmental drilling activities. My experience in working for an
environmental consulting firm over the summer of 2011 in retrospect has led me to understand
the real need for better safety precautions on the job in the field. In this project I use statistical
data and my personal observations and analysis to discuss problems and solutions for drilling
preparation, on site safety, and post-drilling site cleanup after a project completion. A brief
description of my injury during a drilling operation is described as well as my thoughts on
overall safety and how it should be approached by management.
Sequence Stratigraphy of Latest Ordovician-Earliest Silurian Sediments near Madison, IN
Rachael Moreland, Tyler Henning, Brad Fox & Zachary Razor, Faculty Sponsor: Ken Bevis,
Hanover College
We employed principles of sequence stratigraphy to extend the sea level curve of Holland (1993)
for upper Ordovician strata of the Cincinnati area through the topmost Ordovician and lower
Silurian strata of the upper Highway 421 road cut near Madison, Indiana. We identified a
systems tract boundary and maximum flooding surface in the lower Silurian sequence, which
consists of the Brassfield Formation plus the Osgood and Laurel members of the Salamonie
Formation. Our work included identification of fossils and lithofacies characteristics such as
mud/grain ratio, bedding geometry and primary sedimentary structures. We recognize a wavybedded
wackestone transgressive facies tract in the upper Brassfield, and a variegated mudstone
and bioturbated carbonate mudstone highstand facies tract within the Osgood and Laurel
members. The maximum flooding surface is located in the uppermost Brassfield.
How Much Asbestos Is In Indiana Structures?
Andrea Rode, Faculty Sponsor: Jarmila Popovicova, Ball State University
Asbestos has been used since ancient Greece and is even still used today in building
materials. Although it use is very limited in today because of the associated health risk, a few
remaining asbestos materials (such as insulation and floor coverings) that are still in use today
are clearly labeled as ACM (Asbestos Containing Material). Adverse health effects from
exposure to asbestos include asbestosis, mesothelioma and other cancers like lung esophagus,
colon, stomach and pancreas. The goal of this study is to assess the occurrence of asbestos in
Indiana structures relative to age. The data is available through the notification documents of the
Office of Air Quality Asbestos program and was retrieved from the Indiana Department of
Environmental Management’s virtual file cabinet found online for the period from January to
March of 2010, a total of 288 documents for the entire state of Indiana. The notifications contain
what type of asbestos was found, the age of the building and the type of materials where asbestos
was contained. This data will be analyzed statistically to determine a correlation between the age
of a structure and the amount of ACM found in that structure. It is expected that the frequency
of ACM occurrence in structures will be positively correlated with the age of those structures.

EXERCISE SCIENCE AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE
The Relationship between GPA and Peak Drinking among College Women across all Four
Academic Years
Gregory Bourn, Faculty Sponsor: Rose Marie Ward, Miami University
Alcohol use on college campuses is a growing concern; college students are drinking at higher
rates than previous years despite alcohol interventions (CASA, 2007). A common method for
intervening is alerting students to the consequences of alcohol. Park (2004) suggests that there
are positive and negative consequences. Research suggests that college students experience a
variety of alcohol-related negative consequences; college students report being willing to
experience these consequences (Mallet et al., 2011) despite their “negative’ connotation. Several
factors have been associated with alcohol-related negative consequences including GPA (Grade
Point Average), Peak Drinking (Highest drinking occasion in the past 30 days), and Academic
Year. The purpose of the current study is to see if GPA, Peak Drinking Occasion, and academic
year are related to alcohol related consequences among college women. A total of 424 college
women with an average age around 19 participated in the study. GPA was not related to Peak
Drinking Occasion, r(377) = -.09, p = .07. However, GPA was related to experiencing alcohol –
related consequences, r(361) = -.14, p = .01. When GPA and Peak drinking occasion were
regressed on alcohol-related negative consequences, the regression was significant and both IVs
predicted the DV. Specific year in school effects will be discussed. GPA and drinking patterns
seem to influence the number of reported alcohol-related consequences.
Evidenced-Based Practices for Training Adolescent Distance Runners
Timothy Greenwood, Faculty Sponsor: Paul Loprinzi, Bellarmine University
Adolescent runners look to their coaches for guidance in regards to training for the season; thus,
it is important for coaches to employ evidence-based coaching-related practices. Unfortunately,
most coaches rely on previous anecdotal training experience. To provide running coaches with
evidenced-based research on how to achieve optimal endurance running performance, we
reviewed the literature surrounding this topic. Based on our review of the literature, our findings
suggest that, when feasible, coaches individualize and employ periodization into their runner’s
training regimen. Additionally, it may be beneficial to limit the intensity and frequency of
training in the off-season and, to assess for overtraining, evaluate the runner’s motivation and
mood levels, as well as morning heart rate. To reduce the likelihood of injury, coaches should
employ a systematic training regimen and runners are encouraged to develop their core strength
and wear running shoes that are specific to their foot’s anatomical structure and biomechanical
movement patterns. Further, to expedite recovery between workouts, runners may wish to
undertake cold water immersion or contrast water immersion post training. To increase enzymes
associated with aerobic metabolism, runners, every once in a while, may want to train with low
glycogen stores. And, nearing the end of the season, coaches may want to employ an
exponential decay taper of 2-weeks in duration with the training volume decreasing by 41-60%
without any changes in intensity or frequency. Lastly, the coach and runner need to carefully
plan their training during the transition from high school to collegiate distance running.

Impact of Acute Arginine Alphaketogluterate (AAKG) Supplementation on Muscle
Endurance in Trained Men
Luke Douglas Sprague, Faculty Sponsor: Mark Kaelin, Bellarmine University
Arginine alphaketogluterate (AAKG) is a pre-workout supplement marketed to improve
muscular performance. It is a precursor in the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) which is
responsible for dilating blood vessels. Theoretically, increasing blood flow to working muscles
might have a positive effect on performance; however results of studies using AAKG are mixed.
Furthermore, numerous AAKG products contain stimulants like caffeine and dimethylamylamine
both of which improve athletic performance and could have an impact on blood flow. Past
studies have examined the impact of arginine supplementation on NO production, change in
blood vessel diameter, muscular endurance and peak power. To our knowledge, no study has
examined the changes in performance after acute AAKG supplementation alone and coupled
with a stimulant to examine its impact on energy pathway kinetics via blood lactate and muscle
performance. The purpose of this study is to perform a double blind examination with subjects
either ingesting a placebo supplement, an AAKG supplement alone, a caffeine supplement alone
and an AAKG supplementation administered with caffeine on one of four separate occasions
while determining their peak power generated from a Wingate cycle ergometer test and the
maximum number of repetitions of push ups performed during three sets with a one minute rest
break between each set. Additionally, blood lactate levels will be examined before and after all
trials to determine changes in aerobic ATP synthesis between groups.
GENDER AND WOMEN'S STUDIES
Perceived Health and Wellness Benefits of Claiming a Feminist Label: A Study of
Perception and Reality
Tory Ervin, Faculty Sponsor: Jeffrey Wherry, Texas Tech University
Relatively little research has been done on the impact of claiming or rejecting a feminist label
may have on the self-perception of health and wellness among female college students. Early
studies suggest that there may be a link between claiming a feminist label and increased
favorable perceptions of health and overall wellness. The present study explores this information
and outlines the direction of current study to assess and determine if there is, in fact, a
correlational link among those professing to be feminist and higher expressed levels of physical
health and comprehensive wellness. An exploration of methodology and analysis reveals the
present state of known information and supports the hypothesis of a new study measuring the
self-perceived impact such labeling has on female college students. Information is explored
through the lens of third-wave feminism.
Women, War and Peace
Heather Watts, Faculty Sponsor: Gerald Waite, Ball State University
My presentation will cover the many ways in which war affects women around the world and
what women are doing to advocate for peace. Many times, war is only looked at from a man's

perspective and people do not hear a woman's point of view or see the difficulties she faces.
Abigail Disney has addressed these issues by creating documentaries and beginning two
nonprofits. One of these is Peace is Loud, an organization that supports female voices and
international peace-building through nonviolent means. Her first documentary, Pray the Devil
Back to Hell, tells the story of a group of Liberian women who helped bring peace to their
community by pressuring the warlord Charles Taylor, who was allegedly using drugged teen
boys to commit atrocities such as rape and beheadings, to stop warring with the rebels who
challenged him. She has also told the stories of women facing war in Afghanistan, Colombia,
Bosnia and the Congo. Disney told the Global Fund for Women that people need to hear the
stories of women affected by conflict directly because "they are smart, fierce, creative and
amazing people who have a lot to say." She is a board member for the organization which
promotes women's rights through grants to support and promote women’s action for social
change, equality, peace, and justice worldwide. My presentation will include a poster with
information pertaining to women's rights, perspectives and actions during war and advocating for
peace. It will also have information on the work of Abigail Disney, her documentaries, and
nonprofits. I hope to have access to a laptop on which I can play clips of her documentaries, as
well.
HISTORY
Learning from Sesame Street
Jessica Bair, Faculty Sponsor: David Atkinson, Purdue University
When Sesame Street debuted in 1969, Joan Ganz Cooney, one of the co-creators, had no idea the
global reach the show would have. Shortly after the United States was introduced to the
educational television show, Germany asked for help in bring Sesame Street to their
country. This began Muppet Diplomacy, which eventually spread around the world. Also in
1969, the Vietnam War was raging and President Nixon was ready to begin his “secret plan” to
end the war. The idea of Vietnamization was to pass the responsibilities of fighting the war from
the US troops to the South Vietnamese troops. While Sesame Street and the Vietnam War seem
to have little in common, the ideas behind Muppet Diplomacy and Vietnamization are
similar. Both of these forms of United States foreign relations strove to incorporate the local
populations of the countries into a framework originally created in the US. One of the programs
took into account the native culture and customs and one did not. Guess which one succeeded.
“As Soon as a Coin in the Coffer Rings/ the Soul from Purgatory Springs”: Economic
Challenges to Black Plague Desolation of London 1348-1650
John Evans, Faculty Sponsor: Vivian Deno, Butler University
Present day, the city of London is a progressive, globalized giant. It is the capital of a first-world
nation and an imperative reserve to the world economy. Oddly enough, the turning point of
London’s development came at a time of struggle, scarcity, and demise. London’s economic
institutions established prior to the outbreak of the Black Plague in 1348 enabled it to survive
and prosper, catalyzing it to become the city we know today. The city’s unique relationship with

the Crown, civic leadership, geographic position, and private entrepreneurialism created the
capital’s economy as self-sustaining and paramount in Britain throughout the entirety of the
medieval period. Throughout Britain, the medieval feudalistic society stifled economic
individuality as regional fiefdoms were the dominant method of economic resourcefulness in the
course of the Anglo-Norman epoch. However, as the Black Plague destroyed the population of
these provincial townships, urbanities provided a much needed economic crutch for an otherwise
purely agrarian and countryside marketplace based society. It may appear as though the Black
Plague would have affected the urban centers just as harmfully as it had impacted the
countryside. My work in this area however, disproves false common misconceptions of
urbanities suffering most from the symptoms of the Plague. By delving into statistical databases,
legal documentations and historical narratives of past and present, it becomes clear that London
grew steadily throughout major known outbreaks of the epidemic in terms of population, foreign
trade, municipal development, and affluence. Historians of the medievalist nature have long
chronicled various dimensions of English society throughout the Black Plague timeframe. Most
predictably, the history has been written in terms of cultural struggle, death, famine, economic
depression, and other adjectival disapprovals. This work affirms these negativities to a
concentrated capacity but challenges the classical knowledge of the Black Plague with evidence
of economic prosperity from the city of London and its progressive inhabitants.
“You Made Me Black”: Mulattos, Miscegenation, and the Struggle for Identity in
American Culture
Erica Sgroi, Faculty Sponsor: Vivian Deno, Butler University
During the Harlem Renaissance, African Americans began explore more forms of art, such as
literature, singing, and painting like they never had before. There was a rush for African
Americans to exert themselves since, before the Renaissance, they had never really had a voice.
However, in Hollywood, black women, more specifically mulatto women, were mostly out of
work due to often being too light to play black roles, but have too much “black blood” to play
white roles. Due to the Hays Production Code, movie creators had to be aware of what scenes
were in films because any hint of miscegenation, and the film could be scrapped. The Production
Code came out in 1930, during the Harlem Renaissance when African Americans were being
creative and generating a new identity for themselves. However, due to the Code, they were
being restricted. Mulatto women in the film industry during this time had to find a way on their
own. They were often found playing the role of the tragic mulatto, in agony over being black but
looking white. Through the use of several films, I outline the tragic mulatto role as seen in
Imitation of Life (1934), Lost Boundaries (1949), and Pinky (1949). Also, looking at literature,
the mulatto character is ever present in the work of Langston Hughes and Nella Larsen, two
writers who lived in Harlem. I argue that the race question is still a legitimate argument because
it is believed that we are in a post-racial world, but race problems are more present than ever, due
to senses of belonging of mixed race women and stereotypes that are still upheld about African
Americans.
The Life of Bayard Rustin - A Behind the Scenes Peacemaker
Angelina Zulas, Faculty Sponsor: Gerald Waite, Ball State University

Bayard Rustin, born in 1912, was an African American man raised by his Quaker grandmother
and Baptist grandfather in Pennsylvania. As a young adult he was a very involved college
student, becoming a member of the Young Communist League and the Fifteenth Street Meeting
of the Religious Society of Friends. From early on, he was intrigued and dedicated to defending
justice. Later, Rustin began working with A. Phillip Randolph and A. J. Muste. Establishing the
Civil Rights Movement, Rustin among others protested the banning of Blacks on busses.
Affirmed in the Ghandian way of life and protest, Rustin became an advisor to Martin Luther
King Jr. I think it is safe to say that without Rustin's intervention on MLK, there would be no "I
Have A Dream" speech. MLK was not necessarily a proponent of non-violence before he gained
this advisor. The March on Washington was majorly planned by Rustin, supported by MLK
where the famous speech was delivered. NAACP chariman, Roy Wilkins, wanted Rustin to
receive no recognition for his efforts but it was after this the Bayard Rustin was brought more
into the public eye. Regardless, Bayard Rustin still falls short of the limelight. Being an openly
gay man, he also supported gay rights and, later in his life, was a proponent for those affected by
the Vietnam War. Rustin's example of non-violence was extremely commendable. He never
gained the recognition he deserved, so it is my goal to bring to people's attention the life lead by
Bayard Rustin.
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
Economic Consequences of Recent Conflict in Liberia
Ryan Petter, Faculty Sponsor: Barry Ritchey, Anderson University
While the broad effects of conflict on the economic prosperity of countries have been studied
extensively, the economic consequences of a civil war vary widely depending on the setting.
Liberia is one of the poorest countries in the world and has been dramatically affected by civil
conflict in recent years. This case analyzes the economic consequences of recent conflict in
Liberia using a linear regression analysis with data from the World Bank. Seven independent
variables were tested in a time series of 39 years beginning in 1970. The results concluded that
for every 1000 battle related deaths, the estimated change in GDP growth is -5.36%.
Liu Xiaobo: Human Rights Activism in China
Robert Moran, Faculty Sponsor: Gerald Waite, Ball State University
China's current human rights violations and censorship greatly prohibit its citizens from freely
expressing themselves online and in government. Liu Xiaobo, a Chinese citizen, has been a
prominent writer for civil liberties in China, despite backlash and censorship from the
government. His activism and work toward the advancement of civil rights in China make him
one of the leaders in the world as a peacemaker. His work organizing in protests and publishing
writings that urge the government and its people to consider a party democracy led to him
winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010. My poster will uncover the academic and activist works
of this not so well known peacemaker and discuss the impact his ideas could have on China.

MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
A Modern Approach to Software Rasterization
Zach Bethel, Faculty Sponsor: Bill Toll, Taylor University
This presentation details the architecture of a multithreaded software rasterizer designed
specifically for current and future generation multi-core processors. The pipeline rasterizes and
shades four fragments in parallel using SSE instructions, and utilizes as an extensive SIMD
optimized math library for all transformations. By strategically utilizing the vector units widely
available in modern desktop processors as well as multiple threads, performance is drastically
higher than a fully serial implementation. Additionally, rendering order is preserved and a rich
set of features is supported, including the ability to write custom vertex and fragment shaders in
C++, set different render targets, and utilize z-buffering, backface culling and polygon clipping,
as well as perspective correct texture mapping.
An Immersive Learning Project: Games, Fun, and Learning
Jacque Schrag, Ashley Swartz, Rebecca Austin, Diane Berg, Lauren Buroker, Travis Cawthorn,
Ryan Thompson, Lyle Franklin, Joshua Hurst, & Nick Walters, Faculty Sponsor: Paul
Gestwicki, Ball State University
Hosted at the Virginia Ball Center for Creative Inquiry, “Games, Fun, and Learning” is a
student-driven project focusing on the intersection between games and learning. Through the
study of classic games as well as instructive texts from accredited industry professionals,
students learn techniques for making games that are engaging on multiple levels of academic and
social cognition. Partnered with the Children’s Museum of Indianapolis, students will apply
these techniques towards developing a web-based game that utilizes well-iterated mechanics, art,
and thematics to be both educational and entertaining.
MUSIC
Will Music Help You in Biology?
Cameron Carey, Faculty Sponsor: Melba Horton, North Georgia College and State University
“If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music. I live my
daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music... I get most joy in life out of music”
according to Einstein (1954). Music’s influence on people had been greatly documented however
nothing has been published on its direct effect on students’ memory. This study aims to evaluate
the effect of different music genres (baroque, rock and roll, and rap) on the memory retention of
non-science major students enrolled in a Biology course after being subjected for one minute to
biological and common terms. Using multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures
(MANOVAR) in Systat, results showed that baroque music significantly (p

iological terms. It is therefore recommended that students should be selective in the type of
music they listen to when doing certain activities that memory retention is greatly involved.
PHARMACY/HEALTH SCIENCES
Antidepressant and Antipsychostimulant Properties of a Novel Triple Reuptake Inhibitor
Lead Compound Identified via Virtual Screening
Elizabeth Dallman & Cait Munro, Faculty Sponsor: Jeffrey Talbot, Ohio Northern University
The purpose of the study was to discover and preclinically test antidepressant, anxiolytic or
antipsychostimulant therapeutic lead compounds of novel molecular scaffold with affinity for the
plasma membrane monoamine transporters (MATs). A three-dimensional computer model of
the dopamine transporter was created and used to screen a structural library of small molecule
compounds. Those predicted from the model to show high affinity were tested in vitro at the
human dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters via displacement of a high affinity
radiolabeled cocaine analog. Assays were also conducted that measured inhibition of cellular
uptake of the appropriate [ 3 H]-monoamine neurotransmitter. Compounds displaying affinity for
at least one of the three monoamine transporters were tested in mice in the conditioned place
preference (CPP), locomotion, tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST)
paradigms. When warranted, dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc, the “reward”
center of the brain) were assessed via microdialysis in response to the compound. The lead
compound coded MI-4 displayed high nM / low uM binding affinities at all three MATs. Mice
receiving cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) spent significantly more time in the CPP drug-paired
chamber. MI-4 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced cocaine's effect by half, but did not exhibit rewarding
effects when administered alone. MI-4 displayed minimal effects on locomotion and NAc
dopamine levels, and dose-dependently reduced TST and FST immobility similar to that seen
with classic antidepressants. MI-4 was found to be the ifenprodil analog and NMDA antagonist
RO-25-6981. While antidepressant properties have been associated with NMDA antagonists, the
additional ability of this drug class to antagonize the rewarding effects of cocaine is not
established. The findings suggest that monoamine transporter computational model-based
virtual screening of large databases of molecules is a viable method of identifying antidepressant
and antipsychostimulant lead compounds of unique scaffold.
Associations between Depression and Tinnitus in a Nationally Representative Sample of
Older Adults
Shawn Maskalick, Faculty Sponsors: Kent Brown & Paul Loprinzi, Bellarmine University
Tinnitus is a noise that is heard in the ears when no external sounds are present, often
characterized by a ringing sound. The intense sound can last for brief periods up to all day long,
making it an ideal variable that could possibly be a link in the causes of depression in older
individuals. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between
depression and tinnitus in a nationally representative sample (2005-2006 NHANES) of U.S.
older adults aged 70+ years (n = 679). All analyses were performed in STATA and controlled for
potential confounding variables. Participants completed questionnaires assessing tinnitus and

depression symptoms. Results showed that participants who perceived their tinnitus to be at
least a moderate problem (3.0 ± 0.6) reported higher depression scores than those perceiving it to
be a small problem (2.2 ± 0.2) or no problem at all (1.8 ± 0.4) (p = 0.01). After adjustments,
multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that those who were bothered by tinnitus when
going to bed were 2.38 times more likely to be depressed than those who were not bothered by
tinnitus when going to bed (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.02-5.55, p = 0.04). Upon discovering a strong
link between tinnitus and depression in older adults, we now have a foundation to build off of in
determining a possible tinnitus-induced cause of depression among older adults and how we may
take action in the prevention and treatment of depression among those suffering from tinnitus.
Regulation of the antidepressant effects of SSRIs by RGS4
Nicholas Wolters, Faculty Sponsor: Jeffrey Talbot, Ohio Northern University
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of endogenous Regulators of G protein
Signaling (RGS) proteins in the activity of the antidepressant effects of serotonin and serotoninbased
antidepressants. Previously, we have shown that mice lacking RGS protein activity at
Gαi2 (Gαi2 G184S ) exhibit basal and serotonin-dependent phenotypes associated with
antidepressant activity. Here we show that acute (3-day) administration of the serotonin selective
reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine produced antidepressant-like responses in Gαi2 G184S mice in
the novelty-induced hypophagia test, which requires chronic (21-day) fluoxetine administration
to produce antidepressant effects in wild-type animals. In contrast, acute administration of
desipramine, a norepinephrine-based antidepressant, had no effect. Moreover, the antidepressant
efficacy of fluoxetine in acutely treated RGS-insensitive mice was twice that observed in
chronically treated wild-type animals. In addition, Gαi2 G184S animals exhibited basal and
selective 4-fold upregulation of cortical RGS4 compared to wild-type littermates. More
extensive screening for altered mRNA expression of eleven RGS proteins present in the cortex
and hippocampus by RT-PCR showed that chronic (21-day) fluoxetine selectively upregulated
cortical RGS4. Notably, vehicle-treated Gαi2 G184S littermates exhibited nearly identical regional
and RGS-selective upregulation of cortical RGS4 mRNA and protein. These are the first studies
of which we are aware to show altered expression of RGS proteins in response to
SSRIs. Overall, these data suggest that RGS insensitivity selectively improves the antidepressant
efficacy and onset of action of SSRIs in animal models of mood. Moreover, our data suggest
that upregulation of cortical RGS4 contributes to the antidepressant phenotype of Gαi2 G184S
animals and potentially contributes to the antidepressant effects of SSRIs. Together these
findings point to a critical role for endogenous RGS proteins to regulate the antidepressant-like
effects of serotonin and serotonin-based antidepressants and that the inhibition of RGS proteins
may be a useful approach for improving treatments for depression.
Adenosine Receptor, Epac1 and Small GTPase Signaling in Human Endothelial Cell
Juliana Zschoche, Heather Helsel & Thomas Otroba, Faculty Sponsor: Mark Olah, Ohio
Northern University
Endothelial cell proliferation is required for angiogenesis. Our laboratory has previously shown
that activation of the A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) through the cAMP effector Epac1
activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), a key protein for endothelial cell
proliferation. Presently, we hypothesize that the small GTPase Rac1 is involved in signaling

from the A2BAR and Epac1 to ERK1/2 activation. In human microvascular endothelial cells
(HMVEC), the Rac inhibitor NSC23766 diminished ERK1/2 activation by the A2BAR agonist
5-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) and forskolin by 61.7 ± 10.4% and 60.3 ± 7.9%,
respectively. Targeting of Rac1 with siRNA reduced NECA- and forskolin-induced ERK1/2
stimulation. NECA, forskolin and a direct activator of Epac1 each promoted an ~2.2-fold
stimulation of Rac1 as assessed in a Rac1-specific pull-down assay. Knockdown of Epac1 with
siRNA reduced NECA- and forskolin-stimulated Rac1 activation by 65.4 ± 9.0% and 78.6 ±
10.1% respectively. A putative downstream target of Rac1 in HMVEC is NADPH oxidase with
production of reactive oxygen species a possible mediator of ERK1/2 activation. The NADPH
oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium reduced ERK1/2 activation by NECA and forskolin by
55.6 ± 7.1% and 78.5 ± 6.6%, respectively. These results indicate that the A2BAR activates
ERK1/2 in endothelial cells via an Epac1-Rac1-NADPH oxidase signaling cassette.
PHYSICS
Atomic Force Microscopy of Spacesuit Fabric Exposure Experiment on MISSE-7
Brittany Batman, Faculty Sponsor: Gregory Clark, Manchester College
As NASA begins to have longer missions, it becomes more imperative to understand the
disintegration process that spacesuits go through while on missions. In the past, spacesuits have
been exposed to solar radiation for only hours; however these extended missions will require the
spacesuits to withstand longer periods of time being exposed in space. Previously flown
spacesuits show the outer most layers having damage, such as splitting and curling to the
garment, which are typically composed of polymerized perfluorinated hydrocarbons such as
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP).
This research was part of the larger experiment designed to address the issues mentioned above
to help determine which fabrics make spacesuits least susceptible to being damaged in the
extended missions. Two sets of fabric were tested, Apollo-era FEP fabric, including Alan Bean's
Apollo 12 suit, and the orthofabric currently used in NASA EVA suits. The fabric samples were
examined prior to flight on the seventh Materials International Space Station Experiment
(MISSE-7) as well as post flight, which is what is described below. All fabric samples (except
the Bean sample) were abraded with a JSC-1A lunar stimulant prior to flight and examined by
microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, optical
spectroscopy and tensile testing. Below we discuss the results of the atomic force microscopy of
the post flight samples.
Design and Construction of Acoustic Transducers for Dark Matter Detection
Tonya Benjamin, Faculty Sponsor: Ilan Levine, Indiana University South Bend
Abstract: COUPP and PICASSO are two experiments searching for particle dark matter
scattering off of ordinary nuclei. The scatters are very rare and the energies imparted to the
nuclei are very tiny, so a special technique is used to amplify this tiny energy to an observable
level. This is done through the incorporation of nuclei into superheated liquids which explosively

transform into a gas from the heat of these tiny nuclear recoils. Acoustic emanations arise from
this phase transition, which we detect with custom-built acoustic sensors. My work is on the
design of these acoustic sensors in order to improve their accuracy and longevity in the harsh
environments in which they are expected to work.
Modeling Elementary Gyroscopic Motion
Harvey Kaplan, Faculty Sponsor: Andrew Hirsch, Purdue University
Gyroscopic motion is often described in terms of torque and angular momentum. This method of
describing gyroscopic motion proves to be convenient, but covers up the underpinnings as to
what gives rise to those concepts; linear force and linear momentum. Using VPython, a
simplified version of a gyroscope is depicted with four identical masses in place of a traditional
massive disk. The program allows for effective analysis of gyroscopic motion in terms of forces
and linear momentum, and permits the user to increase the number of masses until the limit of a
physical gyroscope is reached. This program is intended to serve as a pedagogical tool for
teaching, analyzing, and visualizing complex mechanical systems as it pertains to the gyroscope.
Modeling the Exit Velocity of a Compressed Air Cannon
Tyler Buresh & Zachary Rohrbach, Faculty Sponsors: James Brown & Martin Madsen, Wabash
College
The use of compressed air cannons in an undergraduate laboratory provides a way to illustrate
the connection between diverse physics concepts, such as conservation of momentum, the workkinetic
energy theorem, gas expansion, air drag, and elementary Newtonian mechanics.
However, it is not clear whether the expansion of the gas in the cannon is an adiabatic or an
isothermal process. We built an air cannon that utilizes a diaphragm valve to release the
pressurized gas and found that neither process accurately predicts the exit velocity of our
projectile. We discuss a model based on the flow of air through the valve, which is in much
better agreement with our data.
Visualizing Valence Electron Structure
Aeryk Kuna, Faculty Sponsor: Antonio Cancio, Ball State University
The purpose of this research is to effectively model and understand Density Functional Theory
(DFT). DFT uses the electron density to model the ground state electronic structure of atoms,
molecules, and solids. We calculate and visualize the gradient of the electron density, and its
Laplacian for the AE6 test set of molecules. This set of six molecules accurately represents the
DFT prediction of atomization energies of a plethora of molecules. Calculations were done using
the plane-wave ABINIT DFT code. Pseudopotentials were used to represent the individual atom
cores, keeping an accurate representation of valence interactions. We use these functions to
visualize and interpret intermolecular phenomenon caused by electron interactions, such as the
effects of a triple bond on the structure of the molecule as a whole, or the effect of electron
affinity of individual atoms on a molecular bond. We also investigate the relationship between
these density-derived variables, and the kinetic energy density (KED), derived from the electron
orbitals. The KED is used in DFT to help predict the electron-electron interaction energy of a
molecule, and knowing how it relates to simpler variables like the gradient and Laplacian may

help make more efficient models. Ultimately, we hope to effectively use our results to
understand and improve the Density Functional method for modeling electronic structure.
Optimizing Position Sensitivity of the Detection System for the St. George Recoil Mass
Separator
Luis Morales, Faculty Sponsor: Jerry Hinnefeld, Indiana University, South Bend
The St. George recoil mass separator at the University of Notre Dame will be used to study
(\alpha,\gamma) reactions of astrophysical interest. A detection system for use with St. George,
which utilizes energy and time-of-flight to identify detected particles, is being developed at
Indiana University South Bend. An electrostatic mirror assembly is used to deflect secondary
electrons produced by the passage of an ion through a thin foil onto a microchannel plate (MCP)
detector, which registers the start time for the time-of-flight measurement. Simulations of the
transport of the secondary electrons from the foil to the MCP detector have been carried out
using SIMION, in order to determine how well the position of the ion at the foil is preserved by
the electrostatic mirror. The effective position resolution of the electrostatic mirror assembly has
been found to be sensitive to the pitch of a wire grid that accelerates the secondary electrons
away from the foil. Position sensitivity for both the start detector and the stop detectors of the
time-of-flight system will allow corrections based on the ion trajectory.
Classifying Red Subdwarf Stars
Sarah Thompson, Faculty Sponsor: Thom Robertson, Ball State University
Subdwarf stars are stars that appear below the main sequence in a color-magnitude diagram for
the most common stars which make up the disk of our galaxy. The present criteria for
identifying red subdwarfs are ambiguous. Typically, stars are thought to be subdwarfs if they are
faint with high proper motions. However, it is also known that subdwarfs are metal poor and can
be identified by visual inspection of their spectra as well. By examining a red star’s relative TiO 5
and CaH abundances in digital spectra, it can be classified as subdwarf. Such classification
requires the acquisition and analysis of digital spectra which is very time consuming. This
project is attempting to determine if these stars can be objectively identified using three-color
photometry. This photometry, developed at Ball State University, has been shown to be
effective and efficient in luminosity classification (distinguishing between giant and dwarf stars)
and in estimating distances to red dwarf stars. The ability to improve distance determinations by
detecting and correcting for luminosity differences between normal disk dwarfs and subdwarfs
would significantly improve this process. Observations made using the 0.9-m telescope of the
Southeastern Association for Research in Astronomy (SARA) are presented and preliminary
progress on this project will be presented. Results to date indicate that improvements will be
possible.
PSYCHOLOGY
PTSD in Military Veterans: History, Evolution, and Policy Implications
Christine Albain, Faculty Sponsor: Amanda Zelechoski, Valparaiso University

It is estimated that 30% of men and women who have served in war zones will develop
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).( http://www.ptsd.ne.gov/what-is-ptsd.html) Yet, it is still a
topic that is not fully understood or supported by our the civilian American culture. PTSD has,
historically, been called many things, including malingering, shell shock, and battle fatigue and
has greatly evolved as a psychiatric diagnosis. This poster will present the culmination of a
comprehensive literature review, policy analysis, and a series of expert interviews and case
studies related to PTSD among military veterans. The history and evolution of PTSD within
military populations will be examined, with special care given to the stigmas and attitudes
associated with the diagnosis. In addition, current prevalence rates and treatment options will be
reviewed. Finally, this information will be combined with the information obtained in expert
interviews to serve as the basis for proposed amendments to this diagnosis in the DSM-V, as
well as future directions for prevention, intervention, and PTSD-related research.
Reasons for Infidelity Disclosure within Romantic Relationships: A Qualitative Analysis
Kelsey Bonfils & Courtney Johnson, Faculty Sponsor: Kevin Rand, Indiana University/Purdue
University at Indianapolis
Previous research in the area of romantic relationships has investigated partner responses to
infidelity, but the process and reasoning behind infidelity disclosure are in need of empirical
examination. Data reported here are from a subsample of a larger study in which undergraduate
students at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) were asked to predict
their responses to partner infidelity. In addition, participants were asked to report on their own
experiences with infidelity engagement in their past or current romantic relationships. Out of the
larger sample of 363 participants, 73 reported having engaged in infidelity in a previous or
current romantic relationship, and provided qualitative reasons for infidelity disclosure or nondisclosure
to their partner. A grounded-theory approach was utilized to explore and codify
participant responses. Fifteen different codes emerged from the data, resulting in five
motivational themes of infidelity disclosure or nondisclosure: 1) Relationship-based, 2) Emotionbased,
3) Moral-based, 4) Partner-based, and 5) Self-based. Results indicated that for participants
who disclosed to their partners, guilt was the most common reason, cited by 34.1% of
participants. For participants who chose not to disclose, the desire of pain-avoidance for one’s
partner was the most common reason, cited by 46.4% of participants. These findings indicate
that emotion-based motivations are the main drive behind both disclosure and nondisclosure.
Further research is needed to better understand the impact of disclosure vs. nondisclosure
for both members of the dyad as well as on relationship dynamics.
Self-Regulation: An 'Active Ingredient' in the Spirituality-Health Relationship
Claire Brownson, Faculty Sponsor: R. Brian Giesler, Butler University
Recent research suggests that spirituality promotes physical well-being. However, explaining this
relationship has proven difficult. This cross-sectional study was conducted to test whether selfregulatory
ability acts as a mediator between spirituality and health. In other words, I proposed
that high levels of spirituality are related to strong self-regulation, which in turn should be related
to better physical well-being. To address this hypothesis, I administered a questionnaire
containing validated measures of the targeted constructs to a sample of 78 Butler students.
Regression-based meditational analyses indicated that self-regulatory ability does indeed

function as a partial mediator of the spirituality-health relationship. The information resulting
from my study sheds much needed light on the processes that promote health in both the spiritual
and non-spiritual.
Dating Confidence in College Students among Different Socioeconomic Statuses
Meredith Cors, Faculty Sponsor: Marcie Coulter-Kern, Manchester College
This study explores the relationship between dating confidence and different socioeconomic
statuses within a college student population. College students of different majors and social
classes were given a questionnaire that asked about the desirability of hypothetical romantic
partners, each with different incomes ranging from no income to high income. Participants were
also asked about the confidence they would expect to have when asking the hypothetical partners
out on a date. Students were also categorized into different socioeconomic groups based on
answers that they provided to the researchers. There was found to be a significant difference
between the different socioeconomic groups and their confidence level, particularly when the
low socioeconomic group was compared to the high socioeconomic group, implying that those
from lower socioeconomic statuses date others from low socioeconomic statuses because of their
dating confidence.
The Relationship between Mood, Sport Performance, and Athletes' Attributions
Emily Dean, Alex Judge, Rachel Collier & Heather Cassill, Faculty Sponsor: Tim Steenbergh,
Indiana Wesleyan University
Attribution theory (Weiner, 1989) suggests that the many explanations given to explain event
outcomes can be categorized into two dimensions. This model divides attributions by locus of
causality (within the person or external) and stability (varying over time or not). Since Weiner’s
original model, a third dimension of controllability has been added, which is the perceived
amount of influence on an event. In sport-related behavior, consistent findings have shown that
after a successful or winning performance outcome athletes tend to make more internal/stable
attributions. Existing studies in this area have relied on self-report questionnaires that have often
been administered several hours, and even days, after sport performance. Developments in
handheld technology, using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) may offer new insights
into the relationship between sport performance and attribution due to its close temporal
proximity to the athlete’s performance. EMA has the advantage of minimizing recall bias and
illuminating temporal relationships that may be missed by traditional retrospective
methods. Therefore, we employed EMA in an effort to better understand the relationship
between mood, sport performance, and athletes’ attributions. Participants who were collegiate
track and field athletes completed a demographic questionnaire then carried an iTouch device
running iHabit, which is an EMA app that gathers real-time data. The app was programmed to
gather data on participant’s perceptions of their performance, mood, and attributions
immediately following their athletic performance.
The Effects of a Learning Community on Classroom Participation and Self-Confidence
Kaitlyn DeWitt, Faculty Sponsor: Marcie Coulter-Kern, Manchester College
The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between college learning community
classes and traditional (non-learning community) classes. Previous studies suggest that students

in a learning community benefit more from the class than students in a traditional classroom
setting. These students have shown more of a willingness to participate and are more lively in
class. The current study extended the previous studies by also exploring the relationship between
self-confidence and participation. In a survey looking at many different variables, we found that
there was in fact a difference between the two classes. However, in a survey looking at just selfconfidence,
we found that there was no significant difference between the two classes. Our data
shows that self-confidence and classroom participation were the same among the two classes we
observed. Our conclusion is that while participation in a learning community may help some
students, it does not help every student.
Who Drinks More: Fraternity or Sorority Members?
Abby Dierks, Faculty Sponsor: Rose Marie Ward, Miami University
College students tend to drink more heavily than their non-college peers and those college
students who belong to fraternities and sororities tend to be the heaviest drinkers (McCabe et al.
2005). According to more recent reports, alcohol use was found to be higher among Greek
affiliated students, and fraternity members reporting higher levels of drinking than sorority
members (Alva, 1998). The influence of Greek organizations and their culture serve as the center
for social activities in many campuses (Caudill et al. 2006). In this study, 271 students from a
mid-sized Midwestern University took the online survey. They were recruited using the snowball
techniques. The average age was 20.46 (SD 1.46), female (69.2%), Caucasian (86.8%), and
member of a fraternity or sorority (50.5%). A Twoway ANOVA examined (IV-Greek Status; IV-
Gender) peak drinking occasion in the past 30 days. The main effect for Greek status was
significant, F (1, 229) = 34.97, p

students were given a survey asking for information about their use of Facebook and their level
of life satisfaction. The data collected did not support the hypothesis. It seems as though the
amount of time spent on Facebook for college students is not determined by life satisfaction but
instead by another variable not tested.
Sexual Assumptions and Actuality on Secular and Christian Campuses
Brooke Groves, Samantha Brown & John Krabbe, Faculty Sponsor: Carrie Lloyd, Huntington
University
As part of the religious beliefs, Christians are expected to abstain from premarital intercourse. A
study conducted by Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, & Michals (1994) reported that 86.1% of
college students have engaged in sexual intercourse. The present study focuses primarily on
Christian college students and secular college students. An exploratory study will be conducted
that compares the assumptions of premarital sex of students who attend secular and Christian
campuses with students’ own sexual history. It is hypothesized that (1) students enrolled in
secular schools participate in premarital intercourse more than those at Christian schools; (2)
secular students will perceive that less Christian students have had premarital sex; and (3)
Christian students will perceive that more secular students have engaged in premarital sex. In
order to discover students’ assumptions and histories, an anonymous survey will be administered
by email. To ensure confidentiality, no names, only grade, age, gender, and survey questions will
be asked of the participants. Participants in this study will be undergraduate college students. A
mass email will be sent to the whole student body at both a Christian and a secular university. A
follow-up email will be sent two weeks later as a reminder to complete the survey. Analyses will
compare Christian and secular student answers. Description, correlations, and ANOVA’s will
attempt to answer whether assumptions match actual sexual history.
The Relationship between Sexual Values of College Students on a Christian Campus and
Willingness to see an On-Campus Counselor
Jillian Heidelmeier & Tianna Clark, Faculty Sponsor: Carrie Lloyd, Huntington University
It is not surprising that many Christian colleges and universities hold strong conservative values
pertaining to premarital sexual activity. Although conservative Christian colleges typically hold
these values, not all of the students who attend these schools do (Helm, McBride, Knox, &
Zusman, 2009). The current study will be examining the sexual perspective of students and
whether their views counter their respective Christian university’s sexual views. Further,
previous research (Holland, Atkinson, & Johnson, 1987) has shown that clients prefer seeing
counselors with similar values to themselves. The purpose of this study will be to answer the
following question: Will Christian undergraduate students with liberal sexual values, compared
to students with conservative sexual values, feel less comfortable speaking with an on-campus
counselor about their sexual relationships or anxieties? It is hypothesized that the more liberal
the sexual values of undergraduate students on a Christian college campus are, the less likely
they will feel comfortable discussing their sexual relationships or sexual anxieties with an oncampus
counselor. A random sample of 125 undergraduate students attending a small
Midwestern Christian university will be administered a survey to assess their level of
conservative or liberal sexual values as well as their level of comfort discussing sexual
relationships and anxieties with an on-campus counselor.

The Effect Accelerated Reader Participation Has on Students' Recreational Reading
Dylan Hiner & Emily Goins, Faculty Sponsor: Marcie Coulter-Kern, Manchester College
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence the Accelerated Reader (AR) program
has on reading for pleasure in school-age students. Data was obtained from two separate local
school systems--one utilizing and one not utilizing the AR program. Participants from both
general and honors English classes in grades ranging from second through twelfth were surveyed
about their years spent in the AR program and the number of hours they spent reading for
pleasure. Our results suggest students who are not engaged in the Accelerated Reader program
spend more time reading for pleasure than those who do participate.
The Effects of Physical Exhaustion on Cognitive Functioning
Joseph Hunter, Faculty Sponsor: Marcie Coulter-Kern, Manchester College
Results of research on the immediate effects of intense exercise upon cognitive functioning are
not in agreement. The goal of the current study was to determine if there is an immediate effect
of exercising to a point of physical exhaustion on problem solving and reaction
time. Participants were asked to complete a basic math test while being timed. Participants then
rode a resistance bike while having their heart rate monitored. Afterwards, participants then
completed a similar math test. The scores and times of the tests were then compared. Results
suggest that the time spent completing the test was decreased by exercising but accuracy was
also reduced.
‘Bullying’ vs. ‘Prejudice’: How Framing a Prejudice Incident Affects Confrontation
Sara Kern & Brittany Sullivan, Faculty Sponsor: Kathryn Morris, Butler University
We (Sullivan, et al., 2011) recently demonstrated that people report stronger convictions to fight
bullying than prejudice. In the current study, we investigated whether framing a prejudice
incident as bullying (vs. prejudice) would result in greater confrontation likelihood. 108 Ps
imagined working with a partner who made a racist or sexist remark to a fellow student. Ps then
imagined how they would respond. The description of the incident varied across conditions to
manipulate the framing of the behavior as bullying, prejudice, both, or neither. Open-ended
responses were content analyzed; chi-square analyses demonstrated that when the incident was
framed as bullying, Ps were less likely to ignore, and more likely to confront, the behavior. The
pattern was stronger for sexism than racism. These results demonstrate that the framing of
prejudice incidents can be used to affect bystanders’ responses to those incidents. Implications
for prejudice reduction will be discussed.
Everyday Activities versus Vestibular Activities and Their Effects on Everyday
Functioning
Addy King, Faculty Sponsor: Ashleigh Maxcey, Manchester College
Vestibular activities have been used in therapy to improve everyday functioning, such as reading,
writing, balancing, and verbal and nonverbal communication. These functions are not just certain
mechanism of the Peripheral Nervous System affected by vestibular disorders, but also
mechanisms of the Central Nervous System affected by disorders like ADD and Dyslexia. The

purpose of this study is to determine if everyday activities have the same effect as vestibular
activities on skills like eye tracking which affects reading, balancing, and auditory recall. I
hypothesize that vestibular activities will improve the functioning of auditory recall, tracking,
and balancing more than everyday activities. There were two randomly assigned groups:
everyday activity group and vestibular activity group. The vestibular activities consist of
activities like tracking/convergence and balancing, where everyday activities are running and
walking. There was a two month period where the activities were performed for 5 days out of
each week. Both of the groups balancing, tracking, auditory recall, and convergence had been
assessed at the beginning of the two months, then after the first month. At the end of the two
month period of activities the groups were assessed a last time. The assessments conducted were;
Romberg Test, Auditory Digit Span, Fukuda Test, One-legged Test, Eye-convergence, Eyetracking,
and Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Organization and Balance (CTSIB). There was
no significant difference found between the first round of assessments and the last round of
assessments between the two groups. These findings do not support the claim that vestibular
activities will improve functioning of everyday life more than everyday activities.
Misattribution of Arousal and Perceptions of Faces
Tiffany LeFever, Sarah Limberger, Hannah Daugherty & Natasha Greenwood, Faculty Sponsor:
Erin Devers, Indiana Wesleyan University
The theory of misattribution of arousal stems from Schachter’s and Singer’s theory of the two
factor theory of emotion (1962). Misattribution of arousal occurs when a person experiences an
increase in physiological arousal, such as elevated heart rate, due to a specific physiological
cause, but inaccurately assigns the arousal to an emotional cause. This study’s aim was to
discover if undergraduate females’ perceptions of male faces were affected by physiological
arousal. Specifically, one group of women was asked to climb two flights of stairs, while the
other was permitted to take the elevator. The participants were then asked to rate photographs of
ambiguous faces of black and white males on measures of attraction, aggression, and
intelligence. The authors’ hypotheses were that the females experiencing physiological arousal
would perceive the pictures of black males as more aggressive than their counterparts who took
the elevator. Additionally, the authors predicted that the aroused females would view all the male
faces as more attractive than the control group, uninfluenced by physiological arousal.
Group Satisfaction Scale Development and Correlations to Perfectionism
Amy Luthanen, Faculty Sponsor: Marcie Coulter-Kern, Manchester College
Individuals bring a variety of personality traits and expectations to small academic groups.
Perfectionism as a set of personality characteristics may influence the experience of working in a
group and the outcome of a project. In this study, the Group Satisfaction Scale (GSS) was first
developed and administered to 112 college students participating in group projects at a small
Midwestern college. Through factor analysis, the components were narrowed down to three:
Relational Satisfaction, or how well the individuals worked together, Process Satisfaction, their
time management and division of tasks, and Outcome Satisfaction, or the quality of the work
produced by the group. It was hypothesized that an individual’s perfectionism, as measured by
the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), would play a role in evaluations of group
experiences. There were several significant correlations between perfectionism and the GSS.

Adaptive perfectionism was positively correlated with Outcome Satisfaction, and the MPS
subscale of parental criticism was negatively correlated with Process Satisfaction and Outcome
Satisfaction.
An Examination of the Difference between Division I and Division III Schools and its
Impact on Behavioral Drinking between Athletes and Non-athletes
Waldema Maldonado, Faculty Sponsor: Rose Marie Ward, Miami University
College student drinking remains problematic even though there have been increased
intervention and prevention efforts in recent years (NCASA, 2007). Athletes are one segment of
the population which continues to consume alcohol at elevated rates. Division III studentathletes,
specifically, have reported a higher prevalence of alcohol use than Division I and
Division II student-athletes (Zamboanga et.al., 2008). Female athletes exposed to acute alcohol
consumption run a higher risk of injury compared to males and those that restrain from drinking
(Gmel et.al., 2009). Any level of alcohol consumption increases the risk of sport injury for
females compared to any other injury (Gmel et.al.). Female students, another segment, have
reported a significant increase in the participation of binge drinking activities (Kelly-Weeder,
2007). The rise in binge drinking activities has lead to an increase in self-damaging activities
such as: impaired academic performance, and blackouts, etc. (Kelly-Weeder). 635 total
participants took part in this study. The participants derived from 13 different midsize
Midwestern schools both Division I and Division III. A twoway ANOVA (IV1 – Di vs. DIII;
IV2 – Athlete vs. Not Athlete) was conducted to evaluate the peak drinking occasion in the past
30 days. The main effect for division was non-significant, F (1, 606) = .50, p = .48. The main
effect for athletic status was non-significant, F (1, 606) = 2.68, p = .10. The interaction was nonsignificant,
F (1, 606) = 1.18, p = .28.) The study found that athletes have fewer opportunities to
drink but have a prevalence to binge.
Exploring the Reasons why People Watch Scary Movies
Kayla Miller, Faculty Sponsor: Marcie Coulter-Kern, Manchester College
This survey was conducted to determine why people watch scary movies. Past research has
stated that people watch scary movies because they either geta seretonin rush when the movie
has reached the release stage of the movie or because they like the genre of the film, however;
we found that of the 50 Manchester College students we survey we found that only 10.7% of the
participants enjoyed the release at the end of the movie, but 44.6% enjoy the storyline of the
film.
Validating Learning Styles through Visual Performance Tests
Zabrian Mills & Kevin Reeves, Faculty Sponsor: Marcie Coulter-Kern, Manchester College
This study investigated the relationship between an individual’s learning style and their scores on
visual performance tests. Participants in our study were college students, primarily first years,
enrolled in an Introduction to Psychology course. All students were classified with a specific
learning style using the VAK Learning Style Self-Assessment Questionnaire. Next, we gave
participants three different visual performance tests which consisted of: words, numbers, and
pictures. It was expected that students who had been classified as visual learners would perform

etter on the visual performance tests than those not classified as visual learners. The data from
this study showed there was no relation between their performance on the visual tasks and their
learning style.
Image of Higher Power among Midwestern AA Members
Alexis Moxley, Shara McClanahan, and Alyssa Redman, Faculty Sponsor: Jason Runyan,
Indiana Wesleyan University
In this study we examine “Higher power image” among Midwestern Alcoholic Anonymous
(AA) members, which we measured using an adapted version of the “God Image” Inventory
(GII, Lawrence, 1997). The GII is a survey that measures how closely a person adheres to six
different images of God: Influence, Providence, Perseverance, Challenge, Benevolence and
Acceptance. We examined: (1) whether AA members tend to adhere to certain Higher Power
images over others; (2) if demographic differences among AA members were correlated with
Higher Power image; and (3) how strongly AA members adhere to certain Higher Power images
correlates with length of sobriety. We found that AA members adhered more highly to the
Providence and Influence Images than the other 4 “Higher Power” images. Females adhered
more highly to Benevolence (t (124) =3.758, p

(e.g, Harris, Schoneman, & Carrera, 2002) have also been undergone to determine the effect that
religiosity has on college students general anxiety and depression, yet, there seems to be limited
research on the effects religiosity has on specific anxiety such as test anxiety. The current study
will ascertain the relationship between test anxiety and religiosity in college students. The
sample size for the proposed study is 100 students from a small middle class, predominantly
white Christian college from a rural town in the Midwest. The researcher intends to use the
Religious Commitment Inventory developed by Worthington (2003) and the Westside Test
Anxiety Scale developed by Driscoll (2004). The 100 randomly selected students will be asked
to fill out these surveys. Results will be run through an SPSS program to determine the
correlation between overall religiosity and test anxiety. Results will also seek to ascertain
whether or not specific aspects of religiosity correlate with aspects of test anxiety.
An Examination of Alcohol Consumption Patterns across Academic Year in School
Marissa Nocera, Faculty Sponsor: Rose Marie Ward, Miami University
Alcohol consumption rates have remained steady regardless of ubiquitous university intervention
efforts (NCASA, 2007). A common metric for examining these patterns is binge drinking or
consuming 4+ or 5+ more drinks in a row (females and males respectively; Wechsler et al.,
1994). Recently, researchers have examined pre-gaming or drinking alcohol prior to a social
event (Wells et al., 2008). This phenomenon has been linked to several negative consequences
including vomiting, headaches, and even death (Johnson & O’Malley, 2002). The purpose of the
current study is to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption patterns and academic
year in school. A sample of 271 students from a public Midwestern university completed an
online study. The average age was 20.46 (SD = 1.24). The sample was majority female (69.2%)
and Caucasian (86.8%). Peak drinking occasion in the past 30 days differed across academic year
in school, F(4, 243) = 2.82, p = .03 (first year students drank significantly less than all other
years in school). When asked how many times they pre-gamed in the past month, year in school
did not differ, x 2 (n = 237, 24) = .09. It was found that first year students drank less on average,
yet pre-gamed the same amount as any other academic year in school. Future interventions could
incorporate this information.
The Effects of Happiness on Employee Productivity in the Workplace
Whitney Ohmer, Faculty Sponsor: Marcie Coulter-Kern, Manchester College
A study was conducted in order to determine if there is a positive correlation between workplace
happiness and workplace productivity among employees in a small liberal arts college. Previous
studies have only considered large businesses as their target sample; however, the goal of the
present study was to determine if results would be different in a small community. Participants
included students, faculty and staff members who worked on campus. An independent T test was
performed and the results did not support previous results of the studies conducted on the large
businesses.
The Effect Religion Has On Athletes versus Non-Athletes Regarding Alcohol Consumption
on A Christian College Campus
Stephanie Skiver, Faculty Sponsor: Carrie Lloyd, Huntington University

Alcohol consumption is a problem on college campuses and alcohol consumption among athletes
is even more prevalent (Ford, 2007). This study will look at the difference between athletes
versus non-athletes in their drinking patterns compared to their religious beliefs. Participants
will be given a self-reported survey measuring habits of alcohol consumption and religious
beliefs. The survey is adapted from the College Alcohol Study Questionnaire (2003) and The
Religious Commitment Inventory (Worthington, 2003). It is hypothesized that signing an
agreement stating that he or she will not consume alcohol while enrolled in college does not
affect alcohol consumption, especially if they are an athlete. Analysis of actual religious beliefs
will be compared to alcohol consumption in order to discover whether certain religious beliefs
make a difference in alcohol consumption levels or frequency.
Correlations between Self-Esteem and Willingness to Trust
Elizabeth Smith & Ashlee Weining, Faculty Sponsor: Carrie Lloyd, Huntington University
Previous studies have shown a correlation between low self-esteem, loneliness, and social
connectedness (McWhirter, 1997). Although these are factors that play a role in trust, it is
unclear whether there is a specific correlation between trust and self-esteem. Connections have
been made between trust and self-esteem, but research showing how this relationship is
significant has not been established (McWhirter, 1997). The purpose of the current study is to
analyze the relationship between self-esteem and willingness to trust in a small undergraduate
college setting. The hypothesis is that there will be a significant correlation between self-esteem
and willingness to trust. The participants will be chosen randomly from all enrolled students at a
University in rural Indiana. One out of every ten students that attend the school will be randomly
selected to complete surveys, totaling approximately 100 students. These participants are
primarily Caucasian, and from middle-class socioeconomic backgrounds.
Predictors of Students’ Myths in Psychology and Criminal Justice
Jaclyn Swhear, & J. M. Brown, D. L. Butler, & N. Ring, Faculty Sponsors: Michael Brown,
Darrell Butler & Nate Ring, Ball State University
Two studies examined possible predictors of criminal justice and psychology students’
myths. The first study concerned the relationship between crime- and psychology-themed media
consumption, undergraduate major (criminal justice and criminology or psychology), and class
standing with identification of common myths associated with adolescence, juvenile crime, and
the juvenile justice system. Participants (N=559) were asked to complete a survey, which had
them correctly identify facts and myths related to both the juvenile justice system and
psychological science. Participants indicated behaviors regarding media consumption and
attitudes towards juvenile crime. Using a sequential hierarchical regression, results indicated
that class standing and experience in one’s undergraduate major positively predict the correct
number of myths identified. Attitudes towards the criminal justice system also serve as a
predictor with correct identification of myths. No relationship was found between crime-themed
media consumption and identification of myths. The second study was a partial replication of
the first study, but also explored the relationship between myths and the participants’ home
environment during adolescence and the student’s score on Rotter’s (1966) Locus of Control
Measure. Participants (N=269) were asked to complete an online survey.

The Effects of Texting on College Students
Zack Yarde, Faculty Sponsor: Carrie Lloyd, Huntington University
The current study examines how the lives of college students who engage in texting are affected
by texting. The current study will examine student perception of how their social lives,
specifically whether texting enhances or decreases their ability to interact with other people. The
current study will also examine student perception of how texting impacts their relationships and
academic success. This study is focused around answering whether texting produces an overall
negative effect on the social, emotional and academic lives of college students. A questionnaire
will be sent out via email to 200-300 students at Huntington University who will complete it on a
voluntary basis. Analyses will determine whether texting is a benefit, or hindrance to college life.
SOCIOLOGY
Discourse in the Education System
Megan Altemus, Faculty Sponsor: Amanda Garrison, Central Michigan University
Discourse can be defined as a set of rules and regulations for a particular organization. Discourse
is seen all around us whether we notice it or not but it is especially present in the education
system. This project was conducted to find discourse within the Howell Public School system.
The project began by gathering pamphlets and observing any obvious discourse. An interview
was conducted at an elementary school about policies and paperwork in order to identify
discourse being discussed with a school official. At the end of the project, conclusions were
made that in order to meet the basic requirements of Howell Public schools for enrolling,
families would need to be able to have the time to go to places that required someone other than
the parent or guardian to fill out the paperwork, a car to get to the places and the money to pay
for the appointments.
Body Art among College Students
Megan Altemus & John Haller, Faculty Sponsor: Elizabeth Whitaker, Central Michigan
University
Everybody is unique and has a different personality. People choose to express themselves in
many different ways, from the clothes they wear to the way they style their hair. One popular
way that people express themselves is through body art (tattooing and piercings). This study
takes a look at tattooing and body piercing choices between males and females as well as the
content and placement of the tattoo and piercing. The information was collected through
qualitative interviews. The study is conducted at Central Michigan University, looking at
undergraduates.
Clark County Juvenile Drug Court: a Sociological Program Evaluation
Alexandra Bickel, Faculty Sponsor: Keith Doubt, Wittenberg University

A program evaluation was completed on Clark County Juvenile Drug Court Program in Clark
County Ohio. The program has been serving youth with drug and alcohol problems since its
implementation in 2001. Factors such as recidivism rates and types of crimes committed were
used to gauge success in the program. Elements that might hinder juvenile’s success in the
program such as gender, race, and history of violent crime were also considered. Records of 63
participants between 2002 and 2011 were examined using computer and online
databases. Results showed that the majority of youth who participated in the program had no
substance charges after exit from the program, regardless of success in the program. Graduates
of the program were less likely to obtain violent charges after completion of the program and
youth with prior violent crimes were more likely to be successful in the program. Age of
graduation from the program also proved to be a significant implication of success after exit of
the program.
Hukou and the Migrant Workers in China
Yasas Wickramasinghe, Faculty Sponsor: Marya Bower, Earlham College
China is becoming one of the world’s prominent powers. Its rise is driven by a tremendous
economic engine that produces various products to be sold around the world for a fraction of the
cost it takes to produce them elsewhere. Cheap human labor is one of the main reasons behind
China's economic boom. In order to generate the cheap human labor that is needed for the
factories, the Chinese government has put in place a registration system that controls the physical
movement and social mobility of the Chinese people. This is called the Household Registration
or the “hukou” system. Many scholars have criticized this system as being unethical and as
supporting human rights abuses. In this poster, I explore the origins, enforcement, and effects of
the “hukou” system in China.